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Fair Value
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2011
Fair Value [Abstract] 
Fair Value
D. Fair Value

All of the instruments within cash and cash equivalents, investments in securities and securities sold, not yet purchased are measured at fair value.  Certain investments in partnerships are also measured at fair value.

The Company's assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy in accordance with the FASB's guidance on fair value measurement.  The levels of the fair value hierarchy and their applicability to the Company are described below:

-  
Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the reporting date.  Level 1 assets include cash equivalents, government obligations, open-end mutual funds, closed-end funds and equities.
-  
Level 2 inputs utilize inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.  Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities that are not active and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly-quoted intervals.  Assets that generally are included in this category may include certain limited partnership interests in private funds in which the valuations for substantially all of the investments within the fund are based upon Level 1 or Level 2 inputs and over the counter derivatives that have inputs to the valuations that can generally be corroborated by observable market data.
-  
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.  Assets included in this category generally include equities that trade infrequently and direct private equity investments held within consolidated partnerships.
 
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy.  In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.  The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.  Investments are transferred into or out of any level at their beginning period values.

The availability of observable inputs can vary from product to product and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of product, whether the product is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction.  To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment.  Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized as Level 3.

In the absence of a closing price, an average of the bid and ask price is used.  Bid prices reflect the highest price that the market is willing to pay for an asset.  Ask prices represent the lowest price that the market is willing to accept for an asset.

Cash equivalents - Cash equivalents primarily consist of an affiliated money market mutual fund which is invested solely in U.S. Treasuries.  U.S. Treasury Bills and Notes with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase are also considered cash equivalents.  Cash equivalents are valued using quoted market prices.

Investments in securities and securities sold, not yet purchased - Investments in securities and securities sold, not yet purchased are generally valued based on quoted prices from an exchange.  To the extent these securities are actively traded, valuation adjustments are not applied, and they are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.  Securities categorized in Level 2 investments are valued using other observable inputs.  Nonpublic and infrequently traded investments are included in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because significant inputs to measure fair value are unobservable.

Investments in Partnerships - The Company's investments include limited partner investments in consolidated feeder funds.  The Company considers the net asset value of the consolidated feeder fund to be the best estimate of fair value.  Investments in private funds that are redeemable at the measurement date or within the near term, are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.  These funds primarily invest in long and short investments in debt and equity securities that are traded in public and over-the-counter exchanges in the United States and are classified as Level 1 assets or liabilities in the funds' financial statements.  We may redeem our investments in these funds monthly with 30 days' notice.
 
The following table presents information about the Company's assets and liabilities by major categories measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2011, December 31, 2010 and September 30, 2010 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value:

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of September 30, 2011 (in thousands)
 
   
Quoted Prices in Active
  
Significant Other
  
Significant
  
Balance as of
 
   
Markets for Identical
  
Observable
  
Unobservable
  
September 30,
 
Assets
 
Assets (Level 1)
  
Inputs (Level 2)
  
Inputs (Level 3)
  
2011
 
Cash equivalents
 $335,098  $-  $-  $335,098 
Investments in partnerships
  -   27,071   -   27,071 
Investments in securities:
                
  AFS - Common stocks
  31,903   -   -   31,903 
  AFS - Mutual funds
  57,262   -   -   57,262 
  Trading - Government obligations
  18,699   -   -   18,699 
  Trading - Common stocks
  160,259   8   594   160,861 
  Trading - Mutual funds
  1,202   -   -   1,202 
  Trading - Other
  38   -   358   396 
Total investments in securities
  269,363   8   952   270,323 
Total investments
  269,363   27,079   952   297,394 
Total assets at fair value
 $604,461  $27,079  $952  $632,492 
Liabilities
                
  Trading - Common stocks
 $6,743  $-  $-  $6,743 
Securities sold, not yet purchased
 $6,743  $-  $-  $6,743 
 
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2010 (in thousands)
 
