-----BEGIN PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE----- Proc-Type: 2001,MIC-CLEAR Originator-Name: webmaster@www.sec.gov Originator-Key-Asymmetric: MFgwCgYEVQgBAQICAf8DSgAwRwJAW2sNKK9AVtBzYZmr6aGjlWyK3XmZv3dTINen TWSM7vrzLADbmYQaionwg5sDW3P6oaM5D3tdezXMm7z1T+B+twIDAQAB MIC-Info: RSA-MD5,RSA, C6QRAJYVBrIcne1YUHJE6j48QNRatArq25cCwOq5TX9rytU19A325AGQLZwt4/sV 2CieiYeUhpSe8Iqqn5fwdg== 0001060755-98-000001.txt : 19980504 0001060755-98-000001.hdr.sgml : 19980504 ACCESSION NUMBER: 0001060755-98-000001 CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE: 10-12G PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT: 10 FILED AS OF DATE: 19980430 SROS: NONE FILER: COMPANY DATA: COMPANY CONFORMED NAME: RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V CENTRAL INDEX KEY: 0001060755 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION: ELECTRIC SERVICES [4911] IRS NUMBER: 223437351 STATE OF INCORPORATION: DE FISCAL YEAR END: 1231 FILING VALUES: FORM TYPE: 10-12G SEC ACT: SEC FILE NUMBER: 000-24143 FILM NUMBER: 98605673 BUSINESS ADDRESS: STREET 1: 947 LINWOOD AVE CITY: RIDGEWOOD STATE: NJ ZIP: 07450 BUSINESS PHONE: 2014479000 MAIL ADDRESS: STREET 1: 947 LINWOOD AVE CITY: RIDGEWOOD STATE: NJ ZIP: 07450-2939 10-12G 1 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10 GENERAL FORM FOR REGISTRATION OF SECURITIES PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware 22-3437351 (State or Other Jurisdiction (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) of Incorporation or Organization) c/o Ridgewood Power Corporation, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code: (201) 447-9000 Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Investor Shares of Beneficial Interest (Title of Class) Exhibit Index is located on page 98. PART I Item 1. Business. Forward-looking statement advisory This Registration Statement on Form 10, as with some other statements made by the Trust from time to time, has forward- looking statements. These statements discuss business trends and other matters relating to the Trust's future results and the business climate and are found, among other places, at Items 1(c)(3), 1(c)(4), 1(c)(5), 1(c)(6), 1(c)(7), 1(c)(8) and 2(b). In order to make these statements, the Trust has had to make assumptions as to the future. It has also had to make estimates in some cases about events that have already happened, and to rely on data that may be found to be inaccurate at a later time. Because these forward-looking statements are based on assumptions, estimates and changeable data, and because any attempt to predict the future is subject to other errors, what happens to the Trust in the future may be materially different from the Trust's statements here. The Trust therefore warns readers of this document that they should not rely on these forward-looking statements without considering all of the things that could make them inaccurate. This Registration Statement discusses many (but not all) of the risks and uncertainties that might affect these forward-looking statements. Some of these are changes in political and economic conditions, federal or state regulatory structures, government taxation, spending and budgetary policies, government mandates, demand for electricity and thermal energy, the ability of customers to pay for energy received, supplies of fuel and prices of fuels, operational status of plant, mechanical breakdowns, availability of labor and the willingness of electric utilities to perform existing power purchase agreements in good faith. Some of these cautionary factors that readers should consider are described below at Item 1(c)(6) - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries. By making these statements now, the Trust is not making any commitment to revise these forward-looking statements to reflect events that happen after the date of this document or to reflect unanticipated future events. (a) General Development of Business. Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V, the Registrant hereunder (the "Trust"), was organized as a Delaware business trust on March 12, 1996 to participate in the development, construction and operation of independent power generating facilities ("Independent Power Projects" or "Projects"). Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation ("Ridgewood Holding"), a Delaware corporation, is the Corporate Trustee of the Trust. The Trust sold whole and fractional shares of beneficial interest in the Trust ("Investor Shares") at $100,000 per Investor Share, and terminated its private placement offering on April 15, 1998. It has raised approximately $90,709,000. Net of offering fees, commissions and expenses, the offering has provided approximately $75,288,000 for investments in the development and acquisition of Independent Power Projects and operating expenses. The Trust has approximately 1,560 holders of Investor Shares (the "Investors"). As described below in Item 1(c)(4), the Trust has invested approximately $14.3 million of its funds in the acquisition of interests in two sets of Independent Power Projects and is actively seeking additional Projects for investment. Ridgewood Power Corporation (the "Managing Shareholder"), a Delaware corporation, is the Managing Shareholder of the Trust and as such has direct and exclusive discretion in the management and control of the affairs of the Trust. The Independent Panel Members do not exercise general oversight of the Managing Shareholder. The Corporate Trustee acts on the instructions of the Managing Shareholder and is not authorized to take independent discretionary action on behalf of the Trust. The Independent Panel Members do not have any management or administrative powers over the Trust or its property, but approval of a majority of the Independent Panel Members is required for approval of transactions between the Trust and other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder. See Item 5 - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant below for a further description of the management of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder and the Investors are collectively referred to as the "Shareholders." The Managing Shareholder is wholly owned by Robert E. Swanson, who is its sole stockholder, sole director and chief executive officer. The following chart illustrates some of the important relationships among the Trust, the Managing Shareholder and some of their affiliates. For additional information, see Item 5 -- Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant. Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V and certain affiliates (some entities and relationships omitted) Robert E. Swanson x x Sole stockholder x Sole director x Chief executive officer x _____________X_________________________________________________ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Ridgewood Ridgewood Power Ridgewood Ridgewood Energy Ridgewood Securities Management Corp. Power Holding Corp. Power Capi- Corporation Corporation tal Corp. Operates power Corporate trustee Placement plants for five Managing for six power Marketing agent power trusts Shareholder trusts affiliate ("RPMC") of six power trusts x x x _________________________________x__________________________ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood Ridgewood The Electric Electric Electric Electric Electric Ridgewood Power Power Power Power Power Power Trust I Trust II Trust III Trust IV Trust V Growth (org. 1991) (org. 1993) (org. 1994) (org. 1995) (org. 1996) Fund (org. 1997) ("Ridgewood ("Ridgewood ("Ridgewood ("Ridgewood ("Ridgewood (the "Growth Power I") Power II") Power III") Power IV") Power V") Fund") Ridgewood Power I through IV are referred to as the "Prior Programs." (b) Financial Information about Industry Segments. The Trust has been organized to operate in only one industry segment: independent power generation. (c) Narrative Description of Business. (1) General Description. The Trust was formed to participate in the development, construction and operation of independent electric power projects that generate electricity for sale to utilities and other users, and that might provide heat energy as well to users. The Trust may also invest in other energy projects (but not in nuclear facilities) or capital projects that have similar risk-return characteristics to those of electric power projects. These projects or potential investments for the Trust will be referred to as "Projects." The Trust has acquired significant interests in two sets of Projects to date. The Maine Hydro Projects are 14 small hydroelectric projects located in Maine. In December 1996 the Trust and an affiliate, Ridgewood Power IV, each acquired a 50% interest in the limited liability company owning the Projects. On July 1, 1997, the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV purchased a preferred membership interest in Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C., an Illinois limited liability company ("Indeck Maine") that owns two electric power generating stations fueled by waste wood at West Enfield and at Jonesboro, Maine (the "Maine Biomass Projects"). For more information, see Item 1(c)(4) - The Trust's Investments, below. The following chart summarizes some of these relationships: Ridgewood Power Corporation x x Managing Shareholder x __________________________X___________ x x Ridgewood Electric Ridgewood Electric Power Power Trust IV Trust V x x x 50% x 50% x x x x _________X__________________________________X______ x x x x x x x x x Ridgewood Maine x Ridgewood Maine Hydro Corporation x LLC x x x Seven indi- General x x Limited Member x vidual members partner x x partners x (not affili- 1% x x (49.5% x ated with x x each) x Trusts) x x x x Ridgewood Maine Hydro Partners, Indeck Maine Energy L.P.(owner of Maine Hydro L.L.C. Projects) Historically, producers of electric power in the United States consisted of regulated utilities, government agencies and industrial users that produced electricity to satisfy their own needs. The independent power industry in the United States was created by federal legislation passed in response to the energy crises of the 1970s. The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, as amended ("PURPA"), requires utilities to purchase electric power from "Qualifying Facilities" (as defined in PURPA), including "cogeneration facilities" and "small power producers," and also exempts these Qualifying Facilities from most utility regulatory requirements. Under PURPA, Projects that are Qualifying Facilities are generally not subject to federal regulation, including the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, as amended, and state regulation. Furthermore, PURPA generally requires electric utilities to purchase electricity produced by Qualifying Facilities at the utility's avoided cost of producing electricity (i.e., the incremental costs the utility would otherwise face to generate electricity itself or purchase electricity from another source). The Maine Hydro Projects are Qualifying Facilities which have long-term agreements with local utilities for the purchase of all of their output ("Power Contracts") at fixed prices. The Maine Biomass Projects are also Qualifying Facilities but do not have long-term Power Contracts. (2) Risk Considerations General Investment in the Trust involves substantial risks and potential conflicts of interest and is suitable only for those persons who meet the investor suitability standards on a continuing basis, have a substantial net worth, have no need for liquidity from such investment, and are able to bear the loss of the entire investment. In addition, each Investor should understand that the Subscription Agreement and the Declaration materially restrict Investors from selling or otherwise disposing of their Shares. Importance of Regulatory and Political Environments Independent power projects, including cogeneration facilities, are creatures of the regulatory and political process. Since the passage of PURPA in 1978, the independent power industry (consisting of non-governmental enterprises that generate electricity but that are not themselves regulated utilities) has grown, in large part, because regulatory and political environments made it feasible to amass the large sums of long-term capital needed to develop, construct and operate power plants. In particular, the regulatory advantages currently provided by PURPA for Qualifying Facilities are essential for the viability of most existing independent power projects. Modification or repeal of PURPA or the regulations thereunder could make some Projects uneconomic. In several states, including Massachusetts, Maine and California, requirements may be imposed on sellers of electricity to purchase a minimum amount of "renewable" power (generally, power from small hydroelectric plants, geothermal, solar or wind plants, or plants that burn non-fossil fuels). These requirements may be very advantageous for the Maine Biomass Projects, but adverse state or federal action might make those Projects uneconomic in the future. Further, it is possible that future developments, such as more stringent requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, could affect the costs of and the manner in which Projects are developed, built or operated. There can be no assurance that in such event the Projects would be able to recover all or any of such increased costs or that their businesses and financial conditions would not be materially and adversely affected. See Item 1(c)(6)(ii) at Renewable Power. Deregulatory Initiatives The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of 1992 (the "1992 Energy Act") removed certain restrictions imposed by the Holding Company Act on the ability of electric utility holding companies and electric utilities to control their local markets. Since passage of the 1992 Energy Act, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") in its Order 888 of April 1996 has deregulated the wholesale market for electricity (the market for sales to local utilities or distributors of electricity). Further, many states are implementing plans to further encourage investment in wholesale generators and to facilitate utility decisions to spin off or divest generating capacity from the transmission or distribution businesses of the utilities. As a result, Independent power projects in the future will face competition not only from other Independent power projects seeking to sell electricity on a wholesale basis but also from exempt wholesale generators, electric utilities with excess capacity and independent generators spun off or otherwise separated from their parent utilities. See Competition, Markets and Regulation. On the other hand, by expanding the potential pool of Projects in which electric utility holding companies and electric utilities are able to invest, the 1992 Energy Act has resulted in increased competition from the holding companies and utilities to develop promising Projects and in increased competition in the sale of electricity by independent power projects. Further, the 1992 Energy Act and Order 888 introduced an element of competition in the transmission component of the electric power industry by requiring electric utilities to make available their transmission facilities to independent power projects where it is in the public interest and does not unreasonably impair the reliability of electricity service. In April 1996, FERC adopted Order 888, which required electric utilities and power pools to make transmission facilities and information available on equal terms to all generators. It is not yet possible to characterize the effects of the order on the Trust. If there are limitations on transmission capacity, however, the Trust might have to compete and bid for capacity in order to transmit electricity to distant customers if it is selling in a competitive market or if it is selling "renewable" power to a distant customer. In those events, the Trust might have to compete against companies that are far larger and more diversified than itself or that have lower costs of operation or access to transmission facilities. See Item 1(c)(6)(ii)at Wholesale-level Access to Transmission Capacity for a discussion of these problems as they affect the Trust's current Maine Biomass Projects. If the Trust were unsuccessful in obtaining transmission capacity, it might not be able to sell its output except to local utilities (or in some cases, local retail customers). There is no assurance local customers would purchase that power or that the local price would be as advantageous as the price more distant customers would pay. The large scale deregulation of transmission facilities is likely to have other far-reaching effects which may be adverse to the independent electric power industry, generally, or to the particular facilities owned by the Trust. In particular, because the Trust anticipates investing in small scale facilities, it may be difficult for it in the short run to market power to end users or over long distances. State initiatives to deregulate and encourage competition in the businesses of generating electric power and transmitting it to customers are also creating significant risks. See Item 1(c)(6)(ii) at Retail-level Competition. Further, jurisdictional disputes between federal and state regulators have raised some questions as to the allocation of electric utility costs and obligations that may not be recovered by utilities in a competitive environment. As a result, there is little certainty as to the eventual regulatory environment and the risks and opportunities it will create. As various states implement retail deregulation, a number of additional risks are posed for independent power projects. In many states, local electric utilities are being required or encouraged to sell their generating stations. Often, large electric utilities, affiliates of natural gas marketers or other large entities have purchased large quantities of these assets and thus immediately become sizable competitors in the market to sell electricity. In some other states, local electric utilities will be permitted to retain generating assets and sell power to themselves. In that event, they may prefer purchases from their own plants and opportunities for independent power projects to sell electricity in a competitive market may be stifled. Further, in a competitive market, prices for electricity may be very volatile. If a generator is nonetheless able to obtain a long-term Power Contract, the prices under that contract may be inadequate to cover costs and yield a return, or the generator may lose opportunities to sell electricity at higher prices. If a generator is unable to obtain a long-term Power Contract and sells its output under short-term contracts or in a spot or auction market, the prices received may be inadequate to cover costs or to permit the Project to earn a return. Prices may vary so much as to make planning impossible. There is no assurance that the generator will be able to obtain new Power Contracts so as to keep its Project in continuous operation and the generator may have to absorb significant costs of Project shutdown and restart as well as lay off and rehire its workforce, as has occurred with the Maine Biomass Projects. See Item 1(c)(4)(ii). These factors have intensified the pressures on larger market participants to consolidate, have created additional incentives for generating efficiency and low-cost production of power, have tended to depress the purchase prices of existing small-scale Projects and are likely to have additional, unpredictable effects. Recently, a number of very large utilities, natural gas companies and independent generation companies have paid significant premiums over book value or other measures of value to purchase large packages of power plants being divested by utilities and others have announced plans to construct extremely large-scale merchant power plants. These transactions or proposals have been in the range of hundreds of millions of dollars to billions of dollars. This may indicate that these industry participants have concluded that very large scale is a necessary competitive advantage. See Item 1(c)(3) at Business Plan for an explanation of the Trust's strategy in response to these factors and others. There can be no assurance that that strategy or any other actions by the Trust will avoid material adverse effects on the Trust. Threats to Power Contracts The Power Contract with the local utility, industrial host or other energy purchaser is perhaps the most important contract to an existing Independent Power Project. The Power Contracts between the Maine Hydro Projects and two local utilities in Maine now provide for rates in excess of current short-term rates for purchased power and the utilities are treating their contractual obligations as a form of stranded cost. There has been much speculation that in the course of deregulating the electric power industry, federal or state regulators or utilities would attempt to invalidate these power purchase contracts as a means of making the owners of independent power plants bear some of the costs of deregulation. To date, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and each state regulator that has addressed the issue have ruled that existing Power Contracts will not be affected by their deregulation initiatives. The regulators have so far rejected the requests of a few utilities to invalidate existing Power Contracts. See Item 1(c)(6)(i). Further, no material action has yet been taken by federal or state legislators to date to impair independent power projects' existing power sales contracts, and there are federal constitutional provisions restricting actions to impair existing contracts. There can not be any assurance, however, that the rapid changes occurring in the industry and the economy as a whole would not cause regulators or legislative bodies to attempt to change the regulatory structure in ways harmful to independent power projects or to attempt to impair existing contracts. In particular, some regulatory agencies have urged utilities to construe Power Contracts strictly and to police independent power projects compliance with those Power Contracts vigorously. Predicting the consequences of any legislative or regulatory action is inherently speculative and the effects of any action proposed or effected in the future may harm or help the Trust. Because of the consistent position of the regulatory authorities to date and the other factors discussed here, the Trust believes that so long as it performs its obligations under the Power Contracts, it will be entitled to the benefits of those contracts. In recent years, many electric utilities that have entered into long-term Power Contracts have concluded that the prices set under those contracts are disadvantageous to them under current conditions. Accordingly, they have often attempted to exploit all possible means of terminating these Power Contracts with independent power projects, including requests to regulatory agencies and alleging violations of even immaterial terms of the Power Contracts as justification for terminating those contracts. The Trust's current investment strategy includes the purchase of smaller-sized Projects with existing long-term Power Contracts. If the prices for electricity under those contracts are in excess of the prices charged by alternative sources, or if the electric utility purchasers under those contracts have other incentives to terminate those contracts, the Trust may face material costs in contesting those utility actions. Other Aspects of Power Contracts A generating facility which uses biomass or "waste" fuel, such as landfill gas or waste coal, may be a Qualifying Facility under PURPA. The Maine Biomass Projects qualify under this definition. The Trust in the future might invest in a different type of Qualifying Facility, cogeneration projects. Cogeneration projects increase the efficiency of a conventionally fueled (coal, oil, natural gas) generating plant by using the waste heat energy (heated exhaust gases and heated engine coolant) in some useful process. However, in order for a cogeneration facility using conventional fuel to be a Qualifying Facility under PURPA and current regulations, at least 5% of a Project's total energy output must be "useful" heat energy that typically is sold or made available in the form of steam or hot water to an entity (the "Steam Host"). (Other requirements are discussed below at Item 1(c)(8).) Under current regulatory interpretations, heat energy is "useful" if its use has a business purpose independent from the sale of electricity and there is some economic justification for the use. Typically, a Project meets its PURPA requirements by entering into a long term contract with a Steam Host which provides that the Steam Host will take delivery of sufficient thermal energy to permit the Project to meet the requirements of PURPA. If a cogeneration Project did not meet the requirements for supplying heat energy to a Steam Host because, for example, the Steam Host went out of business, or the thermal contract is otherwise terminated, that cogenerating Project might lose its status under PURPA as a Qualifying Facility. If as a result of this loss of status the cogenerating Project became subject to federal and state regulation or its Power Contract were terminated or modified, the cogenerating Project might incur material loss. Although PURPA provides grace periods for a cogeneration Project to find an alternative Steam Host, potential alternate Steam Hosts may be very limited or non-existent because of the practical necessity for a Steam Host to be located adjacent to the Project to minimize heat loss. Under PURPA, electric power utilities are directed to purchase electricity output offered to them by Qualifying Facilities at a price no greater than the utilities' avoided costs of generating electricity from another source. The Power Contracts for many existing Projects have been negotiated with the utility as long term agreements to purchase the Projects' output. There can be no assurance that the rates offered to a new Project or the other terms of a Power Contract will be sufficiently favorable to induce development and construction of a Project or permit profitable operation of a completed Project. Many long-term Power Contracts provide for levelized rates over the life of the contracts or shorter periods, which are designed to stabilize projected revenues earned by an independent power Project. The effect of many levelized rate contracts is to provide that the utility will purchase electricity from a Project at higher rates in the earlier years in exchange for an agreement from the Project to accept lower rates to be paid by the utility in later years. If a Project experiences operational difficulties and produces less than the expected volume of electricity in later years, it may be required to make cash payments to the utility to compensate for such shortfall, thereby reducing available cash flow to the Project owner. Although there is some risk that a utility bound by a long- term Power Contract may be unable to meet its purchase obligations, under current federal law and current law in most states electric utilities are required to maintain prudent financing structures and are reviewed periodically by their regulators for compliance with these requirements. In addition, if state regulators approve, the payments made by a utility to an independent power Project may be included as allowed costs to be passed through to the utility's retail customers, thereby giving the utility an additional source of revenue which can be used to make payments to the independent power Project. Accordingly, the financial inability of a utility to meet payment obligations to an independent power Project which is operating in compliance with its Power Contract has been a rare occurrence to date. Most deregulatory programs treat Power Contracts with prices in excess of market prices as "stranded costs" and provide for reimbursement to utilities for those stranded costs for an extended period of time. During these periods, which can range from three to ten years or longer in some instances, there may be some assurance that the utilities will pay. However, retail deregulation may impose other financial strains on electric utilities, which will be relegated to maintaining the distribution network and delivering power to individual residential, commercial and industrial locations. Those utilities will have to downsize and reorganize their workforces and resources and compete in many cases as suppliers of electricity. It is likely that some utilities may reorganize or enter bankruptcy if they are unable to meet these challenges. In those cases, the Trust may be unable to collect amounts due to it or may have its Power Contracts abrogated in bankruptcy. Industrial and other retail purchasers of power do not have an assured source of revenue from which to make payments under the Power Contract and a Project selling to them must rely solely on the credit of such purchaser. Consequently, although the Trust will conduct a business review of each purchaser's creditworthiness prior to contracting with it, there can be no assurance that it will remain in business over time or be able to perform its payment obligations for the duration of the Power Contract. In the event of a default or failure to pay by an energy purchaser under a Power Contract because of its bankruptcy or insolvency, regulatory changes, failure of a Project to comply with the terms of its contract or other events, there can be no assurance that the Project will be able to obtain a Power Contract with another purchaser or to obtain a Power Contract on terms as favorable as those of the previous contract. The Trust expects that if it were to invest in capital facilities outside the electric power industry, those facilities would have output contracts providing for long-term payments by a responsible customer or customers for the facilities' production. These contracts would likely be structured in a manner similar to Power Contracts with non-utility customers. In that event, the Trust would be subject to the risks of the customers' creditworthiness and the long-term anticipated demand for the products. Reliance on Fuel Supplies at Appropriate Prices Since the cost of fuel is usually one of the largest components of a Project's operating costs (especially so in the case of natural gas, coal or oil-fired electric power Projects), the success of a Project may depend not only on the availability of fuel supplies but also on the Project's ability to obtain long term contracts for fuel and fuel transportation at appropriate prices. The Trust will attempt to invest in Projects which have fuel supply arrangements which closely match the fuel adjustment provisions of the Power Contract with the utility, industrial user or other energy purchaser, so that changes in Project fuel costs will be offset by corresponding changes in revenue from the sale of energy. Existing Projects that do not have favorable fuel price adjustment provisions in fuel supply contracts may have purchase prices or values that are significantly discounted from those of other Projects. If fuel prices payable by a Project are relatively high compared to the contract price of energy, the Project may not be able to generate energy on an economic basis. On the other hand, if a Project's economic returns are based upon the ability to generate substantial fuel savings through use of cogeneration and other more efficient power generation technologies, lower fuel prices may tend to reduce the value of the fuel savings and may adversely affect the financial performance of the Project. Since cogeneration and other more efficient technologies often require higher capital costs than conventional power plants, periods of very low fuel prices could result in fuel savings which are insufficient to cover the additional capital costs, thereby creating losses from the Project. Small scale Projects may find it difficult or uneconomical to obtain long-term fuel supply contracts and thus may be exposed to risks of fuel price escalations. For example, after a relatively long period of depressed prices, natural gas prices in many areas tripled between the summer of 1996 and the winter months of 1996-1997. These increases adversely affected many small Projects operated by Prior Programs, although RPMC was able to negotiate one-year supply contracts for many Projects it managed at a price substantially less than peak prices. Because the Trust may be a relatively small consumer of fuel, it may be difficult for it to economically hedge fuel prices or purchase reliable supplies on a long term basis. In that case, the Trust may be exposed to the risk that fuel price increases could reduce or even eliminate profitability of its Projects. A separate component of a Project's overall fuel requirements is the availability, reliability and cost of transporting the fuel to the Project. For example, Projects fired by natural gas may be dependent upon a single pipeline for transportation of large volumes of natural gas, and may be adversely affected by the costs of transportation on the pipeline or by outages, capacity restrictions, priority allocations to other customers or other events affecting the pipeline. Some Projects are designed to operate on alternate fuels (such as using fuel oil when natural gas is unavailable) but these alternate fuels are also subject to similar variables of availability, cost and transportation. In contrast to the Power Contract, which is one of the first objectives of a Project, the fuel supply contracts are frequently obtained relatively late in the development process or in the operating stage. There is no assurance that adequate fuel supply arrangements for a Project will be available from dependable sources and at acceptable prices at the time required. Environmental Regulation Projects in which the Trust will participate will be subject to environmental regulation by federal, state and local government authorities. The failure to comply and to maintain compliance with these regulations may potentially result in substantial liability for pollution and other damages under statutes and regulations relating to environmental matters. Thus, the regulatory risks associated with the environment should be considered carefully by Investors before investing in the Trust. Environmental regulation includes the requirement that the Projects in which the Trust will participate obtain and maintain various regulatory approvals, licenses and permits. The process involved in obtaining these approvals can be quite time consuming and expensive, resulting in delays in the development or construction of a Project or imposing operating limitations on the Project. These factors could lead to increased costs to the Trust. If the Trust invests in Projects that were developed by others or that have an operating history, it may become liable for pollution and environmental discharges that occurred before it took ownership of the Project or that the Trust had no ability to affect. As a result, the purchase of any existing Project or any Project located on land affected by previous activities may subject the Trust to unpredictable and material contingent liabilities. Although the Trust through its investigation of Projects will attempt to minimize such contingencies, there can be no assurance that it can do so. In addition, there can be no assurance that future environmental legislation or regulations will not affect Project economics. The imposition of more stringent environmental laws and more effective enforcement policies thereunder could significantly increase the costs associated with the development, construction and operation of any Project and, thus, substantially reduce the return which Investors could anticipate with regard to the Trust's interest therein. For example, ongoing implementation of Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 will require all existing industrial sources of air pollution to obtain new operating permits and to comply with additional daily operational limits. See Item 1(c)(8)(ii) - Environmental Regulation. Identifying Projects There is no assurance that there will be a sufficient number of attractive potential Projects available to the Trust. In seeking to participate in Projects, in many cases the Trust is likely to encounter significant competition from construction companies, equipment vendors, electric and gas utilities and their affiliates, other developers of Projects and investment groups which participate in the development, construction and operation of Projects. Many of these competitors have greater experience in the independent power industry or project development or have superior capital resources. See Items 1(c)(6)(ii) at New Generating Technologies and New Industry Participants and 1(c)(7). The process of identifying and investing in Projects can be protracted and during that period the net proceeds of Investors' subscriptions for Investor Shares are held in U.S. Government securities, in money market funds holding those securities or in short-term commercial paper or money market instruments at lower yields than those anticipated from the Projects. Factors that may cause delays include lack of funds for the Trust to begin the acquisition process, variations in the availability of Projects and funds available to other purchasers of Projects, negotiations and environmental and regulatory delays caused by agency action or the need to investigate or remediate conditions before investing funds. The Trust seeks to reduce the period necessary to invest funds, primarily through the Early Investor Incentive, which was instituted to allow programs to begin acquiring Projects during their offering periods. See Item 11(a) at Preferred Participation Rights and Early Investor Incentive. The period from the closing of the offering to 90% investment of available funds dropped from approximately 29 months in Ridgewood Power I to 12 months in Ridgewood Power III but is expected to be at least 18 months for Ridgewood Power IV and at least 12 months for the Trust. Need for Diversification The Trust expects that it will participate in several Projects. However, the size of each investment may depend upon a variety of factors, including, among other things, the amount of funds available to the Trust, the size and timing of the proposed investment, the availability of capital from other investors, the ability of other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder or its affiliates to participate, and the requirements of other participants in the transaction. Based on prior experience, the Trust believes that the likely range for each major investment by the Trust may be from 10% to 33% of the Trust's total capital, and may exceed 33% if the Trust participates in certain larger scale Projects. Although the Trust will attempt to concentrate most of its investments in lower risk Projects that are in operation or in advanced stages of construction, there can be no assurance that any Projects will earn a return and failure of any Project to earn a satisfactory return may have an adverse effect on the financial performance of the Trust as a whole if that Project represents a significant portion of the Trust's investments. Risks of Foreign Investments The Trust may invest in Projects located outside the United States. The Trust has not yet invested material amounts in foreign Projects, although it has evaluated several proposals, has expended funds on due diligence and exploratory investments to develop one Project in Central America. See Item 1(c)(4). Neither the Managing Shareholder nor any of its affiliates has any significant experience in evaluating, investing in, developing, operating or disposing of Projects located outside the United States. Among the risks that the Trust will encounter in making investments outside the United States are: risks in relying upon unknown or little-known foreign businesses as partners or operators of projects, increased costs for legal, accounting, environmental and other services, exposure to unfamiliar systems of governmental regulation, electricity pricing, taxation, employment relations and economic organization, inability to obtain goods and services from abroad or local requirements to purchase goods and services of unknown characteristics and quality from local suppliers, credit risks in dealing with local businesses and customers, foreign exchange risks such as depreciation of the local currency against the dollar or inability to transfer money to the United States, governmental and business corruption, kidnapping, extortion and other risks to the Trust's personnel, and difficulty in selling or disposing of Projects or assets. Utilization of Funds for Undesignated Projects The Trust may direct a substantial portion of the net proceeds of this offering of Shares to Projects that have not been described in this Registration Statement or subsequent reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Trust may be unable to or may decline to participate in any specific investments described in this Registration Statement or subsequent reports. Investors will not have the right to vote on the selection of Projects. Consequently, Investors will be relying upon the judgment of the Managing Shareholder for such decisions. See Items 1(c)(3) and 11. Projects Require Large Amounts of Capital and Time for Development and Construction The Trust may commit a significant portion of its capital to a single Project, and it is possible that additional capital may be required to complete a Project or make necessary alterations or additions to such Project. There can be no assurance that the Trust will have access to any such additional capital or that the Project can obtain any such additional capital from other sources on satisfactory terms. Further, to the extent the Trust participates in larger Projects, extended periods of time (one to three years) may elapse before the Project commences operation. Construction As described at Item 1(c)(3), the Trust may invest in the development and construction of new Projects and if it does so, it will be exposed to the risks that arise in the construction stage of a Project. These risks include interruptions of supplies or work stoppages; delays caused by changes in plans and specifications; inclement weather; subcontractor non-performance; planning error; contractor insolvency; cost increases; regulatory changes; and other construction-related matters. Although the Trust will attempt to reduce those risks where possible by contracting with responsible contractors or suppliers on a turnkey or performance incentive basis (where these risks are assumed by others), it may not be possible to do so effectively. Financing and Leverage Although the Trust does not intend to borrow funds to make its equity investments in Projects, it may invest in Projects that have borrowed money for part of the cost of development or construction. Some Projects may require non-recourse construction and/or long term financing in order to be viable. In particular, two proposed investments described below at Item 1(c)(4)(iii) are obtaining significant financing from a bank and from an equipment supplier. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available at the time required on satisfactory terms and conditions, and if not available, the Project may be abandoned and all amounts invested in the Project to that point will likely be lost. Even if commitments for construction and/or long term financing are obtained by a Project, there is no assurance that the Project will be able to meet all of the conditions which are typically required by project finance lenders in order to fund such financing commitments. Further, even if construction or long term financing is obtained, failure by the Project to obtain and maintain expected operating parameters may lead the holders of the debt to foreclose on the Project and eliminate the equity investment of the owners. There can be no assurance that these factors will not have a material adverse effect on the Trust's business. Limited Transferability of Trust Assets The Trust's interests in many Projects in which it participates may be illiquid. When the Trust initially commits funds to a Project, it may endeavor to negotiate the right to sell all or part of its equity interests in a Project at a later time without the consents of other participants. However, the interests in the entities that own Projects in which the Trust participates with other owners will typically be closely held and the Trust's ability to transfer its interests in such Project entities may be restricted or prohibited by their governing documents, or by other agreements among Project participants or by covenants in financing documents. Even if the Trust successfully negotiates the right to sell its interest in a project without obtaining the consents of other participants, the Trust may find that it is unable to sell or dispose of its interests in Projects at the times it had planned or that such transactions would be disadvantageous to the Trust. Successful sales would depend upon, among other things, the operating history and prospects for the Projects to be sold, the number of potential purchasers and the economics of any bids made by them and the state of the independent power market. In addition, sales of substantial interests in a Project may result in adverse tax consequences. The Managing Shareholder will have full discretion to determine whether any of the Trust's assets should be sold and which should be held and in what proportions, and the Trust will have no obligation to sell all or a portion of any asset for the benefit of Investors or to retain any asset for the benefit of Investors. Investors may be required to remain in the Trust until it is terminated and dissolved. General Risks of Operation Although risk may be materially reduced once construction is complete on a Project, the commencement of operation by a Project does not necessarily assure recovery of or a profit on any investment made in such Project by the Trust. If a Project is completed and placed into operation, it will be subject to the general risks of the power generation industry, including, but not limited to, equipment failures, fuel interruption, failure of the Project to perform according to projections, loss of a Power Contract for not maintaining a minimum required output availability or other breaches, decreases or escalations in Power Contract or fuel supply contract price indices in an unexpected manner, bankruptcy of a key customer or supplier, failure to obtain required wheeling rights or use of transmission facilities at economic rates, liabilities in tort (which may exceed insurance coverage), environmental obligations, inability to obtain desirable amounts of insurance at economic rates, acts of God and other catastrophes. Joint Activity with Others It is anticipated that the Trust will normally participate in a larger Project jointly with one or more other entities through a joint venture or partnership vehicle. To the extent that other participants in a Project cannot fulfill their obligations or have divergent interests or are in a position to take action contrary to the policies or objectives of the Trust, the Trust's interest in such venture may be adversely affected. In certain cases, the Trust may participate or be deemed to participate as a general partner of the entity developing the Project, thereby exposing the Trust to general partner liability. The Trust will seek to limit such exposures by interposing a limited liability entity between the Trust and the Project, or by obtaining specific agreement from other Project participants they will not seek recourse against Trust assets (other than the Trust's investment in the Project) for any claims. Although the Managing Shareholder will remain closely involved in all aspects of the Trust's activities, the Trust in some cases (typically larger Projects) will rely upon the advice of others as to the development or management of Projects. Thus, a substantial amount of responsibility will be placed on third parties who function as sponsors or developers of Projects or Project managers. The success of any Project will, to a large extent, be determined by the quality and performance of its sponsors and managers. Sponsors and Project development companies may have conflicting demands on their resources or may be adversely affected by other developments at their affiliated or associated entities. As a result, there is the risk that such sponsors or Project development companies or their other investors may be unable to fulfill their responsibilities. Limited Operating Experience Although the Managing Shareholder has participated in numerous independent power projects and executive officers of the Managing Shareholder and advisors to the Managing Shareholder have extensive backgrounds in the independent power industry and the construction and operation of independent power projects, the Managing Shareholder has limited expertise in the design, construction and operation of independent power plants. There can be no assurance that the Managing Shareholder's prior experience has given it a comprehensive knowledge of the independent power industry sufficient enough to result in successful or profitable operations of the Trust or that such experience extends to all of the diverse areas of the independent power industry or capital facilities developments in which the Trust may participate. Projects that the Trust will operate for its own account will be managed under contract with the Trust by RPMC, an Affiliate of the Managing Shareholder. Although many of the officers and personnel of the Managing Shareholder also serve as officers and personnel of RPMC, RPMC was organized in January 1996 and thus has only limited operating experience. Many of its personnel, although experienced, have been recently hired by it. Further, RPMC also manages the operations of Projects owned and operated by the Prior Programs, and is currently subject to substantial demands on its organizational and management resources. It is possible that the management of Projects to be acquired by the Trust would be impaired by these demands, although the Managing Shareholder believes that RPMC will have sufficient resources and experience to operate Projects for the Trust. Delaware Business Trust The Trust has been organized as a Delaware business trust having limited liability of the Shareholders of the Trust. Not every state in which the Trust may conduct business has enacted legislation recognizing the limited liability provisions of the Delaware business trust. Accordingly, there is a risk that investors will not have limited liability for activities of the Trust in those states. Such risk is substantially, if not entirely, mitigated by the Trust's conducting its activities and holding its interest in Projects in such states through limited liability entities such as limited partnerships or limited liability companies. Limitations on Liability of Managing Persons to Trust The Declaration provides that the Trust's officers and agents, the Managing Shareholder, the Corporate Trustee, the affiliates of the Managing Shareholder and their respective directors, officers and agents when acting for the Managing Shareholder or its affiliates on behalf of the Trust (collectively, "Ridgewood Managing Persons") will be indemnified and held harmless by the Trust from any and all claims rising out of their management of the Trust, except for claims arising out of the recklessness or misconduct of such persons or a breach of the Declaration by such persons. Therefore, the right of an Investor to bring an action against any of the Ridgewood Managing Persons for a breach of its or his fiduciary responsibility or other obligations to the Trust may be limited. See also Item 12. The Managing Shareholder, in its capacity as a Managing Shareholder, will receive, after the preferences to Investors, 20% of the distributions of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder will not be obligated to contribute any cash to the Trust for that interest, except to the extent that Trust Organizational, Distribution and Offering Expenses exceed the Organizational, Distribution and Offering Fee payable to The Managing Shareholder. The Managing Shareholder has purchased one full Investor Share as an Investor in the Trust. Lack of Investor Participation in Management No Investor will have the right, power or authority to participate in the ordinary and routine management of Trust affairs or to exercise any control over the decisions of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder will have the exclusive right to manage, control and operate the affairs and business of the Trust and to make all decisions relating thereto and will have full, complete and exclusive discretion with respect to all such matters. Accordingly, Investors should be willing to entrust all aspects of management of the Trust to the Managing Shareholder. See also Item 11(b). Limited Transferability of Shares Shares in the Trust are an illiquid investment. There is no market for the Shares, and, because there will be a limited number of persons who purchase Shares and significant restrictions on the transferability of such Shares, it is expected that no public market will develop. Any change in the status of the Shares would require compliance with multiple regulatory and tax requirements and consent from a Majority of Investors. See Items 1(c)(3) - Lack of Liquidity, 7(b) and 11(d). Investors will generally be prohibited from selling or transferring their Shares except in the circumstances permitted under Article 13 of the Declaration, and all such sales or transfers require the consent of the Managing Shareholder, which may withhold such approval in its sole discretion. Accordingly, an Investor will have no assurance that he or she can liquidate his investment in the Trust and must be prepared to bear the economic risk of the investment until the Trust is terminated and dissolved. The Shares have not been, and are not expected to be, registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"), or any state securities law in a manner that will make the Shares freely transferable by purchasers under such laws and, therefore, cannot be resold unless they are subsequently registered under the Act or an exemption from such registration is available and subject to other limitations and conditions imposed by the Declaration. The provisions of Rule 144 under the Act would be available to Investors in connection with such resale, if the requirements of that rule are met, but the Trust has no current intention to allow transfers to be made on the open market pursuant to the rule. The illiquidity of and other significant risks associated with an investment in the Trust make the ownership of Shares suitable only for an Investor who has substantial net worth, who has no need for liquidity with respect to this investment, who understands the risks involved, who has reviewed this Registration Statement and the Exhibits hereto and the risks involved with his or her tax, legal and investment advisors, and who has adequate means of providing for his or her current and foreseeable needs and contingencies. Voluntary Additional Capital Contributions There will be no mandatory assessments of the Investors or the Managing Shareholder. Investors may, however, be called upon on a voluntary basis to make additional Capital Contributions after the expenditure of the Initial Capital Contributions. If an Investor elects not to make a requested additional Capital Contribution, the Managing Shareholder may determine