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Hotel Management Agreements and Operating and License Agreements
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2010
Hotel Management Agreements and Operating and License Agreements

15. Hotel Management Agreements and Operating and License Agreements

Our hotels are subject to management agreements under which various operators, including Marriott, Ritz-Carlton, Hyatt, Swissôtel, Hilton, Four Seasons, Fairmont and Starwood, operate our hotels in exchange for the payment of a management fee. The agreements generally provide for both base and incentive management fees that are based on hotel sales and operating profit, respectively. As part of the management agreements, the manager furnishes the hotels with certain chain services which are generally provided on a central or regional basis to all hotels in the manager’s hotel system. Chain services include central training, advertising and promotion, national reservation systems, computerized payroll and accounting services, and such additional services as needed which may be more efficiently performed on a centralized basis. Costs and expenses incurred in providing such services are allocated among the hotels managed, owned or leased by the manager on a fair and equitable basis. In addition, our managers will generally have a guest rewards program which will be charged to all of the hotels that participate in the program.

We are obligated to provide the manager with sufficient funds, generally 5% of revenue generated at the hotel, to cover the cost of (a) certain non-routine repairs and maintenance to the hotels which are normally capitalized; and (b) replacements and renewals to the hotels’ furniture, fixtures and equipment. Under certain circumstances, we will be required to establish escrow accounts for such purposes under terms outlined in the agreements.

Marriott International

As of December 31, 2010, 66 of our hotels were subject to management agreements under which Marriott or one of their subsidiaries manages the hotels, generally for an initial term of 15 to 20 years with one or more renewal terms at the option of Marriott. Marriott typically receives a base fee of three percent of gross revenues and incentive management fees generally equal to 20% of operating profit after we have received a priority return. In addition, one of these hotels also is subject to a royalty agreement, which agreement provides an incentive royalty fee equal to one percent of net revenues. We have the option to terminate certain management agreements if specified performance or extension thresholds are not satisfied. A single agreement may be canceled under certain conditions, although such cancellation will not trigger the cancellation of any other agreement.

Additionally, while most of our management agreements are not terminable prior to their full term, we have negotiated rights with respect to 18 specified Marriott-branded hotels to terminate management agreements in connection with the sale of these hotels, subject to certain limitations, including the number of agreements that can be terminated per year, limitations measured by EBITDA, and limitations requiring that a significant part of such hotels maintain the Marriott brand affiliation. The described termination rights may be exercised without payment of a termination fee, except for one of the specified hotels wherein a termination fee is required if it does not maintain the Marriott brand affiliation.

 

We have a franchise agreement with Marriott for one hotel. Pursuant to the franchise agreement, we pay a franchise fee based on a percentage of room sales and food and beverage sales, as well as certain other fees for advertising and reservations. Franchise fees for room sales are approximately six percent of sales, while fees for food and beverage sales are approximately three percent of sales. The franchise agreement has a term of 30 years.

Ritz-Carlton

As of December 31, 2010, we hold management agreements with Ritz-Carlton, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Marriott, to manage eight of our hotels. These agreements have an initial term of 15 to 25 years with one or more renewal terms at the option of Ritz-Carlton. Base management fees vary from two to five percent of sales and incentive management fees, if any, are generally equal to 20% of available cash flow or operating profit, after we have received a priority return as defined in the agreements.

Starwood

As of December 31, 2010, 20 of our domestic hotels are subject to operating and license agreements with Starwood, under which Starwood operates the hotels, for an initial term of 20 years, with two renewal terms of 10 years each. Starwood receives compensation in the form of a base fee of 1% of annual gross operating revenues, and an incentive fee of 20% of annual gross operating profit, after we have received a priority return of 10.75% on our purchase price and other investments in the hotels.

The license agreements address matters relating to the subject brand, including rights to use service marks, logos, symbols and trademarks, such as those associated with Westin, Sheraton, W, Luxury Collection and St. Regis, as well as matters relating to compliance with certain standards and policies (including through other agreements in the case of certain hotels) and the provision of certain system program and centralized services. The license agreements have an initial term of 20 years each, with two renewal terms of 10 years each at the option of the licensor. Licensors receive compensation in the form of license fees of 5% of room sales and 2% of food and beverage sales.

We have termination rights relating to the operating agreements on 10 specified hotels upon the sale of those hotels. Such termination rights are active with respect to one of such hotels. With respect to nine of the 10 specified hotels, we have the right beginning in 2016 to sell 35% of such hotels (measured by EBITDA), not to exceed two hotels annually, free and clear of the existing operating agreement over a period of time without the payment of a termination fee. With respect to any termination of an operating agreement on sale, the proposed purchaser would need to meet the requirements for transfer under the applicable license agreement.

One of our international hotels is subject to an operating and license agreement with Starwood, under which Starwood operates the hotel for a term of 15 years. Starwood receives a combined base and license fee equal to three percents of total revenues.

Other Managers

As of December 31, 2010, we also hold management agreements with hotel management companies such as Hyatt, Hilton, Four Seasons and Fairmont for 17 of our hotels. These agreements generally provide for an initial term of 10 to 20 years, with renewal terms at the option of either party or, in some cases, the hotel management company of up to an additional one to 20 years. The agreements generally provide for payment of base management fees equal to one to four percent of sales. These agreements also provide for incentive management fees generally equal to 10 to 30 percent of available cash flow, operating profit, or net operating income, as defined in the agreements, after we have received a priority return.