   
Quoted Prices in Active
  
Significant Other
  
Significant
  
Balance as of
 
   
Markets for Identical
  
Observable
  
Unobservable
  
December 31,
 
Assets
 
Assets (Level 1)
  
Inputs (Level 2)
  
Inputs (Level 3)
  
2010
 
Cash equivalents
 $167,548  $-  $-  $167,548 
Investments in partnerships
  -   27,690   -   27,690 
Investments in securities:
                
  AFS - Common stocks
  37,139   -   -   37,139 
  AFS - Mutual funds
  65,188   -   -   65,188 
  Trading - Government obligations
  27,288   -   -   27,288 
  Trading - Common stocks
  170,204   23   147   170,374 
  Trading - Mutual funds
  1,554   -   -   1,554 
  Trading - Convertible bonds
  620   -   -   620 
  Trading - Preferred stocks
  1,973   -   -   1,973 
  Trading - Other
  72   1,000   278   1,350 
Total investments in securities
  304,038   1,023   425   305,486 
Total investments
  304,038   28,713   425   333,176 
Total assets at fair value
 $471,586  $28,713  $425  $500,724 
Liabilities
                
  Trading - Common stocks
 $19,299  $-  $-  $19,299 
Securities sold, not yet purchased
 $19,299  $-  $-  $19,299 
 
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of September 30, 2010 (in thousands)
 
   
Quoted Prices in Active
  
Significant Other
  
Significant
  
Balance as of
 
   
Markets for Identical
  
Observable
  
Unobservable
  
September 30,
 
Assets
 
Assets (Level 1)
  
Inputs (Level 2)
  
Inputs (Level 3)
  
2010
 
Cash equivalents
 $293,661  $-  $-  $293,661 
Investments in partnerships
  -   26,795   -   26,795 
Investments in securities:
                
  AFS - Common stocks
  31,594   -   -   31,594 
  AFS - Mutual funds
  62,148   -   -   62,148 
  Trading - Government obligations
  1,363   -   -   1,363 
  Trading - Common stocks
  128,113   90   183   128,386 
  Trading - Mutual funds
  1,365   -   -   1,365 
  Trading - Convertible bonds
  938   -   -   938 
  Trading - Preferred stocks
  1,821   -   13   1,834 
  Trading - Other
  204   285   93   582 
Total investments in securities
  227,546   375   289   228,210 
Total investments
  227,546   27,170   289   255,005 
Total assets at fair value
 $521,207  $27,170  $289  $548,666 
Liabilities
                
  Trading - Common stocks
 $18,387  $-  $-  $18,387 
  Trading - Other
  59   -   -   59 
Securities sold, not yet purchased
 $18,446  $-  $-  $18,446 
 
The following tables present additional information about assets and liabilities by major categories measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value.

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2011 (in thousands)
 
            
Total
                
            
Unrealized
                
            
Gains or
  
Total
             
      
Total Realized and
  
(Losses)
  
Realized
             
   
June
  
Unrealized Gains or
  
Included in
  
and
        
Transfers
    
    30, 2011  
(Losses) in Income
  
Other
  
Unrealized
        
In and/or
    
   
Beginning
     
AFS
  
Comprehensive
  
Gains or
        
(Out) of
  
Ending
 
Asset
 
Balance
  
Trading
  
Investments
 
Income
  
(Losses)
  
Purchases
  
Sales
  
Level 3
  
Balance
 
Financial
                            
instruments owned:
                            
Trading - Common
                            
  stocks
 $584  $10  $-  $-  $10  $-  $-  $-  $594 
Trading - Other
  369   12   -   -   12   3   (26)  -   358 
Total
 $953  $22  $-  $-  $22  $3  $(26) $-  $952 
 
There were no transfers between any Levels during the three months ended September 30, 2011.
 