that the Managing Shareholder, other Investors or other persons may do so or may supply loans instead, which may result in a dilution of that Investor's interest in the Trust. See Item 11(f). Failure Of Trust To Perform Funding Obligations Although the Trust anticipates that it will be able to perform all of its commitments to Trust Projects, in certain instances there may be adverse consequences to the Trust if it were to fail to do so. For example, a partnership agreement or other instrument governing the Trust's participation in a Project might provide that, in the event the Trust fails to make a capital contribution to the partnership or particular Project as required under such agreement, the Trust will forfeit its entire interest in the partnership or Project, as the case may be. Year 2000 Risks Actions being taken by the Managing Shareholder to respond to year 2000 remediation requirements are described at Item 2(b) - - Year 2000 Remediation. There can be no assurance that those actions will be successful or adequate or that any additional year 2000 problems that exist will be discovered or remedied in sufficient time. The Managing Shareholder and the Trust are also vulnerable to potential losses of revenue, goods or services caused by failures of suppliers and customers or other persons to remedy their year 2000 problems. Potential Conflicts of Interest There are material, potential conflicts of interest involved in the operation of the Trust. Some examples of these potential conflicts include competing demands for management resources of the Managing Shareholder and RPMC; competing demands for allocating investment or divestiture opportunities among programs; competing demands for opportunities to sell electric power in competitive markets; conflicts between the interests of the Managing Shareholder and its Affiliates in receiving compensation from the Trust for investment activities, operating activities, and divestitures, as well as reimbursement for expenses, and the interests of the Investors; conflicts relating to the allocation of costs and expenses among programs; conflicts arising from the fact that the Managing Shareholder will not make a capital contribution in respect of its interest as such in the Trust and that the Investors will supply all of the capital of the Trust; conflicts between the interests of the Trust and other programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder and its Affiliates if those programs are co-owners of Projects with the Trust; conflicts as to who will supply additional capital in the event the Trust were to require additional contributions; potential interests of the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates in competing independent power or investment ventures; and the lack of independent representation of Investors in structuring the offering of Investor Shares and in determining compensation. Material transactions between the Trust and other Programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder and its affiliates must be reviewed and approved by the Independent Review Panel described below at Item 5(e). Although the potential conflicts of interest described here and others cannot be eliminated, the Trust believes any such potential conflicts will not materially affect the obligation of the Managing Shareholder to act in the best interests of the Investors and the Trust. Tax Risks There are tax advantages associated with an investment in the Trust, and there are some tax risks associated with those tax benefits. The risks include, but are not limited to, those discussed below. (A) Partnership Tax Status of Trust While it is the opinion of tax counsel to the Managing Shareholder that the Trust should be recognized as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, such opinion is not binding upon the Internal Revenue Service and no advance ruling from the Internal Revenue Service as to such status has been requested, and such a request is not contemplated. If a secondary market for the Trust's Investor Shares develops, the Internal Revenue Service, in the event it audits the Trust, might attempt to treat the Trust as an association taxable as a corporation. If such challenge were successful, the Investors would be treated as if they were corporate shareholders and, therefore, would not be entitled to deduct their proportionate share of the Trust's operating losses. (B) State and Local Taxes Each Investor may be liable for state and local income taxes payable in the state or locality in which the Investor is a resident or doing business or in a state or locality in which the Trust conducts or is deemed to conduct business. Thus each Investor may be required to file multiple state income tax returns as a result of his or her investment in the Trust. The state of California has instituted a withholding requirement for distributions from organizations taxed as partnerships (such as the Trust and limited partnerships or limited liability companies used by the Trust to invest in Projects) to tax partners located outside California. If the Trust earns income in California, the portion of each distribution to a non-California, taxable Investor that is attributable to California is subject to a withholding tax of 7%, whether or not the Investor files a California income tax return. The Trust believes that other states may follow California's example, in which case much of the income component of distributions to an Investor would be subject to state withholding taxes. Each prospective Investor is urged and expected to consult with his personal tax advisor with respect to the tax consequences connected with an investment in the Trust. (3) Business Plan and Development of Projects Business Plan The Trust will try to invest in Projects that provide long- term cash flows. Its investments will be structured for federal income tax purposes as "direct participation" investments, so that income, gains, losses, deductions and credits flow through to each Investor's personal tax return, and are subject to tax only once. Investors will generally have limited liability for the Trust's obligations and those of the Projects. See Item 11(e). As deregulation of the electricity industry in the United States progresses, the uncertainties and the financial stresses that deregulation may create may have the effect of depressing the stock price of companies that have long-term value. Opportunities may arise to invest in undervalued industry participants or in other businesses having unique technological advantages. If so, the Trust may invest its Trusts in acquiring majority or minority equity stakes in those companies. The deregulation of transmission may benefit the Trust in the future in that deregulated transmission may give Projects in which the Trust participates access to customers that are not geographically located near the Projects. Generating facilities with existing long-term contracts may have unique advantages for an investment by the Trust in that those contracts are for extended terms at rates that are often equal to or higher than current spot rates for electricity. In limited situations, facilities without long-term power purchase contracts may also be attractive investments for the Trust. Deregulation is encouraging electric utilities to sell off many of their existing generating plants. In many cases, state regulators are requiring electric utilities to sell many of their plants to separate electric generating companies, so that a competitive market for buying and selling electricity can be created. In other cases, electric utilities are voluntarily selling their generating plants because they believe they can obtain power on the open market more efficiently. As a result, there is a large number of generating plants for sale today and it is expected that many more will be on the market soon. This tends to depress the price of all existing plants. Further, small electric generating plants may be less attractive purchases for large corporations and investment groups with large amounts of capital to invest, which may further depress their current prices. The Trust believes that these market conditions may allow it to acquire small independent power plants at attractive prices. Finally, the uncertainties caused by deregulation and by past failures of demand to meet projections have deterred investments in new generating capacity. Further, as a competitive market in generating capacity is created, market forces are discouraging many utilities and generators from keeping as much generating capacity in reserve as they did in prior years. While some power marketing groups are claiming that efficiencies created by deregulation will meet needs for additional capacity, many electric industry engineers and consultants have expressed fears that there will be shortages of generating capacity within the next 10 years in many areas of the United States. It should also be noted that as deregulation forces electricity prices lower, demand for electricity should rise, other things being equal. In addition, many nuclear-powered and conventional electric generating plants are coming to the end of their useful lives. With these factors shaping the future market, a few large independent electric power companies and their backers have announced plans to build large new generating stations without long term power purchase contracts. They apparently think by the time those large investments in power plants go into operation (currently estimated from late 1998 through 2002) those plants will be needed. The Trust instead will follow a diversified strategy that does not attempt to compete head-on with these types of competitors. The Trust does not intend to join in building large new power generating facilities without firm contracts for sale of the electricity, although if an attractive opportunity existed it would do so. In addition, the Trust believes that in many cases emphasis on scale and purchasing market share may lead to suboptimal returns. Instead, the Trust believes that if it economically and efficiently operates and maintains small generating Projects, those Projects will increase in value from their current somewhat depressed levels if reserve capacity tightens in the industry. The Trust will also seek to develop niche markets, to engage in ventures with large utilities or other participants that need its investments for financial or regulatory reasons or to acquire equity interests in undervalued companies. Where possible, the Trust may invest in existing Projects with long-term Power Contracts that are less exposed to competitive forces, or in Projects with regulatory or tax advantages. There can be no assurance, however, that these strategies will be successful or that the Trust will not be competitively disadvantaged by its relatively small size. See Item 1(c)(6)(ii) at New Generating Technologies and New Industry Participants and at Initial Effects of Trends. In addition, many small independent power projects have environmentally beneficial features. For example, some small independent power projects use landfill gas to power their generators. Instead of having the methane gas produced by rotting garbage flow into the atmosphere, where it may have powerful "greenhouse" effects that increase global warming, the methane is burned to produce electricity and water and carbon dioxide, which are less environmentally destructive. Small independent cogeneration power Projects can save fuel. The Trust will look for small Projects that have these kinds of environmental benefits, not only because of the benefit to the environment but also because it believes that its experience with these kinds of small Projects can make them good investments. Advantages to Investing in Other Capital Facilities Environmentally beneficial independent power projects often have similar, non-electric power facilities related to them. For example, a trash-to energy power plant may have a waste transfer station nearby. In investigating small independent power projects, Ridgewood Power has found that there are other capital projects that are similar to independent power projects and that often (but not necessarily) have environmental benefits. These may meet the Trust's goals for investment because they are expected to provide long-term, reliable cash flows and have potential for long-term appreciation. Some of the types of Projects that may fit this profile include: Projects to convert waste fuel or biomass into useful fuels or chemicals; Projects to generate electricity or heat to process or destroy harmful industrial wastes; Projects that provide pumping power or other motive power more efficiently than electric or other motors; infrastructure facilities such as waste transfer stations; or other types of capital projects, such as fuel plants, processing facilities and recycling facilities, that are expected to have consistent cash flows similar to those from Independent power projects. Types of Projects The Trust intends to seek investment opportunities in the following types of Projects, subject to availability, pricing terms and other considerations. See also -Project Selection and Oversight. Cogeneration. Cogeneration provides an efficient use of the total energy content of a fuel source by allowing the generation of two or more forms of useful energy from the fuel source. When conventional electricity generating techniques are used, most of the fuel's energy content is dispersed into the environment in the form of heat, such as hot exhaust and condenser discharge. Cogeneration technology couples electrical generation to a process that can use the heat that would normally be wasted after the generation of electricity or allows the generation of electricity using waste heat (usually in the form of steam) from another activity that uses heat. Substantially all cogeneration Projects in which the Trust participates are expected to be Qualifying Facilities. Although some cogeneration Projects in which the Trust participates may not be Qualifying Facilities, the Trust intends to participate only in cogeneration Projects that avoid the restrictions of the Holding Company Act and most state regulation. Other Independent Power Plants. The Trust intends to also seek investment opportunities in Projects which produce electricity from the fuel and renewable energy fuel sources described below. Such Projects are expected to be predominantly Qualifying Facilities. Natural Gas, Oil and Coal. These fuels are used in conventional electric power generation plants to produce steam for generators, or, in the case of natural gas, to run gas turbines similar to jet engines. Biomass and Other "Waste" Fuels. Biomass and other waste fuels come from a variety of sources, including wastes from agricultural production and industrial food processing plants; methane gas from landfill areas; municipal solid waste and sewage; animal wastes; wood from logging operations, and waste coal from coal mining operations. Industrial wood and wood waste is the most prevalent form of biomass energy used by non- utilities. The industries that produce paper, wood, and agricultural products are increasing their use of biomass to improve the efficiency of their operations and to contribute to their on-site energy requirements. Hydroelectric. Hydroelectric power, historically a source of relatively inexpensive and reliable energy, is generated without the creation of air pollutants or solid wastes as by-products. The Trust may make investments in existing hydroelectric power plants or newly-constructed hydroelectric power plants at existing dam or river sites that do not have such facilities. The Trust expects that such Projects will not generally require the construction of new dams. The Trust believes that it is likely that any hydroelectric project in which the Trust may invest would sell its energy output to utilities and power authorities rather than to an on-site direct consumer. Geothermal. Geothermal energy sources, which take the form of steam, hot water or brine, are created by the earth's internal heat and are typically found 5,000 to 10,000 feet beneath the earth's surface. The energy source is reached by drilling, and the hot steam or fluid is harnessed by on-site electric generating plants utilizing several different technologies. Geothermal resources are typically found in greatest quantities in the western United States in areas designated by the Federal Government as "Known Geothermal Resource Areas." Typically these geothermal Projects generate electric power, but, if the Project is sufficiently close to urban areas or an industrial user, heat energy in the form of hot water or steam may also be generated. Environmental Cleanup and Remediation Projects The Trust may also invest in Projects which will generate the large amount of electricity and/or heat energy that will be required to power equipment designed to treat environmentally harmful industrial waste products and in other environmental cleanup and reclamation activities. Industry is under increasing pressure from federal, state and local legislation to develop alternatives to current methods of disposing of harmful industrial waste and/or reclaiming useful materials. Technology requiring large amounts of electricity and/or thermal energy has been developed to process certain types of industrial waste so that substantially all harmful materials are eliminated and useful materials are recovered and recycled. Such technology has been developed for treatment of harmful waste resulting from oil refining, paper manufacturing and chemical processing. Such Projects may or may not be Qualifying Facilities under PURPA. These Projects are often located on the site of the manufacturing activity and thus are also called "inside-the-fence" projects. Because in many such Projects the bulk of the power generated will be used or purchased on site to run the cleanup facilities, the Trust expects that the regulatory advantages of PURPA may be less critical to the success of these types of Projects. It should be noted, however, that PURPA's requirements for utilities to interconnect with Independent Power Plants can make utility backup power and sales of surplus power feasible. Electricity Substitution Projects Certain of the Prior Programs have invested in irrigation service Projects in which engines provide power directly to irrigation pumps as a substitute for electric power purchased from utilities. These types of Projects, in which the Trust may be able to provide engine service more efficiently than the user can purchase electricity for producing motive power, present opportunities for energy efficiency comparable to those of independent power projects. Other Project Types Although the Trust expects that its investments will be largely concentrated in independent power Projects, the Trust may also invest a portion of its capital in other capital facilities that may have cash flow profiles similar to those of independent power Projects. These types of Projects typically would be structured around long-term contracts for the sale of the facility's output, thus giving them some of the characteristics of electric power plants. Some types of these facilities that the Trust believes would warrant further investigation include energy or environmental Project investments that would not be subject to PURPA and that would not need to rely on any of its regulatory advantages. Other types of such facilities could include processing plants for industrial or environmental purposes, or infrastructure facilities such as pumping and irrigation facilities, waste transfer stations and other facilities related to the efficient operation of Projects or that operate on a stand-alone basis. Basic Investment Approach When the Trust makes investments in independent power Projects and in other capital Projects, it concentrates on smaller Projects in which it can buy at least a controlling equity interest (either together or with another program sponsored by the Managing Shareholder). Those investments should be small enough for the Trust to make several investments and to diversify its purchases. Therefore, these types of investments are expected to be in the range of $2 to $20 million per investment. Many institutional investors will not make investments of less than $10 to $15 million, which may reduce competition for the investments the Trust is focusing on. Also, larger companies may want to sell their smaller Projects so they can focus their capital and other resources on other investments. In some cases, electric utilities may wish to sell all or a portion of their interest in a Project so that they can comply with federal requirements limiting their investment in certain facilities regulated under PURPA to 50% of the equity. By making equity investments, the Trust often deleverages Projects. This decreases risk to Investors and reduces financing expenses for the Projects, and usually frees up funds held in amortization, maintenance or debt service reserves that lenders required. This can make more cash flow available for distribution to Investors and in the long term if the Trust is successful in improving the operating results of the Project. After a period of successful operation, or based on other factors, the Trust might conclude that the balance of returns and risks to Investors would be improved if a Project was leveraged. In that case, the strong equity position of the Trust might make such financing easier to obtain. Where possible, the Trust prefers to invest in Projects that are already operating to reduce development risks and delays in earning cash flow. If the Trust commits money to develop a Project, it prefers to invest in smaller Projects or Projects with short development periods. Where possible, the Trust will seek to have operating control over a Project (or share operating control with another program sponsored by the Managing Shareholder). The Prior Programs (the four prior electric power business trusts organized by the Managing Shareholder) now own interests in over 40 Projects, primarily in California, New York and New England. Over half of these Projects (by number and by revenues) are managed by RPMC, which is also wholly owned by Robert E. Swanson. RPMC has over 35 employees, including engineering, operating, accounting and legal specialists. See Item 5(g). The Managing Shareholder has found that hiring other participants in or developers of Projects to manage the Projects, or hiring third party managers, often leads to inefficient management and lesser total returns to the Trusts. Further, common management allows savings in fuel purchasing, cash management and personnel, creates incentives for efficiency over the entire portfolios of Projects, and allows RPMC to gain valuable operating and industry experience. RPMC is only reimbursed for its costs, with no profit factor. The Trust may hire other persons to manage Projects, typically in cases where the Projects are small and difficult to manage centrally. In some cases the prior owner or developer may retain a significant ownership interest or insist on continuing to operate Projects as a condition for selling them. In those situations, the Trust will seek to obtain a preferred right to net cash flow from the Project before the other owner or developer is entitled to cash flow or compensation materially in excess of its costs. The Trust will also attempt to include incentive provisions in any management contract that will encourage the manager or operator to maximize the return to the Trust. These types of provisions often give the manager a bonus if it exceeds performance targets while reducing compensation somewhat (or allowing the Trust to fire the manager) if the Project's performance does not meet specified minimums. Finally, in acquiring a Project, the Trust ordinarily will create a subsidiary with limited liability for its owners to hold the Project or a small group of similar Projects. This should reduce the Trust's liability for its subsidiaries' operations and should isolate each Project to a reasonable extent from liabilities of other Projects. Investment Approach for Larger Projects The Trust might be able to invest in Projects larger than the $20 million size described above. If it participated with larger companies in buying or developing a Project, the Trust would probably buy a minority, non-control equity interest. These types of transactions are heavily negotiated and there is no typical structure for the Trust. However, the Trust believes that it could be an attractive participant in a purchase of a larger facility, because its investment objective is long-term appreciation for its Investors and because it has ready cash for investment. The Trust thus can participate quickly and effectively in negotiations. Moreover, it can enter into complicated arrangements such as partnerships with special allocations of accounting earnings or tax benefits, where the Trust can receive cash flow while other participants are allocated disproportionate amounts of earnings or tax items that may be more valuable to them. Further, because the Trust is not related to any electric utilities, when it invests in a Project it can help any electric utility co-owners to comply with the 50% utility ownership limitation for certain Projects. Investment Structure The Trust expects that substantially all of its investments will be in the form of limited partner interests in limited partnerships (or interests in other limited liability entities) organized to own the assets of a Project. The Trust may alternatively structure some investments as leases of facilities or equipment, in which the Trust finances the acquisition of property for a user and in some cases provides operation or maintenance services. These arrangements might be employed where state regulatory positions inhibit or prohibit ownership of Projects directly by the Trust or where tax considerations encourage such a structure. In certain circumstances where appropriate, the Trust may enter into joint ventures or general partnerships with other entities for the purpose of developing and owning Projects or may acquire interests in the general partners of Project owners. In these cases, the Trust normally would become liable without limit for the activities and obligations of the Project. However, in the event it acquires such interests, the Trust expects to reduce exposure to these risks by all or any of the following: interposing a limited partnership or other limited liability entity between the Trust and the Project; requiring that material financial or other obligations of the Project be made on a non- recourse basis; or causing the Project to obtain insurance in commercially reasonable amounts and scope to protect the Project and the Trust. In limited cases, a portion of the Trust's investments in Projects, especially those investments made before a Project owner applies for construction financing, might be made as loans carrying a rate of interest with an equity kicker, which is an additional equity-related interest in a Project granted to a lender as part of the loan transaction. Some of these loans may be interest-deferred loans. Equity kickers might take the form of an equity interest in a Project (for which the Trust would pay nothing or a nominal amount), a warrant to purchase an equity interest, or rights to convert the debt into equity. The Trust expects that any Project loans or investments it makes to Projects would be made on a non-recourse basis under which the other participants in the Project would not be responsible for the debt or investment and the Trust would be able to look only to the unencumbered assets of the Project for repayment of debt or return on investment. In some cases, the Trust may obtain a security interest in Project assets. Prior to completion, a Project's assets are unlikely to have significant value as collateral for any loans made by the Trust in the event the Project is not completed. Where the Trust deems it advisable, the Trust may supply capital to Projects by guaranteeing Project debt, supplying security for loans to the Project or for the issuance of letters of credit to the Project or otherwise acquiring goods and services for the benefit of the Project. In such cases, the Trust will seek to structure the transaction to provide for repayment of the Trust's capital with an appropriate return and an Equity Kicker. Goals for Returns to Investors Timetable for Trust Investments The Trust purchased its first interest in a project about eight months after its offering of Shares began. Although the amount of time needed to invest all the Trusts raised varies significantly from program to program, the Trust estimates that it will substantially complete its investments between 12 and 18 months after the offering closes. These time estimates for the length of the offering and the amount of time needed to complete buying Projects may change significantly depending upon the progress of the offering, the success of the Early Investor Incentive, the amount of funds raised and the availability of attractive investments. Two of the Prior Programs had a total of approximately $7 million of uninvested funds as of the date of this Registration Statement and one or more of them may not have invested all of their available funds at times after that date. As described at Item 1(c)(2) - Potential Conflicts of Interest, the Managing Shareholder's policy is to present investment opportunities first to the earliest-organized program with available funds. Therefore, the Trust may have to wait until Prior Programs are fully invested before its funds can be applied to Project investments. See Item 1(c)(2) - Identifying Projects for additional factors that may affect the Trust's ability to invest funds quickly. Until funds from the offering of Shares are invested, they will be deposited in bank accounts or other short-term bank obligations, in securities issued by or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or in money market funds or other funds invested in those securities. Distributions from Operating Projects Until the Trust has invested in a significant amount of operating Projects, it generally will make distributions of available cash flow from interim investments and initial Projects quarterly to Investors. When cash flow available from operating Projects reaches an appropriate level, the Trust will seek to make monthly distributions. The Trust anticipates doing so at or after the spring of 1999, but its ability to do so depends on whether it can promptly invest additional funds and whether the investments it makes will rapidly earn cash flow. If the Trust invests in development projects such as those described at Item 1(c)(4)(iii), earnings from those Projects will be delayed until sometime after completion of construction, the placing of the Project in service, and receipt of payment for output all occur. Distributions of available cash flow can vary depending upon Project operating performance, fuel prices, unexpected operating or administrative costs, environmental requirements, scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and costs of equipment, fees and expenses payable to outside operators or Project participants and Trust operating costs and liabilities. Subject to the other factors described in this Registration Statement on Form 10, the Trust's primary goal is to provide Investors with annual distributions of net cash flow, as defined in the Declaration of Trust, of 14% of their Capital Contributions to the Trust. Because the Trust's policy is to distribute net cash flow, a substantial portion of many distributions will include funds that represent depreciation and amortization charges against assets. Occasionally, distributions may include funds derived from the release of operating or debt service reserves or proceeds of sales of Projects. A secondary goal is to provide a capital appreciation opportunity for Investors, both by investing in assets with appreciation potential and by positioning itself for a future public offering, merger or other corporate event. For purposes of generally accepted accounting principles, amounts of distributions in excess of income may be considered to be capital in nature, even though the Trust is organized to return net cash flow rather than income to Investors. Under current law and conditions independent power projects have a relatively assured source of revenues for the length of their power purchase contracts. But see the factors described at Item 1(c)(2) - Threats to Power Contracts and Other Aspects of Power Contracts. When those contracts expire or terminate, or if the independent power projects do not have fixed or formula price contracts, the cash flow prospects for the Projects will depend on market conditions and are not predictable at this time. Sale or Disposition of Projects The Trust's business plan is not currently geared toward selling or otherwise disposing of Projects before the expiration or termination of existing power purchase contracts. The Trust believes that at or before the termination of those contracts there may be opportunities to sell or otherwise dispose of Projects at a positive return for Investors and two Prior Programs have done so. However, any estimate at this time of potential returns is speculative. Lack of Liquidity Under current federal income tax law, because the Trust has more than 500 Investors and if a market is allowed to develop for its Shares, it will lose its status as a "direct participation program" (allowing income and gains to be taxed only once, on the Investors' tax returns rather than twice at the Trust level and at the Investor level). Therefore, even after federal and state securities law restrictions on sale of Shares by Investors expire, the Trust cannot permit any substantial market for Shares to develop. As a result, Shares in the Trust would continue to be highly illiquid investments. See also Item 9(a) as to the possibility of a conversion of the Trust into a publicly traded vehicle. The Trust will seek to make the Investor Shares more liquid as described below at Item 9(a), but there can be no assurance that it can do so. Even if the Trust succeeds in increasing the liquidity of the Shares, there is no assurance that the Investor Shares will increase in value or not fall in value, or that there will be a market for the Investor Shares at the time an Investor wants to sell them. Potential Investments The Managing Shareholder anticipates that the Trust will review and enter into preliminary investigations or indications of interest for a significant number of potential investments that in fact the Trust will decline to pursue or that will not be available for the Trust to invest in. This is a necessary part of the process of winnowing potential investments to those that the Managing Shareholder believes are the most advantageous for the Trust. Thus, the identification of any potential investment is not an assurance that the Trust will acquire the investment or that it will even enter into negotiations to effect the purchase. Further, in the Managing Shareholder's experience, as a result of investigations of the investment and the process of negotiating an acquisition, the terms of the transaction tend to change frequently and unpredictably. There is no assurance that any proposed investment or any variant will occur, that the terms of the investment will be the same or similar to those proposed by any party from time to time or that any investment will be economically advantageous to the Trust. Investors must be aware that the final terms and conditions of the transaction may differ from those described in this Registration Statement or elsewhere. Project Selection and Oversight The Trust investigates and evaluates proposals to participate in a Project through a variety of means, including, without limitation, inquiries and analysis by the Managing Shareholder, contacts with participants in the independent power industry and the engagement of engineering, legal, investment banking and other professional consultants. See Management. The following is a typical list of the elements which the Trust would seek to evaluate for a potential Project: Project economics Quality of Project sponsors Prior experience and success rate of Project sponsors Size of Project Specific market requirement for power Power Contract, applicable tariffs for power supply or similar payment arrangements Fuel supply agreements and other power sources Creditworthiness of customers Quality of engineering Engineering report and analysis Site agreement Permit requirements and quality of permits Relevant regulatory issues Legal issues Equipment and technology Project development costs and prior cost experience of Project sponsors Quality of construction contractor Construction and performance testing agreements Availability of fuel and quality of fuel suppliers Quality of operator and maintenance contractor Operation and maintenance agreement Historical operating data Financial structure Environmental and regulatory compliance. The Trust will rely on the Managing Shareholder and consultants and advisors to evaluate these elements, to review proposals for additional development or financing as required, to review proposals to sell the Trust's Properties in the future, to consider liquidity alternatives and otherwise to represent the Trust's interests. Insurance The Projects and Project development companies in which the Trust may participate will seek to obtain hazard, property, general liability, boiler and machinery and other insurance in commercially reasonable amounts to cover the Projects, as well as general liability and similar coverage for the Trust's business operations. Such insurance does not cover liability for securities-related matters. There can be no assurance, however, that insurance on the Projects will be adequate in scope or amount to protect the Trust from material losses related to the Projects. In particular, coverage for environmental risks is difficult to obtain in desirable amounts and scope. (4) The Trust's Investments. (i) Maine Hydro Projects On December 23, 1996, the Trust purchased from Consolidated Hydro, Inc. a 50% interest in 14 small hydroelectric projects located in Maine. In order to increase diversification of the Trust's investments, the remaining 50% interest was purchased by Ridgewood Power IV, a similar investment program organized in 1995 by the Managing Shareholder. Each Trust paid approximately $6,700,000 for its interest The jointly owned partnership that acquired the Project also assumed a lease obligation in the amount of $1,005,000. The partnership was credited with all income relating to the projects from July 1, 1996 to the closing date and the seller was credited with interest on the purchase price at annual rates of 6% to 8.5% during that period. The 14 hydroelectric projects have an aggregate rated capacity of 11.3 megawatts. All electricity generated by the projects over and above their own requirements is sold to either Central Maine Power Company or Bangor Hydro-electric Company under long-term power purchase contracts. Eleven of the contracts expire at the end of 2008 and the remaining three expire in 2007, 2014 and 2017. The Trust's net equity in the income of the Maine Hydro Projects for 1997 was $521,000. The Trusts have entered into a five year operating and maintenance agreement with Consolidated Hydro, Inc. under which a subsidiary of Consolidated Hydro will manage and administer the projects for a fixed annual fee of $307,500 (adjusted upwards for inflation), plus an annual incentive fee equal to 50% of the excess of aggregate net cash flow over a target amount of $1.875 million per year. The maximum incentive fee is $112,500 per year; to the extent the annual net cash flow exceeds $2.1 million, the excess will be carried forward to future years; to the extent that the annual net cash flow is less than $1.875 million, the deficit will be carried forward to future years. In addition, the operator will be reimbursed for certain operating and maintenance expenses. In 1997, the operator was paid a total of $429,000 for operating and incentive fees. (ii) Maine Biomass Projects On July 1, 1997, the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV purchased a preferred membership interest in Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C., an Illinois limited liability company ("Indeck Maine") that owns two electric power generating stations fueled by waste wood at West Enfield and at Jonesboro, Maine. The Trust and Ridgewood Power IV purchased the interest through a limited liability company owned equally by each. The Trust's share of the purchase price was $7,298,000 and Ridgewood Power IV provided an equal amount of the total purchase price. The original members of Indeck Maine, who continue as equity members subject to the preferred membership interest, are seven individuals. In connection with the transaction, Indeck Maine distributed $9,143,000 of the purchase price to its original members. The preferred membership interest entitles the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV to receive all net cash flow from operations each year until they receive a 18% annual cumulative return on their capital contributions to Indeck Maine. Any additional net operating cash flow in that year is paid to the remaining Indeck Maine members until the total paid to them equals the amount of the 18% preferred return for that year, without cumulation. Any remaining net operating cash flow for the year is payable 25% to the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV together and 75% to the other Indeck Maine members unless the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV recover their capital contributions from proceeds of a capital event. Thereafter, these percentages change to 50% each. All non-operating cash flow, such as proceeds of capital events, is divided equally between (a) the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV and (b) the remaining Indeck Maine members. Under its amended operating agreement, the original Indeck Maine members designate a majority of the managers of Indeck Maine and thus have management control, although approval of the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV jointly is required for many significant decisions. If the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV do not receive annual distributions at least equal to the 18% preferred return requirement or if Indeck Maine after a cure period fails to make distributions to them in accordance with the operating agreement, they have the right to designate a majority of the managers of Indeck Maine. The other Indeck Maine members may regain control if Indeck Maine satisfies the cumulative preferred return requirement within the next five calendar quarters. Indeck Operations, Inc., an affiliate of the original Indeck Maine members, currently manages the plant under a renewable agreement and is reimbursed for its costs. In addition, the three managers nominated by the original Indeck Maine members will receive aggregate annual fees of $300,000 and certain other fees are payable to Indeck Maine affiliates. The management agreement may be terminated on notice if the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV obtain the right to designate a majority of the managers of Indeck Maine. The Trust anticipates that it and Ridgewood Power IV will have the right to do so and to terminate the management agreement at the end of 1998, at which time it anticipates that RPMC will assume management of the projects. Each of the projects has a 24.5 megawatt rated capacity and uses steam turbines to generate electricity. The fuel is waste wood chips, bark, brush and similar biomass. Both projects are Qualifying Facilities. The Indeck Maine projects operated for five months in 1997 selling electricity to participants in the New England Power Pool or to Bangor Hydro-electric Company on monthly contracts. The contracts were not renewed in 1998 and the projects were shut down in January 1998. Later in January 1998, during a severe ice storm, local officials requested an emergency restart of the projects. A dispute ensued between Bangor Hydro-electric Company and the Indeck Maine projects, caused by the high costs of restarting the plants on an emergency basis. Bangor Hydroelectric Company accused the projects of price-gouging in the emergency. Indeck Maine responded that Bangor Hydro-electric was distorting the facts to divert attention from other matters and that it would sell the emergency energy at cost. The matter is being informally reviewed by the Maine Attorney General's office, and no action has been taken to date. The Trust does not anticipate any material adverse effect from the dispute, but there can be no assurance that an adverse effect will not occur. The cost to the owners of Indeck Maine for maintaining the facilities in operable condition and for fixed costs such as taxes and insurance is approximately $100,000 per month for both projects, which is being funded 25% by the Trust, 25% by Ridgewood Power IV and 50% by the other Indeck Maine owners. Beginning in April 1998, ISO-New England, Inc. (the "ISO"), an independent, non-profit organization in which Indeck Maine and substantially all generators and distribution utilities in New England are members, began an auction process as part of the deregulation of the New England electricity market. See Item 1(c)(6) --Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries, for an explanation of the deregulatory process. The first commodity to be auctioned is "installed capability," a measurement of the rated ability of a generating plant to create electric power. Plants are credited with installed capability whether or not they run. For an additional discussion of installed capability and other concepts related to electricity pricing, see (5) - Project Operation, below. Beginning April 1, 1998 each distribution utility that is a member of the ISO must own or purchase installed capability on a monthly basis that at least equals its expected load for the month (the maximum amount of power that its customers may demand) plus mandated reserves. Generating facilities may enter into contracts to sell installed capability or may auction it through the ISO. The Maine Biomass plants have sold installed capability for April 1998 under contract to a distribution utility and expect to sell installed capability for the rest of 1998 either through short or long-term contracts or the auction process. The ISO has announced that later in 1998 and 1999, it will add additional commodities to the auction process, such as operating capability (the amount of power that can be delivered by generating plants that are operating or can be placed in operation on short notice) and energy (the actual energy delivered by operating plants). The Trust hopes that the prices for energy or operating capability during the remainder of 1998, either through the auction process or through short-term or long-term contracts, will be sufficient to allow the plants to be restarted and operate. The Trust believes that as utilities sell off generating assets, as state regulators require purchase of "renewable power" as described further at Item 1(c)(6)(ii) - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries - Maine Biomass and "Merchant Power Plants" - Renewable Power and as the market in New England for generation becomes more competitive, the Maine Biomass Projects will be able to sell their future output profitably. However, there can be no assurance that they can do so consistently and earn a satisfactory return in the rapidly deregulating electricity industry. See generally Item 1(c)(6)(ii) for further discussion of the opportunities and problems related to the deregulated industry. Neither Indeck Maine, its original members nor Indeck Operations, Inc. is affiliated with or has any material relationship with the Trust, Ridgewood Power IV, their Managing Shareholder or their affiliates, directors, officers or associates of their directors and officers. The sales price and the terms of the acquisition were determined in arm's length negotiations between the Managing Shareholder of the Trust and representatives of the original Indeck Maine members. The source of the Trust's funds was proceeds of its private placement offering of Investor Shares. The Trust's net equity in the losses of the Maine Biomass Projects for 1997 was $680,000. (iii) Proposed Investments. In January 1998 the Managing Shareholder executed a letter of intent under which the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV would invest up to $32.3 million collectively in 17 small landfill-gas fueled generating plants being developed by NEO Corporation, a subsidiary of NRG Energy, Inc., of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The plants are to be located at public landfills in California, Washington, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Virginia and Florida and range in capacity from .9 Megawatt to 20 Megawatts. As currently contemplated, Ridgewood Power IV would first invest up to $9 million of its funds in a limited liability company and the Trust would invest the remaining $23 million. As projects were completed and received long-term debt financing from a bank financing source, the limited liability company would advance equity funds to the operating company and would receive a preferred right to distributions from the operating company and approximately a 50% interest on dissolution. The funds invested by the limited liability company would come first from the Trust's contribution and then from Ridgewood Power IV's contribution. Unexpended funds would be returned to the Trust providing them. As of the date of this Registration Statement, the Trust has not entered into a definitive agreement and has not invested any funds in the venture (although it has made expenditures for due diligence, engineering and legal services for its own account), but it expects to enter into an agreement to do so by the end of May. At completion of the investment process (expected by November 1998) the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV would have undivided interests in each plant in proportion to their net capital contributions to the limited liability company. The Trust is also participating in the development of and may operate an approximately 20 Megawatt capacity cogeneration station at the INCEHSA cement works in Comayagua, Honduras. A letter of intent to do so is pending. The estimated cost of the Project is $24 million, of which the Trust might fund up to $15 million. Completion is scheduled for first quarter 1999. Financing extended by equipment suppliers is expected to cover the remaining cost. At this point, only preliminary work is being funded and there can be no assurance that the final investment, if any, will be on the terms described. As of March 31, 1998, a total of $292,000 had been expended by the Trust for due diligence and a small amount of development expenses. The Trust is actively seeking additional Projects for investment, either by itself or in conjunction with other programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder if such programs are authorized to do so. If the Trust and another program with similar investment objectives have funds available at the same time for investment in the same or similar Projects, and a conflict of interest thus arises as to which program will make the investment, the Managing Shareholder will review the investment portfolio of each program. It will make the investment decision on the basis of such factors, among others, as the effects of the investment on the diversification of each program's portfolio, potential alternative investments, the effects investment by either program would have on the program's risk-return profile, the estimated tax effects of the investment on each program, the amount of funds available and the length of time those funds have been available for investment. If more than one program has funds available for investment and the factors discussed above and other considerations indicate that the Project has approximately equal benefit for each program, the Managing Shareholder will generally allocate the opportunity to each program in order of its organization date. In that event, the Managing Shareholder will cause the oldest program to commit all of its reasonably available funds to that opportunity; if those funds are insufficient, the remainder of the opportunity will be offered to each successive program with reasonably available funds until the investment opportunity is exhausted. A similar process would be followed for divestiture opportunities or competitive electricity sales. An additional conflict could arise where the entities make investments in different forms, which would be the case where one entity's investment took the form of equity and the other's took the form of debt. Although it anticipates that this situation is unlikely to arise, the Managing Shareholder, if practicable, would attempt to resolve any conflict of this type by reference to the terms negotiated by other debt or equity participants in the relevant Project or similar Projects. Although the Managing Shareholder believes these practices may reduce potential conflicts of interest of this type, there can be no assurance that the interests of the entities will not diverge. (5) Project Operation. The Maine Hydro Projects are Qualifying Facilities under PURPA and have entered into long-term Power Contracts with their local distribution utilities. Under the Power Contracts for the Maine Hydro Projects, the local utilities are obligated to purchase the entire output of the Projects (up to rated levels)at formula prices. The Maine Hydro Projects are licensed or operated as "run- of-river" facilities, which means that the amount of water passing through the turbines is directly dependent upon the fluctuating level of flow of the river or stream. The Projects have a very limited ability to store water during high flows for use at low flow periods. As a result, these Projects are unable to earn capacity payments and are often unable to produce high output in the peak summer and winter months when spot electricity rates are highest. Instead, they produce electric energy and sell it as generated at the fixed rates provided in the Power Contracts. No separate payments are made for capacity or capability. The Maine Biomass Projects do not have long-term Power Contracts and will be selling their capability and output competitively. The Projects have sold all their installed capability (approximating 49.5 megawatts) under one month contracts for April 1998 at an average price of $2,330 per megawatt of capability and are entertaining offers for May 1998 and future months. The Trust's decisions to purchase Projects in New England have been driven in part by the relatively high prices paid for energy in the region and a shortage of generating capacity caused in large part by the forced shutdown of four large nuclear power plants owned by Northeast Utilities, Inc. and other utilities for regulatory and safety violations. See the discussion at Items 1(c)(6) - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries and 1(c)(7) - Competition below for information regarding proposed capacity additions and cost factors that may offset that shortage. Customers of Projects that accounted for more than 10% of annual revenues from operating sources to the Trust in each of the last two fiscal years are:
Calendar year 1997 1996 Central Maine Power Company 80% (Maine Hydro Projects) Bangor Hydro-electric Co. 20% (Maine Hydro Projects) Estimated. Not meaningful. Trust owned Maine Hydro Projects only for period from December 23 -December 31, 1996.
