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GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill for the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
MISMAConsolidated
Gross goodwillAccumulated impairment
charge		Net
goodwill		Gross goodwillAccumulated
impairment
charge		Net
goodwill		Gross goodwillAccumulated
impairment
charge		Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year		$396 $— $396 $5,615 $(12)$5,603 $6,011 $(12)$5,999 
Additions/
adjustments (1)
— — — 107 — 107 107 — 107 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(1)— (1)(66)— (66)(67)— (67)
Ending balance$395 $— $395 $5,656 $(12)$5,644 $6,051 $(12)$6,039 

Year Ended December 31, 2021
MISMAConsolidated
Gross goodwill
Accumulated impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year		$311 $— $311 $4,257 $(12)$4,245 $4,568 $(12)$4,556 
Additions/
adjustments (2)
90 — 90 1,525 — 1,525 1,615 — 1,615 
Foreign currency translation
adjustments		(5)— (5)(167)— (167)(172)— (172)
Ending balance$396 $— $396 $5,615 $(12)$5,603 $6,011 $(12)$5,999 
(1) The 2022 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above primarily relate to the acquisition of kompany.
(2) The 2021 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of Cortera, RMS, RealXData, Bogard, and PassFort. The 2021 additions/adjustments for the MIS segment relate to certain revenue synergies from the RMS acquisition that are expected to benefit the ESG solutions group within the MIS Other LOB.
Acquired intangible assets and related amortization consisted of:
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Customer relationships$2,085 $2,101 
Accumulated amortization(400)(381)
Net customer relationships1,685 1,720 
Software/product technology679 663 
Accumulated amortization(233)(219)
Net software/product technology446 444 
Database179 179 
Accumulated amortization(51)(46)
Net database128 133 
Trade names205 207 
Accumulated amortization(51)(47)
Net trade names154 160 
Other (1)
54 54 
Accumulated amortization(45)(44)
Net other9 10 
Total acquired intangible assets, net$2,422 $2,467 
(1) Other intangible assets primarily consist of trade secrets, covenants not to compete, and acquired ratings methodologies and models.
Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets is as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
Amortization expense
$51 $35 
Estimated future amortization expense for acquired intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
2022 (After March 31,)
$147 
2023191 
2024190 
2025180 
2026178 
Thereafter1,536 
Total estimated future amortization$2,422 
Matters concerning the ICRA reporting unit
ICRA has reported various matters relating to: (i) an adjudication order and fine imposed (and subsequently enhanced) by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in connection with credit ratings assigned to one of ICRA’s customers and the customer’s subsidiaries, which are being appealed by ICRA; (ii) the completion of internal examinations regarding various anonymous complaints, and actions taken by ICRA’s board based on the examinations’ findings; and (iii) a separate internal examination of certain allegations against two former senior ICRA officials. An unfavorable resolution of the aforementioned matters may negatively impact ICRA’s future operating results, which could result in an impairment of goodwill and amortizable intangible assets in future quarters.