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Nine months ended September 30, 2011 (in thousands)

            
Total
                
            
Unrealized
                
            
Gains or
  
Total
             
      
Total Realized and
  
(Losses)
  
Realized
             
   
December
  
Unrealized Gains or
  
Included in
  
and
        
Transfers
    
    31, 2010  
(Losses) in Income
  
Other
  
Unrealized
        
In and/or
    
   
Beginning
     
AFS
  
Comprehensive
  
Gains or
        
(Out) of
  
Ending
 
Asset
 
Balance
  
Trading
  
Investments
 
Income
  
(Losses)
  
Purchases
  
Sales
  
Level 3
  
Balance
 
Financial
                            
instruments owned:
                            
Trading - Common
                            
  stocks
 $147  $47  $-  $-  $47  $414  $(14) $-  $594 
Trading - Other
  278   135   -   -   135   13   (74)  6   358 
Total
 $425  $182  $-  $-  $182  $427  $(88) $6  $952 
 
There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the nine months ended September 30, 2011.  During the nine months ended September 30, 2011, the Company reclassified approximately $6,000 of investments from Level 1 to Level 3.  The reclassifications were due to decreased availability of market price quotations and were based on the values at the beginning of the period in which the reclassifications occurred.

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2010 (in thousands)
 
            
Total
             
            
Unrealized
             
            
Gains or
  
Total
          
      
Total Realized and
  
(Losses)
  
Realized
     
Net
    
   
June
  
Unrealized Gains or
  
Included in
  
and
     
Transfers
    
    30, 2010  
(Losses) in Income
  
Other
  
Unrealized
  
Purchases
  
In and/or
    
   
Beginning
     
AFS
  
Comprehensive
  
Gains or
  
and Sales,
  
(Out) of
  
Ending
 
Asset
 
Balance
  
Trading
  
Investments
 
Income
  
(Losses)
  
net
  
Level 3
  
Balance
 
Financial
                         
instruments owned:
                         
Trading - Common
                         
  stocks
 $272  $18  $-  $-  $18  $(107) $-  $183 
Trading - Preferred
                                
  stocks
  11   2   -   -   2   -   -   13 
Trading - Other
  93   -   -   -   -   -   -   93 
Total
 $376  $20  $-  $-  $20  $(107) $-  $289 
 
There were no transfers between any Levels during the three months ended September 30, 2010.
 
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Nine months ended September 30, 2010 (in thousands)

            
Total
             
            
Unrealized
             
            
Gains or
  
Total
          
      
Total Realized and
  
(Losses)
  
Realized
     
Net
    
   
December
  
Unrealized Gains or
  
Included in
  
and
     
Transfers
    
    31, 2009  
(Losses) in Income
  
Other
  
Unrealized
  
Purchases
  
In and/or
    
   
Beginning
     
AFS
  
Comprehensive
  
Gains or
  
and Sales,
  
(Out) of
  
Ending
 
Asset
 
Balance
  
Trading
  
Investments
 
Income
  
(Losses)
  
net
  
Level 3
  
Balance
 
Financial
                         
instruments owned:
                         
Trading - Common
                         
  stocks
 $205  $47  $-  $-  $47  $(139) $70  $183 
Trading - Preferred
                                
  stocks
  15   (2)  -   -   (2)  -   -   13 
Trading - Other
  90   3   -   -   3   -   -   93 
Total
 $310  $48  $-  $-  $48  $(139) $70  $289 
 
There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 holdings during the nine months ended September 30, 2010.  During the nine months ended September 30, 2010, the Company reclassified approximately $23,000 of investments from Level 1 to Level 3 and $47,000 from Level 2 to Level 3.  The reclassifications were due to decreased availability of market price quotations and were based on the values at the beginning of the period in which the reclassification occurred.

Unrealized Level 3 gains and/or losses included within net gain/(loss) from investments in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended September 30, 2011 and September 30, 2010 were approximately $22,000 of gains and $20,000 of gains, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2011 and September 30, 2010 were approximately $182,000 of gains and $48,000 of gains, respectively, for those Level 3 securities held at September 30, 2011 and September 30, 2010, respectively.