The major costs of a Project while in operation will be debt service (if applicable), fuel, taxes, maintenance and operating labor. The ability to reduce operating interruptions and to have a Project's capacity available at times of peak demand are critical to the profitability of a Project. Accordingly, skilled management is a major factor in the Trust's business. The Maine Hydro Projects are managed by their former owner, Consolidated Hydro, Inc., which owns other hydroelectric facilities in the region, and the Maine Biomass Plants are currently managed by their former owner, Indeck Maine. Electricity produced by a Project is typically delivered to the purchaser through transmission lines which are built to interconnect with the utility's existing power grid, or in the case of the Maine Biomass Projects, via utility lines to the ISO's transmission facilities. The overall demand for electrical energy is somewhat seasonal, with demand usually peaking in the summertime as a result of the increased use of air conditioning. As described above, peak periods in New England generally are limited to daytime and evening hours in the summer months (with a smaller peak in Maine for light and heating during the winter) and power prices are significantly higher during those periods. The technology involved in conventional power plant construction and operations as well as electric and heat energy transfers and sales is widely known throughout the world. There are usually a variety of vendors seeking to supply the necessary equipment for any Project. So far as the Trust is aware, there are no limitations or restrictions on the availability of any of the components which would be necessary to complete construction and commence operations of any Project. Generally, working capital requirements are not a significant item in the independent power industry. The cost of maintaining adequate supplies of fuel is usually the most significant factor in determining working capital needs. The Maine Hydro Projects owned by the Trust use hydroelectric energy and are not subject to fuel price changes or supply interruptions. Because the Maine Hydro Projects are "run- of-river" hydroelectric plants, their output is dependent upon rainfall and snowfall in the areas above the dams and output has varied in the range of 30% over or 25% below the average output from 1987 through 1997. Output is generally lowest in the summer months and in the winter and highest in the spring and fall. The Maine Biomass Projects burn wood waste, including brush and chips from woodcutting or processing of raw wood at paper mills or sawmills. The price of wood waste fluctuates and is a primary determinant of whether the Projects can run profitably or not. The major causes of the fluctuation are changes in woodcutting or wood processing volumes caused by general economic conditions, increases in the use of wood waste by paper mills for their own cogeneration plants, changes in demand from competing generating plants using wood waste or paper mill refuse and weather conditions. The cost of wood waste is currently significantly in excess of that anticipated at the time the Maine Biomass Projects were purchased and the plants were unable to run profitably during the winter of 1997-1998. It is not possible to determine whether this cost will jeopardize long-term profitability of the plants until the new competitive wholesale market for electric energy begins (expected no earlier than late 1998) and revenues can be estimated. In order to commence operations, most Projects require a variety of permits, including zoning and environmental permits. Inability to obtain such permits will likely mean that a Project will not be able to commence operations, and even if obtained, such permits must usually be kept in force in order for the Project to continue its operations. Compliance with environmental laws is also a material factor in the independent power industry. The Trust believes that capital expenditures for and other costs of environmental protection have not materially disadvantaged its activities relative to other competitors and will not do so in the future. Although the capital costs and other expenses of environmental protection may constitute a significant portion of the costs of a Project, the Trust believes that those costs as imposed by current laws and regulations have been and will continue to be largely incorporated into the prices of its investments and that it accordingly has adjusted its investment program so as to minimize material adverse effects. If future environmental standards require that a Project spend increased amounts for compliance, such increased expenditures could have an adverse effect on the Trust to the extent it is a holder of such Project's equity securities. Of the 14 Maine Hydro Projects, six operate under existing hydroelectric project licenses from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") and two have license applications pending. Changes to the six other, unlicensed Projects (which are currently exempt from licensing) may trigger a requirement for FERC licensing. FERC licensing requirements have become progressively more stringent and often require that output of a Project that is being licensed or relicensed be restricted in order to allow a more natural flow of water, that archaeological and historical surveys be undertaken, that public access to waterways be provided (sometimes requiring purchase of property rights by the hydroelectric licensee) and that various site improvements be made. These requirements can materially impair a project's profitability. See Item 1(c)(8) - Business - Narrative Description of Business - Regulatory Matters. (6) Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries There are numerous references for further information on the electric power industry. Interested persons may particularly wish to refer to the U.S. Department of Energy's Annual Energy Outlooks and special studies, prepared by the department's Energy Information Administration (the "EIA"). Much of this information is available on EIA's World Wide Web site at http://www.eia.doe.gov under the "Electric" heading. Neither the Department of Energy nor EIA nor any other agency of the United States Government has endorsed or approved the Trust or the Investor Shares and the Trust takes no responsibility for the preparation or content of the Department of Energy's publications. (i) Qualifying Facilities with long-term Power Contracts The Trust is somewhat insulated from recent deregulatory trends in the electric industry because the Maine Hydro Projects are Qualifying Facilities with long-term formula- price Power Contracts. Each Power Contract now provides for rates in excess of current short-term rates for purchased power. There has been speculation that in the course of deregulating the electric power industry, federal or state regulators or utilities would attempt to invalidate these power purchase contracts as a means of causing owners of independent power plants to bear some of the costs of deregulation. Further, there are federal constitutional provisions restricting actions to impair existing contracts. To date, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and state authorities have ruled that existing Power Contracts will not be affected by their deregulation initiatives. The regulators have so far rejected the requests of a few utilities to invalidate existing Power Contracts. Instead, most state plans for deregulation of the electric power industry (including those in Maine) treat the value of long-term Power Contracts that are above current and anticipated market prices as "stranded costs" of the utilities. The utilities are to be allowed to recover those costs during a transition period. This is typically done by imposing a transition fee or surcharge on rates that is paid to the utility. No material action has yet been taken by federal or state legislators to date to impair independent power projects' existing power sales contracts, and. There can not be any assurance, however, that the rapid changes occurring in the industry and the economy as a whole would not cause regulators or legislative bodies to attempt to change the regulatory structure in ways harmful to Independent Power Projects or to attempt to impair existing contracts. In particular, some regulatory agencies have urged utilities to construe Power Contracts strictly and have required utilities to police independent power projects' compliance with those Power Contracts (and in California, fuel supply contracts) vigorously. Predicting the consequences of any legislative or regulatory action is inherently speculative and the effects of any action proposed or effected in the future may harm or help the Trust. Because of the consistent position of the regulatory authorities to date and the other factors discussed here, the Trust believes that so long as it performs its obligations under the Power Contracts, it will be entitled to the benefits of the contracts. In recent years, many electric utilities have attempted to exploit all possible means of terminating Power Contracts with independent power projects, including requests to regulatory agencies and alleging violations of even immaterial terms of the Power Contracts as justification for terminating those contracts. If such an attempt were to be made, the Trust might face material costs in contesting those utility actions. Other utilities have from time to time made offers to purchase and terminate Power Contracts for lump sums. No such offer has been suggested or made to the Trust, although the Trust would entertain such an offer. Finally, the Power Contracts are subject to modification or rejection in the event that the utility purchaser enters bankruptcy. There can be no assurance that the utility purchaser will stay out of bankruptcy. After the Power Contracts for the Maine Hydro Projects expire at varying times from 2008 to 2017 or those contracts terminate for other reasons, those Projects under currently anticipated conditions would be free to sell their output on the competitive electric supply market, either in spot, auction or short-term arrangements or under long-term contracts if those Power Contracts could be obtained. There is no assurance that the Projects could then sell their output or do so profitably. The Maine Hydro Projects may have diseconomies of small scale and, because they are run-of-river projects, they cannot commit to producing fixed amounts of electricity on schedule. This might significantly restrict demand for their output after their Power Contracts terminate. The Trust is unable to anticipate whether the Maine Hydro Projects would have cost disadvantages or advantages after their Power Contracts expire. It is thus impossible to predict the profitability of those Projects after termination of the Power Contracts. (ii) Maine Biomass and "Merchant Power Plants" The Maine Biomass Projects do not have long-term Power Contracts and are exposed to the newly-deregulating market for electricity generation. Those Projects and other similar plants without long-term Power Contracts that the Trust may acquire are sometimes described as "merchant power plants" because they sell their output on the open market. As a consequence of federal and state moves to deregulate large areas of the electric power industry and the existence, spurred by PURPA, of private competitors to electric utilities in the market for generating electricity, a number of interrelated trends are occurring that will affect merchant power plants. Continued Deregulation of the Generating Market The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of 1992 (the "1992 Energy Act") encourages electric utilities to expand their wholesale generating capacity by removing some, but not all, of the limitations on their ownership of new generating facilities that qualify as "exempt wholesale generators" ("EWG's") and on their ability to participate in merchant power plants. Many state electric utility regulators are considering plans to further encourage investment in wholesale generators and to facilitate utility decisions to spin off or divest generating capacity from the transmission or distribution businesses of the utilities. As a result, merchant power plants in the future will face competition not only from other independent power plants seeking to sell electricity on a wholesale basis but also from EWG's, electric utilities with excess capacity and independent generators spun off or otherwise separated from their parent utilities. Wholesale-level Access to Transmission Capacity Without access to transmission capacity, an independent power plant or other wholesale generator can only sell to the local electric utility or to a facility on which it is located (or, in some states, which adjoins its location). The most important changes occurring in the electric power industry are the efforts of FERC to compel utilities and power pools to provide nationwide access to transmission facilities to all wholesale power generators. When combined with the increased competition in the generating area, this is likely to create an electricity supply market that may profoundly change the operations of electric utilities, consumers and independent power plants. The 1992 Energy Act empowered FERC to require electric utilities and power pools to transmit electric power generated by other wholesale generators to wholesale customers. This process is referred to as "wheeling" the electric power. Essentially, the generator contributes power to a utility or power pool and is credited with that contribution, and the utility or power pool serving the wholesale customer makes available that amount of electric power to the customer and debits the generator. Wheeling is effected between power pools on a similar basis. On April 24, 1996 the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission adopted Order 888, which requires electric utilities and power pools to provide wholesale transmission facilities and information to all power producers on the same terms, and endorses the recovery by utilities of uneconomic capital costs from wholesale customers who change suppliers. The utilities would also be required to furnish ancillary services, such as scheduling, load dispatch, and system protection, as needed. These rights, however, would apply only to sales of new electric power over and above existing utility supply arrangements. Non- utility wholesale deliveries of electricity have grown vigorously and according to the EIA have grown at the rate of 21% per year in the ten years from 1986 to 1996. The Maine Biomass Projects are dependent on wheeling power in order to sell their capacity or energy to purchasers other than Bangor Hydro-electric Company. Currently, they access the ISO's facilities through transmission lines owned by Bangor Hydroelectric Company and would pay material tariff charges for transmitting energy to the ISO's lines. Indeck Maine and the Trust are pursuing regulatory and engineering measures to either have the Bangor Hydro-Electric lines reclassified as ISO facilities (which would greatly reduce transmission costs) or to connect directly to ISO facilities. It may be possible for the Penobscot Project (which is located approximately 1.5 miles from the ISO's nearest transmission facility) to have its current link redesignated as an ISO facility or to be directly connected to ISO facilities by the end of 1998. The Trust anticipates significant opposition from competing utilities that are also members of the ISO for its applications. The Jonesboro Project, which is currently located approximately 35 miles from the nearest ISO transmission facility and which uses Bangor Hydro-electric Company facilities to link with the ISO, may not be able to obtain direct access to the ISO at an economic cost under current conditions. If it were to operate and transmit its energy over Bangor Hydro-electric's lines, the costs of transmission under current tariffs would seriously impair the Project's anticipated operating margin and might render operation inadvisable or unprofitable. Order 888 takes no action to modify existing Power Contracts. The order intends to create a competitive national market in electricity generation and thus may create additional pressure on electric utilities to seek changes to long-term power purchase contracts, as described further below. State public utility regulatory agencies must also review and approve certain aspects of wholesale power deregulation, and those agencies are currently holding proceedings and making determinations. In addition to the FERC order or other Congressional or regulatory actions that may result in freer access to transmission capacity, agreements with Canada, and to a lesser extent with Mexico, are leading toward access for those countries' generators to U.S. markets. In particular, certain Canadian suppliers, such as HydroQuebec (the Quebec provincial utility) are already offering substantial amounts of electricity in New England, and more may be offered if sufficient generation or transmission capacity can be approved and built. These agreements may also afford access to those countries' markets in the future for independent power plants. As a result, there is the possibility that a North American wholesale market will develop for electricity, with additional competitive pressures on U.S. generators. Retail-level Competition An even more radical prospect for the electric power industry is retail-level competition, in which generators would be allowed to sell directly to customers by using (and paying a fee for) the local utility's distribution facilities. Retail- level competition presupposes the ability to wheel power in the appropriate amounts at economic costs from the generating plant to the electric utility whose wires link to the retail customer (typically a large industrial, commercial or governmental unit) and the ability to use the local utility's facilities to deliver the electricity to the customer. In addition to the business and regulatory issues arising from wholesale wheeling, retail-level competition raises fundamental concerns as to the ability of utilities to recover stranded costs at the generating and distribution levels, the possibility that smaller customers will have less ability to demand pricing concessions, incentives for governmental agencies to act as intermediaries for consumers and the functions of state-level regulatory agencies in a price- competitive environment which may be inconsistent with their traditional price-setting and service-prescribing roles. Although retail deregulation is being implemented currently on a state-by-state basis, there are some common elements which are expected to be included in the Maine and Massachusetts deregulation plans. First, most deregulating states will require that local utilities will be the "suppliers of last resort," which are required to serve any customers in their existing territories who do not purchase generated electricity from another source and which are required to obtain adequate generating capacity to meet those needs. Second, most deregulating states are requiring that utilities and other suppliers of electricity work through "independent system operators" such as the ISO, which coordinate purchase, transmission and sale of electricity between generators and distribution utilities. Independent system operators will have significant responsibility for supply reliability. Third, most deregulating states are requiring that utilities be compensated for stranded costs (which include long-term Power Contracts with Independent power projects that are above current and anticipated market prices) for a transition period. This is typically done by imposing a transition fee or surcharge on rates that is paid to the utility. In some states, utilities are being encouraged or ordered to issue bonds or other financial instruments to retire stranded cost assets or contracts, supported by transition charges. Fourth, many states are requiring local utilities to divest a large portion or all of their generating assets or to sell their rights under long-term Power Contracts. The states have cited concerns such as the anti- competitive effects of allowing the utilities, which retain a monopoly over the wires that take electricity the last stages to the customer, to own generating assets. Further, the sale of assets (or above-market Power Contracts) sets a market price for those assets and allows a somewhat objective computation of the stranded costs related to those assets or contracts. For example, the true stranded cost of a nuclear plant is approximately the difference between the value assigned to it under state regulation and the price someone will pay for it at auction. Fifth, utilities having stranded costs are expected to mitigate those costs by buying out contracts or selling costly assets. Finally, many states are attempting to protect generators who use "renewable fuels" or that are considered to have environmental or social benefits. As discussed below, Maine and Massachusetts are doing so. Price and Cost Pressures The pricing pressures that retail and wholesale deregulation are bringing are expected to decrease the marginal cost of electricity. Competition will force utilities and generators to reduce overhead and administrative costs, to trim operation and maintenance costs and to more efficiently buy and use fuel. Further, wholesale and retail deregulation and new generating technologies discussed below are expected to significantly reduce capital costs. For example, electric utilities currently maintain large amounts of generating capacity in reserve to meet peak loads (for example, to serve customers during a heat wave in July). According to the EIA, competition may lead to pricing strategies that reduce these peak loads. Competition may also force utilities to stop maintaining high-cost reserve capacity and to take greater risks. Finally, the widening wholesale market for electricity may increase efficiency by allowing utilities and power consumers to obtain distant, lower- cost capacity for reserve purposes rather than maintain local, higher cost, underutilized reserve capacity. For these and other reasons, the EIA currently estimates that national average electricity rates in real terms (adjusted for inflation) will decline to about 6.3 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2015 from the 1996 average level of 7.1 cents per kilowatt-hour. As these trends continue, high-cost generators will be disadvantaged and may fail. The Trust's small-scale generating plants have tended to have higher per-kilowatt hour costs (except for fuel) than new, large scale generating plants. The fuel cost advantages, if any, of landfill gas, hydroelectricity or waste biomass are thus critical to the competitiveness of the Trust's merchant power plants. New Generating Technologies and New Industry Participants Recent improvements in turbine technology, coupled with what is seen as the ample supply and relative cheapness of natural gas, have made gas turbines the favored technology for new electric generating plants. The EIA estimates that 80% of the new electric generating capacity to be added from 1995 to 2015 will be fueled by natural gas and that the amount of generation fueled by natural gas will increase from the current 10% to 29%. According to the EIA, new gas turbines only need 15 days per year of maintenance, on the average, compared with 30 days a year for steam turbines. Although gas turbines historically have been used to meet peak demand rather than baseload demand, new "combined cycle" units (which use heat from the turbine's exhaust to drive a second steam or gas turbine) have thermal efficiencies approaching 60% (60% of the theoretical maximum heat from the burning gas is converted to electricity) and can be used as baseload units. In contrast, steam turbines fired by coal have efficiencies in the 36% range and have operating and maintenance costs higher than those of combined cycle plants. Further, natural gas-fired turbines emit relatively low levels of sulfur dioxide, particulates and complex carbon compounds and thus may have lower environmental compliance costs than coal-fired or oil-fired plants. The EIA estimates that combined cycle gas turbine plants alone will account from 96,000 to 143,000 Megawatts of the 319,000 Megawatts of additional capacity to be added in the next 17 years. The new emphasis on natural gas-fired generation is causing large natural gas transmission or brokering companies to enter the electricity generation market rapidly. They have access to large volumes of gas and have the ability to raise large amounts of capital. Accordingly, most new investment in combined cycle gas Projects and other large-scale gas turbine Projects is being made by these natural gas/energy companies or by large utilities that are entering the competitive generation industry. A number of large participants in the independent generating industry have announced their intentions to build large gas turbine merchant power plants in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maine in sizes from 250 to 750 Megawatts. The capacity of the proposed plants exceeds three-quarters of the total deficit in capacity caused by the shutdown of the Northeast Utilities nuclear power plants. If all or many of the announced plants were built, there might be a material increase in low-cost generation capacity in the New England area. There have also been reports, especially from the northeastern states, that large non-utility generating companies and utilities entering the competitive generating market outside their existing service territories are buying large numbers of older plants from local utilities with the intention of replacing them on site with new, large, natural gas-fueled plants. It is unclear whether many of the announced merchant power plants will actually be built, given the uncertainties of the market for electricity and the possibility that there may be insufficient gas pipeline capacity or supplies to fuel all of the recently announced plants. There have been recent announcements that the capacity of pipelines under construction might be increased to serve the proposed electric generating plants. Many companies, including affiliates of fuel suppliers and utilities, have applied to FERC to act as electric power marketers, because they anticipate that if wholesale wheeling becomes significant there will be strong demand for brokers or market makers in electric power. It is uncertain whether power marketers will become significant factors in the electric power market. A related development is the creation of derivative contracts for hedging of and speculation in electricity supplies, which may offer generators, utilities and large industrial or commercial consumers the ability to reduce the volatility of competitive prices. To date, the effects of derivative contracts on the market for electricity in the Northeast have not been material. Renewable Power The pressures of competition are expected to harm the "renewable power" segment of the industry, which includes the Maine Biomass Projects and the Maine Hydro Projects. "Renewable power" is a catchphrase that includes Projects (such as solar, wind, small hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal and landfill-gas) that do not use fossil fuels or nuclear fuels. Renewable power plants typically have high capital costs and often have total costs that are well above current total costs for new gas-turbine production. Many observers believe that renewable power plants without existing Power Contracts (with the possible exception of biomass, hydroelectric and geothermal plants with very low or zero fuel costs) will be non-competitive in the new markets unless they are given governmental protection. A number of states, including Massachusetts and Maine, are requiring that retailers of electricity purchase a certain minimum amount of electricity (often between 5% to 30% of their total requirements) from renewable power sources. Unless there is a shortage of renewable capacity these state requirements may still not raise the price for renewable power high enough to make the Maine Biomass Projects profitable. Initial Effects of Trends With these conditions in mind, the Trust sees two primary strategies for non-utility generating plants to succeed in the United States: first, Projects that have existing, firm, long-term Power Contracts may do well so long as regulatory or legislative actions do not abrogate the contracts. Second, Projects that are low-cost producers of electricity, either from efficiencies or good management or as the result of successful cogeneration technologies, will have advantages in the market. Finally, there have been industry-wide moves toward consolidation of participants and divestiture of Projects. A number of utilities and equipment suppliers have proposed or entered into joint ventures to reduce risks and mobilize additional capital for the more competitive environment, while many electric utilities are in the process of combining, either as a means of reducing costs and capturing efficiencies, or as a means of obtaining regional market power, or as a means of increasing size as an organizational survival tactic. This consolidation tends to create additional competitive pressures in the electric power industry that may disadvantage the Trust; however, this trend may also encourage the divestiture of smaller Projects or Projects that are deemed less central to the operations of large, consolidated businesses. (7). Competition There are a large number of participants in the independent power industry. Several large corporations specialize in developing, building and operating independent power plants. Equipment manufacturers, including many of the largest corporations in the world, provide equipment and planning services and provide capital through finance affiliates. Many regulated utilities are preparing for a competitive market, and a significant number of them already have organized subsidiaries or affiliates to participate in unregulated activities such as planning, development, construction and operating services or in owning exempt wholesale generators or up to 50% of independent power plants. In addition, there are many smaller firms whose businesses are conducted primarily on a regional or local basis. Many of these companies focus on limited segments of the cogeneration and independent power industry and do not provide a wide range of products and services. There is significant competition among non-utility producers, subsidiaries of utilities and utilities themselves in developing and operating energy-producing projects and in marketing the power produced by such projects. The Trust is unable to accurately estimate the number of competitors but believes that there are many competitors at all levels and in all sectors of the industry. Many of those competitors, especially affiliates of utilities and equipment manufacturers, may be far better capitalized than the Trust. Please also review the discussion of changes in the industry above at (6) - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries. (8). Regulatory Matters. Projects are subject to energy and environmental laws and regulations at the federal, state and local levels in connection with development, ownership, operation, geographical location, zoning and land use of a Project and emissions and other substances produced by a Project. These energy and environmental laws and regulations generally require that a wide variety of permits and other approvals be obtained before the commencement of construction or operation of an energy-producing facility and that the facility then operate in compliance with such permits and approvals. (i) Energy Regulation. (A) PURPA. The enactment in 1978 of PURPA and the adoption of regulations thereunder by FERC provided incentives for the development of cogeneration facilities and small power production facilities meeting certain criteria. Qualifying Facilities under PURPA are generally exempt from the provisions of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, as amended (the "Holding Company Act"), the Federal Power Act, as amended (the "FPA"), and, except under certain limited circumstances, state laws regarding rate or financial regulation. In order to be a Qualifying Facility, a cogeneration facility must (a) produce not only electricity but also a certain quantity of heat energy (such as steam) which is used for a purpose other than power generation, (b) meet certain energy efficiency standards when natural gas or oil is used as a fuel source and (c) not be controlled or more than 50% owned by an electric utility or electric utility holding company. Other types of Independent Power Projects, known as "small power production facilities," can be Qualifying Facilities if they meet regulations respecting maximum size (in certain cases), primary energy source and utility ownership. Recent federal legislation has eliminated the maximum size requirement for solar, wind, waste and geothermal small power production facilities (but not for hydroelectric or biomass) for a fixed period of time. In addition, PURPA requires electric utilities to purchase electricity generated by Qualifying Facilities at a price equal to the purchasing utility's full "avoided cost" and to sell back up power to Qualifying Facilities on a non discriminatory basis. Avoided costs are defined by PURPA as the "incremental costs to the electric utility of electric energy or capacity or both which, but for the purchase from the Qualifying Facility or Qualifying Facilities, such utility would generate itself or purchase from another source." While public utilities are not required by PURPA to enter into long-term Power Contracts to meet their obligations to purchase from Qualifying Facilities, PURPA helped to create a regulatory environment in which it has become more common for such contracts to be negotiated until recent years. The exemptions from extensive federal and state regulation afforded by PURPA to Qualifying Facilities are important to the Trust and its competitors. The Trust believes that the Maine Hydro and Maine Biomass Projects, which sell electricity to public utilities, are Qualifying Facilities. Maintaining the Qualified Facility status of an electric generating Project is of utmost importance to the Trust. Such status may be lost if a Project does not meet the operational or ownership requirements of PURPA. For small power production facilities such as the Maine Hydro and Maine Biomass Projects, the requirements are limited to maximum size, fuel use and ownership requirements that are currently unlikely to be violated. If the Trust acquires interests in cogeneration Projects that are Qualifying Facilities, those facilities must meet more stringent requirements, such as minimum operating efficiency standards and minimum use of thermal energy by customers of a cogeneration Project. The Trust endeavors to comply with applicable PURPA requirements and does not believe that the Maine Biomass and Maine Hydro Projects are subject to any requirement that could jeopardize their statuses as Qualified Facilities. If the Trust were to invest in cogeneration Projects or certain other types of Qualifying Facilities, the PURPA standards could raise material compliance questions. In any event, there can be no assurance that a Project will maintain its Qualified Facility status. If a Project loses its Qualifying Facility status, the utility can reclaim payments it made for the Project's non-qualifying output to the extent those payments are in excess of current avoided costs (which are generally substantially below the Power Contract rates) or the Project's Power Contract can be terminated by the electric utility. States may require utilities to institute monitoring systems under which electric utilities continuously meter a cogeneration Project's performance. (B) The 1992 Energy Act. The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of 1992 (the "1992 Energy Act") empowered FERC to require electric utilities to make available their transmission facilities to and wheel power for Independent power projects under certain conditions and created an exemption for electric utilities, electric utility holding companies and other independent power producers from certain restrictions imposed by the Holding Company Act. Although the Trust believes that the exemptive provisions of the 1992 Energy Act will not materially and adversely affect its business plan, the act may result in increased competition in the sale of electricity. The 1992 Energy Act created the "exempt wholesale generator" category for entities certified by FERC as being exclusively engaged in owning and operating electric generation facilities producing electricity for resale. Exempt wholesale generators remain subject to FERC regulation in all areas, including rates, as well as state utility regulation, but electric utilities that otherwise would be precluded by the Holding Company Act from owning interests in exempt wholesale generators may do so. Exempt wholesale generators, however, may not sell electricity to affiliated electric utilities without express state approval that addresses issues of fairness to consumers and utilities and of reliability. (C) The Federal Power Act. The FPA grants FERC exclusive rate- making jurisdiction over wholesale sales of electricity in interstate commerce. The FPA provides FERC with ongoing as well as initial jurisdiction, enabling FERC to revoke or modify previously approved rates. Such rates may be based on a cost-of- service approach or determined through competitive bidding or negotiation. While Qualifying Facilities under PURPA are exempt from the rate-making and certain other provisions of the FPA, non-Qualifying Facilities are subject to the FPA and to FERC rate-making jurisdiction. Companies whose facilities are subject to regulation by FERC under the FPA because they do not meet the requirements of PURPA may be limited in negotiations with power purchasers. However, since such projects would not be bound by PURPA's heat energy use requirement for cogeneration facilities, they may have greater latitude in site selection and facility size. If any of the Trust's electric power Projects failed to be a Qualifying Facility, it would have to comply with the FPA. The FPA also provides that any hydroelectric facility that is located on a navigable stream or that affects public lands or water from a government dam may not be constructed or be operated without a license from FERC. Certain facilities that were operating before 1935 are exempt, if the waterway is non- navigable, or "grandfathered" and do not require licenses so long as the facilities are not modernized or otherwise materially altered. Licenses are granted for 30 to 50 year terms. All but six of the Maine Hydro Projects (with a rated capacity of 2.1 Megawatts) are subject to licensing. Of these eight Projects, six (with a rated capacity of 6.4 Megawatts) have current licenses that expire from time to time between the years 2019 and 2037 and two (1.5 Megawatts) are currently in the licensing process, which can take from three to five years. The Trust believes that it will obtain licenses for each of these. The proposed conditions for one pending license, at the Pittsfield Project on the Kennebec River (1.1 Megawatt), have been received. The Project will have to provide upstream fish passages no earlier than 2002 or, if later, the time when all dams further upstream have provided passage. The Project will also have to provide interim fish passage both upstream and downstream to the extent warranted by fishery studies; downstream mitigation measures may require the Project to restrict flow through its turbines during certain spring peak flow periods that could materially impair electricity output. Until studies are complete, it is not possible to estimate the effects of these conditions. Further, as noted above at Item 1(c)(3) - Business - Narrative Description of Business - Project Operation, the licenses may include other onerous conditions. The Trust is a member of the Kennebec Hydro Developers Group, which is negotiating with Maine agencies and environmental groups for watershed-wide studies and remediation programs. (D) Fuel Use Act. Projects that may be developed or acquired may also be subject to the Fuel Use Act, which limits the ability of power producers to burn natural gas in new generation facilities unless such facilities are also coal-capable within the meaning of the Fuel Use Act. (E) State Regulation. State public utility regulatory commissions have broad jurisdiction over Independent Power Projects which are not Qualifying Facilities under PURPA, and which are considered public utilities in many states. In states where the wholesale or retail electricity market remains regulated, Projects that are not Qualifying Facilities may be subject to state requirements to obtain certificates of public convenience and necessity to construct a facility and could have their organizational, accounting, financial and other corporate matters regulated on an ongoing basis. Although FERC generally has exclusive jurisdiction over the rates charged by a non- Qualifying Facility to its wholesale customers, state public utility regulatory commissions have the practical ability to influence the establishment of such rates by asserting jurisdiction over the purchasing utility's ability to pass through the resulting cost of purchased power to its retail customers. In addition, states may assert jurisdiction over the siting and construction of non-Qualifying Facilities and, among other things, issuance of securities, related party transactions and sale and transfer of assets. The actual scope of jurisdiction over non-Qualifying Facilities by state public utility regulatory commissions varies from state to state. (ii) Environmental Regulation. The construction and operation of independent power projects and the exploitation of natural resource properties are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations adopted for the protection of human health and the environment and to regulate land use. The laws and regulations applicable to the Trust and Projects in which it invests primarily involve the discharge of emissions into the water and air and the disposal of waste, but can also include wetlands preservation and noise regulation. These laws and regulations in many cases require a lengthy and complex process of renewing licenses, permits and approvals from federal, state and local agencies. Obtaining necessary approvals regarding the discharge of emissions into the air is critical to the development of a Project and can be time- consuming and difficult. Each Project requires technology and facilities which comply with federal, state and local requirements, which sometimes result in extensive negotiations with regulatory agencies. Meeting the requirements of each jurisdiction with authority over a Project may require extensive modifications to existing Projects. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 contain provisions which regulate the amount of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen which may be emitted by a Project. These emissions may be a cause of "acid rain." Qualifying Facilities are currently exempt from the acid rain control program of the Clean Air Act Amendments. However, non-Qualifying Facility Projects will require "allowances" to emit sulfur dioxide after the year 2000. Under the Amendments, these allowances may be purchased from utility companies then emitting sulfur dioxide or from the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"). Further, an Independent Power Project subject to the requirements has a priority over utilities in obtaining allowances directly from the EPA if (a) it is a new facility or unit used to generate electricity; (b) 80% or more of its output is sold at wholesale; (c) it does not generate electricity sold to affiliates (as determined under the Holding Company Act) of the owner or operator (unless the affiliate cannot provide allowances in certain cases) and (d) it is non-recourse project-financed. The market price of an allowance cannot be predicted with certainty at this time. In recent years, supply of allowances has tended to exceed demand, primarily because of improved control technologies and the increased use of natural gas. Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments added a new permitting requirement for existing sources that requires all significant sources of air pollution to submit new applications to state agencies. Title V implementation by the states generally does not impose significant additional restrictions on the Trust's Projects, other than requirements to continually monitor certain emissions and document compliance. The permitting process is voluminous and protracted and the costs of fees for Title V applications, of testing and of engineering firms to prepare the necessary documentation have increased. The Trust believes that all of its facilities will be in compliance with Title V requirements with only minor modifications such as the installation of an additional catalytic converter on some engines. In July 1997 the Environmental Protection Agency adopted more stringent standards for levels of ozone and small particulate matter (particles less than 25 microns in diameter) in geographic areas. These new standards may cause some areas in which Projects are located to be classified as non-attainment areas. If so, states will be required to impose additional requirements for industries to reduce emissions. It is uncertain whether or how any reductions would be applied to small facilities such as the Trust's Projects. If reductions were required, the Trust might have to make significant capital investments to install new control technology or might have to reduce operations. In addition, many eastern states, including Maine, have organized in the Ozone Transport Assessment Group to require further restrictions on emissions of nitrogen oxides. The Environmental Protection Agency is considering the Group's recommendations as well as other proposals to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and other ozone-forming chemicals. If adopted, new regulations could required the Trust to install additional equipment to reduce those emissions or to change operations. Nitrogen oxide reductions can be difficult to achieve with add-on equipment and often require decreases in operating efficiency, both of which could cause material cost to the Trust. It is not possible at this time to estimate whether or not any potential regulatory changes would materially affect the Trust. The Clean Air Act Amendments empower states to impose annual operating permit fees of at least $25 per ton of regulated pollutants emitted up to $100,000 per pollutant. To date, no state in which the Trust operates has done so. If a state were to do so, such fees might have a material effect on the Trust's costs of generation, in light of the relatively small size of the Trust's facilities as opposed to large utility generation plants that might benefit from the cap on fees. The Trust's Projects must comply with many federal and state laws and regulations governing wastewater and stormwater discharges from the Projects. These are generally enforced by states under "NPDES" permits for point sources of discharges and by stormwater permits. Under the Clean Water Act, NPDES permits must be renewed every five years and permit limits can be reduced at that time or under re-opener clauses at any time. The Projects have not had material difficulty in complying with their permits or obtaining renewals. The Projects use closed-loop engine cooling systems which do not require large discharges of coolant except for periodic flushing to local sewer systems under permit and do not make other material discharges. In 1998, the Trust's Projects will become subject to the reporting requirements of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act that require the Projects to prepare toxic release inventory release forms. These forms will list all toxic substances on site that are used in excess of threshold levels so as to allow governmental agencies and the public to learn about the presence of those substances and to assess potential hazards and hazard responses. The Trust does not anticipate that this will result in any material adverse effect on it. Based on current trends, the Managing Shareholder expects that environmental and land use regulation will become more stringent. The Trust and the Managing Shareholder have developed limited expertise and experience in obtaining necessary licenses, permits and approvals, which in the case of the Maine Hydro Project are the responsibility of Consolidated Hydro, Inc. andin the case of the Maine Biomass Projects are the responsibility of Indeck Operations, Inc. The Trust will rely upon qualified environmental consultants and environmental counsel retained by it or by Project sponsors to assist in evaluating the status of Projects regarding such matters. (d) Financial Information about Foreign and Domestic Operations and Export Sales. The Trust has invested its funds to date only in Projects located in Maine. The NEO Projects that the Trust may invest in are located in California, Washington, New Jersey, Florida, Virginia and Massachusetts. The Trust is considering an investment in a Project in Honduras and from time to time has investigated potential investments in East Asia, Eastern Europe and South America. No material operations or income have yet been taken or earned outside the United States. (e) Employees. The Trust has no employees. The persons described below at Item 5 - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant serve as executive officers of the Trust and have the duties and powers usually applicable to similar officers of a Delaware corporation in carrying out the Trust business. Item 2. Financial Information (a) Selected Financial Data. The following data is qualified in its entirety by the financial statements presented elsewhere in this Registration Statement on Form 10.
Supplemental Information As of and for the Schedule Period from Commencement Selected Financial of Share Offering Data As of and for the Year (April 12, 1996) December 31, through 1997 December 31, 1996 Total Fund Information: Interest income $ 1,003,276 $ 158,236 Total revenue 844,877 257,460 Net income (loss) (1,345,153) (114,375) Net assets (shareholders' equity) 53,046,118 14,501,931 Investments in Project development limited partnerships, power generation equipment and developmental costs 13,466,706 7,133,340 Total assets 54,469,925 14,945,301 Long-term obligations 0 0 Per Share of Trust Interest: Revenues 1,108 1,418 Net income (loss) (1,763) (630) Net asset value 69,342 79,856 Distributions to Investors 1,833 1,466
(b) Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Introduction The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Trust's financial statements and the notes thereto presented below. The financial statements include only the accounts of the Trust. The Trust uses the equity method of accounting for its investments in the Maine Hydro Projects and the Maine Biomass Projects. Dollar amounts in this discussion are generally rounded to the nearest $1,000, except per share data. Outlook The U.S. electricity markets are being restructured and there is a trend away from regulated electricity systems towards deregulated, competitive market structures. The states that the Trust's Projects operate in have passed or are considering new legislation that would permit utility customers to choose their electricity supplier in a competitive electricity market. The Maine Hydro Projects are "Qualified Facilities" as defined under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 and currently sell their electric output to utilities under long-term contracts. Eleven of the Maine Hydro Projects' contracts expire in 2008 and the remaining three expire in 2004, 2007 and 2014. During the term of the contracts, the utilities may or may not attempt to buy out the contracts prior to expiration. At the end of the contracts, the Projects will become merchant plants and may be able to sell the electric output at then current market prices. There can be no assurance that future market prices will sufficient to allow the Trust's Projects to operate profitably. The Maine Hydro Projects have a limited ability to store water. Accordingly, the amount of revenue from electricity generation from these Projects is directly related to river water flows, which have fluctuated as much as 30% from the average over the past ten years. It is not possible to accurately predict revenues from the Maine Hydro Projects. The Maine Biomass Projects sold electricity under short-term contracts during the months of July, August, October, November and December 1997. The Projects are currently shut down and will not be operated unless sales arrangements are obtained which would provide sufficient revenue to cover the Projects' fixed and variable costs. Under current legislation, the electricity market in the State of Maine will be deregulated on March 1, 2000. If biomass fuel can be purchased at reasonable prices in the year 2000 and beyond, the Maine Biomass Projects could be among the low cost producers of electricity in Maine and could be able to operate profitably in a competitive market environment. In the meantime, the Trust intends to keep the Projects in an idle mode until market conditions become more favorable, and the Project operator will seek short-term contracts to sell energy, installed capacity and operable capacity. All Projects currently owned by the Trust produce electricity from renewable energy sources, such as hydropower and biomass ("renewable power," and sometimes called "green power"). In the State of Maine, as a condition of licensing, competitive generation providers and power marketers will have to demonstrate that at least 30% of their generation portfolio is from renewable power sources. Other states in the New England Power Pool have or are expected to have similar renewable power licensing requirements, although the percentage of renewable power generation may differ from state to state. These renewable power licensing requirements should have a beneficial effect on the future profitability of the Trust's Projects. Industry trends that may affect results of operations in 1998 and beyond are discussed above at Item 1(c)(6) - Business - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries. Results of Operations The year ended December 31, 1997 compared to the period April 12, 1996 to December 31, 1996. In 1997, the Trust had total revenue of $845,000 as compared to total revenue of $257,000 in 1996. The interest income component of revenue increased by $845,000 to $1,003,000 in 1997 from $158,000 in 1996 as a result of the higher average balance of cash and cash equivalents. The 1997 revenue includes equity in the full year's net income from the Maine Hydro Projects of $522,000 and equity in the net loss of the Indeck Maine Biomass Projects of $680,000 since their acquisition in July 1997. The 1996 revenue includes equity in the net income of the Maine Hydro Projects of $99,000. Trust level expenses increased by $1,818,000 to $2,190,000 in 1997 from $372,000 in 1996. The expense related to the 2% investment fee charged on new contributions increased by $812,000 due to the higher level of contributions. The 1997 expenses include $393,000 of reimbursements to the Managing Shareholder. Due diligence costs increased $599,000 due to the costs of investigating potential projects that were ultimately rejected and reserving for the potential uncollectibility of advances to such projects. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 1997, the Trust had raised approximately $56,187,000 of funds from its offering, net of offering fees and expenses. The Trust has invested $7,080,000 in the Maine Hydro Projects and $7,298,000 in the Maine Biomass Project. At December 31, 1997, the Trust had $40,822,000 of cash available for investment in Projects. Cash flow used in operating activities in 1997 amounted to $231,000 and the Trust had received $1,006,000 of distributions from the Maine Hydro Projects. Distributions to Shareholders amounted to $1,412,000. During the fourth quarter of 1997, the Trust and Fleet Bank, N.A. (the "Bank") entered into a revolving line of credit agreement, whereby the Bank provides a three year committed line of credit facility of $750,000. Outstanding borrowings bear interest at the Bank's prime rate or, at the Trust's choice, at LIBOR plus 2.5%. The credit agreement requires the Trust to maintain a ratio of total debt to tangible net worth of no more than 1 to 1 and a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 2 to 1. The credit facility was obtained in order to allow the Trust to operate using a minimum amount of cash, maximize the amount invested in Projects and maximize cash distributions to Investors. There were no borrowings under line of credit in 1997. Other than investments of available cash in power generation Projects, obligations of the Trust are or will be generally limited to payment of Project operating expenses, payment of a management fee to the Managing Shareholder, payments for certain accounting and legal services to third persons and distributions to shareholders of available operating cash flow generated by the Trust's investments. The Trust's policy is to distribute as much cash as is prudent to Shareholders. Accordingly, the Trust has not found it necessary to retain a material amount of working capital. The amount of working capital retained is further reduced by the availability of the line of credit facility. The Trust anticipates that, during 1998, its cash flow from operations, unexpended offering proceeds and line of credit facility will be adequate to fund its obligations. Financial instruments The Trust's investments in financial instruments are short- term investments of working capital or excess cash. Those short- term investments are limited by its Declaration of Trust to investments in United States government and agency securities or to obligations of banks having at least $5 billion in assets. Currently the Trust invests only in bank obligations. Because the Trust invests only in short-term instruments for cash management, its exposure to interest rate changes is low. Year 2000 Remediation The Managing Shareholder and its affiliates began year 2000 review and planning in early 1997. After initial remediation was completed, a more intensive review discovered additional issues and the Managing Shareholder began a formal remediation program in late 1997. The Managing Shareholder has assessed problems, has a written plan for remediation and is implementing the plan on schedule. The accounting, network and financial packages for the Ridgewood companies are basically off-the-shelf packages that will be remediated, where necessary, by obtaining patches or updated versions. The Managing Shareholder expects that updating will be complete before the end of 1998 with ample time for implementation, testing and custom changes to some modifications made by Ridgewood to those programs. The marketing and investor relations functions rely on custom-written software and the Managing Shareholder has hired a specialist to remedy that software. The year 2000 changes in the distribution system, which is used to send checks to Investors, have been completed and are being tested. The effort is on schedule to complete remediation and testing by December 31, 1998 and the Managing Shareholder believes that all material systems will be year 2000 compliant by early 1999. Some systems are being remediated using the "sliding window" technique. Although this will allow compliance for several years beyond the year 2000, eventually those systems will have to be rewritten again or replaced. The Managing Shareholder and its affiliates do not significantly rely on computer input from suppliers and customers and thus are not directly affected by other companies' year 2000 compliance. However, if customers' payment systems or suppliers' systems were adversely affected by year 2000 problems, the Trust could be affected. Because the Trust and the Managing Shareholder are extremely small relative to the size of their material customers and suppliers and are paid or supplied using the same systems as larger companies, requests for written assurances of compliance from those customers or suppliers are not cost-effective. Although the total cost associated with year 2000 compliance is not yet determined, the Trust does not believe that the costs will be material to its financial position or results of operation. Item 3. Properties. Pursuant to the Management Agreement between the Trust and the Managing Shareholder (described at Item 10(c)), the Managing Shareholder provides the Trust with office space at the Managing Shareholder's principal office at The Ridgewood Commons, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450. The following table shows the material properties (relating to Projects) owned or leased by the Trust's subsidiaries or partnerships or limited liability companies in which the Trust has an interest. Approximate Square Ownership Ground Approximate Footage of Description Interests Lease Acreage Project of Projects Location in Land Expiration of Land (Actual Project or Projected) Maine Hydro 14 sites in Maine Owned n/a 24 n/a Hydro- by joint electric venture* facilities Maine West Enfield Owned n/a less 18,000 Wood waste- Bio- and Jonesboro, by joint than fired genera- mass Maine venture** 25 tion facil- ities *Joint venture equally owned by Trust and Ridgewood Power IV. ** Joint venture owned by Indeck Maine former members, the Trust and Ridgewood Power IV. The Trust believes that these properties are currently adequate for current operations at those sites. Item 4. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management. The Managing Shareholder purchased for cash one full Investor Share. By virtue of its purchase of Investor Shares, the Managing Shareholder is entitled to the same ratable interest in the Trust as all other purchasers of Investor Shares. No other executive officers of the Trust acquired Investor Shares in the Trust's offering and neither the executive officers nor the Independent Panel Members nor the Corporate Trustee beneficially own any securities of the Trust. No person beneficially owns 5% or more of the Investor Shares. The Managing Shareholder was issued one Management Share in the Trust representing the beneficial interests and management rights of the Managing Shareholder in its capacity as the Managing Shareholder (excluding its interest in the Trust attributable to Investor Shares it acquired in the offering). Mr. Swanson has beneficial ownership of the Management Share issued to the Managing Shareholder. No other Management Shares are issuable and neither any other executive officer nor the Independent Panel Member nor the Corporate Trustee beneficially owns any Management Share. The management rights of the Managing Shareholder are described in further detail above at Item 1 - Business and below in Item 5 - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant. Its beneficial interest in cash distributions of the Trust and its allocable share of the Trust's net profits and net losses and other items attributable to the Management Share are described in further detail below at Item 7 -- Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. The Management Share does not have voting rights but the consent of the Managing Shareholder is required for certain actions affecting it as described at Item 11(b) - Voting Rights. Item 5. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant. (a) General. As Managing Shareholder of the Trust, Ridgewood Power Corporation has direct and exclusive discretion in management and control of the affairs of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder will be entitled to resign as Managing Shareholder of the Trust only (i) with cause (which cause does not include the fact or determination that continued service would be unprofitable to the Managing Shareholder) or (ii) without cause with the consent of a majority in interest of the Investors. It may be removed from its capacity as Managing Shareholder as provided in the Declaration. Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation ("Ridgewood Holding"), a Delaware corporation incorporated in April 1992, is the Corporate Trustee of the Trust. (b) Managing Shareholder. The Managing Shareholder was incorporated in February 1991 as a Delaware corporation for the primary purpose of acting as a managing shareholder of business trusts and as a managing general partner of limited partnerships which are organized to participate in the development, construction and ownership of Independent power projects. The Managing Shareholder has also organized the Prior Programs and The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund (organized in 1997) as Delaware business trusts to participate in the independent power industry. The business objectives of these five trusts are similar to those of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder is an affiliate of Ridgewood Energy Corporation ("Ridgewood Energy"), which has organized and operated 46 limited partnership funds and one business trust over the last 16 years (of which 25 have terminated) and which had total capital contributions in excess of $190 million. The programs operated by Ridgewood Energy have invested in oil and natural gas drilling and completion and other related activities. Other affiliates of the Managing Shareholder include Ridgewood Securities Corporation ("Ridgewood Securities"), an NASD member which has been the placement agent for the private placement offerings of the six trusts sponsored by the Managing Shareholder and the funds sponsored by Ridgewood Energy; Ridgewood Power Capital Corporation ("Ridgewood Capital"), organized in 1998, which assists in offerings made by the Managing Shareholder; and Ridgewood Power VI Corporation ("Power VI Corp."), which is a managing shareholder of the Growth Fund, and RPMC. Each of these corporations is wholly owned by Robert E. Swanson, who is their sole director. Robert E. Swanson has been the President, sole director and sole stockholder of the Managing Shareholder since its inception in February 1991. Set forth below is certain information concerning Mr. Swanson and other executive officers of the Managing Shareholder. Robert E. Swanson, age 51, has also served as President of the Trust since its inception in November 1992 and as President of RPMC, Ridgewood Power I, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power III, Ridgewood Power IV and the Growth Fund, since their respective inceptions. Mr. Swanson has been President and registered principal of Ridgewood Securities and became the Chairman of the Board of Ridgewood Capital on its organization in 1998. In addition, he has been President and sole stockholder of Ridgewood Energy since its inception in October 1982. Prior to forming Ridgewood Energy in 1982, Mr. Swanson was a tax partner at the former New York and Los Angeles law firm of Fulop & Hardee and an officer in the Trust and Investment Division of Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. His specialty is in personal tax and financial planning, including income, estate and gift tax. Mr. Swanson is a member of the New York State and New Jersey bars, the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and the New York State Bar Association. He is a graduate of Amherst College and Fordham University Law School. Robert L. Gold, age 40, has served as Executive Vice President of the Managing Shareholder, RPMC, Ridgewood Power, the Trust, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power III, Ridgewood Power IV and the Growth Fund since their respective inceptions, with primary responsibility for marketing and acquisitions. He has been President of Ridgewood Power Capital Corporation since its organization in 1998. He has served as Vice President and General Counsel of Ridgewood Securities Corporation since he joined the firm in December 1987. Mr. Gold has also served as Executive Vice President of Ridgewood Energy since October 1990. He served as Vice President of Ridgewood Energy from December 1987 through September 1990. For the two years prior to joining Ridgewood Energy and Ridgewood Securities Corporation, Mr. Gold was a corporate attorney in the law firm of Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton in New York City where his experience included mortgage finance, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings, tender offers, and other business legal matters. Mr. Gold is a member of the New York State bar. He is a graduate of Colgate University and New York University School of Law. Thomas R. Brown, age 43, joined the Managing Shareholder in November 1994 as Senior Vice President and holds the same position with the Trust, RPMC and each of the other trusts sponsored by the Managing Shareholder. He became Chief Operating Officer of the Trust, the Managing Shareholder, RPMC and the Prior Programs in October 1996, and is the Chief Operating Officer of the Growth Fund. Mr. Brown has over 20 years' experience in the development and operation of power and industrial projects. From 1992 until joining the Managing Shareholder he was employed by Tampella Services, Inc., an affiliate of Tampella, Inc., one of the world's largest manufacturers of boilers and related equipment for the power industry. Mr. Brown was Project Manager for Tampella's Piney Creek project, a $100 million bituminous waste coal fired circulating fluidized bed power plant. Between 1990 and 1992 Mr. Brown was Deputy Project Manager at Inter-Power of Pennsylvania, where he successfully developed a 106 megawatt coal fired facility. Between 1982 and 1990 Mr. Brown was employed by Pennsylvania Electric Company, an integrated utility, as a Senior Thermal Performance Engineer. Prior to that, Mr. Brown was an Engineer with Bethlehem Steel Corporation. He has an Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Pennsylvania State University and an MBA in Finance from the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Brown satisfied all requirements to earn the Professional Engineer designation in 1985. Martin V. Quinn, age 50, assumed the duties of Chief Financial Officer of the Managing Shareholder, the Trust, the other four trusts organized by the Managing Shareholder and RPMC in November 1996 under a consulting arrangement. He became a full-time officer of the Managing Shareholder and RPMC in April 1997 and is now also Chief Financial Officer of the Growth Fund. Mr. Quinn has 29 years of experience in financial management and corporate mergers and acquisitions, gained with major, publicly-traded companies and an international accounting firm. He formerly served as Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of NORSTAR Energy, an energy services company, from February 1994 until June 1996. From 1991 to March 1993, Mr. Quinn was employed by Brown-Forman Corporation, a diversified consumer products company and distiller, where he was Vice President-Corporate Development. From 1981 to 1991, Mr. Quinn held various officer-level positions with NERCO, Inc., a mining and natural resource company, including Vice President- Controller and Chief Accounting Officer for his last six years and Vice President-Corporate Development. Mr. Quinn's professional qualifications include his certified public accountant qualification in New York State, membership in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, six years of experience with the international accounting firm of Price Waterhouse, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and Finance from the University of Scranton (1969). Mary Lou Olin, age 45, has served as Vice President of the Managing Shareholder, RPMC, Ridgewood Capital, the Trust, Ridgewood Power I, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power III, Ridgewood Power IV and the Growth Fund since their respective inceptions. She has also served as Vice President of Ridgewood Energy since October 1984, when she joined the firm. Her primary areas of responsibility are investor relations, communications and administration. Prior to her employment at Ridgewood Energy, Ms. Olin was a Regional Administrator at McGraw-Hill Training Systems where she was employed for two years. Prior to that, she was employed by RCA Corporation. Ms. Olin has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Queens College. (c) Management Agreement. The Trust has entered into a Management Agreement with the Managing Shareholder detailing how the Managing Shareholder will render management, administrative and investment advisory services to the Trust under the terms of the Declaration. Specifically, the Managing Shareholder will perform (or arrange for the performance of) the management and administrative services required for the operation of the Trust. Among other services, it will administer the accounts and handle relations with the Investors, provide the Trust with office space, equipment and facilities and other services necessary for its operation and conduct the Trust's relations with custodians, depositories, accountants, attorneys, brokers and dealers, corporate fiduciaries, insurers, banks and others, as required. The Managing Shareholder will also be responsible for making investment and divestment decisions (except that Ridgewood Program Transactions require the approval of the Independent Panel Members as described below). The Managing Shareholder will be obligated to pay the compensation of the personnel and all administrative and service expenses necessary to perform the foregoing obligations. The Trust will pay all other expenses of the Trust, including transaction expenses, valuation costs, expenses of preparing and printing periodic reports for Investors and the Commission, postage for Trust mailings, Commission fees, interest, taxes, legal, accounting and consulting fees, litigation expenses, expenses of operating Projects and costs incurred by the Managing Shareholder in so doing and other expenses properly payable by the Trust. The Trust will reimburse the Managing Shareholder for all such Trust and other expenses paid by it. As compensation for the Managing Shareholder's performance under the Management Agreement, the Trust is obligated to pay the Managing Shareholder an annual management fee, beginning on the Termination Date of the offering of Investor Shares (April 15, 1998) as described below at Item 7 -- Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. The responsibilities of the Managing Shareholder and the fees and reimbursements of expenses it is entitled to are set out in the Declaration. Each Investor consented to the terms and conditions of the Declaration by subscribing to acquire Investor Shares in the Trust. The Trust has relied and will continue to rely on the Managing Shareholder and engineering, legal, investment banking and other professional consultants (as needed) and to monitor and report to the Trust concerning the operations of Projects in which it invests, to review proposals for additional development or financing, and to represent the Trust's interests. The Trust will rely on such persons to review proposals to sell its interests in Projects in the future. (d) Executive Officers of the Trust. Pursuant to the Declaration, the Managing Shareholder has appointed officers of the Trust to act on behalf of the Trust and sign documents on behalf of the Trust as authorized by the Managing Shareholder. Mr. Swanson has been named the President of the Trust and the other executive officers of the Trust are identical to those of the Managing Shareholder, with the addition of Joseph A. Heyison, Senior Vice President and General Counsel. Mr. Heyison, age 43, joined RPMC in January 1996. He was previously of counsel to the law firm of De Forest & Duer, concentrating in corporate finance, banking, environmental law and securities. He is a member of the bars of New Jersey, New York and Ohio and was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1979. The officers have the duties and powers usually applicable to similar officers of a Delaware business corporation in carrying out Trust business. Officers act under the supervision and control of the Managing Shareholder, which is entitled to remove any officer at any time. Unless otherwise specified by the Managing Shareholder, the President of the Trust has full power to act on behalf of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder expects that most actions taken in the name of the Trust will be taken by Mr. Swanson and the other principal officers in their capacities as officers of the Trust under the direction of the Managing Shareholder rather than as officers of the Managing Shareholder. (e) The Independent Panel Members. The Declaration provides for an Independent Review Panel (the "Panel"), with responsibility for independently reviewing and approving material transactions ("Ridgewood Program Transactions") between the Trust and any other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates ("Ridgewood Programs"). All Ridgewood Program Transactions (which include material transactions between the Trust or entities in which the Trust invests, on the one hand, and other Ridgewood Programs or entities in which they invest or have control, on the other), must be approved by a majority of the Panel Members (if there are only two Panel Members, both must approve) or by a Majority of the Investors. In reviewing and approving a Ridgewood Program Transaction, the Panel Members are be guided by the provisions of Delaware law regarding the responsibilities of directors of a business corporation who pass upon a transaction with an affiliated corporation. In so doing, the Panel Members are subject to duties of loyalty to the Trust and its Investors and care in reviewing the transaction, and are obligated to consider the entire fairness of the transaction to the Trust. There is no requirement, however, that the Trust participate in the transaction on identical terms with the other Ridgewood Programs. The Declaration specifies, in addition, that the Panel Members will be entitled to the benefits of the "business judgment rule" of Delaware law, which exonerates directors for their negligence or mistaken decisions in the absence of bad faith or clear conflicts of interest. The Independent Review Panel provisions were included in the Declaration in recognition that the Trust's investment program anticipates significant co-investment by the Trust in Projects in which other Ridgewood Programs will invest. In particular, the investment in the Maine Hydro Projects involved a $7 million co- investment with Ridgewood Power IV and the investment in the Maine Biomass Projects also involved a $7 million co-investment with Ridgewood Power IV. The proposed investment in the NEO Projects may involve a $23 million investment by the Trust together with a $9 million investment by Ridgewood Power IV, and it is possible that future projects might involve co-investment with the Growth Fund. The Managing Shareholder concluded that given the potential conflicts of interest and the additional complexities and responsibilities that characterize co-investment decisions, the Trust should create a mechanism for independent review and approval of co-investments. The Managing Shareholder has designated the initial Panel of two Panel Members. All incumbent Panel Members must consent for the Panel to take action. A majority of the Managing Shareholder and the incumbent Panel Members, acting together, may authorize an increase to no more than eight Panel Members (or a decrease to not fewer than two) and may fill vacancies on the Panel within 180 days. If there is no incumbent Panel Member, however, vacancies must be filled by the Managing Shareholder with the approval of a Majority of the Investors. A Panel Member may not be an Affiliate of the Trust and may not be an investment advisor or underwriter for the Trust, a person beneficially owning five percent or more of the Investor Shares, an entity in which the Trust beneficially owns five percent or more of the outstanding equity securities, an agent or employee of the Trust or its subsidiaries, a member of the immediate family of any individual described above, or a person who served at any time after the beginning of the second-to-last full calendar year as legal counsel to the Trust or the Managing Shareholder, or a partner, principal or employee of that legal counsel. The Panel is not required to review other transactions that might involve the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates and the Trust, such as the Management Agreement or temporary advances of funds by the Managing Shareholder to the Trust. The Managing Shareholder, in its sole discretion, may refer such other transactions to the Panel for advice, and the Panel, in its sole discretion, may elect to review and report to the Managing Shareholder on the referred transaction, or to decline to review it. Neither the Managing Shareholder nor the Panel Members shall incur liability to the Trust or any Shareholder by their decisions to refer or not to refer, or to review or not to review, any transaction that is not a Ridgewood Program Transaction. The Panel Members are not trustees of the Trust, have no general fiduciary responsibility for the Trust's investments or operations, and have no continuing oversight responsibilities for the Trust. The Panel meets only on the call of the Managing Shareholder. Panel Members may resign and may be removed either for cause by action of at least two-thirds of the remaining Panel Members or for any reason by action of the holders of at least two-thirds of the Investor Shares. Compensation of the Panel Members is set in the Declaration at $5,000 per year, plus out-of-pocket expenses incurred.. If the Managing Shareholder certifies in the Trust's records that there is no reasonable probability that the Trust will engage in further Ridgewood Program Transactions, the Panel will be suspended and will take no further action. During that period, the Panel Members' compensation will cease. A suspended Panel may be reinstated by the Managing Shareholder at any time. The current Panel Members are Ralph O. Hellmold and Jonathan C. Kaledin, who also serve as independent trustees of two Prior Programs, Ridgewood Power II and Ridgewood Power III. Both are independent power programs sponsored by The Managing Shareholder. Independent panel members must approve transactions between their program and the Managing Shareholder or companies affiliated with the Managing Shareholder, but have no other responsibilities. Neither Mr. Hellmold nor Mr. Kaledin is otherwise affiliated with the Trust, any of the Trust's officers or agents, the Managing Shareholder, any other Trustee, any affiliates of the Managing Shareholder and any other Trustees, or any director, officer or agent of any of the foregoing. Ralph O. Hellmold, age 57, is founder, sole shareholder and President of Hellmold Associates, Inc., an investment banking firm, broker-dealer and investment adviser specializing in working with troubled companies or their creditors to raise capital, divest businesses and restructure liabilities, whether in or outside bankruptcy. Other financial advisory services provided by Hellmold Associates, Inc. include mergers and acquisitions advice, valuations, fairness opinions and expert witness testimony. In addition to working with troubled companies or their creditors, Hellmold Associates, Inc. also acts as general partner of funds which invest in the securities of financially distressed companies. From 1987 to 1990, when he formed Hellmold Associates, Inc., Mr. Hellmold was a Managing Director at Prudential-Bache Capital Funding, where he served as co-head of the Corporate Finance Group, co-head of the Investment Banking Committee and head of the Financial Restructuring Group. From 1974 to 1987, Mr. Hellmold was a partner at Lehman Brothers and its successors, where he worked in the General Corporate Finance Group and co- founded the Financial Restructuring Group. Prior thereto, he was a research analyst at Lehman Brothers and at Francis I. du Pont & Company. He received his undergraduate degree magna cum laude from Harvard College and an M.I.A. from Columbia University. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst and a member of the New York Society of Security Analysts. Mr. Hellmold is the holder of one- half share in each of Ridgewood Power I and Ridgewood Power III, a shareholder of one-half Share in the Trust and a limited partner or shareholder in numerous limited partnerships and a business trust sponsored by Ridgewood Energy to invest in oil and gas development and related businesses. Mr. Hellmold is a director of Core Materials Corporation, Columbus, Ohio and of International Aircraft Investors, Torrance, California. Jonathan C. Kaledin, age 39, has been New York Regional Counsel of The Nature Conservancy, the international land conservation organization, since September 1995. From 1990 to June 1995, he was founder and Executive Director of the National Water Funding Council ("NWFC"), an advocacy and public affairs organization representing municipalities, businesses, financial institutions and others on federal Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act funding issues. Prior to forming the NWFC in 1990, Mr. Kaledin was an attorney with the Boston law firm of Wright & Moehrke. There he specialized in wetlands, water, environmental review, zoning and hazardous and solid waste matters, representing clients in state and federal court and before state and federal agencies and local boards and commissions. From 1987 through 1990, Mr. Kaledin was Assistant Regional Counsel for the New England office of the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"). His responsibilities at the EPA included administrative and judicial environmental enforcement under the Clean Water Act and other federal water protection legislation. Mr. Kaledin received his undergraduate degree magna cum laude from Harvard College and a law degree from New York University. (f) Corporate Trustee The Corporate Trustee of the Trust is Ridgewood Holding. Legal title to Trust property is now and in the future will be in the name of the Trust, if possible, or Ridgewood Holding as trustee. Ridgewood Holding is also a trustee of Ridgewood Power I, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power III, Ridgewood Power IV, the Growth Fund and of an oil and gas business trust sponsored by Ridgewood Energy and is expected to be a trustee of other similar entities that may be organized by the Managing Shareholder and Ridgewood Energy. The President, sole director and sole stockholder of Ridgewood Holding is Robert E. Swanson; its other executive officers are identical to those of the Managing Shareholder. The principal office of Ridgewood Holding is at 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899. (g) RPMC. Like the Managing Shareholder, RPMC is wholly owned by Robert E. Swanson. For Projects for which the Trust decides to take operating responsibility itself, the Trust will cause the Trust's subsidiary that owns the Project to enter into an "Operation Agreement" under which RPMC, under the supervision of the Managing Shareholder, will provide the management, purchasing, engineering, planning and administrative services for the Project. RPMC will charge the Trust at its cost for these services and for the Trust's allocable amount of certain overhead items. RPMC shares space and facilities with the Managing Shareholder and its affiliates. To the extent that common expenses can be reasonably allocated to RPMC, the Managing Shareholder may, but is not required to, charge RPMC at cost for the allocated amounts and such allocated amounts will be borne by the Trust and other programs. Common expenses that are not so allocated will be borne by the Managing Shareholder. Initially, the Managing Shareholder does not anticipate charging RPMC for the full amount of rent, utility supplies and office expenses allocable to RPMC. As a result, both initially and on an ongoing basis the Managing Shareholder believes that RPMC's charges for its services to the Trust are likely to be materially less than its economic costs and the costs of engaging comparable third persons as managers. RPMC will not receive any compensation in excess of its costs. Allocations of costs will be made either on the basis of identifiable direct costs, time records or in proportion to each program's investments in Projects managed by RPMC; and allocations will be made in a manner consistent with generally accepted accounting principles. RPMC will not provide any services related to the administration of the Trust, such as investment, accounting, tax, investor communication or regulatory services, nor will it participate in identifying, acquiring or disposing of Projects. RPMC will not have the power to act in the Trust's name or to bind the Trust, which will be exercised by the Managing Shareholder or the Trust's officers. The Operation Agreement will not have a fixed term and will be terminable by RPMC, by the Managing Shareholder or by vote of a majority in interest of Investors, on 60 days' prior notice. The Operation Agreement may be amended by agreement of the Managing Shareholder and RPMC; however, no amendment that materially increases the obligations of the Trust or that materially decreases the obligations of RPMC shall become effective until at least 45 days after notice of the amendment, together with the text thereof, has been given to all Investors. The executive officers of RPMC are Mr. Swanson (President), Mr. Gold (Executive Vice President), Mr. Brown (Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer), Mr. Quinn (Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer), Ms. Olin (Vice President) and Mr. Heyison, (Senior Vice President and General Counsel). Douglas V. Liebschner, Vice President - Operations, is a key employee. Douglas V. Liebschner, age 50, joined RPMC in June 1996 as Vice President of Operations. He has over 27 years of experience in the operation and maintenance of power plants. From 1992 until joining RPMC, he was employed by Tampella Services, Inc., an affiliate of Tampella, Inc., one of the world's largest manufacturers of boilers and related equipment for the power industry. Mr. Liebschner was Operations Supervisor for Tampella's Piney Creek project, a $100 million bituminous waste coal fired circulating fluidized bed ("CFB") power plant. Between 1989 and 1992, he supervised operations of a waste to energy plant in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. and an anthracite-waste-coal-burning CFB in Frackville, Pa. From 1969 to 1989, Mr. Liebschner served in the U.S. Navy, retiring with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. While in the Navy, he served mainly in billets dealing with the operation, maintenance and repair of ship propulsion plants, twice serving as Chief Engineer on board U.S. Navy combatant ships. He has a Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Item 6. Executive Compensation. The Trust reimburses RPMC at cost for services provided by RPMC's employees and reimburses the Managing Shareholder at allocated cost for services outside the scope of the Management Agreement; no such reimbursement per employee exceeded $60,000 in 1996 or 1997. Information as to the fees payable to the Managing Shareholder and certain affiliates is contained at Item 13 - Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. As compensation for services rendered to the Trust, pursuant to the Declaration, each Independent Panel Member is entitled to be paid by the Trust the sum of $5,000 annually and to be reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses relating to attendance at Board meetings or otherwise performing his duties to the Trust. Accordingly in August 1996, January 1997 and following years the Trust paid each Independent Panel Member $5,000 for his services. The Independent Panel Members and the Managing Shareholder are entitled to review the compensation payable to the Independent Panel Members annually and increase or decrease it as they see reasonable. The consent of a majority of the Panel Members and the consent of the Managing Shareholder is necessary for a change in compensation. The Trust is not entitled to pay the Independent Panel Members compensation for consulting services rendered to the Trust outside the scope of their duties to the Trust without similar approval. Ridgewood Holding, the Corporate Trustee of the Trust, is not entitled to compensation for serving in such capacity, but is entitled to be reimbursed for Trust expenses incurred by it which are properly reimbursable under the Declaration. Item 7. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions. The Declaration provides that cash flow of the Trust, less reasonable reserves which the Trust deems necessary to cover anticipated Trust expenses, is to be distributed to the Shareholders from time to time as the Trust deems appropriate. The allocation of distributions between the Investors and the Managing Shareholder is described at Item 11(a) - Description of Registrant's Securities to be Registered - Distribution and Dissolution Rights. The Trust did not make any distributions in 1995 to the Managing Shareholder (which is a member of the Board of the Trust) or any other person and made distributions in 1996 as stated at Item 9 - Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters. The Trust paid fees to the Managing Shareholder and its affiliates as follows: Fee Paid to 1997 1996 Investment fee Managing Shareholder $1,145,212 $ 333,346 Placement agent fee Ridgewood and sales commis- Securities sions Corporation 572,606 166,673 Organizational, Managing distribution and Shareholder offering fee 3,435,636 1,000,038 Due diligence Managing expenses Shareholder 603,639 4,500 Reimbur- Managing sements Shareholder 392,752 0 The investment fee equaled 2% of the proceeds of the offering of Investor Shares and was payable for the Managing Shareholder's services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities and effecting investment transactions. The placement agent fee (1% of the offering proceeds) and sales commissions were also paid from proceeds of the offering, as was the organizational, distribution and offering fee (5% of offering proceeds) for legal, accounting, consulting, filing, printing, distribution, selling, closing and organization costs of the offering. In addition to the foregoing, the Trust reimbursed the Managing Shareholder and RPMC at cost for expenses and fees of unaffiliated persons engaged by the Managing Shareholder for Trust business and for certain expenses related to management of Projects. Other information in response to this item is reported in response to Item 6. Executive Compensation, which information is incorporated by reference into this Item 7. Item 8. Legal Proceedings. There are no legal proceedings involving the Trust. Item 9. Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters. (a) Market Information. The Trust has sold 907.09 Investor Shares of beneficial interest in the Trust in its private placement offering, which concluded on April 15, 1998. There is currently no established public trading market for the Investor Shares and the Trust does not intend to allow a public trading market to develop. As of the date of this Registration Statement on Form 10, all such Investor Shares have been issued and are outstanding. There are no outstanding options or warrants to purchase, or securities convertible into, Investor Shares. Investor Shares are restricted as to transferability under the Declaration, as well as under federal and state laws regulating securities. See Item 11(d) - Description of Registrant's Securities to be Registered - Restrictions on Transfer of Investor Shares. The Investor Shares have not been and are not expected to be registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "1933 Act"), or under any other similar law of any state (except for certain registrations that do not permit free resale) in reliance upon what the Trust believes to be exemptions from the registration requirements contained therein. Because the Investor Shares have not been registered, they are "restricted securities" as defined in Rule 144 under the 1933 Act. As of the date of this Registration Statement, no Investor Shares are sellable under Rule 144 because the requirements of Rule 144(c) have not been met. The Managing Shareholder is considering the possibility of a combination of the Trust and four other investment programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder (Ridgewood Electric Power Trusts I, II, III and IV) into a publicly traded entity. This would require the approval of the Investors in the Trust and the other programs after proxy solicitations complying with requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, compliance with the "rollup" rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulations, and a change in the federal income tax status of the Trust from a partnership (which is not subject to tax) to a corporation. The process of considering and effecting a combination, if the decision is made to do so, will be very lengthy. There is no assurance that the Managing Shareholder will recommend a combination, that the Investors of the Trust or other programs will approve it, that economic conditions or the business results of the participants will be favorable for a combination, that the combination will be effected or that the economic results of a combination, if effected, will be favorable to the Investors of the Trust or other programs. (b) Holders As of the date of this Registration Statement on Form 10, there are 1,560 record holders of Investor Shares. (c) Dividends The Trust made distributions as follows in 1997 and 1996: Year ended December 31, 1997 1996 Total distributions to Investors $1,398,357 $ 266,210 Distributions per Investor Share 1,833 1,466 Distributions to Managing Shareholder $14,124 2,689 Distributions have been made on a quarterly basis since April 1997.. The Trust's ability to make future distributions to Investors and their timing will depend on the net cash flow of the Trust and retention of reasonable reserves as determined by the Trust to cover its anticipated expenses. See also Item 1(c)(3) above as to considerations affecting the Trust's ability to increase the frequency of distributions to a monthly basis. Item 10. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities. (a) Securities sold. The Trust sold a total of 907.09 Investor Shares in a best-efforts offering under Rule 506 of Regulation D that began April 12, 1996 and ended April 15, 1998. The Trust also issued a total of 532.42 Preferred Participation Rights for no additional consideration to certain Investors in connection with their purchases of Investor Shares that occurred prior to January 1, 1997. The Trust also granted the Managing Shareholder a single Management Share representing the Managing Shareholder's management rights and rights to distributions of cash flow. (b) Underwriters and other purchasers. Ridgewood Securities Corporation, an affiliate of the Trust and the Managing Shareholder, was the placement agent for the best efforts offering. The Regulation D offering was limited to accredited investors and to a limited number of persons described in Rule 501(e) under Regulation D. (c) Consideration. All Investor Shares were sold for cash at a price of $100,000 per Investor Share. No additional consideration was paid for Preferred Participation Rights. Aggregate offering price of Investor Shares $90,708,770 Aggregate sales commissions 7,256,702 Placement agent fees 907,088 The Management Share was issued in exchange for the Managing Shareholder's services under the Declaration. (d) Exemption from registration claimed. The offering of the Investor Shares and associated Preferred Participation Rights was exempt under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as provided by Rule 506 of Regulation D under that Act. The offering was made only to accredited investors and a limited number of persons described in Rule 501(e) of Regulation D, without the use of general advertising or solicitation. The issuance of the Management Share was exempt under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 as an issuance to the organizer and sponsor of the Trust. (e) Not applicable (f) Use of proceeds. Although this subitem is required under Item 701(f) of Regulation S-K only for offerings registered under the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust is voluntarily including this information. The offering of Investor Shares closed April 15, 1998.
Amounts Paid to Related Persons* Other Source or use Amount of Trust Persons of proceeds Sale of 907.09 Investor Shares $90,708,770 n/a n/a Less: Sales commissions 7,256,702 124,300 7,132,402 Placement agent fee 907,088 $ 907,088 $ 0 Organizational, offering and distribution fee 5,422,546 5,422,546 $ 0 Investment fee 1,814,175 1,814,175 0 Net offering proceeds to Trust 75,288,279 n/a n/a Acquisitions of other businesses 14,378,000 0 14,378,000 Temporary investments** 58,756,007 0 58,756,007 Reimbursement of out- of pocket expenses of Managing Shareholder 392,752 392,752 0 Due diligence expenses 603,639 603,639 Investment fee 1,145,212 1,145,212 0 Accounting and legal fees 30,130 30,130 Other expenses 18,297 18,297
* Related persons are the following: the Managing Shareholder, Ridgewood Securities Corporation, RPMC, Ridgewood Energy Corporation, the director and officers of each of those corporations and their associates, and all other affiliates of the Trust. No other person beneficially owns 10% or more of any class of the equity securities of the Trust. ** As of April 21, 1998. All temporary investments mature less than one year from the date of issuance. Temporary investments are limited to U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of banks with at least $5 billion in assets. Item 11. Description of Registrant's Securities to be Registered. The Trust is registering Investor Shares, which are shares of beneficial interest in the Trust having no par value. (a) Distribution and dissolution rights. Net Cash Flow of the Trust, defined as the Trust's gross receipts less cash operating expenses and other cash expenditures of the Trust, less debt service, if any, and less reasonable reserves as determined by the Trust to cover its anticipated expenses, will be distributed to the Shareholders to the extent and at such times as the Trust deems advisable. Prior to Payout (the point at which Investors have received cumulative distributions equal to the amount of their capital contributions), each year all distributions from the Trust, other than distributions of the revenues from dispositions of Trust Property, are to be allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder until Investors have been distributed during the year an amount equal to 14% of their total capital contributions (a "14% Priority Distribution"), and thereafter all remaining distributions from the Trust during the year, other than distributions of the revenues from dispositions of Trust Property, are to be allocated 80% to Investors and 20% to the Managing Shareholder. Revenues from dispositions of Trust Property are to be distributed 99% to Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder until Payout. In all cases, after Payout, Investors are to be allocated 80% of all distributions and the Managing Shareholder 20%. Net Cash Flow that the Trust determines to distribute from the proceeds of a sale or other disposition of Trust Property that (a) is not in the ordinary course of the operation of the Trust Properties and (b) is not from the sale or exchange of temporary investments will be distributed as follows: until Payout, 99% of this Net Cash Flow will be distributed to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder, and after Payout, 80% of this Net Cash Flow will be distributed to Investors and 20% to the Managing Shareholder. On liquidation of the Trust, the remaining assets of the Trust after discharge of its obligations, including any loans owed by the Trust to the Shareholders, will be distributed, first, to the Investors entitled to declared but unpaid distributions under the 14% priority return provisions, in proportion to the amounts due to them, until all such accrued but unpaid distributions are satisfied and then to the Shareholders, in proportion to their respective positive capital accounts, after taking account of all adjustments thereto through the time of dissolution. See -Capital Accounts and Allocations below. General Provisions Distributions to Investors under the foregoing provisions will be apportioned among them in proportion to their ownership of Investor Shares, as the case may be. The Managing Shareholder has the sole discretion to determine the amount and frequency of any distributions; provided, however, that a distribution may not be made selectively to one Shareholder or group of Shareholders but must be made ratably to all Shareholders entitled to that type of distribution at that time. The Managing Shareholder in its discretion nevertheless may credit select persons with a portion of its compensation from the Trust or distributions otherwise payable to it. Because distributions, if any, will be dependent upon the earnings and financial condition of the Trust, its anticipated obligations, the Managing Shareholder's discretion and other factors, there can be no assurance as to the frequency or amounts of any distributions that the Trust may make. If the Trust creates additional classes or series of Shares, distributions of net cash flow generated by Trust Properties acquired with the proceeds of those additional classes or series of Shares will be made as provided in the instruments creating those classes or series. Return of Capital If the Trust for any reason at any time does not find it necessary or appropriate to retain or expend all Capital Contributions, in its sole discretion it may return any or all such excess Capital Contributions ratably to Investors. The Investors will be notified of the source of the payment and as to the amounts of fees charged against the original Capital Contributions that are being returned therewith. Any such return of capital will decrease the Investors' Capital Contributions and thus will affect the computation of Investor preferences to distributions. Capital Accounts and Allocations Each Shareholder will have a capital account, which will have an initial balance equal to the Shareholder's Capital Contribution. Capital accounts will be adjusted in accordance with Regulations under Internal Revenue Code Section 704. The capital account balance will be increased by any additional Capital Contributions by the Shareholder and by profits allocated to the Shareholder; it will be decreased by the amount of distributions to the Shareholder, returns of capital and by losses allocated to the Shareholder. An Investor's Capital Contribution includes the amount of any fees or commissions on the sale of Shares to the Investor that are waived or reduced by the Trust, the Managing Shareholder or their Affiliates. Contributions of property by a Shareholder, if any, or distributions of property to a Shareholder, if any, are valued at fair market value, net of liabilities. The Trust does not currently anticipate that any contributions or distributions of property will be made. Certain additional adjustments to capital accounts will be made if necessary to account for the effects of non-recourse debt incurred by the Trust or contributions of property, if any, to the Trust. For any fiscal period, all net profits, if any, earned by the Trust will be allocated first 100% to the Managing Shareholder until the profits so allocated in that period and all prior periods in which there were profits equal the cumulative distributions payable to the Managing Shareholder for those periods. Then, 100% of such net profits will be allocated to the Investors, first ratably among holders of Rights until such allocations cumulatively equal total distributions in respect of those Rights, and then ratably among Investors in proportion to their ownership of Shares. If the Trust has net losses for a fiscal period, the losses will be allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder, except that if an allocation of a loss would cause an Investor to have a negative amount in the Investor's capital account, the loss will be allocated to the Managing Shareholder instead in the amount necessary to prevent the creation of a negative balance in the Investor's capital account. Allocations in respect of additional series of Shares will be made in accordance with the terms thereof. If, however, the application of the allocation rules causes or would cause the Managing Shareholder to have a negative capital account balance at the end of any fiscal period, gains from any concurrent or subsequent sale or disposition of Trust Property outside the normal course of operation will be allocated 100% to the Managing Shareholder until the deficit is eliminated, and thereafter in accordance with the rules described above. Gain or loss allocable to Shareholders from such sales or dispositions will be adjusted accordingly. For federal income tax purposes only, any deduction allowed to the Trust on the ground that the Managing Shareholder received its Trust interest as compensation for services will be allocated solely to the Managing Shareholder. Preferred Participation Rights and Early Investment Incentive. In recognition of the benefits the Trust will receive from early subscriptions for Investor Shares, the Trust provided Investors who subscribed promptly with an "Early Investment Incentive." The Early Investment Incentive was given to each Investor whose subscription was fully completed and paid for and accepted prior to December 31, 1996. Investor Shares subscribed to after such date are not eligible for the incentive. An Investor qualifying for the incentive (an "Early Investor") was entitled to preferred distributions payable out of the Trust's distributable operating net cash flow (which includes investment interest on unapplied funds) beginning in 1997. The amount of the Early Investment Incentive was determined by the number of "Preferred Participation Rights" granted to each Early Investor. Each Right entitled the holder to an aggregate distribution priority of $1,000 (i.e., 1% of the purchase price of one $100,000 Investor Share). The number of Rights earned by each Early Investor was determined by multiplying the number of whole or fractional Investor Shares subscribed to by the Investor by the number of whole or partial months from the date of the acceptance of the subscription to December 31, 1996, except that subscriptions from November 1 through December 31, 1996 were treated on the same basis as subscriptions received in October 1996. During calendar years 1997 and 1998, all distributable operating net cash flow of the Trust was distributed 99% to the Early Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder until the Qualifying Investors received in each year distributions equal to $500 for each Right earned. Thereafter, all distributable operating net cash flow was distributed to all Shareholders in accordance with the normal distribution allocation provisions of the Declaration. The full amount of the Rights was paid to Investors by January 1998 and no further amounts are due under the Rights, which have terminated. (b) Voting rights. The Trust does not have a board of directors or trustees elected by Investors and the Investors have no rights to vote on the management of the Trust except through amending the Declaration or removing the Managing Shareholder as described below. The Managing Shareholder may amend the Declaration without notice to or approval of the Investors for the following purposes: to cure ambiguities or errors; to conform the Declaration to the description in the Confidential Memorandum for the offering of Investor Shares, to equitably resolve issues arising under the Declaration so long as similarly situated Investors are not treated materially differently; to comply with law; to make other changes that will not materially and adversely affect any Investor's interest; to maintain the federal income tax status of the Trust; or to make modifications to the computation of items affecting the Investors' capital accounts to comply with the Code or to reflect the creation of an additional class or series of Shares and the terms thereof. Other amendments to the Declaration may be proposed either by the Managing Shareholder or holders of at least 10% of the Investor Shares, either by calling a meeting of the Shareholders or by soliciting written consents. The procedure for such meetings or solicitations is found at Section 15.2 of the Declaration. Such proposed amendments require the approval of a majority in interest of the Investors given at a meeting of Shareholders or by written consents. Any amendment requiring Investor action may not increase any Shareholder's liability, change the Capital Contributions required of him or her or the Investor's rights in interest in the Trust's profits, losses, deductions, credits, revenues or distributions in more than a de minimis matter, or change his rights on dissolution or any voting rights without the Shareholder's consent. Any amendment which changes the Managing Shareholder's management rights requires its consent. The consent of all Investors is required for the following additional actions by the Trust: actions contravening the Declaration or the Certificate of Trust of the Trust; actions making it impossible to carry on ordinary business; confessing a judgment in excess of 10% of the Trust's assets; dissolving or terminating the Trust, other than as provided by the Declaration; allowing the Managing Shareholder to possess or hold Trust Property for other than a Trust purpose or adding a new Managing Shareholder except as described below. Removal of Managing Shareholder The holders of at least 10% of the Investor Shares may propose the removal of a Managing Shareholder, either by calling a meeting or soliciting consents in accordance with the terms of the Declaration. Removal of a Managing Shareholder requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the Investor Shares (excluding Investor Shares held by the Managing Shareholder which is the subject of the vote or by its affiliates). Removal of a Managing Shareholder causes a dissolution of the Trust unless any remaining Managing Shareholder and a majority in interest of the Investors (or if there is no remaining Managing Shareholder, a majority in interest of the Investors) elect to continue the Trust. The Investors may replace a removed Managing Shareholder or fill a vacancy by vote of a majority in interest of the Investors. If a Managing Shareholder is removed, resigns (other than voluntarily without cause) or is unable to serve, it may elect to exchange its Management Share for a series of cash payments from the Trust in amounts equal to the amounts of distributions to which the Managing Shareholder would otherwise have been entitled under the Declaration in respect of investments made by the Trust prior to the date of any such removal, resignation or other incapacity. The Managing Shareholder would continue to receive its pro rata share of all allocations to Investors as provided in the Declaration which are attributable to Investor Shares owned by the Managing Shareholder. Alternatively, the Managing Shareholder may elect to engage a qualified independent appraiser and cause the Trust to engage another qualified independent appraiser (at the Trust's expense in each case) to value the Trust Property as of the date of such removal, resignation or other incapacity as if the property had been sold at its fair market value so as to include all unrealized gains and losses. If the two appraisers cannot agree on a value, they would appoint a third independent appraiser (whose cost would be borne by the Trust) whose determination, made on the same basis, would be final and binding. Based on the appraisal, the Trust would make allocations to the Managing Shareholder's capital account of Profits, Losses and other items resulting from the appraisal as of the date of such removal, resignation or other incapacity as if the Trust's fiscal year had ended, solely for the purpose of determining the Managing Shareholder's capital account. If the Managing Shareholder has a positive capital account after such allocation, the Trust would deliver a promissory note of the Trust to the Managing Shareholder, the principal amount of which would be equal to the Managing Shareholder's capital account and which would bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the prime rate in effect at Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. on the date of removal, resignation or other incapacity, with interest payable annually and unpaid principal payable only from 20% of any available cash before any distributions thereof are made to the Investors under the Declaration. If the capital account of the Managing Shareholder has a negative balance after such allocation, the Managing Shareholder would be obligated to contribute to the capital of the Trust in its sole discretion either cash in an amount equal to the negative balance in its capital account or a promissory note to the Trust in such principal amount maturing five years after the date of such removal, resignation or other incapacity, bearing interest at the rate specified above. If the Managing Shareholder chose to elect the appraisal alternative, its entire interest in the Trust would be terminated other than the right to receive the promissory note and payments thereunder as provided above. (c) Other rights and obligations. The Investor Shares have no preemptive rights. The Trust intends but is not required to give existing Investors the first opportunity for a limited time to purchase any additional Shares offered unless, in the sole discretion of the Trust, market conditions or the need to raise additional capital on an expedited basis precludes an offering to all Investors. In those cases, the Trust shall determine, in its sole discretion, the persons to whom additional Shares will be offered and sold. Investors have no liability for further calls for capital or to assessment by the Trust. No liabilities of the Trust can be generally imposed on its Shareholders under Delaware law. See - Liability of Investors below. (d) Restrictions on Transfer of Investor Shares No Investor may assign or transfer all or any part of his interest in the Trust and no transferee will be deemed a substituted Investor or be entitled to exercise or receive any of the rights, powers or benefits of an Investor other than the right to receive distributions attributable to the transferred interest unless (i) such transferee has been approved and accepted by the Trust, in its sole and absolute discretion, as a substituted Investor, and (ii) certain other requirements set forth in the Declaration have been satisfied. As explained below at - Tax Aspects, the Trust does not intend to allow free transferability of Investor Shares or to allow the creation of a trading market in Investor Shares. (e) Liability of Investors Assuming compliance with the Declaration and applicable formative and qualifying requirements in Delaware and any other jurisdiction in which the Trust conducts its business, an Investor will not be personally liable under Delaware law for any obligations of the Trust, except to the extent of any unpaid Capital Contributions that he or she agrees to contribute to the Trust and except for indemnification liabilities arising from any misrepresentation made by him or her in the Investor Subscription Booklet submitted to the Trust. The Trust will, to the extent practicable, endeavor to limit the liability of the Investors in each jurisdiction in which the Trust operates. The law governing whether a jurisdiction other than Delaware will honor the limitation of liability extended under Delaware law to the Investors is uncertain. A number of states have adopted specific legislation permitting business trusts to limit the liability of their beneficiaries and it is likely that those states would similarly honor the Trust's limitations on liability of Investors. In other states, there has been no authoritative legislative or judicial determination as to whether the limitation of liability would be honored and in some states the courts have held that the beneficiaries of a business trust could be liable for the trust's activities, regardless of their lack of participation in its management. The Trust intends to make all investments in Projects through subsidiaries, such as limited partnerships or limited liability companies, that afford their owners limited liability in the relevant jurisdictions. Therefore, regardless of the local treatment of business trusts, the Trust believes that the Investors will not be subject to personal liability for Project liabilities and that with regard to the operation of the Trust itself the limitation of Investors' liability under Delaware law will govern. Under certain federal and state environmental laws of general application, entities that own or operate properties contaminated with hazardous substances may be liable for cleanup liabilities regardless of other limitations of liability. The Trust is not aware of any case where such environmental liabilities were imposed on non-management participants in a business trust. The Delaware Act does not contain any provision imposing liability on an Investor for participation in the control of the Trust, although no Investor has any rights to do so except through the rights to propose and vote on matters described above. The Delaware Act does not require an Investor who receives distributions that are made when the Trust is or would be rendered insolvent to return those distributions under equitable principles enforced by courts. Under Delaware decisions, a trust beneficiary who receives overpayments from a trust is obligated to return those payments, with interest, subject to equitable defenses. The application of these cases to beneficiaries of a business trust is uncertain. (f) Issuance of additional classes of shares. The Trust intends that all of its activities will be funded from the proceeds of this offering and earnings thereon. In the future, the Trust may deem it to be necessary or in the Trust's best interests, however, for the Trust to commit additional funds to Projects in which it has previously participated or to further diversify its activities by participating in new Projects. If the Trust determines that these additional commitments should not be financed from Trust earnings, and, as is currently anticipated, the Trust does not borrow funds for these purposes, the Trust may sell additional Shares. Beginning six months and one day after the Termination Date, the Trust from time to time may create and sell additional Investor Shares or additional classes or series of Shares if the Managing Shareholder determines that the best interests of the Trust so require. Additional classes or series may but are not required to be limited to the assets and cash flow of Projects or Project Entities that represent less than all of the entire Trust Property. The Managing Shareholder is authorized to determine or alter any or all of the powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions granted to or imposed upon any unissued class or series of additional Shares, and to fix, alter or reduce the number of Shares comprising any such class or series and the designation thereof, or any of them, and to provide for the rights and terms of redemption or conversion of the Shares of any such class or series. The Managing Shareholder's designation of the Shares and the terms and conditions of any new class or series of Shares shall be deemed an amendment of the Declaration and shall be effective without any notice to, action by or approval of the Investors. Any Shares so designated or any additional Investor Shares may be offered to such persons and on such terms and conditions as the Trust may determine. Any additional Shares or classes or series of Shares shall have voting rights as designated by the Managing Shareholder; however, no such Share shall have more than one vote per $100,000 of Capital Contributions for that Share on matters in which the holders of those Shares vote with the holders of Investor Shares, without the consent of the holders of a Majority of the Investor Shares. All Profits, Losses and other items attributable to additional classes or series of Shares shall be allocated as specified in the determination of the Managing Shareholder creating those Shares, except that any such allocation shall not unreasonably reduce allocations to existing Investors of Profits, Losses, Net Cash Flow and other items to the extent attributable to their Capital Contributions. The Managing Shareholder's election in good faith of allocation methods (which may include subjective elements) shall be conclusive in the absence of willful misconduct or gross negligence. If the Trust does not raise sufficient additional capital to participate in additional activities or does not choose to do so, the Trust may offer the Managing Shareholder, its affiliates or partnerships or funds organized by any of them the right to so participate in place of the Trust. (g) Tax matters. There are many material tax aspects to the Investor Shares. The Trust is an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes and under many state income tax laws. As such, its income is not taxed separately and its income, gains, losses, deductions and tax credits are passed through to the Investors and the Managing Shareholder as described at -- Distribution and Liquidation Rights above. The Trust would lose partnership status for federal income tax purposes if it became a "publicly traded partnership." In order not to become a publicly traded partnership, the Trust may not permit any of the following to occur: (i) Interests in the partnership are regularly quoted by any person, such as a broker or dealer, making a market in the interests; (ii) Any person regularly makes available to the public (including customers or subscribers) bid or offer quotes with respect to interests in the partnership and stands ready to effect buy or sell transactions at the quoted prices for itself or on behalf of others; (iii) the holder of an interest in the partnership has a readily available, regular and ongoing opportunity to sell or exchange the interest through a public means of obtaining or providing information of offers to buy, sell, or exchange interests in the partnership; or (iv) Prospective buyers and sellers otherwise have the opportunity to buy, sell or exchange interests in the partnership in a time frame and with the regularity and continuity that is comparable to that described in the other provisions of this paragraph . . . . The Managing Shareholder has represented to its tax counsel that it will not allow any transfer of Shares which, in the opinion of its counsel, will cause the Trust's Shares to be treated as readily tradable on such market without the consent of a Majority of the Investors. (i) Provisions that might impede a change of control. As discussed above at -- Voting Rights, the Investors do not have the right to vote routinely upon the management of the Trust. Any amendment to the Declaration that would modify the Managing Shareholder's management rights requires the Managing Shareholder's consent. A decision to remove the Managing Shareholder requires the calling of a special meeting or solicitation of consents from Investors, a majority vote of the Investor Shares. Removal of the Managing Shareholder causes a dissolution of the Trust unless a new Managing Shareholder is concurrently elected. Because the removed Managing Shareholder is entitled to compensation for its equity interest in the Trust, it might be difficult for the Trust to offer a new Managing Shareholder a comparable equity interest in the Trust. All these provisions may have the effect of impeding a change of control of the Trust. Item 12. Indemnification of Directors and Officers. Under the Declaration, the Trust's officers and agents, the Managing Shareholder, RPMC, the Corporate Trustee, the Panel Members and other Ridgewood Managing Persons when acting on behalf of the Trust (provided they act within the scope of the Declaration) may be indemnified by the Trust as determined by the Managing Shareholder in its sole discretion, which may be exercised at any time, regardless of whether or not a claim is pending or threatened, against liability for errors in judgment or other acts or omissions taken in good faith and not amounting to recklessness or willful misconduct. The Managing Shareholder may make such determination regardless of the existence of a conflict of interest. Expenses of defense or settlement may be advanced to a Ridgewood Managing Person in advance of a determination that indemnification will be provided if (i) the Ridgewood Managing Person provides appropriate security for the undertaking; (ii) the Ridgewood Managing Person is insured against losses or expenses of defense or settlement so that the advances may be recovered or (iii) independent legal counsel in a written opinion determines, based upon a review of the then readily-available facts, that there is reason to believe that the Managing Person will be found to be entitled to indemnification. Counsel may rely as to matters of business judgment or as to other matters not involving determinations of law upon the advice of a committee of persons not affiliated with the Trust that may be appointed by the Managing Shareholder for that purpose. In addition, the Placement Agent will be indemnified and held harmless by the Trust against any losses or claims, based upon the assertion that the Placement Agent has any continuing duty or obligation, subsequent to any offering of Shares, to the Trust, the Panel Members, the Corporate Trustee or any Shareholder or otherwise to monitor Trust operations or report to Investors concerning Trust operations. It is the position of the Securities and Exchange Commission and certain state securities administrators that any attempt to limit the liability of a general partner or persons controlling an issuer under the federal securities laws or state securities laws, respectively, is contrary to public policy and, therefore, unenforceable. The Managing Shareholder is not required to take action on behalf of the Trust unless the Trust has sufficient funds to meet obligations that might arise from that action. The Managing Shareholder is not required to advance or expend its own funds for ordinary Trust business but is entitled to reimbursement from the Trust if it does so consistent with the Declaration. The Managing Shareholder is not required to devote its time exclusively to the Trust and may engage in any other venture. The Managing Shareholder is applying for directors' and officers' liability insurance covering the Trust, the Managing Shareholder and all other Ridgewood Managing Persons. Item 13. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Index to Financial Statements Report of Independent Accountants F-2 Balance Sheets at December 31, 1997 and 1996 F-3 Statement of Operations for Year Ended December 31, 1997 and for Period from Commencement of Share Offering (April 12, 1996) through December 31, 1996 F-4 Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for Year Ended December 31, 1997 and for Period from Commencement of Share Offering through December 31, 1996 F-5 Statement of Cash Flows for Year Ended December 31, 1997 and for Period from Commencement of Share Offering through December 31, 1996 F-6 Notes to Financial Statements F-7 to F-12 Financial Statements for Maine Hydro Projects * Financial Statements for Maine Biomass Projects* *To be supplied by amendment. All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto. The financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for operating companies, using consolidation and equity method accounting principles. Item 14. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. Neither the Trust nor the Managing Shareholder has had an independent accountant resign or decline to continue providing services since their respective inceptions and neither has dismissed an independent accountant during that period. During that period of time no new independent accountant has been engaged by the Trust or the Managing Shareholder, and the Managing Shareholder's current accountants, Price Waterhouse LLP, have been engaged by the Trust. Item 15. Financial Statements and Exhibits (a) Financial Statements. See the Index to Financial Statements in Item 13 hereof. (b) Exhibits 3.A. Certificate of Trust of the Registrant. Page 112 3.B. Amended Declaration of Trust of the Registrant. Page 114 3.C. Amendment No. 2 to Declaration of Trust. Page 169 3.D. Amendment No. 3 to Declaration of Trust. Page 170 10.A. Agreement of Merger, dated as of July 1, 1996, by and among Consolidated Hydro Maine, Inc., CHI Universal, Inc., Consolidated Hydro, Inc., Ridgewood Maine Power Partners, L.P. and Ridgewood Maine Hydro Corporation. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV (Commission File No.0-25430, CIK 0000930364) with the Commission on January 8, 1997. 10.B. Letter, dated November 15, 1996, amending Agreement of Merger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of Amendment No. 1 to the -Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV (Commission File No. 0-25430, CIK 0000930364) with the Commission on January 9, 1997. 10.C. Letter, dated December 3, 1996, amending Agreement of Merger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV (Commission File No.0-25430, CIK 0000930364) with the Commission on January 8, 1997. 10.D. Operation, Maintenance and Administration Agreement, dated November __, 1996, by and among Ridgewood Maine Hydro Partners, L.P., CHI Operations, Inc. and Consolidated Hydro, Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV (Commission File No.0-25430, CIK 0000930364) with the Commission on January 8, 1997. 10.E. Management Agreement, dated as of April 12, 1996, between the Registrant and Ridgewood Power Corporation. Page 172 10.F. Agreement to Purchase Membership Interests, dated as of June 11, 1997, by and between Ridgewood Maine, L.L.C. and Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.A. of Amendment No. 1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV (Commission File No.0-25430, CIK 0000930364), dated July 1, 1997. 10.G. Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C., dated as of June 11, 1997. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.B. of Amendment No. 1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV (Commission File No.0-25430, CIK 0000930364) dated July 1, 1997. 10.H. Letter of Intent, dated January 8, 1998, between Ridgewood Power Corporation and NEO Corporation. Page 178 The Registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted exhibit or schedule to agreements filed as exhibits to the Commission upon request. 21. Subsidiaries of the Registrant Page 187 24. Powers of Attorney Page 188 27. Financial Data Schedule Page 189 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Signature Title Date RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST IV (Registrant) By:/s/ Robert E. Swanson President and Chief April 30, 1998 Robert E. Swanson Executive Officer Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V Financial Statements December 31, 1997 and period April 12, 1996 - December 31, 1996 1177 Avenue of the Americas Telephone 212 596 7000 New York, NY 10036 Facsimile 212 596 8910 Price Waterhouse LLP [logo] Report of Independent Accountants April 2, 1998 To the Shareholders and Trustees of Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheets and the related statements of operations, changes in shareholders' equity and of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V at December 31, 1997 and 1996, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 1997 and the period April 12, 1996 (commencement of share offering) through December 31, 1996, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Trust's management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for the opinion expressed above. /s/Price Waterhouse LLP Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V Balance Sheet December 31, 1997 1996 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $40,821,582 $7,654,619 Due from affiliates 14,467 127,342 Interest receivable 167,170 30,000 Total current assets 41,003,219 7,811,961 Investment in hydro projects 6,694,826 6,913,421 Investment in biomass projects 6,617,862 --- Deferred due diligence costs 154,018 219,919 Total assets $54,469,925 $14,945,301 Liabilities and shareholders' equity: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $1,101,285 $397,904 Due to affiliates 322,522 45,466 Total current liabilities 1,423,807 443,370 Commitments and contingencies Shareholders' equity: Shareholders' equity (762.8 and 181.6 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 1997 and 1996) $53,077,526 $14,505,764 Managing shareholder's accumulated deficit (31,408) (3,833) Total shareholders' equity 53,046,118 14,501,931 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $54,469,925 $14,945,301 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V Statement of Operations Commencement of Share Offering For the (April 12, 1996) Year Ended Through December 31, 1997 December 31, 1996 Revenue: Interest income $ 1,003,276 $ 158,236 Income from hydro projects 521,710 99,224 Loss from biomass projects (680,109) --- Total revenue 844,877 257,460 Expenses: Investment fee 1,145,212 333,346 Project due diligence costs 603,639 4,500 Allocated management costs 392,752 --- Accounting and legal fees 30,130 31,356 Other expenses 18,297 2,633 Total expenses 2,190,030 371,835 Net loss $ (1,345,153) $ (114,375) See accompanying notes to the financial statements. Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity For The Year Ended December 31, 1997 and The Period April 12, 1996 To December 31, 1996 Managing Shareholders Shareholder Total Initial capital contributions, net (181.6 shares) $ 14,885,205 $ --- $ 14,885,205 Cash distributions (266,210) (2,689) (268,899) Net loss for the period (113,231) (1,144) (114,375) Shareholders' equity, December 31, 1996 (181.6 shares) 14,505,764 (3,833) 14,501,931 Capital contributions, net (581.2 shares) 41,301,821 --- 41,301,821 Cash distributions (1,398,357) (14,124) (1,412,481) Net loss for the year (1,331,702) (13,451) (1,345,153) Shareholders' equity, December 31, 1997 (762.8 shares) $53,077,526 $(31,408) $53,046,118 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V Statement of Cash Flows Commencement of Share Offering For the (April 12, 1996) Year Ended Through December 31, 1997 December 31, 1996 Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss $ (1,345,153) $ (114,375) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Income from unconsolidated hydro projects (521,710) (99,224) Loss from unconsolidated biomass projects 680,109 --- Changes in assets and liabilities: Increase in interest receivable (137,170) (30,000) Increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses 703,381 397,904 Increase in due to/from affiliate, net 389,931 (81,876) Total adjustments 1,114,541 186,804 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities (230,612) 72,429 Cash flows from investing activities: Investment in hydro projects (265,952) (6,814,197) Investment in biomass projects (7,297,971) --- Distribution from hydro projects 1,006,257 --- Deferred due diligence costs 65,901 (219,919) Net cash used in investing activities (6,491,765) (7,034,116) Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from shareholders' contributions 52,580,637 17,553,004 Selling commissions and offering costs paid (11,278,816) (2,667,799) Cash distributions to shareholders (1,412,481) (268,899) Net cash provided by financing activities 39,889,340 14,616,306 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 33,166,963 7,654,619 Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V Statement of Cash Flows (continued) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 7,654,619 --- Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 40,821,582 $ 7,654,619 See accompanying notes to financial statements. Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V Notes to Financial Statements 1. Organization and Purpose Nature of Business Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V (the "Trust") was formed as a Delaware business trust in March 1996 by Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation acting as the Corporate Trustee. The managing shareholder of the Trust is Ridgewood Power Corporation. The Trust began offering shares on April 12, 1996 and discontinued its offering on April 15, 1998. The Trust has been organized to invest in independent power generation facilities and in the development of these facilities. These independent power generation facilities will include cogeneration facilities, which produce both electricity and heat energy and other power plants that use various fuel sources (except nuclear). 2. Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies Accounting for investment in power generation projects The Trust uses the equity method of accounting for its investments in affiliates which are 50% owned because the Trust has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the affiliate but does not control the affiliates. The Trust's share of the earnings of the affiliates is included in the results of operations. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates. Cash and cash equivalents The Trust considers all highly liquid investments with maturities when purchased of three months or less as cash and cash equivalents. Income taxes No provision is made for income taxes in the accompanying financial statements as the income or losses of the Trust are passed through and included in the tax returns of the individual shareholders of the Trust. Offering costs Costs associated with offering Trust shares (selling commissions, distribution and offering costs) are reflected as a reduction of the shareholders' capital contributions. Due diligence costs relating to potential power projects Costs relating to the due diligence performed on potential power project investments are initially deferred, until such time as the Trust determines whether or not it will make an investment in the respective project. Costs relating to completed projects are capitalized and costs relating to rejected projects are expensed at the time of rejection. Subscription receivable Capital contributions are recorded upon receipt of the appropriate subscription documents. Subscriptions receivable from shareholders are reflected as a reduction of shareholders' equity, not as an asset. At December 31, 1997 and 1996, the Trust has subscriptions receivable of $8,604,653 and $610,000, respectively. 3. Investments The Trust has the following investments in power generation projects: Nature of Ownership Project Name Ownership Interest 1997 1996 Maine Hydro Projects Partnership 50% $6,694,826 $6,913,421 Maine Biomass Projects Limited Liability Companies 50% 6,617,862 --- Maine Hydro Projects On September 5, 1996, Ridgewood Maine Hydro Partners, L.P. was formed as a Delaware limited partnership ("Ridgewood Hydro L.P."). The Trust made investments totaling $6,748,256 and owns a 50% limited partnership interest in Ridgewood Hydro L.P. In addition, Ridgewood Maine Hydro Corporation was formed as a Delaware corporation ("RMHCorp."). The Trust invested $65,941 and owns 50% of the outstanding common stock of RMHCorp., which is the sole general partner of Ridgewood Hydro L.P. On December 23, 1996, in a merger transaction, Ridgewood Hydro L.P. acquired 14 hydroelectric projects, located in Maine (the "Maine Hydro Projects"), from a subsidiary of Consolidated Hydro, Inc. The assets acquired include a total of 11.3 megawatts of electrical generating capacity. The electricity generated is sold to Central Maine Power Company and Bangor Hydro Company under long-term contracts. The purchase price was $13,628,395 cash, including transaction costs. In addition, Ridgewood Hydro L.P. assumed a long-term lease obligation of $1,004,679. The Trust's 50% share of the cash consideration paid was $6,814,198. The remaining 50% was paid by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV ("Trust IV"). Ridgewood Power Corporation is the managing partner of the Trust and Trust IV. The Trust's 50% investment in the Maine Hydro Projects is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Trust's equity in the earnings of the Maine Hydro Projects have been included in the financial statements since December 23, 1996. The Maine Hydro Projects are operated by a subsidiary of Consolidated Hydro, Inc., under an Operation, Maintenance and Administrative Agreement. The annual operator's fee is $307,500, adjusted for inflation, plus an annual incentive fee equal to 50% of the net cash flow in excess of a target amount. The Maine Hydro Projects recorded $429,430 and $3,070 of expense under this arrangement during the periods ended December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively. The agreement has a five year term and can be renewed for two additional five year terms by mutual consent. Summarized financial information for the Maine Hydro Projects are as follows: Balance Sheet Information December 31, 1997 December 31, 1996 Current assets $1,757,908 $ 2,115,375 Electric power sales contract 12,225,765 13,286,920 Other non-current assets 634,952 800,000 Total assets $14,618,625 $16,202,295 Current liabilities $ 291,911 1,370,774 Non-current liabilities 937,062 1,004,679 Partners' equity 13,389,652 13,826,842 Total liabilities and equity $14,618,625 $16,202,295 Statement of Operations Information For the Period December 23, 1997 For the Year Ended (date of acquisition) December 31, 1997 to December 31, 1996 Revenue $4,113,065 $192,152 Operating expenses 2,952,589 50,340 Net Income 1,043,420 198,447 Maine Biomass Projects On July 1, 1997, through a subsidiary, the Trust purchased a preferred membership interest in Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C. ("Maine Biomass Projects"), which owns two electric power generating stations fueled by waste wood. The aggregate purchase price was $7,297,971 and includes transaction costs of $297,971. Each project has 24.5 megawatts of electrical generating capacity. The Penobscot project is located in West Enfield, Maine and the Eastport project is located in Jonesboro, Maine. The Maine Biomass Projects had a power sales contract with the New England Power Pool, which expired on August 31, 1997. The facilities were shut down in September 1997 and were reactivated in November 1997 to sell capacity and energy to Bangor Hydro- Electric Company, a local utility ("BHC") on a month-to-month basis. The facilities were again shut down in January 1998. The cost of maintaining the idled facilities in good condition is approximately $100,000 per month. The preferred membership interest entitles the Trust to receive an 18% cumulative annual return on its $7,000,000 capital contribution to the Maine Biomass Projects from the operating net cash flow from the projects. Trust IV also purchased an identical preferred membership interest in Indeck Maine. After payments in full to the preferred membership interests, up to $2,520,000 of any remaining operating net cash flow during the year is paid to the other Maine Biomass Project members. Any remaining operating net cash flow is payable 25% to the Trust and Trust IV and 75% to the other Maine Biomass Project members. The Trust's investment in the Maine Biomass Projects is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Trust's equity in the loss of the Maine Biomass Projects for the period July 1, 1997 to December 31, 1997 was $680,109. The Penobscot and Eastport projects are operated by Indeck Operations, Inc., an affiliate of the members of Indeck Maine. The annual operator's fee is $300,000, of which $200,00 is payable contingent upon the Trusts receiving their cumulative annual return. The management agreement has a term of one year and automatically continues for successive one year terms, unless canceled by either the Maine Biomass Projects or Indeck Operations, Inc. The Trusts can also cancel the contract effective December 31, 1998 if certain preferred membership interest payments have not been made. Summarized financial information for the Maine Biomass Projects is as follows: Balance Sheet Information at December 31, 1997 Current assets $861,677 Current liabilities $912,683 Non-current assets 3,524,356 Members' equity 3,473,350 Total assets $4,386,033 Total liabilities and equity $4,386,033 Statement of Operations Information for the Period July 1, 1997 (date of acquisition) to December 31, 1997 Revenue $2,991,793 Operating expenses 4,278,506 Depreciation & Amortization 97,952 $(1,384,665) 4. Electric Power Sales Contracts The Maine Hydro Projects qualify as small power production facilities under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act ("PURPA"). PURPA requires that each electric utility company operating at the location of a small power production facility, as defined, purchase the electricity generated by such facility at a specified or negotiated price. The Maine Hydro Projects sell substantially all of their electrical output to two public utility companies, Central Maine Power Company ("CMP") and Bangor Hydro-Electric Company ("BHC"), under long-term power purchase agreements. Eleven of the twelve power purchase agreements with CMP expire in December 2008 and are renewable for an additional five year period. The twelfth power purchase agreement with CMP expires in December 2007 with CMP having the option to extend the contract three more five-year periods. The two power purchase agreements with BHC expire December 2014 and February 2017. 5. Line of Credit Facility During the fourth quarter of 1997, the Trust and its principal bank executed a revolving line of credit agreement, whereby the bank will provide a three year committed line of credit facility of $750,000. At December 31, 1997, there were no borrowing outstanding under the facility. Outstanding borrowings bear interest at the bank's prime rate or, at the Trust's choice, at LIBOR plus 2.5%. The credit agreement will require the Trust to maintain a ratio of total debt to tangible net worth of no more than 1 to 1 and a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 2 to 1. 6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments At December 31, 1997, the carrying value of the Trust's cash, receivables and accounts payable approximates their fair value. 7. Transactions With Managing Shareholder and Affiliates The Trust pays to the managing shareholder a distribution and offering fee up to 6% of each capital contribution made to the Trust. This fee is intended to cover legal, accounting, consulting, filing, printing, distribution, selling and closing costs for the offering of the Trust. For the period ended December 31, 1997 and 1996, the Trust paid fees for these services to the managing shareholder of $4,562,147 and $1,082,038, respectively. These fees are recorded as a reduction in the shareholders' capital contribution. The Trust also pays to the managing shareholder an investment fee up to 2% of each capital contribution made to the Trust. The fee is payable to the managing shareholder for its services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities and effecting transactions for investing the capital of the Trust. For the period ended December 31, 1997 and 1996, the Trust paid investment fees to the managing shareholder of $1,145,212 and $333,346, respectively. The Trust entered into a management agreement with the managing shareholder under which the managing shareholder renders certain management, administrative and advisory services and provides office space and other facilities to the Trust. As compensation to the managing shareholder for such services, the Trust pays the managing shareholder an annual management fee equal to 2.5% of the total capital contributions to the Trust payable monthly upon the closing of the Trust which occurred in April 1998. In addition, the managing shareholder provides certain project management services to the Trust. The managing shareholder charges the Trust at its cost for the services and for the allocable amount of certain overhead items. For the year ended December 31, 1997, the managing shareholder charged $392,752 to the Trust. Under the Declaration of Trust, the managing shareholder is entitled to receive each year 1% of all distributions made by the Trust (other than those derived from the disposition of Trust property) until the shareholders have been distributed each year an amount equal to 14% of their equity contribution. Thereafter, the managing shareholder is entitled to receive 20% of the distributions for the remainder of the year. The managing shareholder is entitled to receive 1% of the proceeds from dispositions of Trust properties until the shareholders have received cumulative distributions equal to their original investment ("Payout"). After Payout, the managing shareholder is entitled to receive 20% of all remaining distributions of the Trust. Where permitted, in the event the managing shareholder or an affiliate performs brokering services in respect of an investment acquisition or disposition opportunity for the Trust, the managing shareholder or such affiliate may charge the Trust a brokerage fee. Such fee may not exceed 2% of the gross proceeds of any such acquisition or disposition. No such fees have been paid through December 31, 1997. The managing shareholder purchased one share of the Trust for $83,000 in 1996. Through December 31, 1997, commissions and placement fees of $761,808 were earned by Ridgewood Securities Corporation, an affiliate of the managing shareholder. Under an Operating Agreement with the Trust, Ridgewood Power Management Corporation ("Ridgewood Management"), an entity related to the managing shareholder through common ownership, provides management, purchasing, engineering, planning and administrative services to the Trust's power generation projects. Ridgewood Management charges the projects at its cost for these services and for the allocable amount of certain overhead items. Allocations of costs are on the basis of identifiable direct costs, time records or in proportion to amounts invested in projects managed by Ridgewood Management. During the period ended December 31, 1997 and 1996, Ridgewood Management did not charge any amounts to the Maine Hydro projects or Maine Biomass projects.
EX-3.A 2 CERTIFICATE OF TRUST DATED MARCH 13, 1996 STATE OF DELAWARE SECRETARY OF STATE DIVISION OF CORPORATIONS FILED 09:00 AM 03/14/1996 960074760-2602880 CERTIFICATE OF TRUST OF RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V This Certificate of Trust ("Certificate") is being executed as of March 13, 1996, for the purpose of forming a business trust pursuant to the Delaware Business Trust Act, Del. Code. Ann. Tit. 12, ch. 38, Sections 3810 et seq. NOW, THEREFORE, the undersigned hereby certifies as follows: 1. Name. The name of the trust is Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V (the "Trust"). 2. Name and Business Address of the Trustee. The name of the Trustee of the Trust is Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation, having its principal place of business at 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has duly executed this Certificate as of the day and year first above written. RIDGEWOOD ENERGY HOLDING CORPORATION /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, President EX-3.B 3 AMENDED DECLARATION OF TRUST OF THE REGISTRANT AMENDED DECLARATION OF TRUST FOR RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V This AMENDED DECLARATION OF TRUST (the "Declaration"), is made as of April 12, 1996 and has been amended as of July 19, 1996, by Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation ("Ridgewood Holding"), who, with its successors as trustees under this Declaration, is referred to as the "Corporate Trustee," for the benefit of those persons who are accepted as holders of shares of beneficial interest under this Declaration. WHEREAS, the Corporate Trustee has organized RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V (the "Trust") as a business trust under the Delaware Business Trust Act, to provide for the management of the Trust by Ridgewood Power Corporation, a Delaware corporation ("Ridgewood Power," or "Managing Shareholder" when acting hereunder in such capacity), and to provide for the sale of beneficial interests in the Trust, the operation of the Trust and the rights of the Corporate Trustee and owners of beneficial interests; and WHEREAS, a Certificate of Trust (the Certificate") was filed by the Corporate Trustee on March 14, 1996 with the Secretary of State of Delaware to evidence the existence of the Trust; WHEREAS, the Corporate Trustee is executing this Declaration for the benefit of those persons accepted as holders of shares of beneficial interest. NOW, THEREFORE, the Corporate Trustee declares that it constitutes and appoints itself trustee of the sum of $10.00 owned by it, together with all other property that it acquires under this Declaration as trustee, together with the proceeds thereof, to hold, IN TRUST, to manage and dispose of for the benefit of the holders, from time to time, of beneficial interests in the Trust, subject to the provisions of this Declaration as follows: ARTICLE 1 ORGANIZATION AND POWERS 1.1 Trust Estate; Name. The Trust, comprised of the trust estate created under this Declaration and the business conducted hereunder, shall be designated as "Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V," which name shall refer to the trust estate and to the Corporate Trustee in its capacity as trustee of the trust estate but not in any other capacity and which shall not refer to the officers, agents, other trustees or beneficial owners of the Trust. To the extent possible, the Corporate Trustee shall conduct all business and execute all documents relating to the Trust in the name of the Trust and not as trustees. The Corporate Trustee may conduct the business of the Trust or hold its property under other names as necessary to comply with law or to further the affairs of the Trust as it deems advisable in their sole discretion. This Declaration, the Certificate and any other documents, and any amendments of any of the foregoing, required by law or appropriate, shall be recorded in all offices or jurisdictions where the Trust shall determine such recording to be necessary or advisable for the conduct of the business of the Trust. 1.2 Purpose. (a) The Trust's purposes are to invest in and to operate where appropriate projects in the independent electric power, energy, environmental compliance and capital facilities development industries. However, the Trust will not invest in, develop or operate nuclear facilities that produce electricity. The Trust may participate in pre-development or preparatory activities for any of these types of projects, including without limitation evaluation, planning, permitting or development. Illustrations of some of the types of projects in which the Trust may invest, without limitation, include cogeneration facilities producing electricity and useful heat energy; other independent electric generation facilities using non- nuclear sources of energy; facilities related to the production, transmission, distribution or disposal of energy or environmentally sensitive substances; motive power facilities, processing facilities; or infrastructure facilities. (b) In carrying out its purposes, the Trust has the power to perform any act that is necessary, advisable, customary or incidental thereto. It may invest in a passive or active manner in, develop, plan, construct, manage, operate, advise, transfer or dispose of any facility or interest and produce or market products or services. The Trust may act independently, through subsidiary organizations, in cooperation with others or through business entities in which others have interests whether as principal, agent, partner, owner, member, associate, joint venturer or otherwise. When related to its trust purposes, the Trust may also guarantee obligations of other persons, supply collateral for those obligations or for the issuance of letters of credit or surety bonds benefiting other persons, enter into leases as lessor or lessee or acquire goods or services for the use or benefit of other persons. (c) The Trust may make interim investments of funds in any vehicle permitted by this Declaration and may take all action necessary, advisable or appropriate to maintain its existence, enforce this Declaration and its rights or the rights of the Shareholders and comply with legal requirements. 1.3 Relationship among Shareholders; No Partnership. As among the Trust, the Corporate Trustee, the Shareholders and the officers and agents of the Trust, a trust and not a partnership is created by this Declaration irrespective of whether any different status may be held to exist as far as others are concerned or for tax purposes or in any other respect. The Shareholders hold only the relationship of trust beneficiaries to the Corporate Trustee with only such rights as are conferred on them by this Declaration. 1.4 Organization Certificates. The parties hereto shall cause to be executed and filed (a) the Certificate, (b) such certificates as may be required by so-called "assumed name" laws in each jurisdiction in which the Trust has a place of business, (c) all such other certificates, notices, statements or other instruments required by law or appropriate for the formation and operation of a Delaware business trust in all jurisdictions where the Trust may elect to do business, and (d) any amendments of any of the foregoing required by law or appropriate. 1.5 Principal Place of Business. The principal place of business of the Trust shall be The Ridgewood Commons, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450 or such other place as the Trust may from time to time designate by notice to all Investors. The Trust's office in the State of Delaware and the principal place of business of Ridgewood Holding are 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, or such other place as the Trust may designate from time to time by notice to all Investors. The Trust may maintain such other offices at such other places as the Trust may determine to be in the best interests of the Trust. 1.6 Admission of Investors. (a) The Trust shall have the unrestricted right at all times prior to the Termination Date (as defined in Article 2) to admit to the Trust such Investors as it may deem advisable, provided the aggregate subscriptions received for Capital Contributions (as defined in Article 2) of the Investors and accepted by the Trust do not exceed $50,000,000 immediately following the admission of such Investors. The Trust in its sole discretion may increase the $50,000,000 amount to not more than $75,000,000 at any time prior to the Termination Date. One Investor Share will be issued for each $100,000 of Capital Contributions and fractional Shares may be issued in the Managing Shareholder's sole discretion for proportional amounts of Capital Contributions. After the Termination Date, the sale of Shares or different series of Shares is governed by Section 9.5. (b) Each Investor shall execute a Subscription Agreement (as defined in Article 2) and make such Capital Contributions to the Trust as subscribed by the Investor. Subject to the acceptance thereof by the Trust, each Investor who executes a Subscription Agreement shall be admitted to the Trust as an Investor. All funds received from such subscriptions will be deposited in the Trust's name in an interest-bearing escrow account at a commercial bank until the Escrow Date (as defined in Article 2). (c) If, by the close of business on July 31, 1996, Investor Shares representing Capital Contributions in the aggregate amount of at least $1,500,000 have not been sold or if the Trust withdraws the offering of Investor Shares in accordance with the terms of this Declaration, the Trust shall be immediately dissolved at the expense of the Managing Shareholder and all subscription funds shall be forthwith returned to the respective subscribers together with any interest earned thereon. As soon after the Termination Date as practicable, the Trust shall advise each Investor of the Termination Date and the aggregate amount of Capital Contributions made by all Investors. (d) The full cash price for Shares must be paid to the Trust at the time of subscription, unless, after subscriptions for at least an aggregate of 15 Investor Shares have been accepted by the Trust, a subsequent subscriber obtains the consent of the Trust (which may be refused in its sole discretion) to delay full payment until not later than the Termination Date in anticipation of obtaining financing from other sources. 1.7 Term of the Trust. For all purposes, this Declaration shall be effective on and after the date hereof and the Trust shall continue in existence until the fortieth anniversary of that date, at which time the Trust shall terminate unless sooner terminated under any other provision of this Declaration. 1.8 Powers of the Trust. Without limiting any powers granted to the Trust under this Declaration or applicable law, in carrying out its purposes the Trust has all powers granted to a corporation incorporated under the Delaware General Corporation Law, including, without limitation: (a) To borrow money or to loan money and to pledge or mortgage any and all Trust Property and to execute conveyances, mortgages, security agreements, assignments and any other contract or agreement deemed proper and in furtherance of the Trust's purposes and affecting it or any Trust Property (including without limitation the Management Agreement (as defined in Article 2)); provided, however, that the Trust shall not loan money to the Managing Shareholder, any Trustee or any other Managing Person; (b) To pay all indebtedness, taxes and assessments due or to be due with regard to Trust Property and to give or receive notices, reports or other communications arising out of or in connection with the Trust's business or Trust Property; (c) To collect all monies due the Trust; (d) To establish, maintain and supervise the deposit of funds or Trust Property into, and the withdrawals of the same from, Trust bank accounts or securities accounts; (e) To employ accountants to prepare required tax returns and provide other professional services and to pay their fees as a Trust expense; (f) To make any election relating to adjustments in basis on behalf of the Trust or the Shareholders which is or may be permitted under the Code, particularly with respect to Sections 743 and 754 of the Code; (g) To employ legal counsel for Trust purposes and to pay their fees and expenses as a Trust expense; and (h) To conduct the affairs of the Trust with the general objective of achieving capital appreciation and distributable income from the Trust Property. 1.9. Preferred Participation Rights. (a) Investors whose subscriptions are accepted by the Trust and who have made full payment for those Shares not later than October 31, 1996 (or at an earlier or later date chosen by the Managing Shareholder in its sole discretion if by that date the Trust has accepted Share subscriptions for at least $20 million) will be issued Preferred Participation Rights for those Shares. Each qualifying Investor will receive Preferred Participation Rights at the rate of one right for each qualifying Share, multiplied by the number of whole months (a fractional month being considered to be a whole month) from the date the subscription is accepted by the Trust through December 31, 1996. Fractional Preferred Participation Rights will be issued. If for any reason a subscription or full payment for Shares is not received by the deadline, Preferred Participation Rights for those Shares will not be issued. (b) The holders of Preferred Participation Rights shall be entitled to distributions as provided under Section 8.1(d) but shall have no voting, liquidation or other rights in respect of the Preferred Participation Rights, except for the class voting provision of this Section 1.9(b) and the right to receive, if available, any unpaid balance in respect of the Preferred Participation Rights. Preferred Participation Rights are not transferable apart from and must be transferred with the Shares with which they are associated. Each Preferred Participation Right may be repurchased at any time by the Trust, subject to applicable law, at a price per Preferred Participation Right equal to $1,000 minus any distributions made in respect of that Preferred Participation Right. The rights of holders of Preferred Participation Rights may not be modified except by an amendment to this Declaration that is also consented to by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Preferred Participation Rights, voting as a class. ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS The following terms, whenever used herein, shall have the meanings assigned to them in this Article 2 unless the context indicates otherwise. References to sections and articles without further qualification denote sections and articles of this Declaration. The singular shall include the plural and the masculine gender shall include the feminine, and vice versa, as the context requires, and the terms "person" and "he" and their derivations whenever used herein shall include natural persons and entities, including, without limitation, corporations, partnerships and trusts, unless the context indicates otherwise. "Act" - The federal Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. "Adjusted Capital Account" - A Shareholder's Capital Account at any time (determined before any allocations for the current fiscal period) (a) increased by (i) the amount of the Shareholder's share of partnership minimum gain (as defined in Regulation Section 1.704-2(d)) at such time, (ii) the amount of the Shareholder's share of the minimum gain attributable to a partner nonrecourse debt (as defined in Regulation Section 1.704-2(b)(4)) and (iii) the amount of the deficit balance in the Shareholder's Capital Account which the Shareholder is obligated to restore under Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(c), if any, and (b) decreased by reasonably expected adjustments, allocations and distributions described in Regulation Sections 1.704- 1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) and (6) (taking into account the adjustments required by Regulation Sections 1.704-2(g)(ii) and 1.704-2(i)(5)). "Affiliate" - An "Affiliate" of, or person "Affiliated" with, a specified person is a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, the person specified. "Average Annual Capital Contributions" - For any calendar year or shorter period, the Trust will compute as of each day an amount equal to the total Capital Contributions of the Investors (excluding Capital Contributions made in respect of additional classes or series of Shares under Section 9.5) minus all prior distributions made under Section 8.1(c) to Investors. The "Average Annual Capital Contributions" will equal the sum of the amounts computed under the preceding sentence on each day in the year or period, divided by the actual number of days in the year or period. "Capital Account" - The amount representing a Shareholder's capital interest in the Trust, as determined under Article 6 hereof. "Capital Contributions" - The aggregate capital contributions of the Investors accepted by the Trust in payment of the purchase price of one or more whole or fractional Investor Shares (inclusive of the amount of any fee or other compensation waived by the Trust, the Managing Shareholder or the Placement Agent) plus any amounts contributed by the Managing Shareholder pursuant to Section 14.7 and minus any return of capital by the Trust. "Certificate" - The Certificate of Trust of the Trust, as amended from time to time. "Code" - The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. "Corporate Trustee" - Ridgewood Holding or its successors as Corporate Trustee. The Corporate Trustee acts as legal title holder of the Trust Property, subject to the terms of this Declaration. "Declaration" - This Declaration of Trust, as amended from time to time. "Delaware Act" - The Delaware Business Trust Act, as amended from time to time (currently codified as title 12, chapter 38 of the Delaware Code). "Escrow Date" - The later of the dates on which the Trust (i) accepts the subscription that causes Capital Contributions in the initial offering to Investors to be at least $1,500,000, (ii) deposits at least $1,500,000 in collected funds in escrow under Section 1.6(b), provided, however, the Escrow Date shall not be later than July 31, 1996. "Investor" - A purchaser of Investor Shares (which will include the Managing Shareholder to the extent it acquires Investor Shares) whose subscription is accepted by the Trust. "Investor Share" - Beneficial interests in the Trust representing an initial Capital Contribution of $100,000. "Losses" - Defined at "Profits or Losses." "Majority" - A majority in interest of the Investors (including the Managing Shareholder to the extent it owns Investor Shares), or of a subgroup of Investors in appropriate cases. "Management Agreement" - The management agreement between the Trust and the Managing Shareholder as described in the Memorandum, and as may be amended. "Management Share" - Interest in the Trust that represents the beneficial interests and management rights of the Managing Shareholder in its capacity as Managing Shareholder, but excluding the Managing Shareholder's interest, if any, attributable to Investor Shares acquired by it. "Managing Person" - Any of the following: (a) Trust officers, agents, or Affiliates, the Managing Shareholder, the Corporate Trustee, Panel Members, RPMC or other Affiliates of the Managing Shareholder or the Corporate Trustee and (b) any directors, officers or agents of any organizations named in (a) above when acting for the Corporate Trustee, the Managing Shareholder or any of their Affiliates on behalf of the Trust. "Managing Shareholder" - Ridgewood Power and any substitute or different Managing Shareholder as may subsequently be created under the terms of this Declaration. "Memorandum" - The Confidential Memorandum dated April 12, 1996 of the Trust, as the same may be amended or supplemented from time to time, to which this Declaration is an Exhibit. "Net Cash Flow" - The total gross receipts of the Trust, less cash operating expenses, all other cash expenditures of the Trust and reasonable reserves as determined by the Trust to cover anticipated Trust expenses. For purposes of determining Net Cash Flow, gross receipts shall mean proceeds from any source whatsoever, including, but not limited to, income from operations and the temporary investment of Trust funds under Section 10.5 and any proceeds from the sale, exchange, financing or refinancing of Trust Property, but excluding any Capital Contributions of the Shareholders. "1940 Act" - The federal Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. "Operation Agreement" - Any Operation Agreement, by and among the Trust or its Project Entities, the Managing Shareholder and RPMC, under which RPMC will operate specified Projects for the Trust. "Panel" - The Independent Review Panel created by Section 12.14 of this Declaration, comprised of the Panel Members, for the purpose of reviewing Ridgewood Program Transactions. "Panel Member" - An individual serving under Section 12.14 as a member of the Panel. Panel Members are not trustees of the Trust. "Payout" - The point at which total cumulative distributions to Investors from the Trust (exclusive of distributions in respect of Preferred Participation Rights and distributions under Section 9.5) equal their total Capital Contributions (exclusive of Capital Contributions made on the sale of a new series of Shares under Section 9.5). "Placement Agent" - Ridgewood Securities Corporation, a Delaware corporation, with its principal place of business at The Ridgewood Commons, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450. "Preferred Participation Right" - A right issued by the Trust under Section 1.9 to an Investor. A Preferred Participation Right entitles the holder to special distributions under Section 8.1(d) in recognition of the extra benefits the Trust receives from early subscriptions for Shares. "Profits or Losses" - For a given fiscal period, an amount equal to the Trust's taxable income or loss for such period, determined in accordance with Code Section 703(a) (for this purpose, all items of income, gain, expense, loss, deduction or credit required to be stated separately pursuant to Code Section 703(a)(1) shall be included in taxable income or loss), with the following adjustments: (a) Any income of the Trust that is exempt from federal income tax and not otherwise taken into account in computing Profits or Losses pursuant to this definition and any income and gain described in Regulation Section 1.704- 1(b)(2)(iv)(i)(1) shall be added to such taxable income or loss; (b) Any expenditures of the Trust described in Code Section 705(a)(2)(B) or treated as Code Section 705(a)(2)(B) expenditures pursuant to Regulation Section 1.704- 1(b)(2)(iv)(i), and not otherwise taken into account in computing Profits or Losses pursuant to this definition shall be subtracted from such taxable income or loss; (c) In the event of a distribution in kind under Section 8.2, the amount of any unrealized gain or loss deemed to have been realized on the property distributed shall be added or subtracted from such taxable income or loss; and (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this definition, any items which are specially allocated pursuant to Sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 7.4 shall not be taken into account in computing Profits or Losses. "Project" - A facility that generates, transmits or distributes electric power or heat energy (including a cogeneration facility), or that supplies products or services for the environmental remediation, energy or public service or capital facilities development industries, except for nuclear facilities that produce electricity. Projects include the preparatory, engineering, legal, siting, financial and permitting work undertaken in anticipation of construction or acquisition of any such facility. "Project Entity" - The partnership or other legal entity that develops or will own a Project and holds title to its assets. "Purchase Right" - A right to purchase additional Shares granted to an Investor pursuant to Section 9.5(c). "Regulation" - A final or temporary Treasury regulation promulgated under the Code. "Ridgewood Holding" - Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation having its principal office at 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, which is the initial Corporate Trustee. "RPMC" - Ridgewood Power Management Corporation, a Delaware corporation which is an Affiliate of Ridgewood Power. "Ridgewood Power" - Ridgewood Power Corporation, a Delaware corporation that is the initial Managing Shareholder. "Ridgewood Program" - Another investment program sponsored by the Managing Shareholder or an Affiliate of the Managing Shareholder. "Ridgewood Program Transaction" - A "Ridgewood Program Transaction" is any transaction material to the Trust in which both the Trust (or an entity in which the Trust has invested) and either (a) a Ridgewood Program or (b) an entity controlled by a Ridgewood Program or Programs or (c) an entity in which a Ridgewood Program has invested is a party. Ridgewood Program Transactions do not include any transaction authorized by Section 12.5 of this Declaration. "Share" - An Investor Share or a Management Share. "Shareholder" - An owner of a beneficial interest in the Trust. "Subscription Agreement" - The form of subscription agreement (contained in Exhibit F to the Memorandum, which is separately bound) which each prospective Investor must execute in order to subscribe for an interest in the Trust. "Termination Date" - The date on which the initial offering of Investor Shares is ended, as set or extended from time to time by the Trust in its sole discretion, provided that the Termination Date may not occur before the Escrow Date, and that if the offering is withdrawn, the Termination Date is the date the Trust elects to do so. "Trust" - Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V, a Delaware business trust. "Trust Property" - All property owned or acquired by the Corporate Trustee as part of the trust estate under this Declaration. ARTICLE 3 LIABILITIES 3.1 Liability and Obligations of Corporate Trustee. (a) To the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware Act, the Corporate Trustee in its capacity as a trustee of the Trust shall not be personally liable to any person other than the Trust and its Shareholders for any act or omission of the Trust, or any obligation of the Trust. The trust estate shall be directly liable for the payment or satisfaction of all obligations and liabilities of the Trust incurred by the Corporate Trustee, the Managing Shareholder and the officers and agents of the Trust within their authority or in a manner that would entitle them to indemnification under Section 3.6. (b) The Corporate Trustee shall not exercise any management or administrative powers in respect of the Trust except on the direction of the Managing Shareholder. (c) The Corporate Trustee, as trustee, may be made party to any action, suit or proceeding to enforce an obligation, liability or right of the Trust, but it shall not solely on account thereof be liable separate from the Trust and it shall be a party in that case only insofar as may be necessary to enable such obligation or liability to be enforced against the trust estate. 3.2 Liability of Managing Shareholder to Third Parties. (a) The Managing Shareholder shall be liable for any wrongful act or omission of the Corporate Trustee or the Trust taken in the ordinary course of the Trust's business or with the authority of the Managing Shareholder, that causes loss or injury to any person who is not a Shareholder or that incurs any penalty. (b) The Managing Shareholder shall be liable for losses resulting from (i) the misapplication by the Managing Shareholder of money or property received from a person who is not a Shareholder by the Managing Shareholder within the scope of the Managing Shareholder's apparent authority or (ii) the misapplication of money or property received by the Trust in the course of its business from a person who is not a Shareholder while the money or property is in the custody of the Trust. (c) Subject to the remaining provisions of this Article 3, the Managing Shareholder shall be liable for all other debts and obligations of the Trust, but it may enter into a separate obligation to perform a Trust contract. 3.3 Liability of Investors in General. No Investor in his capacity as an Investor shall have any liability for the debts and obligations of the Trust in any amount beyond the unpaid amount, if any, of the Capital Contributions subscribed for by him. Each Investor shall have the same limitation on his liability for the Trust's debts and obligations as a stockholder of a Delaware corporation has for debts and obligations of the corporation. 3.4 Liability of Investors to Trustee, Trust and Shareholders. No Investor in his capacity as an Investor shall be liable, responsible or accountable in damages or otherwise to any other Shareholder, the Corporate Trustee or the Trust for any claim, demand, liability, cost, damage and cause of action of any nature whatsoever that arises out of or that is incidental to the management of the Trust's affairs. 3.5 Liability of Managing Persons to Trust and Shareholders. (a) No Managing Person shall have liability to the Trust or to any other Shareholder for any loss suffered by the Trust that arises out of any action or inaction of the Managing Person if the Managing Person, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the Trust's best interest and such course of conduct did not constitute recklessness or willful misconduct of the Managing Person. (b) No act of the Trust shall be affected or invalidated by the fact that a Managing Person may be a party to or has an interest in any contract or transaction of the Trust if the interest of the Managing Person has been disclosed or is known to the Shareholders or such contract or transaction is at prevailing rates or is on terms at least as favorable to the Trust as those available from persons who are not Managing Persons or is a Ridgewood Program Transaction authorized under Section 12.14(d). 3.6 Indemnification of Managing Persons. (a) Each Managing Person may be indemnified from the Trust Property against any losses, liabilities, judgments, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by him in connection with the Trust or claims by the Trust, in right of the Trust or by or in right of any Shareholders, if the Managing Person would not be liable under the standards of Section 3.5 and, in the case of Managing Persons other than the Corporate Trustee and the Managing Shareholder, they were acting within the scope of authority validly delegated to them by the Corporate Trustee or the Managing Shareholder or the Declaration. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order or settlement shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the Managing Person charged did not act in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed was in the Trust's best interests. To the extent that any Managing Person is successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, the Trust shall indemnify that Managing Person against the expenses, including attorneys' fees, actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection therewith. The Managing Shareholder shall have full and complete discretion to authorize indemnification of any Managing Person consistent with the requirements of this Declaration at any time, regardless of whether a claim is pending or threatened and regardless of any conflict of interest between the Managing Shareholder and the Trust that may arise in regard to the decision to indemnify a Managing Person. (b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, no Managing Person nor any broker-dealer shall be indemnified, nor shall expenses be advanced on its behalf, for any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws, unless (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular indemnity, or (ii) those claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular indemnity or (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against the particular indemnity. In any claim for federal or state securities law violations, the party seeking indemnification shall place before the court the positions of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Massachusetts Securities Division and other state securities administrators to the extent required by them with respect to the issue of indemnification for securities law violations. (c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Declaration, Panel Members shall be indemnified by the Trust against any loss, liability, judgment, expense or amount paid in settlement of any claim sustained by them in connection with the Trust or claims by the Trust, in right of the Trust or by or in right of any Shareholders, if the Panel Member would not be liable under the standards of Section 3.5. The last three sentences of Section 3.6(a), the last sentence of Section 3.6(b) and Section 3.7(a) shall apply to Panel Members' rights to indemnification, regardless of whether any condition under Section 3.7(a)(i)- (iii) is fulfilled. 3.7 General Provisions. The following provisions shall apply to all rights of indemnification and advances of expenses under this Declaration and all liabilities described in this Article 3: (a) Expenses, including attorneys' fees, incurred by a Managing Person in defending any action, suit or proceeding may be paid by the Trust in advance of the final disposition of the action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by the recipient to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that the Managing Person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Trust under this Declaration or otherwise and if at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: (i) The Managing Person provides appropriate security for the undertaking; (ii) The Managing Person is insured against losses or expenses of defense or settlement so that the advances may be recovered or (iii) Independent legal counsel in a written opinion determines, based upon a review of the then readily- available facts, that there is reason to believe that the Managing Person will be found to be entitled to indemnification under Section 3.6. In so doing, it shall not be necessary to employ hearing or trial-like procedures. Counsel may rely as to matters of business judgment or as to other matters not involving determinations of law upon the advice of a committee of persons not affiliated with the Trust that may be appointed by the Managing Shareholder for that purpose. (b) Rights to indemnification and advances of expenses under this Declaration are not exclusive of any other rights to indemnification or advances to which a Managing Person or Investor may be entitled, both as to action in a representative capacity or as to action in another capacity taken while representing another. (c) Each Managing Person shall be entitled to rely upon the opinion or advice of or any statement or computation by any counsel, engineer, accountant, investment banker or other person retained by such Managing Person or the Trust which he believes to be within such person's professional or expert competence. In so doing, he will be deemed to be acting in good faith and with the requisite degree of care unless he has actual knowledge concerning the matter in question that would cause such reliance to be unwarranted. 3.8 Dealings with Trust. With regard to all rights of the Trust and all actions to be taken on its behalf, the Trust and not the Corporate Trustee, nor the Managing Shareholder, nor the Panel Members, nor the Trust's officers and agents, nor the Investors shall be the principal and the Trust shall be entitled as such to the extent permitted by law to enforce the same, collect damages and take all other action. All agreements, obligations and actions of the Trust shall be executed or taken in the name of the Trust, by an appropriate nominee, or by the Corporate Trustee as trustee but not in its individual capacity. Money may be paid and property delivered to any duly authorized officer or agent of the Trust who may receipt therefor in the name of the Trust and no person dealing in good faith thereby shall be bound to see to the application of any moneys so paid or property so delivered. No entity whose securities are held by the Trust shall be affected by notice of such fact or be bound to see to the execution of the Trust or to ascertain whether any transfer of its securities by or to the Trust or the Corporate Trustee is authorized. ARTICLE 4 ALLOCATION OF PROFIT AND LOSS 4.1. Profits. Profits for any fiscal period shall be allocated among the Shareholders as follows: (a) First, 100% to the Managing Shareholder until the Profits so allocated to the Managing Shareholder plus the cumulative Profits allocated to the Managing Shareholder for prior fiscal periods during which a Profit was earned by the Trust equal the cumulative amounts distributable to the Managing Shareholder under Article 8 hereof for the current and prior periods; and (b) The balance, if any, to the Investors. 4.2. Losses. Losses for any fiscal period shall be allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder; provided that Losses shall not be allocated pursuant to this Section 4.2 to the extent that such allocation would cause any Investor to have a negative amount in the Investor's Adjusted Capital Account at the end of this fiscal period. 4.3 General Allocation Provisions. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Declaration, all items of Trust income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit for a particular fiscal period and any other allocations not otherwise provided for shall be divided among the Shareholders in the same proportions as they share Profits or Losses, as the case may be, for the fiscal period. (b) The Shareholders shall be bound by the provisions of this Declaration in reporting their shares of Trust income and loss for income tax purposes. (c) The Trust may use any permissible method under Code Section 706(d) and the Regulation thereunder to determine Profits, Losses and other items on a daily, monthly or other basis for any fiscal period in which there is a change in a Shareholder's interest in the Trust. (d) The definition of "Capital Account" and certain other provisions of this Declaration are intended to comply with Regulations Sections 1.704-1(b) and 1.704-2 and shall be interpreted and applied in a manner consistent with such Regulations. These Regulations contain additional rules governing maintenance of Capital Accounts that may not have been provided for in this Declaration because, in part, these rules may relate to transactions that are not expected to occur and in some instances are prohibited by this Declaration. If the Trust after consultation with its regular accountants or tax counsel determines that it is prudent to modify the manner in which the Capital Accounts, or any debits or credits thereto, are computed in order to comply with such Regulations, or to avoid the effects of unanticipated events that might otherwise cause this Declaration not to comply with such Regulations, the Trust shall make such modification without the need of prior notice to or consent of any Shareholder; so long as no such modification is likely to have a material effect on the amounts distributable to any Shareholder. 4.4 Among Investors. Each Investor shall be allocated that percentage part of the aggregate amounts allocated to all Investors or to a subgroup of Investors, as the case may be, as the number of Shares owned by the Investor bears to the aggregate number of Shares owned by all Investors or Investors in the subgroup. Allocations under Section 4.1(b) of Profits shall be made among Investors as follows: first, all Profits so allocated shall be allocated to the holders of Preferred Participation Rights in proportion to their holdings until the amounts so allocated, together with prior allocations under this sentence, equal the cumulative distributions made in respect of Preferred Participation Rights. All remaining Profits allocated under Section 4.1(b) shall be allocated among the Investors as prescribed by the first sentence of this Section 4.4. 4.5 Minimum Allocation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Declaration, in no event shall the Managing Shareholder's allocable share of each material item of Trust income, gain, expense, loss, deduction or credit be less than 1% of such item. 4.6 Tax Allocation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Declaration, to the extent that the Managing Shareholder is treated for federal income tax purposes as having received an interest in the Trust as compensation for services which constitutes income to the Managing Shareholder under Code Section 61, any amount allowed as a deduction for federal income tax purposes to the Trust (whether as an ordinary and necessary business expense or as a depreciation or amortization deduction) as a result of such characterization shall be allocated solely for federal income tax purposes to the Managing Shareholder. 4.7 Allocation of Gains from Dispositions. Prior to the allocation of Profits under Section 4.1, all gains derived by the Trust during any fiscal period from any sale, transfer, injury, destruction or other disposition of Trust Property or an interest therein, other than in the ordinary course of operation of Trust Property (including, without limitation, proceeds from insurance, refinancing or condemnation) shall be allocated to the Managing Shareholder to the extent that the Capital Account of the Managing Shareholder would have otherwise been negative as of the end of such fiscal period. Gain or loss allocable to each Shareholder will be adjusted accordingly. ARTICLE 5 CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF SHAREHOLDERS 5.1 Additional Capital Contributions. There shall be no additional Capital Contributions by the Investors except as provided in Section 9.5. 5.2 Managing Shareholder's Capital Contributions. The Managing Shareholder in its capacity as Managing Shareholder shall make Capital Contributions in accordance with Section 14.7. 5.3. Returns of Capital. If the Trust for any reason at any time does not find it necessary or appropriate to retain or expend all Capital Contributions, the Managing Shareholder in its sole discretion may cause the Trust to return any or all such excess Capital Contributions ratably to Investors. The Investors will be notified of the source of the payment and as to the amounts of fees charged against the original Capital Contribution that are being returned therewith. ARTICLE 6 CAPITAL ACCOUNTS 6.1 Capital Accounts. A Capital Account shall be established and maintained for each Shareholder and shall be adjusted as follows: (a) The Capital Account of each Shareholder shall be increased by: (1) The amount of such Shareholder's Capital Contributions to the Trust; (2) The amount of Profits allocated to such Shareholder pursuant to Articles 4 and 7 and Section 9.5; (3) The fair market value of property contributed by the Shareholder to the Trust (net of liabilities secured by the contributed property that the Trust under Code Section 752 is considered to have assumed or taken subject to); and (4) Any items in the nature of revenues, income or gain that are specially allocated to such Shareholder or adjusted pursuant to Sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 7.4. (b) The Capital Account of each Shareholder shall be decreased by: (1) The amount of Losses allocated to such Shareholder pursuant to Articles 4 and 7 and Section 9.5; (2) All amounts of money and the fair market value of property paid or distributed to such Shareholder pursuant to the terms hereof (other than payments made with respect to loans made by such Shareholder to the Trust), net of liabilities secured by that property that the Shareholder under Code Section 752 is considered to have assumed or taken subject to, as well as returns of capital under Section 5.3; and (3) Any items in the nature of expenses or losses that are specially allocated to such Shareholder pursuant to Sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 7.4. 6.2 Calculation of Capital Account. Whenever it is necessary to determine the Capital Account of any Shareholder, the Capital Account of such Shareholder shall be determined in accordance with the rules of Regulation Sections 1.704-1 (b) (2) (iv) and 1.704-2 (as amended from time to time). If necessary to comply with the Code, an Adjusted Capital Account may be employed. 6.3 Effect of Loans. Loans by any Shareholder to the Trust shall not be considered contributions to the capital of the Trust. 6.4 Withdrawal of Capital. No Shareholder shall be entitled to withdraw any part of his Capital Account or to receive any distribution from the Trust, except as specifically provided herein. 6.5 Capital Accounts of New Shareholders. Any person who shall acquire Shares in accordance with the terms and conditions of Article 13 of this Declaration shall have the Capital Account of his transferor after adjustments reflecting the transfer, if any, except as specifically provided herein. 6.6 Limitation. Neither the Corporate Trustee, the Managing Shareholder nor any other Managing Person shall be required or shall have any personal liability to fund any or all of any negative Capital Account of any Investor, including without limitation Capital Contributions. ARTICLE 7 ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO ALLOCATIONS 7.1 Determination of Income and Loss. At the end of each Trust fiscal year, and at such other times as the Trust shall deem necessary or appropriate, each item of Trust income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit shall be determined for the period then ending and shall be allocated to the Capital Account of each Shareholder in accordance with this Declaration. With respect to the admission of Shareholders, the Trust will use the "interim closing date" method of accounting as permitted by the Regulations. 7.2 Determination of Income and Loss in the Event of Transfer. In the event that a Shareholder transfers his interest in the Trust in accordance with the terms of this Declaration, the determination and allocation described in Section 7.1 shall be made as of the date of such transfer and thereafter all such allocations shall be made to the account of the transferee of such interest; provided, however, that the Trust may agree that such determination and allocation shall be pro rata to the Shareholders based upon the actual number of days in such fiscal year that each such Shareholder held an interest in the Trust. In the event of a pro rata determination and allocation, the foregoing provisions of this Section relating to a pro rata determination and allocation will not be applicable to the distributive shares, with respect to the Shares transferred, of items of Trust income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit arising out of (a) the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all Trust Property, or (b) other extraordinary nonrecurring items, all of which will be allocated to the holder of such Trust interest on the date such items of Trust income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit are earned or incurred. 7.3 Allocation of Net Income and Net Losses. All items of income, gain, expense, loss, deduction and credit of the Trust from operations and in the ordinary course of operation of Trust Property shall be allocated among the Shareholders in accordance with Article 4. 7.4 Qualified Income Offset and Other Allocation Provisions. (a) If there is a net decrease in "partnership minimum gain" (within the meaning of Regulation Section 1.704-2(d)) during a fiscal period, then there shall be allocated to each Shareholder items of income and gain for such fiscal period (and, if necessary, subsequent fiscal periods) in proportion to, and to the extent of, an amount equal to the portion of such Shareholder's share of the net decrease in partnership minimum gain during such fiscal period that is allocable to the disposition of Trust Property subject to one or more nonrecourse liabilities of the Trust. However, such allocation shall be reduced to the extent (i) the Shareholder contributes capital to the Trust that is used to repay the nonrecourse liability and (ii) the Shareholder's share of the net decrease in partnership minimum gain is caused by the repayment. The foregoing is intended to be a "minimum gain chargeback" provision as described in Regulation Section 1.704-2(f), and shall be interpreted and applied in all respects in accordance with such Regulation. If there is a net decrease in the minimum gain attributable to a "partner nonrecourse debt" (as defined in Regulation Section 1.704-2(b) (4)) for a fiscal period, then, in addition to the amounts, if any, allocated pursuant to the first sentence of this Subsection 7.4(a), there shall be allocated to each Shareholder with a share of such minimum gain attributable to a "partner nonrecourse debt" items of income and gain for such fiscal period (and, if necessary, subsequent fiscal periods) in proportion to, and to the extent of, an amount equal to the portion of such Shareholder's share of the net decrease in the minimum gain attributable to a partner nonrecourse debt during such fiscal period that is allocable to the disposition of Trust Property subject to one or more nonrecourse liabilities of the Trust. However, such amount shall be reduced to the extent (i) the Shareholder contributes capital to the Trust that is used to repay the nonrecourse liability and (ii) the Shareholder's share of the net decrease in the minimum gain attributable to a partner nonrecourse debt is caused by the repayment. (b) If during any fiscal period of the Trust a Shareholder unexpectedly receives an adjustment, allocation or distribution described in Regulation Section 1.704- 1(b)(2)(ii)(d)(4), (5) or (6), which causes or increases a deficit balance in the Shareholder's Adjusted Capital Account, there shall be allocated to the Shareholder items of income and gain (consisting of a pro rata portion of each item of Trust income, including gross income, and gain for such period) in an amount and manner sufficient to eliminate such deficit balance as quickly as possible. The foregoing is intended to be a "qualified income offset" provision as described in Regulation Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(d), and shall be interpreted and applied in all respects in accordance with such Regulation. (c) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Article 4 or this Article 7, any item of deduction, loss or Code Section 705(a)(2)(B) expenditure that is attributable to "partner nonrecourse debt" shall be allocated in accordance with the manner in which the Shareholders bear the economic risk of loss for such debt (determined in accordance with Regulation Section 1.704-2(i)). (d) To the extent that any item of income, gain, loss or deduction has been specially allocated pursuant to paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of this Section 7.4 ("Required Allocations") and such allocation is inconsistent with how the same amount otherwise would have been allocated under Sections 4.1 and 4.2, subsequent allocations under Sections 4.1 and 4.2 shall be made, to the extent possible, in a manner consistent with paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of this Section 7.4 which negates as rapidly as possible the effect of all previous Required Allocations. (e) Solely for federal, state and local income and franchise tax purposes and not for book or Capital Account purposes, income, gain, loss and deduction with respect to property carried on the Trust's books at a value other than its tax basis shall be allocated (i) in the case of property contributed in kind, in accordance with the requirements of Code Section 704(c) and such Regulations as may be promulgated thereunder from time to time, and (ii) in the case of other property, in accordance with the principles of Code Section 704(c) and the Regulations thereunder, in each case, as incorporated among the requirements of the relevant provisions of the Regulations under Code Section 704(b). (f) All or a portion of the remaining items of Trust income or gain for the fiscal period, if any, shall be specially allocated to the Investors in proportion to the cumulative distributions each has received pursuant to Section 8.1(e) from the commencement of the Trust, until the aggregate amounts allocated to each Investor pursuant to this Section 7.4(f) for such period and all prior periods equal the cumulative amount of such distributions to such Investor. ARTICLE 8 INTEREST OF SHAREHOLDERS IN CASH DISTRIBUTIONS 8.1 Distribution of Net Cash Flow. Subject to the terms of this Declaration, the Trust shall make distributions of Net Cash Flow out of the Trust's funds, to the extent and at such times as it deems advisable, in the following manner: (a) Indebtedness to Shareholders. First, Net Cash Flow shall be applied pro rata (in accordance with the percentage of total loans that are owing to each Shareholder) to the payment to the Shareholders of interest and principal, in that order, on loans, if any, made by the Shareholders to the Trust. (b) Special Provisions. Distributions of Net Cash Flow in respect of an additional series of Shares under Section 9.5 are governed by the Managing Shareholder's designation under that Section and distributions made in connection with the dissolution and termination of the Trust under Section 14.1 are governed by Section 8.1(g). Net Cash Flow distributed under those provisions shall be excluded from consideration under Sections 8.1(c) - (f). (c) Proceeds from Dispositions of Property. All Net Cash Flow remaining after the application of Sections 8.1(a) and (b) from the sale, transfer, injury, destruction or other disposition of Trust Property or an interest therein, other than in the ordinary course of operation of Trust Property (and including, without limitation, proceeds from insurance, refinancing or condemnation, but excluding sales or resales of interim investments under Section 10.5) which the Trust determines to distribute, shall be distributed as follows: (1) Prior to Payout, 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder; and (2) After Payout, 80% to the Investors and 20% to the Managing Shareholder. (d) Satisfaction of Preferred Participation Rights. All Net Cash Flow remaining after the application of Sections 8.1(a) - (c) that the Trust determines to distribute during a calendar year or shorter period shall first be applied to the redemption of any outstanding Preferred Participation Rights in the following order: (1) Ninety-nine percent of Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(d) and distributed during 1997 shall be distributed pro rata among the holders of Preferred Participation Rights and the remaining 1% shall be distributed to the Managing Shareholder until total cumulative distributions to those holders under this Section 8.1(d) equal $500 per outstanding Preferred Participation Right, and the remaining Net Cash Flow distributed during 1997, if any, shall be distributed under Sections 8.1(e) - (f); (2) Ninety-nine percent of Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(d) and distributed during 1998 shall be distributed pro rata among the holders of Preferred Participation Rights and the remaining 1% shall be distributed to the Managing Shareholder until total cumulative distributions to those holders under this Section 8.1(d) equal $1,000 per outstanding Preferred Participation Right, and the remaining Net Cash Flow distributed during 1998, if any, shall be distributed under Sections 8.1(e) - (f); and (3) If after 1998 cumulative distributions under this Section 8.1(d) to holders of Preferred Participation Rights are less than $1,000 per outstanding Preferred Participation Right, 99% of all Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(d) that is distributed thereafter shall be distributed pro rata to the holders of outstanding Preferred Participation Rights and the remaining 1% shall be distributed to the Managing Shareholder until total cumulative distributions to the holders under this Section 8.1(d) equal $1,000 per Preferred Participation Right, and all remaining Net Cash Flow shall be distributed under the remaining provisions of this Article 8. (e) Investor Priority for Distributions - - Pre- Payout. Until Payout is achieved, all Net Cash Flow that remains after the application of Sections 8.1(a) - (d) and that the Trust determines to distribute shall be distributed as follows: (1) Until total distributions of Net Cash Flow subject to this Section 8.1(e) during a calendar year to Investors equal the greater of (A) 12% of the Investors' Average Annual Capital Contributions or (B) 80% of Net Cash Flow distributed in that year after deducting amounts governed by Sections 8.1(a) - (d), 99% of all distributions made under this Section 8.1(e) in that year (or shorter period ending on Payout) shall be made to the Investors and the remaining 1% shall be made to the Managing Shareholder; and (2) Thereafter, 100% of distributions made during the remainder of the calendar year (or shorter period ending on Payout) shall be made to the Managing Shareholder. (f) Distributions - - Post-Payout. After Payout is achieved, 80% of all distributions made in any calendar year or portion thereof after the application of Sections 8.1(a) - - (e) shall be made to the Investors and the remaining 20% shall be made to the Managing Shareholder. (g) Proceeds Available Upon Dissolution. Upon dissolution and termination of the Trust under Section 14.1, the proceeds of the sale or other disposition of the Trust Property shall be paid or distributed in the following order of priority: (1) First, there shall be paid to the Trust's creditors, other than Shareholders, funds, to the extent available, sufficient to extinguish current Trust liabilities and obligations, including costs and expenses of liquidation (or provision for payment shall be made, which provision may include a distribution of assets subject to the obligations in question); provided, however, that all loans made to fund expenditures under Section 9.5 shall be paid only from assets allocable to the Shareholders who benefited from such expenditures and only in proportion to such benefit; (2) Second, any loans owed by the Trust to the Shareholders shall be paid in proportion thereto; provided, however, that all loans made to fund expenditures under Section 9.5 shall be paid only from assets allocable to the Shareholders who benefited from such expenditures and only in proportion to such benefit; (3) Third, to the Shareholders in proportion to, and to the extent of the excess, if any, of (i) the cumulative distributions to which a Shareholder is entitled under Sections 8.1(d) and (e) from the inception of the Trust until the date on which the liquidating distribution is made over (ii) the sum of all prior distributions made to the Shareholders under Sections 8.1(d),(e) and (g)(3); provided, however, that no distribution shall be made under this Section 8.1(g)(3) that creates or increases a negative amount in the Investor's Adjusted Capital Account at the end of this fiscal period. This proviso shall be determined as follows: distributions shall be first determined tentatively pursuant to this Section 8.1(g)(3) without regard to the Shareholders' Capital Accounts and then the allocation provisions of Article 4 shall be applied tentatively as if such tentative distributions had been made. If any Investor shall thereby have a negative amount in the Investor's Adjusted Capital Account, the actual distribution to the Investor under this Section 8.1(g)(3) shall be equal to the tentative distribution to the Investor less the negative amount in the Adjusted Capital Account after application of the tentative allocation; and (4) Fourth, the balance, if any, to the Shareholders, in accordance with their Capital Accounts, after giving effect to all adjustments to Capital Accounts for all fiscal periods through and including the fiscal period in which dissolution occurs. (h) Limitation. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Declaration, no distribution may be made selectively to one Shareholder or group of Shareholders but must be made ratably to all Shareholders entitled to that type of distribution at that time, subject to the provisions of Section 12.11(b). 8.2 Distribution in Kind. If the Trust elects to make distribution in kind of any of the assets of the Trust, it shall give notice of its election to each Shareholder, specifying the nature and value of all such assets to be distributed in kind, the deadline for giving notice of refusal to accept a distribution in kind and to the extent advisable, the estimated time necessary for the Trust to liquidate assets if those assets are not distributed and other information as required. In making such election, the Trust shall not arbitrarily value assets to be distributed in kind nor shall it specify assets to be distributed in kind in such a manner as to unreasonably advantage or disadvantage any Shareholder. A Shareholder may refuse to accept a distribution in kind by giving written notice to the Trust not later than 30 days after the effective date of the Trust's notice of distribution. If a Shareholder refuses distribution in kind, the Trust shall retain in the Trust's name the portion of the assets which were to be distributed in kind and which were to be allocated to the refusing Shareholder (the "Retained Assets") and shall liquidate the Retained Assets in accordance with this Declaration. Upon liquidation of the Retained Assets, the sum realized shall be distributed to the Shareholder refusing distribution in kind in full discharge of the Trust's obligation to distribute the Retained Assets. In determining the Capital Accounts of the Shareholders, a distribution of assets in kind shall be considered a sale of the property distributed so that any unrealized gain or loss with respect to such property shall be deemed to have been realized and allocated among the Shareholders in accordance with Article 4. 8.3 Amounts Withheld. All amounts withheld pursuant to the Code or any provision of any state or local tax law with respect to any payment or distribution to the Trust or the Shareholders shall be treated as amounts distributed to the Shareholders pursuant to this Article 8 for all purposes under this Declaration. The Trust may allocate any such amounts among the Shareholders in any manner that is in accordance with applicable law. 8.4 Limitation. Distributions to Shareholders shall not be made to the extent they are prohibited by restrictions contained in the Delaware Act or other provisions of this Declaration. ARTICLE 9 OPERATION OF TRUST 9.1 Investment Fee. The Trust shall pay the Managing Shareholder out of Trust Property an investment fee in an amount equal to 2% of each Capital Contribution from the initial offering or any future offering of Investor Shares. The investment fee payable in respect of Investors whose subscriptions for Shares are accepted by the Managing Shareholder in 1996 is for its services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities and effecting transactions for investing the capital contributed through 1996, and the fee payable by Investors whose subscriptions for Shares are accepted by the Managing Shareholder in a later year is for those services for capital contributed in that year. The fee shall be payable on the Escrow Date as to Shares purchased through that date and on each date thereafter on which the Trust receives and collects full payment for additional accepted subscriptions for Shares. In addition, an investment fee shall be paid to the Managing Shareholder in an amount equal to 2% of additional Capital Contributions received under Section 9.5, for similar services rendered by the Managing Shareholder during the year in which such funds are received by the Trust. The fee in respect of services performed by the Managing Shareholder during any year in which such additional funds are received by the Trust under Section 9.5 shall be payable upon the later of each date on which payment is accepted by the Trust or the fulfillment of any applicable escrow conditions. 9.2 Selling Commissions and Placement Agent Fee. The Trust shall pay out of Trust Property to Ridgewood Securities Corporation or to any broker-dealer who effects the sale of one or more whole or fractional Shares, cash selling commissions in an aggregate amount equal to 8% of each Capital Contribution. For serving as Placement Agent, Ridgewood Securities Corporation shall also be entitled to receive out of Trust Property a fee in an amount equal to 1% of each Capital Contribution. Such commissions and fees payable in respect of sales of Shares under the initial offering of Shares shall be due and payable promptly after the latest to occur of (i) acceptance by the Trust of an Investor's subscription, (ii) the Escrow Date or (iii) the receipt by the Trust of the gross purchase price for the Shares. Such commissions and fees in respect of additional Capital Contributions shall be due and payable upon the later of such date on which funds are accepted by the Trust or the fulfillment of any applicable escrow conditions. 9.3 Other Expenses. (a) The Trust shall pay the Managing Shareholder out of Trust Property an organizational, distribution and offering fee in an amount equal to 6% of each Capital Contribution to cover all expenses incurred in the offer and sale of Shares, including legal, accounting, and consulting fees, printing, filing, postage and other expenses of organizing the Trust, distribution and selling costs and closing costs for the offering. The fee shall be payable on the Escrow Date as to Shares purchased through that date and on each date thereafter on which the Trust receives and collects full payment for additional accepted subscriptions for Shares. If these expenses exceed 6% of the aggregate Capital Contributions, the Managing Shareholder shall pay such excess. (b) The Trust shall reimburse the Managing Shareholder for all other actual and necessary direct expenses paid or incurred in connection with the operation of the Trust, including but not limited to accounting, legal and consulting fees, to the extent that those expenses were incurred by the Managing Shareholder in carrying out responsibilities assigned to it by this Declaration, were consistent with this Declaration and do not constitute Organizational, Distribution and Offering Fees. The Trust shall reimburse the Corporate Trustee for all actual and necessary expenses paid or incurred in connection with the operation of the Trust, including the Trust's allocable share of the Corporate Trustee's overhead. (c) In respect of the disposition of all or a portion of the investments that the Trust may make in Projects or Project Entities on its own behalf (rather than through its participation in any entity organized to develop multiple Projects), the Trust may be required to or may find it most advantageous to engage a broker or similar adviser and to pay a brokerage fee to the broker or other persons responsible for bringing the disposition opportunity to the Trust's attention or for investigating, evaluating or negotiating the acquisition or disposition of the Trust's interest therein. However, if the Managing Shareholder or an Affiliate performs those services in respect of an investment acquisition or disposition opportunity for the Trust relating to a particular Project or Project Entity, the Managing Shareholder or Affiliate so providing those services shall be entitled to receive a brokerage fee from the Trust for such services in an amount not in excess of 2% of the gross proceeds of that disposition. (d) If the Trust engages RPMC or another Affiliate of the Managing Shareholder to manage Projects under Section 12.5 of this Declaration, it shall reimburse that person for its actual costs incurred (which may include a reasonable allocation of overhead items and of expenses incurred commonly with the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates) as an expense of the Trust. 9.4. Management Fee. For each 12-month period beginning on the Termination Date and ending upon the winding up of the Trust's business, the Trust shall pay the Managing Shareholder from Trust Property a Management Fee, payable in advance in equal monthly installments, at the annual rate of 2.5% of the aggregate Capital Contributions. The Management Fee shall be in lieu of any reimbursement to the Managing Shareholder for administrative and overhead expenses, including without limitation postage, communication, computer service, accounting, regulatory reporting and compensation costs of the Managing Shareholder allocable to the Trust. Those administrative and overhead expenses do not include fees, expenses and payments made by the Trust to persons other than the Managing Shareholder (such as legal, outside accounting and consulting expenses) or extraordinary expenses incurred by the Managing Shareholder. The Trust may enter into a management agreement with the Managing Shareholder regarding the services to be provided and compensated from the Management Fee. 9.5 Additional Offers of Shares. (a) Beginning six months and one day after the Termination Date, the Trust from time to time may create and sell additional Investor Shares or additional classes or series of Shares if the Managing Shareholder determines that the best interests of the Trust so require. Additional classes or series may but are not required to be limited to the results of Projects or Project Entities that are not coextensive with the entire Trust Property. The Managing Shareholder is authorized to determine or alter any or all of the powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions granted to or imposed upon any unissued class or series of additional Shares, and to fix, alter or reduce the number of Shares comprising any such class or series and the designation thereof, or any of them, and to provide for the rights and terms of redemption or conversion of the Shares of any such class or series. The Managing Shareholder's designation of the Shares and the terms and conditions of any new class or series of Shares shall be deemed an amendment of this Declaration and shall be effective without any notice to, action by or approval of the Investors. Any Shares so designated may be offered to such persons and on such terms and conditions as the Trust may determine. (b) Any additional Shares or classes or series of Shares shall have voting rights as designated by the Managing Shareholder; however, no such Share shall have more than one vote per $100,000 of Capital Contributions for that Share on matters in which the holders of those Shares vote with the holders of Investor Shares, without the consent of the holders of a Majority of the Investor Shares. (c) The Trust may but is not required to offer all Investors the right (a "Purchase Right") to acquire additional Shares of any type to be offered by the Trust; however, no Investor who declined to subscribe to a previous series of Shares whose net proceeds were invested in a Project or Project Entity in which any net proceeds of the proposed series are to be invested shall be entitled to a Purchase Right for the proposed series. A Purchase Right may be exercisable prior to or concurrent with the offering of the series to other persons. If the Trust offers a Purchase Right, the Trust shall give each Investor entitled thereto a notice specifying the total Shares of the additional series that it is offering and the terms and conditions of the offering, together with any other required information. The Trust will require the Investors to notify the Trust of their decision to exercise the Purchase Right and to deliver the subscription documents and the price for the Shares offered within a reasonable period set by the Trust and specified in the notice, which shall not be less than 10 days after the effective date of the notice. (d) If a Purchase Right is offered and the Investors do not purchase all the offered Shares within the period specified in the Trust's notice, the Trust may dispose of the remaining offered Shares in its sole discretion or may modify its plan of activity accordingly. (e) All Profits, Losses and other items attributable to additional Shares shall be allocated as specified in the determination of the Managing Shareholder creating those Shares, except that any such allocation shall not unreasonably reduce allocations to existing Investors of Profits, Losses, Net Cash Flow and other items to the extent attributable to their Capital Contributions. The Managing Shareholder's election in good faith of allocation methods (which may include subjective elements) shall be conclusive in the absence of willful misconduct or gross negligence. 9.6 Payment and Recoupment of Fees. As soon as funds have been released to the Trust from the escrow account referred to in Section 1.6, they may be used to pay the fees referred to in Sections 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 then due. If the Managing Shareholder withdraws the offering of Shares, any person that has received payments from the proceeds of the offering shall return such payments to the Trust upon demand by the Managing Shareholder. ARTICLE 10 ACCOUNTING 10.1 Elections. The Trust shall elect the calendar year as its fiscal year. The Trust shall adopt the accrual method of accounting or such other method of accounting as the Trust shall determine. The Trust shall elect to be taxed only as a partnership. The Trust shall not be required to make an election under Section 754 of the Code or corresponding state taxation laws. 10.2 Books and Records. The Trust's books and records shall be kept at the principal place of business of the Trust and shall be maintained on the basis utilized in preparing the Trust's federal income tax return with such adjustments in accounting as are required by this Declaration or as the Trust determines would be in the best interests of the Trust. 10.3 Reports. (a) The Trust will keep each Investor and assignees complying with Article 13 currently advised as to activities of the Trust by reports furnished at least quarterly. Each quarterly report will contain a condensed statement of "cash flow from operations" for the year to date as determined by the Trust in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles on a basis consistent with that of the annual and quarterly financial statements and showing its derivation from net income. An independent certified public accounting firm selected by the Trust will prepare the Trust's federal income tax return as soon as practicable after the conclusion of each year and each Shareholder will be furnished, at that time, with the necessary accounting information for each Shareholder to take into account and report separately such Shareholder's distributive share of the income and deductions of the Trust. The Trust will use its reasonable best efforts to obtain the information necessary for the accounting firm as soon as practicable and to transmit the resulting accounting and tax information to the Shareholders as soon as possible after receipt from the accounting firm. The Trust shall furnish each Shareholder as soon as practicable after the conclusion of each year annual financial statements of the Trust which have been audited by the Trust's independent certified public accounting firm. The annual financial statements will include in the notes thereto a reconciliation of net income as reported therein to the annual reported cash flow from operations and to net income for tax purposes. (b) Within 180 days after the end of each year following the fourth anniversary of the Termination Date, the Trust shall provide the Investors with an estimated valuation per Share based, if possible, upon a generally accepted method or methods of valuation of the Trust Property. 10.4 Bank Accounts. The Trust shall maintain separate segregated accounts in its name at one or more commercial banks, and the cash funds of the Trust shall be kept in any of those accounts as determined by the Trust. 10.5 Interim Assets. The Trust may purchase, to the extent the Trust's funds are not otherwise committed to transactions or required for other purposes, either or both of the following: (a) Obligations of banks or savings and loan associations that either (i) have assets in excess of $5 billion or (ii) are insured in their entirety by agencies of the United States government; and (b) Obligations of or guaranteed by the United States government or its agencies. ARTICLE 11 RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF INVESTORS 11.1 Participation in Management. No Investor (other than the Managing Shareholder acting in its capacity as such) shall have the right, power, authority or responsibility to participate in the ordinary and routine management of the Trust's affairs or to bind the Trust in any manner. 11.2 Rights to Engage in Other Ventures. No Investor or any officer, director, shareholder or other person holding a legal or beneficial interest in any Investor shall, by virtue of his ownership of a direct or indirect interest in the Trust, be in any way prohibited from or restricted in engaging in, or possessing an interest in, any other business venture of a like or similar nature including any venture involving the independent power industry. 11.3 Limitations on Transferability. The interest of an Investor shall not be transferable except under the conditions set forth in Article 13 hereof. 11.4 Information. (a) Each Investor's rights to obtain information from the Trust from time to time are set forth in this Section. In addition to information provided under Section 10.3, each Investor shall be provided on request with the following: (1) True and full information regarding the status of the Trust's business and financial condition; (2) Promptly after becoming available, a copy of the Trust's federal, state and local income tax returns or information returns for the preceding year and prior years to the extent reasonably available; (3) A current list of the name and last known business, residence or mailing address of each Shareholder and of any confidential representative of each Shareholder, if specifically designated as such in writing (unless such Shareholder has specified that the Trust is not to disclose such information, in which case the Trust, at the requesting Investor's cost, shall forward communications, sealed or unsealed, from the requesting Investor to such Shareholder or representative upon assertion by the Investor in writing to the Trust of a proper purpose for the communication); (4) A copy of the Certificate and this Declaration and all amendments thereto; (5) True and full information regarding the amount of cash and a description and statement of the agreed value of any other property or services contributed by each Shareholder and which any Shareholder has agreed to contribute in the future, and the date on which each current Shareholder acquired his Shares; and (6) Such other information regarding the Trust's affairs as is just and reasonable. (b) The Trust shall establish reasonable standards governing without limitation the information and documents to be furnished and the time and the location, if appropriate, of furnishing that information and documents. Costs of providing information and documents shall be borne by the requesting Investor except for de minimis amounts consistent with the Trust's ordinary practices. The Trust shall be entitled to reimbursement for its direct, out-of-pocket expenses incurred in declining unreasonable requests (in whole or in part) for information. (c) The Trust may keep confidential from Investors for such period of time as it deems reasonable any information that it reasonably believes to be in the nature of trade secrets or other information that the Trust in good faith believes would not be in the best interests of the Trust to disclose or that could damage the Trust or its business or that the Trust is required by law or by agreement with a third party to keep confidential. (d) The Trust may keep its records in other than written form if capable of conversion into written form within a reasonable time. (e) All demands or requests for information under this Section shall be solely for a purpose reasonably related to the Investor's interest in the Trust. All requests or demands for information under this Section shall be in writing and shall state the purpose of the demand; the Trust's acceptance of oral requests shall not waive or limit the scope of this provision. Any action to enforce rights under this Section may be brought in the Delaware Court of Chancery, subject to Section 15.4. ARTICLE 12 POWERS, DUTIES AND LIMITATIONS OF MANAGING SHAREHOLDER AND CORPORATE TRUSTEE 12.1 Management of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder shall have full, exclusive and complete discretion in the management and control of the Trust, except as otherwise provided herein. The Managing Shareholder agrees to manage and control the affairs of the Trust to the best of its ability and to conduct the operations contemplated under this Declaration in a careful and prudent manner and in accordance with good industry practice. The Managing Shareholder may bind the Trust. 12.2 Acceptance of Subscriptions. The Managing Shareholder shall not cause the Trust to accept any subscription for Shares except as provided in Article 1 or in Section 9.5, as the case may be. 12.3 Specific Limitations. (a) The Managing Shareholder shall not take any of the following actions without the approval of all Investors: (1) Any act in contravention of this Declaration or the Certificate; (2) Any act that would make it impossible to carry on the Trust's ordinary business; (3) Effecting a confession of judgment against the Trust in an amount exceeding 10% of the aggregate Capital Contributions; (4) Causing the dissolution or termination of the Trust prior to the expiration of its term, except as provided under Article 14; (5) Possessing Trust Property or assigning rights in specific Trust Property for other than a Trust purpose; or (6) Constituting any other person as a Managing Shareholder, except as provided in Article 14. (b) The Managing Shareholder shall not sell, exchange, lease, mortgage, pledge or transfer all or substantially all of the Trust's assets if not in the ordinary course of operation of Trust Property or amend this Declaration without the approval of a Majority of the Investors except as specified in this Declaration or except pursuant to Section 15.8(a). (c) The Corporate Trustee, the Trust or the Trust's agents shall not take any action that is prohibited to the Managing Shareholder by this or any other provision of this Declaration and shall take all actions necessary or advisable to carry out actions specified in this Section that are approved as specified herein. 12.4 Specific Powers. In addition to the powers and duties otherwise provided for in this Declaration, the Managing Shareholder has the following powers and duties: (a) To direct or supervise the Corporate Trustee, the Trust and the Trust's agents in the exercise of any action relating to the Trust's affairs, including without limitation the powers described in Section 1.8; (b) To take the actions specified in Section 12.3 if the approvals specified therein are obtained; (c) To amend this Declaration as specified in Section 15.8(a) or other provisions of this Declaration; (d) To lend money to the Trust (without being obligated to do so) if such loan bears interest at a reasonable rate not exceeding the Managing Shareholder's interest cost or the amount that would be charged to the Trust by an unrelated lender on a comparable loan for the same purpose (without reference to the financial abilities or guarantees of the Managing Shareholder). The Managing Shareholder may not receive points or other financing charges or fees regardless of the amount loaned to the Trust. Before making any loans to the Trust, a Managing Shareholder will attempt to obtain a loan from an unrelated lender secured, if at all, only by Trust Property; (e) To approve in its sole discretion any transfer of Investor Shares; (f) To terminate the offering of Shares at any time prior to the Termination Date, provided that the Escrow Date has occurred; (g) To withdraw the offering of Shares at any time as provided in Section 1.6; (h) If the Trust elects to become a business development company, to take any action in its discretion that may be necessary, advisable or appropriate to maintain the Trust's status as a business development company under the 1940 Act, without any requirement to give notice to or to obtain the prior or subsequent consent of any Investor; (i) To acquire such assets or properties, real or personal, as the Managing Shareholder in its sole discretion deems necessary or appropriate for the conduct of the Trust's business and to sell, exchange, distribute to Shareholders in kind or otherwise dispose of any part of the Trust Property in the ordinary course of the operation of the Trust Property; (j) To waive any fees or compensation payable to it and to credit such waived amount in its discretion against any obligations it may have to contribute capital under Section 14.7; (k) To provide, or arrange for the provision of, managerial assistance to those persons in which the Trust invests; and (l) To establish valuation principles and to periodically apply such principles to the Trust's investment portfolio. 12.5. Operation by Affiliate. The Trust, by action of the Managing Shareholder, may engage RPMC or another Affiliate of the Managing Shareholder to provide management, purchasing, planning and administrative services for any or all Projects operated by the Trust. A manager under this Section 12.5 shall act under the supervision and direction of the Managing Shareholder and does not have the authority to bind the Trust or act directly in its name except as authorized by the Managing Shareholder or an officer of the Trust. A manager under this Section 12.5 shall be reimbursed for all costs incurred by it as provided in Section 9.3(d) but shall not receive any compensation in excess of its costs. A manager under this Section 12.5 may provide services to the Managing Shareholder, its Affiliates or other entities sponsored by the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates and costs and expenses shall be reasonably allocated among those entities. The Trust may enter into an Operation Agreement or other agreements to implement this Section 12.5. A manager under this Section 12.5 shall not be compensated or reimbursed for any services related to the administration of the Trust as a whole, to relations with Investors or the offering of Shares or to the identification, acquisition or disposition of Projects. 12.6 Officers of Trust. (a) The Managing Shareholder shall appoint a President, one or more Vice Presidents as designated by the Managing Shareholder, a Secretary and such other officers and agents as the Managing Shareholder may from time to time consider appropriate, none of whom need be a Shareholder. Except as otherwise prescribed by the Managing Shareholder or in this Declaration, each officer shall have the powers and duties usually appertaining to a similar officer of a Delaware corporation under the direction of the Managing Shareholder and shall hold office during the pleasure of the Managing Shareholder. Any two or more offices may be held by the same person. Any officer may resign by delivering a written resignation to the Managing Shareholder and such resignation shall take effect upon delivery or as specified therein. (b) All conveyances of real property or any interest therein by the Trust may be made by the Corporate Trustee, which shall execute on behalf of the Trust any instruments necessary to effect the conveyance. A certificate of the Secretary of the Trust stating compliance with this Section 12.6(b) shall be conclusive in favor of any person relying thereon. (c) All other documents, agreements, instruments and certificates that are to be made, executed or endorsed on behalf of the Trust shall be made, executed or endorsed by such officers or persons as the Managing Shareholder shall from time to time authorize and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. In the absence of other provisions, the President is authorized to execute any document, to take any action on behalf of the Trust within this Section 12.6(c), and to authorize other officers to execute confirmatory documents or certificates. 12.7 Presumption of Power. The execution by the Corporate Trustee, the Managing Shareholder or the officers on behalf of the Trust of leases, assignments, conveyances, contracts or agreements of any kind whatsoever shall be sufficient to bind the Trust. No person dealing with the Managing Shareholder or the Trust's officers shall be required to determine their authority to make or execute any undertaking on behalf of the Trust, nor to determine any fact or circumstances bearing upon the existence of their authority nor to see the application or distribution of revenues or proceeds derived therefrom, unless and until such person has received written notice to the contrary. 12.8 Obligations Not Exclusive. The Managing Shareholder, the Panel Members and the Corporate Trustee shall be required to devote only such part of their time as is reasonably needed to manage the business of the Trust or discharge their duties, it being understood that the Managing Shareholder, the Panel Members and the Corporate Trustee have and shall have other business interests and therefore shall not be required to devote their time exclusively to the Trust. The Managing Shareholder, the Panel Members and the Corporate Trustee shall in no way be prohibited from or restricted in engaging in, or possessing an interest in, any other business venture of a like or similar nature including any venture involving the independent power industry. Nothing in this Section 12.8 shall relieve the Managing Shareholder of other fiduciary obligations to the Investors, except as limited in Article 3. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Article or elsewhere in this Declaration, the Managing Shareholder shall have no duty to take any affirmative action with respect to management of the Trust business or the Trust Property which might require the expenditure of monies by the Trust or the Managing Shareholder unless the Trust is then possessed of such monies available for the proposed expenditure. Under no circumstances shall the Managing Shareholder be required to expend its own funds in connection with the day to day operation of Trust business. 12.9 Right to Deal with Affiliates. No act of the Trust shall be affected or invalidated by the fact that a Managing Person may be a party to or have an interest in any contract or transaction of the Trust, provided that the fact of the Managing Person's interest shall be disclosed or shall have been known to the Shareholders or the contract or transaction is at prevailing rates or on terms at least as favorable to the Trust as those available from persons who are not Managing Persons or has been approved by the vote of an Independent Panel or of a Majority of the Investors. 12.10 Management Share. The Managing Shareholder shall be credited with a Management Share which shall have no voting rights and shall be deemed to have attached to it the rights appertaining to the Managing Shareholder under this Declaration. No Management Share shall be held by or transferred to a person who is not a Managing Shareholder except as provided by Section 13.1. 12.11 Removal of Managing Shareholder. (a) The holders of at least 10% of the Investor Shares may propose the removal of a Managing Shareholder, either by calling a meeting or soliciting consents in accordance with the terms of this Declaration. On the affirmative vote of a Majority of the Investors (excluding Investor Shares held by the Managing Shareholder that is the subject of the vote or by its Affiliates), such Managing Shareholder shall be removed. (b) In the event of any such removal or other incapacity (other than voluntary resignation without cause) of a Managing Shareholder as enumerated in Section 14.1(c), the former Managing Shareholder may elect in its sole discretion to take and to cause the Trust to take one of the following courses of action: (1) The former Managing Shareholder may elect to exchange its Management Share for a series of cash payments from the Trust to the former Managing Shareholder in amounts equal to the amounts of distributions to which the former Managing Shareholder would otherwise have been entitled under this Declaration in respect of investments made by the Trust prior to the date of the removal or other incapacity. Such payments shall be payable out of the Trust's available cash before any distributions are made to the Investors pursuant to this Declaration. For purposes of this Section 12.11(b)(1), from and after the date of any such removal or other incapacity: (i) the former Managing Shareholder's interest in the Trust attributable to its Management Share shall be terminated and its Capital Account shall be reduced by the amount which is attributable to its Management Share and (ii) the former Managing Shareholder shall continue to receive its pro rata share of all allocations to Investors provided in this Declaration that are attributable to Investor Shares acquired by the Managing Shareholder. (2) In the alternative, the former Managing Shareholder may elect to engage a qualified independent appraiser and cause the Trust to engage a separate qualified independent appraiser (at the Trust's expense in each case), who shall value the Trust Property as of the date of such removal or other incapacity as if the Trust Property had been sold at its fair market value so as to include all unrecognized gains or losses. If the two appraisers cannot agree on a value, they shall appoint a third independent appraiser (whose cost shall be borne by the Trust) whose determination, made on the same basis, shall be final and binding. Based on the appraisal, the Trust shall make allocations to the former Managing Shareholder's Capital Account of Profits, Losses and other items resulting from the appraisal as of the date of such removal or other incapacity as if the Trust's fiscal year had ended solely for the purpose of determining the former Managing Shareholder's Capital Account. If the former Managing Shareholder has a positive Capital Account after such allocation, the Trust shall deliver a promissory note of the Trust to the former Managing Shareholder, with a principal amount equal to the former Managing Shareholder's Capital Account and which shall bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the prime rate in effect at Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. on the date of removal or other incapacity, with interest payable annually and principal payable only from 20% of any available cash before any distributions thereof are made to the Investors under this Declaration. If the Capital Account of the former Managing Shareholder has a negative balance after such allocation, the former Managing Shareholder shall contribute to the capital of the Trust in its discretion either cash in an amount equal to the negative balance in its Capital Account or a promissory note to the Trust in such principal amount maturing five years after the date of such removal or other incapacity, bearing interest at the rate specified above. For purposes of this Section 12.11(b)(2), from and after the date of any such removal or other incapacity, the former Managing Shareholder's interest in the Trust shall be terminated and the former Managing Shareholder shall no longer have any interest in the Trust other than the right to receive the promissory note and payments thereunder as provided above. (c) In the event that a Managing Shareholder is removed or no longer serves as a Managing Shareholder due to an incapacity enumerated in Section 14.1(c), the former Managing Shareholder shall not be entitled to any uncollected fees specified in Article 9 to the extent not accrued before the date of such removal or other incapacity. 12.12 Indemnification of Placement Agent. (a) The Placement Agent shall not have any duty, responsibility or obligation to the Trust, the Panel Members, the Corporate Trustee or any Shareholder as a consequence of its right to receive any selling commissions or placement agent fees from the Trust in connection with any offering of Shares, except to the extent provided under the Act. The Placement Agent has not assumed, and will not assume, any responsibility with respect to the Trust nor will it be permitted by the Trust to assume any duties, responsibilities or obligations regarding the management, operations or any of the business affairs of the Trust, subsequent to any offering of Shares. (b) The Placement Agent shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Trust against any losses, damages, liabilities or costs (including attorneys' fees) arising from any threatened, pending or completed action, suit, claim or proceeding by any Shareholder against the Placement Agent (except as may be limited by the Act or applicable state statutes, including, but not limited to, the Massachusetts Securities Act and the Tennessee Securities Act), based upon the assertion that the Placement Agent has any continuing duty or obligation, subsequent to any offering of Shares, to the Trust, the Panel Members, the Corporate Trustee or any Shareholder or otherwise to monitor Trust operations or report to Investors concerning Trust operations. 12.13 Contribution. Each of the initial Managing Shareholder and subsequent Managing Shareholders agrees that it shall remain jointly or jointly and severally liable as required by law for any obligation or recourse liability of the Trust incurred during the period in which it is a Managing Shareholder. However, the existing and subsequent Managing Shareholders hereby agree among themselves to contribute to each other the amount of funds necessary to effectuate a sharing of Trust obligations and recourse liabilities in proportion to each Managing Shareholder's share of such obligations and liabilities as they accrue. 12.14. Independent Review Panel. (a) There shall be a standing Independent Review Panel comprised of at least two Panel Members. The number of Panel Members may be increased (but to not more than eight) or decreased (but to not fewer than two) from time to time by action of a majority of the Managing Shareholder and the incumbent Panel Members, acting together. No Panel Member shall be (i) an Affiliate of the Trust (although by serving as such he or she shall not be deemed to be an Affiliate); (ii) an investment advisor or underwriter of the Trust; (iii) a person beneficially owning five percent or more of the Investor Shares, or an entity, five percent or more of whose outstanding equity securities are beneficially owned by the Trust; (iv) any officer, director, general partner or employee of the Trust or its subsidiaries; (v) any member of the immediate family of any individual named in (i)-(iv); or (vi) any person who has acted as legal counsel for the Trust or the Managing Shareholder at any time since the beginning of the second-to-last completed fiscal year of the Trust, or a principal, officer, partner, counsel or employee of that counsel. (b) If at any time a Panel Member fails to meet the foregoing requirements, either he or she or the Trust will take action under Section 12.14(c) within 180 days to correct that condition. The Panel Members shall have terms of indefinite duration, subject only to removal, incapacity or resignation under this Section 12.14. (c) Vacancies, however caused, in the authorized number of Panel Members shall be filled by a majority of the remaining Panel Members and the Managing Shareholder. If no Panel Member remains and if the Managing Shareholder does not elect to suspend the Panel under Section 12.14(i), the Managing Shareholder shall nominate Panel Members and not later than 120 days after the last vacancy results it shall either request written consents from Investors or call a special meeting of Investors for the purpose of electing Panel Members. (d) The Trust shall not consummate any Ridgewood Program Transaction without the approval of a majority of the incumbent Panel Members (if there are two Panel Members, both shall be required to approve) or approval by a Majority of the Investors. The Managing Shareholder, in its sole discretion, may elect to refer to the Panel other transactions in which the Managing Shareholder or Affiliates of the Managing Shareholder may have an interest. In that event, the Panel in its sole discretion may elect not to review the transaction, or to review the transaction and report to the Managing Shareholder. The Panel Members shall incur no liability to the Trust or any Shareholder by their decision to review or not to review and the concurrence of the Panel shall not be required for the consummation of any transaction other than a Ridgewood Program Transaction referred to the Panel. (e) The Panel Members are not trustees of the Trust and have no responsibility for any action or failure to take action by the Trust other than to review Ridgewood Program Transactions referred to them. They have no general responsibility for oversight of the Trust and are not charged with fiduciary responsibility for the investments of the Trust. (f) The Panel shall meet on the call of the Managing Shareholder. Except to the extent conflicting with the Delaware Act or this Declaration, the law of Delaware governing meetings of directors of corporations shall govern meetings, voting and consents by the Panel Members. (g) As compensation for services rendered to the Trust, each Panel Member shall be paid by the Trust the sum of $5,000 annually in quarterly installments and shall be reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses relating to attendance at meetings or otherwise performing his duties hereunder. The Managing Shareholder and the Panel may review the compensation payable to the Panel Members no more often than annually and may increase or decrease it as they find to be reasonable, upon approval by both the Managing Shareholder and a majority of the incumbent Panel Members. No compensation for consulting services shall be paid to a Panel Member without prior approval of both the Managing Shareholder and a majority of the remaining Panel Members. (h) Any Panel Member may resign if he or she gives notice to the Trust of the intent to resign and cooperates fully with any successor Panel Member appointed under Section 12.5(b), effective on the designation of the successor Panel Member. (i) Any Panel Member may be removed (x) for cause by the action of at least two-thirds of the remaining Panel Members or (y) by action of the holders of at least two- thirds of the Investor Shares. The Panel may be suspended by the Managing Shareholder, upon its certification recorded in the minutes of the Trust that there is no reasonable probability that the Trust will engage in future Ridgewood Program Transactions. In that case the annual stipend for Panel Members shall cease during the period of suspension. The Managing Shareholder may reinstate the Panel at any time after a suspension. Removal of a Panel Member shall not affect the validity of any actions taken prior to the date of removal. ARTICLE 13 TRANSFERS OF SHARES 13.1 Transfer or Resignation by Managing Shareholder. The Managing Shareholder shall not sell, assign or otherwise transfer its Management Share or resign without cause (which cause shall not include the fact or the determination that continued service would be unprofitable to the Managing Shareholder) without first obtaining the consent of a Majority of the Investors, except that (i) the Managing Shareholder may pledge its Management Share for a loan to the Managing Shareholder provided that such pledge does not reduce the cash flow of the Trust distributable to other Shareholders and (ii) the Managing Shareholder may waive or assign compensation or fees payable to it. 13.2 Transfers by Investors. An Investor may sell, exchange or transfer his Shares except as restricted by and upon compliance with all applicable laws and all of the following provisions of this Section 13.2: (a) Shares may not be transferred to any person or entity if, as determined by the Trust, such assignment would have adverse regulatory consequences to the Trust or any Trust Property. (b) Within 30 days after written notice of a proposed sale or assignment is received by the Trust from an Investor, the Trust may request in its sole discretion an opinion of counsel acceptable to the Trust that the proposed transfer (i) would not invalidate the exemption afforded by Section 4(2) of the Act or by Regulation D promulgated under the Act and the exemption afforded by any applicable state securities laws as to any offering of interests in the Trust and (ii) complies with the exemption afforded by Section 4(1) of the Act and qualifies for an exemption from registration under any applicable state securities laws (including any investor suitability standard applicable to the transferee or the Trust). (c) The written approval of the Managing Shareholder must be obtained, the granting or denial of which shall be within its sole and absolute discretion. (d) The transferor and transferee must deliver a dated notice in writing signed by each, confirming that (i) the transferee accepts and agrees to comply with all the terms of this Declaration and (ii) the transfer was made in compliance with this Declaration and all applicable laws and regulations. (e) The transferor, transferee and the Trust must execute all other certificates, instruments and documents and take all such additional action as the Trust may deem appropriate. (f) The Trust may require as a condition to any transfer that may create a future interest that an opinion of counsel acceptable to the Trust be delivered to the Trust confirming that the proposed transfer does not have adverse effects on the Trust under the rule against perpetuities or similar provisions of law. Transfers shall be effective and recognized upon fulfillment of the requirements of clauses (a) through (f) above and the transferee shall be an Investor owning Investor Shares with the same rights as appertained to the transferor. Any purported sale or transfer consummated without first complying with this Section 13.2 shall be void. 13.3 Assignments by Operation of Law. If any Investor shall die, with or without leaving a will, or become non compos mentis, bankrupt or insolvent, or if a corporate, partnership or trust Investor dissolves during the Trust term or if any other involuntary transfer of an Investor's Shares is made, the legal representatives, heirs and legatees (and spouse, if the Shares have been community property of such Investor and his or her spouse), bankruptcy assignees, successors, assigns and corporate, partnership or trust distributees or such other involuntary transferees shall not become transferees but shall have (subject to the other terms and provisions hereof) such rights as are provided with respect to such persons under the law; provided, however, that such legal representatives, heirs and legatees, spouse, bankruptcy assignees, successors, assigns and corporate, partnership or trust distributees or involuntary transferees may become transferees in accordance with the provisions of Section 13.2. 13.4 Expenses of Transfer. In the sole discretion of the Trust, the person acquiring Shares pursuant to any of the provisions of this Article 13 may be required to bear all costs and expenses necessary to effect a transfer of such Shares including, without limitation, reasonable attorney's fees incurred in preparing any required amendments to this Declaration and the Certificate to reflect such transfer or acquisition and the cost of filing such amendments with the appropriate governmental officials. 13.5 Survival of Liabilities. No sale or assignment of Shares shall release the transferor from those liabilities to the Trust which survive such assignment or sale as a matter of law or that are imposed under Section 3.4. 13.6 No Accounting. No transfer of Shares, whether voluntary, involuntary or by operation of law, shall entitle the transferor or transferee to demand or obtain immediate valuation, accounting or payment of the transferred Shares. ARTICLE 14 DISSOLUTION, TERMINATION AND LIQUIDATION 14.1 Dissolution. Unless the provisions of Section 14.2 are elected, the Trust shall be dissolved and its business shall be wound up upon the decision of the Managing Shareholder to withdraw the offering of Shares described in the Memorandum in accordance with Section 12.4(g) or on the earliest to occur of: (a) Forty years from the effective date of this Declaration; (b) The sale of all or substantially all of the Trust Property; (c) The death, removal, dissolution, resignation, insolvency, bankruptcy or other legal incapacity of the Managing Shareholder or any other event which would legally disqualify the Managing Shareholder from acting hereunder; (d) The decision of all Investors or the Managing Shareholder and a Majority of Investors; or (e) The occurrence of any other event which, by law, would require the Trust to be dissolved. 14.2 Continuation of the Trust. Upon the occurrence of any event of dissolution described in Sections 14.1 (a) through (e), inclusive, the Trust shall be dissolved and wound up unless (i) the Managing Shareholder and a Majority of the Investors (calculated without regard to Investor Shares owned by the Managing Shareholder or its Affiliates) within 90 days after the occurrence of any such event of dissolution elect to continue the Trust or, (ii) if there is no remaining Managing Shareholder, within 90 days after the occurrence of any such event of dissolution, a Majority of the Investors shall elect, in writing, that the Trust shall be continued on the terms and conditions herein contained and shall designate one or more persons willing to be substituted as a Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders. In the event there is no remaining Managing Shareholder and a Majority of the Investors elect to continue the Trust, it shall be continued with the new Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders who shall succeed to and assume all of the powers, privileges and obligations of the previous Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders hereunder except as specified in Section 12.11. In the event of a dissolution under this Section 14.2, the former Managing Shareholder or Managing Shareholders shall have the rights specified in Section 12.11. 14.3 Obligations on Dissolution. The dissolution of the Trust shall not release any of the parties hereto from their contractual obligations under this Declaration. 14.4 Liquidation Procedure. Upon dissolution of the Trust for any reason: (a) A reasonable time shall be allowed for the orderly liquidation of the assets of the Trust and the discharge of liabilities to creditors so as to enable the Trust to minimize the losses normally attendant to a liquidation; (b) The Shareholders shall continue to receive Net Cash Flow, subject to the other provisions of this Declaration and to the provisions of subsection (c) hereof, and shall share Profits and Losses for all tax and other purposes during the period of liquidation; and (c) Ridgewood Power shall act as liquidating Managing Shareholder (or, in its absence, any other Managing Shareholder shall act) and shall proceed to liquidate the Trust Properties to the extent that they have not already been reduced to cash unless the liquidating Managing Shareholder elects to make distributions in kind to the extent and in the manner herein provided and such cash, if any, and property in kind, shall be applied and distributed in accordance with Article 8 and Section 9.5 (if applicable). 14.5 Liquidating Trustee. (a) If the dissolution of the Trust is caused by circumstances under which no Managing Shareholder shall be acting as a Managing Shareholder or if all liquidating Managing Shareholders are unable or refuse to act, a Majority of the Investors shall appoint a liquidating trustee who shall proceed to wind up the business affairs of the Trust. The liquidating trustee shall have no liability to the Trust or to any Shareholder for any loss suffered by the Trust which arises out of any action or inaction of the liquidating trustee if the liquidating trustee, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the best interests of the Shareholders and such course of conduct did not constitute negligence or misconduct of the liquidating trustee. The liquidating trustee shall be indemnified by the Trust against any losses, judgments, liabilities, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by it in connection with the Trust, provided that the same were not the result of negligence or misconduct of the liquidating trustee. (b) Notwithstanding the above, the liquidating trustee shall not be indemnified and no expenses shall be advanced on its behalf for any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws, unless (1) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular indemnitee, or (2) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular indemnitee, or (3) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against a particular indemnitee. (c) In any claim for indemnification for federal or state securities law violations, the party seeking indemnification shall place before the court the position of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Massachusetts Securities Division (if applicable) and the Tennessee Securities Division (if applicable), or other applicable securities administrators if required, with respect to the issue of indemnification for securities law violations. (d) The Trust shall not incur the cost of that portion of any insurance, other than public liability insurance, which insures any party against any liability the indemnification of which is herein prohibited. 14.6 Death, Insanity, Dissolution or Insolvency of an Investor or Trustee. The death, insanity, dissolution, winding up, insolvency, bankruptcy, receivership or other legal termination of a Trustee or an Investor who is not a Managing Shareholder shall have no effect on the life of the Trust and the Trust shall not be dissolved thereby. 14.7 Managing Shareholder's Capital Contributions. Upon or prior to the first distribution in liquidation, the Managing Shareholder shall contribute to the capital of the Trust an amount equal to any deficit in the Capital Account of such Managing Shareholder calculated just prior to the date of such distribution, to the extent not previously contributed. 14.8 Withdrawal of Offering. Dissolution of the Trust resulting from withdrawal of the offering of Shares is governed by Section 1.6(c) and Section 12.4(g). ARTICLE 15 MISCELLANEOUS 15.1 Notices. Notices or instruments of any kind which may be or are required to be given hereunder by any person to another shall be in writing and deposited in the United States Mail, certified or registered, postage prepaid, addressed to the respective person at the address appearing in the records of the Trust. Any Investor may change his address by giving notice in writing, stating his new address, to the Trust. Any notice shall be deemed to have been given effective as of 72 hours, excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, after the depositing of such notice in an official United States Mail receptacle. Notice to the Trust may be addressed to its principal office. 15.2 Meetings of Shareholders. (a) Meetings. The Managing Shareholder may call meetings of the Shareholders, the Investors or any subgroup thereof concerning any matter on which they may vote as provided by this Declaration or by law or to receive and act upon a report of the Managing Shareholder on matters pertaining to the Trust's business and activities. Investors holding 10% or more of the outstanding securities or Shares entitled to vote on the matter may also call meetings by giving notice to the Trust demanding a meeting and stating the purposes therefor. After calling a meeting or within 20 days after receipt of a written request or requests meeting the requirements of the preceding sentence, the Trust shall mail to all Shareholders entitled to vote on the matter written notice of the place and purposes of the meeting, which shall be held on a date not less than 15 days nor more than 45 days after the Trust mails the notice of meeting to the Shareholders. Any Shareholder or Investor entitled to vote on the matter may appear and vote or consent at a meeting by proxy, provided that such authority is granted by a writing signed by the Shareholder or Investor and delivered to the Trust at or prior to the meeting. (b) Consents. Any consent required by this Declaration or any vote or action by the Shareholders, the Investors or any subgroup thereof may be effected without a meeting by a consent or consents in writing signed by the persons required to give such consent, to vote or to take action. The Managing Shareholder may solicit consents or Investors holding 10% or more of the outstanding securities or Shares entitled to vote on the matter may demand a solicitation of consents by giving notice to the Trust stating the purpose of the consent and including a form of consent. The Trust shall effect a solicitation of consents by giving those Shareholders or the Investors, as the case may be, a notice of solicitation stating the purpose of the consent, a form of consent and the date on which the consents are to be tabulated, which shall be not less than 15 days nor more than 45 days after the Trust transmits the notice of solicitation for consents. If Investors holding 10% or more of the outstanding securities or Shares entitled to vote on the matter demand a solicitation, the Trust shall transmit the notice of solicitation not later than 20 days after receipt of the demand. (c) General. To the extent not inconsistent with this Declaration, Delaware law governing stockholders' meetings, proxies and consents for corporations shall apply as to the procedure, validity and use of meetings, proxies and consents. Any Shareholder may waive notice of or attendance at any meeting or notice of any consent, whether before or after any action is taken. The date on which the Trust transmits the notice of meeting or notice soliciting consents shall be the record date for determining the right to vote or consent. A list of the names, addresses and shareholdings of all Shareholders shall be maintained as part of the Trust's books and records. 15.3 Loan to Trust by Shareholder. If any Shareholder shall, in addition to his Capital Contribution to the Trust, lend any monies to the Trust, the amount of any such loan shall not increase his Capital Account nor shall it entitle him to any increase in his share of the distributions of the Trust, but the amount of any such loan shall be an obligation on the part of the Trust to such Shareholder and shall be repaid to him on the terms and at the interest rate negotiated at the time of the loan, and the loan shall be evidenced by a promissory note executed by the Trust except that no Shareholder shall be personally obligated to repay the loan, which shall be payable and collectible only out of the assets of the Trust. 15.4 Delaware Laws Govern. This Declaration shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, and venue for any litigation between or against any of the parties hereto may be maintained in New Castle County, Delaware; however, residents of Massachusetts may, at their option, choose to maintain any such litigation in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 15.5 Power of Attorney. Each Investor irrevocably constitutes and appoints the Managing Shareholder as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to effectuate and to act in his name, place and stead, in effectuating the purposes of the Trust including the execution, verification, acknowledgment, delivery, filing and recording of this Declaration as well as all authorized amendments thereto and hereto, all assumed name and doing business certificates, documents, bills of sale, assignments and other instruments of conveyances, leases, contracts, loan documents and counterparts thereof, and all other documents which may be required to effect a continuation of the Trust and which the Trust deems necessary or reasonably appropriate, including documents required to be executed in order to correct typographical errors in documents previously executed by such Investor and all conveyances and other instruments or other certificates necessary or appropriate to effect an authorized dissolution and liquidation of the Trust. The power of attorney granted herein shall be deemed to be coupled with an interest, shall be irrevocable and shall survive the death, incompetency or legal disability of an Investor. 15.6 Disclaimer. In forming this Trust, all Investors recognize that the independent power business is highly speculative and that neither the Trust nor the Managing Shareholder nor any Trustee nor any other Managing Person makes any guaranty or representation to any Investor as to the probability or amount of gain or loss from the conduct of Trust business. 15.7 Corporate Trustee Resignation and Replacement. The Managing Shareholder may increase or decrease the number of Corporate Trustees so long as there is at least one Corporate Trustee which meets the requirements of Section 3807 of the Delaware Act. A Corporate Trustee may resign by delivering a written resignation to the Managing Shareholder not less than 60 days prior to the effective date of the resignation. The Managing Shareholder may remove a Corporate Trustee at any time, provided that if there is no incumbent, at least one new Corporate Trustee is oncurrently appointed. In the event of the absence, death, resignation, removal, dissolution, insolvency, bankruptcy or legal incapacity of a Corporate Trustee or if an additional Corporate Trustee is to be appointed, the Managing Shareholder shall appoint the Corporate Trustee in writing and shall subsequently give notice to the Investors, although such notice is not necessary to the validity of the appointment. A Corporate Trustee so appointed shall qualify by filing his written acceptance at the Trust's principal place of business. If there are multiple Corporate Trustees, each is vested with an undivided interest in the trust estate and may exercise all powers vested in the Corporate Trustee as directed by the Managing Shareholder. 15.8 Amendment and Construction of Declaration. (a) This Declaration may be amended by the Managing Shareholder, without notice to or the approval of the Investors, from time to time for the following purposes: (1) to cure any ambiguity, formal defect or omission or to correct or supplement any provision herein that may be inconsistent with any other provision contained herein or in the Memorandum or to effect any amendment without notice to or approval by Investors as specified in other provisions of this Declaration; (2) to make such other changes or provisions in regard to matters or questions arising under this Declaration that will not materially and adversely affect the interest of any Investor; (3) to otherwise equitably resolve issues arising under the Memorandum or this Declaration so long as similarly situated Investors are not treated materially differently; (4) to maintain the federal tax status of the Trust and any of its Shareholders (so long as no Investor's liability is materially increased without his consent) or as provided in Section 4.3(d); (5) to authorize additional Shares or new classes or series of Shares under Section 9.5, (6) as otherwise provided in this Declaration or (7) to comply with law. (b) Other amendments to this Declaration may be proposed by either the Managing Shareholder or Investors owning 10% or more of the outstanding Shares, in each case by calling a meeting of Investors or requesting consents under Section 15.2 and specifying the text of the amendment and the reasons therefor. No amendment under this Section 15.8(b) that increases any Shareholder's liability, changes the Capital Contributions required of him or his rights in interest in the Profits, Losses, deductions, credits, revenues or distributions of the Trust in more than a de minimis manner, his rights on dissolution, or any voting or management rights set forth in this Declaration shall become effective as to that Shareholder without his written approval thereof. Unless otherwise provided herein, all other amendments must be approved by the holders of a Majority of the outstanding Shares (calculated without regard to Shares owned by the Managing Shareholder and its Affiliates), and, if the terms of a series of Shares or securities so require, by the vote of the holders of such class, series or group specified therein. (c) The Managing Shareholder has power to construe this Declaration and to act upon any such construction. Its construction of the same and any action taken pursuant thereto by the Trust or a Managing Person in good faith shall be final and conclusive. 15.9 Bonds and Accounting. The Corporate Trustee and other Managing Persons shall not be required to give bond or otherwise post security for the performance of their duties and the Trust waives all provisions of law requiring or permitting the same. No person shall be entitled at any time to require the Corporate Trustee, the Panel Members, the Trust or any Shareholder to submit to a judicial or other accounting or otherwise elect any judicial, administrative or executive supervisory proceeding applicable to non-business trusts. 15.10 Binding Effect. This Declaration shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the Shareholders (and their spouses if the Shares of such Shareholders shall be community property) as well as their respective heirs, legal representatives, successors and assigns. This Declaration constitutes the entire agreement among the Trust, the Corporate Trustee, the Panel Members, and the Shareholders with respect to the formation and operation of the Trust, other than the Subscription Agreement entered into between the Trust and each Investor and the Management Agreement. 15.11 Headings. Headings of Articles and Sections used herein are for descriptive purposes only and shall not control or alter the meaning of this Declaration as set forth in the text. 15.12 Tax Matters Partner. The Managing Shareholder or its designee shall be designated the tax matters partner of the Trust pursuant to Code Section 6221. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have signed this Declaration as of the date first above written. RIDGEWOOD ENERGY HOLDING CORPORATION, Grantor and Corporate Trustee By:/s/ Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, President RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION, Managing Shareholder By:/s/ Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, Presiden Exhibit A Investors Number of Investor Shares Name Address and Class EX-3.B 4 AMENDMENT NO. 2 TO DECLARATION AMENDMENT NO. 2 TO DECLARATION OF TRUST FOR RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V This AMENDMENT NO. 2 to the Declaration of Trust for Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V (the "Amendment") is made as of December 31, 1997 by Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation which is the "Corporate Trustee" of the trust estate known as Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V (the "Trust"). WHEREAS, the Declaration of Trust of the Trust, dated April 12, 1996, has been amended by Amendment No. 1, dated July 19, 1996 (as so amended, the "Declaration"), and provides that the Trust shall accept not more than $75,000,000 of capital contributions in its initial offering of shares, and WHEREAS, the Trust believes that it will receive subscriptions for capital contributions in excess of $75,000,000 in the current offering, and that accepting additional subscriptions will benefit the Trust and its investors by allowing the purchase of larger interests in electric power and other projects, the purchase of more interests in projects and thus additional diversification, and will enhance the Trust's ability to purchase interests in the anticipated large number of electric generating facilities being divested by utility owners in the process of industry deregulation, WHEREAS, Section 15.8 of the Declaration empowers the Corporate Trustee to make amendments to the Declaration "that will not materially and adversely affect the interest of any Investor" without notice to or approval of the beneficiaries of the Trust, NOW, THEREFORE, the Corporate Trustee finds that the changes made by this Amendment will not materially and adversely affect the interest of any Investor and amends the Declaration as follows, effective December 30, 1997: A. Section 1.6 of the Declaration is amended by replacing the number "$75,000,000" to "$90,000,000." B. Any other references in the Declaration to a maximum capital contribution amount of $75,000,000 are replaced by a maximum capital contribution amount of $90,000,000. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have signed this Amendment as of December 30, 1997. RIDGEWOOD ENERGY HOLDING CORPORATION, Corporate Trustee By: /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, President Acknowledged: RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION, Managing Shareholder By: /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, President EX-3.C 5 AMENDMENT NO. 3 TO DECLARATION AMENDMENT NO. 3 TO DECLARATION OF TRUST FOR RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V This AMENDMENT NO. 3 to the Declaration of Trust for Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V (the "Amendment") is made as of April 1, 1998 by Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation which is the "Corporate Trustee" of the trust estate known as Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V (the "Trust"). WHEREAS, the Declaration of Trust of the Trust, dated April 12, 1996, has been amended by Amendments No. 1, dated July 19, 1996 and No. 2, dated as of December 31, 1997 (as so amended, the "Declaration"), and provides that the Trust shall accept not more than $75,000,000 of capital contributions in its initial offering of shares, and WHEREAS, the Trust believes that it will receive subscriptions for capital contributions in excess of $90,000,000 in the current offering, and that accepting additional subscriptions will benefit the Trust and its investors by allowing the purchase of larger interests in electric power and other projects, the purchase of more interests in projects and thus additional diversification, and will enhance the Trust's ability to purchase interests in the anticipated large number of electric generating facilities being divested by utility owners in the process of industry deregulation, WHEREAS, Section 15.8 of the Declaration empowers the Corporate Trustee to make amendments to the Declaration "that will not materially and adversely affect the interest of any Investor" without notice to or approval of the beneficiaries of the Trust, NOW, THEREFORE, the Corporate Trustee finds that the changes made by this Amendment will not materially and adversely affect the interest of any Investor and amends the Declaration as follows, effective April 1, 1998: A. Section 1.6 of the Declaration is amended by replacing the number "$90,000,000" to "$95,000,000." B. Any other references in the Declaration to a maximum capital contribution amount of $90,000,000 are replaced by a maximum capital contribution amount of $95,000,000. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have signed this Amendment as of April 1, 1998. RIDGEWOOD ENERGY HOLDING CORPORATION, Corporate Trustee By: /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, President Acknowledged: RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION, Managing Shareholder By: /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson, President EX-10.F 6 MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT OF TRUST MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT This AGREEMENT made as of the 12th day of April, 1996 by and between RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V, a Delaware business trust (the "Trust"), and Ridgewood Power Corporation, a Delaware corporation (hereinafter referred to as the "Management Company"). W I T N E S S E T H: WHEREAS, the Trust is a business trust organized under the Delaware Business Trust Act, as amended, and WHEREAS, the Management Company is the managing shareholder of the Trust and will engage principally in rendering management, administrative and investment advisory services to the Trust, and WHEREAS, the Trust desires to retain the Management Company to render management, administrative and certain investment advisory services to the Trust in the manner and on the terms hereinafter set forth; and WHEREAS, the Management Company is willing to provide management, administrative and investment advisory services to the Trust on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the covenants hereinafter contained, the Trust and the Management Company hereby agree as follows: ARTICLE I Duties of the Management Company The Trust hereby employs the Management Company to furnish, or arrange for affiliates of the Management Company to furnish, the management, administrative and investment advisory services described below. The Management Company hereby accepts such employment and agrees during such period, at its own expense, to render, or arrange for the rendering of, such services and to assume the obligations herein set forth for the compensation provided for herein. (a) Management Services. The Management Company shall perform (or arrange for the performance of) the management and administrative services necessary for the operation of the Trust, including providing managerial assistance to portfolio companies of the Trust and such other services related to investments in non-utility generating facilities which sell electric and/or thermal power and in other non-utility facilities which provide power- related products or services, as shall be necessary for the operation of the Trust. The Management Company shall also perform services related to administering the accounts and handling relations with all holders of beneficial interests in the Trust. The Management Company shall provide the Trust with office space, equipment and facilities and such other services as the Management Company shall from time to time determine to be necessary or useful to perform its obligations under this Agreement. The Management Company shall also, on behalf of the Trust, conduct relations with custodians, depositories, transfer agents, other shareholder service agents, accountants, attorneys, underwriters, brokers and dealers, corporate fiduciaries, insurers, banks and such other persons in any such other capacity deemed to be necessary or desirable. The Management Company shall report to the Board as to its performance of obligations hereunder and shall furnish advice and recommendations with respect to such other aspects of the business and affairs of the Trust as the Management Company shall determine to be desirable. (b) Investment Advisory Services. Pursuant to the Declaration, the Management Company in its capacity as the managing shareholder of the Trust is responsible for providing investment advisory services in connection with the Trust's power investments and in connection with the money market securities or other non-power investments held by the Trust (such investments being referred to herein as the "Investments"). The Management Company shall also provide the Trust with such investment research, advice and supervision as the latter may from time to time consider necessary for the proper supervision of the Investments, subject always to any restrictions of the Declaration, as amended from time to time, applicable provisions of law and the Trust's investment objectives, investment policies and investment restrictions as the same are set forth in the Trust's Confidential Memorandum, dated April 12, 1996, as amended (the "Memorandum"), or in reports filed by the Trust under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Management Company shall also make determinations with respect to the manner in which voting rights, rights to consent to corporate action and any other rights pertaining to the Trust's Investments shall be exercised. The Management Company shall take, on behalf of the Trust, all actions which it deems necessary to implement its investment policies. Subject to the provisions of the Investment Company Act and other applicable provisions of law, the Management Company may select brokers or dealers with which it or the Trust is affiliated to effect the purchase or sale of Investments. The Management Company, in its sole discretion, may engage professionals, consultants and other persons whose expertise or qualifications may assist the Management Company or the Trust in connection with the Trust's business and, if such persons are not affiliated with the Management Company, may treat the costs and expenses so incurred as a Trust expense. ARTICLE II Allocation of Charges and Expenses (a) The Management Company. The Management Company assumes and shall pay the expense for maintaining the staff and personnel necessary to perform its obligations under this Agreement and shall at its own expense, provide the Trust with office space, facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to carry out its obligations hereunder. The Management Company will bear the administrative and service expenses associated with the management services it is to provide for the Investments of the Trust pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. (b) The Trust. The Trust assumes and shall pay or cause to be paid all other expenses of the Trust not expressly assumed by the Management Company, including, without limitation: expenses of portfolio transactions, valuation costs, expenses of printing reports and other documents distributed to the Securities and Exchange Commission and holders of beneficial interests, Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory fees, interest, taxes, fees and actual out-of-pocket expenses of the Independent Trustees, fees for legal, auditing and consulting services, litigation expenses, costs of printing proxies and other expenses related to meetings of holders of beneficial interest, postage and other expenses properly payable by the Trust. ARTICLE III Compensation of the Management Company (a) Management Fee. For the services rendered, the facilities furnished and the expenses assumed by the Management Company, the Trust shall pay to the Management Company compensation which shall be at the annual rate of 2.5% of the total Capital Contributions to the Trust, as set forth in the Memorandum. Such fee is payable monthly in advance. To the extent that the Trust does not have cash or readily marketable securities in an amount sufficient to pay the management fee, the Trust will accrue such fee as a liability and pay the accrued fee at such time as it has sufficient cash available to it. Interest on the amount of the accrued fee will be assessed at the annual rate of 10%. (b) Other Fees. In connection with the offering of shares of beneficial interest in the Trust ("Shares"), the Management Company is entitled to receive an organizational, distribution and offering fee of 6% of each capital contribution to the Trust to defray expenses incurred in the offer and sale of the shares. In connection with the initial management of the capital contributions, the Management Company is also entitled to receive an investment fee of 2% of each capital contribution to the Trust for services in investigating and evaluating investment opportunities. If the Management Company performs brokerage services in connection with the disposition of Trust investments and if no other broker or similar adviser is engaged by the Trust, the Management Company will be entitled to a brokerage fee of up to 2% of the gross proceeds of the disposition for those services. Ridgewood Securities Corporation, an affiliate of the Management Company, is acting as placement agent for the offering of Shares and is entitled to a 1% placement fee from each capital contribution and, to the extent it effects the sales of Shares as a broker-dealer, to an 8% selling commission on each such Share. The Trust will reimburse Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation, the corporate trustee of the Trust, for all actual and necessary expenses paid or incurred in connection with the operation of the Trust, including the Trust's allocable share of the corporate trustee's overhead, and the Trust will reimburse Ridgewood Power Management Corporation as provided under the Operation Agreements between the Trust's subsidiaries and that Corporation. All these fees and expenses are to be paid pursuant to the provisions of the Declaration. (c) Expense Limitations. In the event the operating expenses of the Trust, including amounts payable to the Management Company pursuant to subsection (a) hereof, for any fiscal year ending on a date on which this Agreement is in effect exceed any expense limitations applicable to the Trust imposed by applicable state securities laws or regulations thereunder, as such limitations may be raised or lowered from time to time, the Management Company shall reduce its management fee hereunder by the extent of such excess and, if required pursuant to any such laws or regulations, will reimburse the Trust in the amount of such excess; provided, however, to the extent permitted by law, there shall be excluded from such expenses the amount of any interest, taxes, portfolio transaction costs and extraordinary expenses (including but not limited to legal claims and liabilities and litigation costs and any indemnification related thereto) paid or payable by the Trust. Whenever the expenses of the Trust exceed a pro rata portion of the applicable annual expense limitations, the estimated amount of reimbursement under such limitations shall be applicable as an offset against the monthly payment of the fee due to the Management Company. Should two or more such expense limitations be applicable as at the end of the last business day of the month, that expense limitation which results in the largest reduction in the Management Company's management fee shall be applicable. ARTICLE IV Limitation of Liability of the Management Company (a) As more fully described in Article 3 of the Declaration, the Management Company shall not be liable for any loss suffered by the Trust that arises out of any action or inaction of the Trust, any Trust officers, agents or affiliates, the Management Company, the Trustees, or any affiliate of the Management Company or a Trustee, or any director, officer or agent of those entities (collectively, "Managing Persons") or out of any error of judgment or mistake of law, if the Managing Person responsible, in good faith, determined that such course of action was in the Trust's best interest and such course of conduct was within the scope of this Management Agreement or the Declaration of Trust and did not constitute recklessness or willful misconduct of the Managing Persons involved. (b) Indemnification. The provisions of Section 3.6 of the Declaration are hereby incorporated by reference into this Management Agreement. The Management Company shall be entitled to indemnification hereunder in each instance where the "Managing Shareholder" is entitled to indemnification under said Section 3.6. ARTICLE V Activities of the Management Company The services of the Management Company of the Trust to be performed under this Management Agreement are not deemed to be exclusive, the Management Company being free to render services to others. It is understood that Trustees or affiliates of the Trust and holders of beneficial interest of the Trust are or may become interested in the Management Company as directors, officers, employees or shareholders of the Management Company or otherwise and that the Management Company or its directors, officers, employees or shareholders are or may become interested in the Trust as Trustees (other than as an Independent Trustee), holders of beneficial interests or otherwise. ARTICLE VI Duration and Termination of this Contract This Agreement shall become effective as of the date first above written and shall remain in force indefinately. This Agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by vote of a Majority (as defined in the Memorandum) of the Investors of the Trust, or by the Management Company, on sixty days' written notice to the other party. ARTICLE VII Amendments of this Agreement This Agreement may be amended by the parties only if such amendment is specifically approved by (i) the Managing Shareholder of the Trust or, (ii) the vote of a Majority of the Investors of the Trust, by a vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. ARTICLE VIII Governing Law This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed and delivered this Agreement as of the date first above written. RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V By: /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson President RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION By: /s/Robert L. Gold Robert L. Gold Executive Vice President EX-10.H 7 LETTER OF INTENT - NEO TRANSACTION January 8, 1998 CONFIDENTIAL Mr. Robert E. Swanson President Ridgewood Power Corp. Ridgewood Commons 947 Linwood Avenue Ridgewood, NJ 07450 Re: Letter of Intent Acquisition of Equity Interest in Minnesota Methane LLC Dear Mr. Swanson: The purpose of this Letter of Intent is to set forth possible transactions in which Ridgewood Power Corporation, through a newly organized limited liability company funded through one or more of its affiliated investment funds (collectively, "Ridgewood") would acquire an equity interest in Minnesota Methane LLC ("Minnesota Methane"). Minnesota Methane is a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of Wyoming, with a business consisting solely of the ownership and operation, through wholly-owned project-specific subsidiaries, of electric generation facilities fueled primarily by landfill gas. Minnesota Methane has two current members: NEO Corporation ("NFO"), a Minnesota company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of NRG Energy, Inc., which in turn is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Northern States Power Company; and Generation II Locomotives, Inc , a Minnesota company ("Genii"). NEO and Genii each own a 50 percent membership interest in Minnesota Methane The rights and obligations of the members are set forth in Minnesota Methane's operating agreement (the "Operating Agreement"). Under the Operating Agreement, NEO and GenII each have a right to consent to the transfer of the other's membership interest. Assuming GenIi is willing to sell its interest in Minnesota Methane, NEG is prepared to consent to Ridgewood's acquisition of that interest, and work with Ridgewood to acquire that interest, on the following general terms and conditions: 1. General Background. The following paragraphs provide general descriptions of some details regarding Minnesota Methane and its operations. The parties agree and acknowledge that these descriptions will be subject to change over time, and that no representations or warranties arc made herein with respect to the accuracy of such descriptions. (a) Projects. Minnesota Methane owns, Through wholly-owned limited liability companies, 17 electric generation facilities primarily fueled by landfill gas as identified on Exhibit A attached hereto (the "Projects"). The Projects are located in nine separate states. Each Project purchases landfill gas from subsidiaries of NEO Landfill Gas Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of NEO Corporation. Minnesota Methane has no other business than the ownership and operation of the Projects. (b) Current Debt Financing. The Projects are the subject of an existing Construction and Term Loan facility (the "Lyon Credit Facility"), with Lyon Credit Corporation as Agent Bank This debt facility provides for up to approximately 574 89 million in construction and term financing with a 10-year amortization. All construction loans are to be repaid or converted to term loans no later than October 30, 1998, but each of NEO and Ridgewood will extend their equity contribution commitments to match any extension from the Agent Bank for conversion of Project term loans, up to December 31, 1998. 2. Timing of Capital Contributions. Construction of the Projects is being financed by a combination of the Lyon Credit Facility and subordinated loan provided by NEO Corporation As each Project satisfies the conditions of the Lyon Credit Facility for term loan conversion, each of NEO and Ridgewood will make a cash capital contribution to Minnesota Methane. Such contributions will be determined as follows: (a) As of the closing date, each of Ridgewood and NEO will commit to contribute up to $32.288 million as capital contributions to Minnesota Methane. Ridgewood's obligation to make such capital contributions will be secured by an escrow account in the amount of $32288 million in form satisfactory to NEO. Neither NEO nor Ridgewood will be required to make capital contributions to Minnesota Methane in excess of this amount. The final amount of such capital contributions of each member, as determined below, is referred to as that member's "Original Contribution." (b) Attached hereto as Exhibit A is a schedule indicating the expected loan amount for each Project (the "Expected Loan"), as well as the expected equity contribution for each of NEO and Ridgewood (the "Expected Partner Equity") for each Project. The Expected Loan and Expected Partner Equity equal the "Target Price" for each Project. Subject to paragraph (c) below, upon conversion of the construction loan for each Project into a term loan, each of NEO and Ridgewood shall make a cash equity contribution in an amount equal to 44.303% of the amount of the term loan made with respect to such project. In no event shall the members' capital contribution obligation exceed $32.288 million each. The members' respective capital contribution obligation shall be proportionately reduced from time to time with respect to each Project for which the amount of the term loan is less than the amount of the Expected Loan (c) As an administrative convenience, Ridgewood agrees that the amount of the actual term loan with respect to any Project may be increased up to 1100/5 of the Expected Loan, and each member's respective equity contribution shall be increased accordingly, provided, however, that the amount of all such increases in excess of the Expected Loans shall not exceed $1 million in the aggregate and provided, further that to the extent that a member's equity contribution is increased with respect to any Project as a result of an increase in excess of the Expected Loan, the member's equity contribution obligation with respect to any one or more other Projects shall he reduced so that the member's total equity commitment with respect to all 17 Projects does not exceed $32.288 million each. 3. Construction. NEO will contract with Minnesota Methane to deliver to Minnesota Methane no later than the latest term loan conversion date Projects which will, in each case, (i) conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Lyon Credit Facility, and (ii) result in the receipt by Minnesota Methane of a term loan under the Lyon Credit Facility. Upon delivery, acceptance and conversion of each Project to a term loan under the Lyon Credit facility, Minnesota Methane shall pay to NEO the amounts specified below. NEO will assume, and will indemnify Minnesota Methane against all liability under, all existing construction contracts, agreements or understandings with respect to the construction of the Projects. NEO will, in its capacity as contractor for the Projects, absorb all cost overruns and performance deficiencies, and realize and retain cost savings and benefits arising through the term conversion date for each Project. (a) Upon the making of each term loan under the Lyon Credit Facility, NEO will be paid an amount equal to "A" described below: The factor "A" is determined as follows: A = [(T + P)] - (X) - (D) - (E) Where: T = the amount of any Term Loan made with respect to the relevant Project, and P = [88.60%] of (T); and X = all amounts advanced to NEO as general contractor and/or any subcontractors during construction (inclusive of amounts advanced under predecessor construction contracts); and D = all development fees due NEO Corporation under the Project Development Agreement for such Project; and E= loan closing costs, placement fees, required reserves, and working capital account balances and other miscellaneous costs allocated to such Project by the parties in final agreements. provided, that (A) may not exceed the Target Price for the Project set forth in Attachment A hereto, adjusted by paragraph 2(c) above. If (A) is a negative number, NEO shall pay such negative value to Minnesota Methane as a price reduction to the Project (b) If a Project does not qualify for a term loan, then the aggregate term loan commitment arid capital accounts of NEO and Ridgewood will be reduced (respectively) by the Expected Loan and Expected Partner Equity for that Project, after the purchase of such Project by NEO as provided below. However, NEO, Ridgewood and the Agent Bank may agree that Minnesota Methane will acquire a substitute Project which could utilize the term loan commitment and Expected Partner Equity for the non-converting Project. (c) After giving effect to the foregoing paragraphs, Minnesota Methane will not have any outstanding liabilities except for (i) Project operating liabilities incurred by the Projects from and after the date of term loan conversion for each Project, and (ii) liabilities for the Lyon Credit Facility term loan debt. Ridgewood acknowledges that the aggregate of the Target Prices for the Projects includes an equity placement fee to NEO of $4 million and a $2 million capital expenditure contingency amount. The fee and contingency amount paid to NEO shall not be included in for any purpose in the internal rate of return calculation in "5(b)" below. (d) If one or more Projects do not satisfy all the conditions necessary to convert to a term loan under the Lyon Credit Facility, then NEO will cause such Project to be purchased by NEO or its designee for an amount equal to all construction advance payments made with respect to such Project from all sources, and for no other consideration. Such purchase price will be used by Minnesota Methane to immediately satisfy all construction loan obligations with respect to such Project. If Lyon Credit does not release the Project as security, then NEO or its designee will nevertheless acquire the Project from Minnesota Methane, pay off any construction loan related thereto, and provide for the separate pledge of Project revenues in support of the Lyon Credit Facility. In either case, NEO and Ridgewood will each take such other actions as may be reasonable to adjust the operations of Minnesota Methane as necessary to put the parties in the same position as if such Project(s) had never been owned by Minnesota Methane. (e) All liabilities incurred and all revenues realized by a Project prior to the term loan conversion of such Project shall be retained by NEO as general contractor, or if collected by lenders under the Lyon Credit Facility, paid to NEO as general contractor from distributable cash of Minnesota Methane. 4. Acquisition of GenII's Membership Interest. Upon the execution of an Assignment Agreement, and the tender of GenII's membership interest in accordance with the Operating Agreement, Ridgewood will acquire a 50 percent membership interest in Minnesota Methane in exchange fur assuming the capital contribution obligations described in paragraph 2 above. The acquisition will he made through a newly organized limited liability company. Ridgewood understands that the new entity will be required to accept and be bound by all current obligations assumed by GenII with respect to the projects and with respect to the Lyon Credit Facility, including the pledge of its member interest to secure repayment of the Lyon Credit loans. 5. Amendment of Operating Agreement. Simultaneously with Ridgewood's purchase of GenII's membership interest and substitution of Ridgewood as a full member, each party will execute an amended and restated Operating Agreement for Minnesota Methane that would provide for, among other things, the following: (a) IRC Section 704. All allocations of income, deductions, credits, and any other tax attributes shall comply with the provisions of Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("IRC") Section 704 and the regulations thereunder. (b) Cash Distributions. Cash distributions shall be made to the members in the following order first, Ridgewood shall receive 70 percent of all cash distributions (and NEO 30 percent) until Ridgewood shall have received amounts of net cash flow (including capital proceeds if any) sufficient to produce for Ridgewood a cumulative pre-tax internal rate of return of 15.5 percent on its Original Contribution; second, NEO shall thereafter receive 70 percent of all cash distributions (and Ridgewood 30 percent) until NEO shall have received amounts of net cash flow (including capital proceeds if any) sufficient to produce for NEO a cumulative pre-tax internal rate of return of 15.5 percent on its Original Contribution Thereafter each member shall receive 50 per cent of distributed cash. In addition, during the period that Ridgewood has deposited its Original Contribution in the escrow account described above, but term loan conversions for all the Projects has not occurred, Ridgewood will accrue a return on all amounts of its Original Contribution which remain uninvested at the rate of 10% per annum and shall be entitled to receive a cash distribution of all the interest earned on such escrowed funds, which distributions shall be credited against the 10% accrual. Any amounts accrued but unpaid as at October 31, 1998 (or such later date as the term loan conversion date is extended), shall be treated as an additional investment by Ridgewood on such date and shall be counted in computing Ridgewood's 15.5% interest rate of return. Further 1. Such cash distributions shall be adjusted to reflect the assumption that (i) Minnesota Methane borrowed as term loans under the Lyon Credit Facility only such amounts as would be supported (using the methodology in the Lyon Credit Facility) by the estimates of electricity sales prices set forth in the current Closing Pro Forma, and that (ii) in no case does the aggregate of such term loans exceed $72.88 million. 2 Minnesota Methane may borrow up to an aggregate of $74 89 million under the Lyon Credit Facility, provided, however that if Minnesota Methane borrows in excess of $72.88 million under the Lyon Credit Facility, then at NEO's election any amounts of such excess may be used to reduce dollar for dollar the equity contribution requirement of NEO pursuant to Section 2 hereof, such that the total aggregate capitalization of the Projects does not exceed $ 137.457 million. 3. If solely by reason of the steps described in item (b)(2) above, the cash required to service debt tinder the Lyon Credit Facility prevents the full cash distribution to Ridgewood that would otherwise take place under the Operating Agreement, then NEO shall make a capital contribution to Minnesota Methane sufficient to prevent such shortfall, or take other steps as may be necessary to hold Ridgewood harmless against such cash shortfall. (c) Tax Allocation of Profits Losses Depreciation Expense Items of income, deduction, credit or any other tax attributes shall be allocated in such manner as NEO shall determine, provided, however that (i) Ridgewood shall receive, over time, depreciation deductions equal to its Original Contribution, and (ii) Ridgewood shall not be subject to any "phantom income" or deficit restoration obligation attributable to the amortization of the Lyon Credit Facility. (d) Transactions involving services or use of Property . All transactions involving services rendered by a member or use of property owned by a member shall be governed by the Lyon Credit Facility and Section 707(a) of the IRC and the regulations thereunder. (e) 50 Percent Capital and Profits Interest. NEO and Ridgewood shall each own and maintain, directly or indirectly, a 50 percent interest each in the profits and capital of Minnesota Methane Notwithstanding any other term or agreement to the contrary, during the existence of Minnesota Methane, any capital contributions, allocations or distributions and any assignment, sale or transfer of any membership interests, shall be void if made in a manner that causes: (i) Minnesota Methane to fail to meet the ownership criteria applicable to "qualifying facility" status pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission implementing the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, including 18 CFR 292.205, and any successor regulations and decisions or orders construing or implementing such regulations or ownership criteria; or (ii) NEO, or any wholly-owned subsidiary of NEO to be treated as related to Minnesota Methane, or any wholly-owned subsidiary of the Minnesota Methane, within the meaning of the provisions of Section 29(d)(7) of the IRC and any regulations, decisions or orders construing or implementing such section. (f) Governance and Operation. The overall management and control of the business and affairs of Minnesota Methane shall be provided by an Operating Committee, which is controlled equally by the members. The day to day business of Minnesota Methane will be provided by NEO through a manager who shall be appointed by NEO from time to time, with the approval of Ridgewood, which shall not be unreasonably withheld NEO will offer to enter into an Administrative Services Agreement with Minnesota Methane, providing for general administrative services of Minnesota Methane, and oversight of project specific operators by NFC's current project system operators, in foim satisfactory to Ridgewood The parties anticipate that Minnesota Methane may subcontract with NEO Landfill Gas, Inc. to perform certain of Minnesota Methane's operating responsibilities with respect to the Project's associated landfill gas collection systems. (g) Other Changes. Other modifications to the Operating Agreement will be made by mutual agreement. 6. Additional Improvements. Under the terms of the Lyon Credit Facility, Minnesota Methane is required to attempt to find additional uses for purchased landfill gas that is not used to generate electricity. The Members will work together to identify and determine the financing for any additional improvements. Minnesota Methane will utilize such excess gas as the members deem mutually acceptable. NEO will have a right of first refusal to (i) take and use, or provide for the taking and use by another entity, of all landfill gas that Minnesota Methane does not determine to use, for a fixed cost of $.1/MMBtu; or (ii) finance any such improvements by Minnesota Methane on a non-recourse, project-finance basis, and subject to the determinations of NEO and Ridgewood that such improvements will not adversely affect the operations or financial condition of Minnesota Methane. Notwithstanding any other provision of this letter any final arrangement for such equipment and any additional uses shall comply with the requirements of IRC Section 29 as to the initial purchase of gas by Minnesota Methane. 7. Letter of Intent Not Binding. Except for the following paragraph, this letter sets forth our mutual good faith intentions but does not represent a binding and enforceable agreement and neither party shall bring any action against the other with respect thereto (other than with respect to the obligations set forth in 8 below). A binding and enforceable agreement shall only arise upon execution of an amended Operating Agreement, and an Assignment and Assumption Agreement and associated documents Necessary to transfer the membership interest to Ridgewood. If the Parties do elect proceed with a transaction, all agreements, representations, warranties, covenants and conditions with respect thereto will be set forth in a separate written agreement to be negotiated, and if agreement can be reached, executed by the parties. The parties contemplate continued negotiations relating to the proposed transaction, but each specifically reserves the right to terminate such negotiations at any time, with or without cause. The obligations of each party to consummate the transactions contemplated by this letter are expressly subject to the negotiation of all Necessary related documents in a form approved by the parties' attorneys and tax counselors, the approval by their respective boards of directors; and in the case of NEO.), by NEO's board of directors, tax and legal counsel. All final agieements will also require the approval of Lyon Credit Corporation, as Agent Bank. Mr. Robert E. Swanson Page 8 January 8, 1998 8. Exclusivity of discussions. In consideration of Ridgewood 's expenditure of the time, effort and expense to pursue this transaction, NEO agrees that unless Ridgewood shall have previously advised NEO that Ridgewood has determined not to pursue this transaction, then until February 15, 1998, NEO will not engage in substantive discussions or negotiations with any other party with respect to the transactions described herein. The parties intend the provisions of the foregoing sentence to create a binding legal obligation on NEO. if the transactions described herein are not closed by February 15, 1998, NEO shall not be under any legal obligation to extend the period of exclusive negotiations. Each party shall be responsible for its own costs and expenses incurred in negotiating, preparing and executing documents and certificates necessary to finalize the transactions contemplated herein If the foregoing accurately sets forth our agreement in principle, (and with respect to the provisions of paragraph 8, our agreement), please sign in the space indicated below and return a fully executed copy to me. Sincerely, NEO CORPORATION By /s/ Peter D. Jones Peter D. Jones AGREED TO AND ACCEPTED BY RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION By /s/Robert E. Swanson Name: Title: President Exhibit A (000's omitted) Per Expected Member Target Loan Equity Price 12/31 Edgeboro 14,479 6,416 27,311 Taunton 2,220 983 4,186 Lowell 1,762 781 3,324 BKK (Boiler) 5,663 2,509 10,681 3/31 Miramar (MBC) 7,358 3,260 13,878 Tulare/Visalia 1,101 488 2,077 Yolo 1,010 447 1,904 Hartford 2,439 1,080 4,599 HMDC 8,019 3,552 15,123 Albany 1,820 806 3,432 Spokane 641 284 1,209 6/30 Volusia 3 295 1,460 6,215 Cleveland 4,723 2,092 8,907 Prince Win. 2,142 949 4,040 Tacoma 1,094 485 2,064 10/30 BKK (Engine) 2,792 1,237 5,266 Lopez 4,920 2,l80 9,280 Miramar (NCCF) 4,266 1,890 8,046 Orange Cty 3,136 1,389 5,914 72,880 32,288 137,456 EX-21 8 SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT Exhibit 21 - Subsidiaries of the Registrant Subsidiary corporations serving as general partners or managers of limited liability entities are listed with those entities.
Name of Subsidiary Type of entity Jurisdiction of organization Ridgewood/Maine Hydro Partners, L.P. limited partnership Delaware* Ridgewood Maine Hydro Corporation corporation Delaware* Ridgewood Maine, L.L.C. limited liability co. Delaware* *50% owned by Registrant and 50% owned by Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV.
EX-24 9 POWERS OF ATTORNEY EXHIBIT 24 -- POWERS OF ATTORNEY POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned, Robert E. Swanson, appoints Thomas R. Brown and Martin V. Quinn, and each of them, as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact with full power to act and do all things necessary, advisable or appropriate, in their discretion, to execute on his behalf as an officer of Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V (the "Trust") or as an officer or director of Ridgewood Power Corporation, the Managing Shareholder of the Trust, the Registration Statement on Form 10 of the Trust dated on or about April 30, 1998 and all amendments or documents relating thereto. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney this 21st day of April, 1998, at Ridgewood, New Jersey. /s/Robert E. Swanson Robert E. Swanson EX-27 10 ARTICLE 5 FIN. DATA SCHEDULE FOR FORM 10
5 This schedule contains summary financial information extracted from the Registrant's audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 1997 and is qualified in its entirety by reference to those financial statements. 0001060755 RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST V YEAR DEC-31-1997 DEC-31-1997 40,821,582 13,312,688 0 0 0 41,003,219 0 0 54,469,925 1,423,807 0 0 0 0 53,046,118 54,469,925 0 844,877 0 0 2,190,030 0 0 (1,345,153) 0 (1,345,153) 0 0 0 (1,345,153) (1,763) (1,763) Investment in power project partnership and limited liability company accounted for on equity basis. Includes $322,522 due to affiliates. Represents Investor Shares of beneficial interest in Trust with capital accounts of $53,077,526 less managing shareholder's accumulated deficit of $31,408. Is net of $1,003,276 of interest income, $521,710 of income from hydroelectric projects and a $680,109 loss from biomass projects.
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