GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill for the periods indicated:


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	MIS						MA						Consolidated
	Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill
Balance at beginning of year	$	311	$	—	$	311	$	4,257	$	(12)	$	4,245	$	4,568	$	(12)	$	4,556
Additions/ adjustments (1)	90		—		90		1,388		—		1,388		1,478		—		1,478
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(5)		—		(5)		(131)		—		(131)		(136)		—		(136)

Ending balance	$	396	$	—	$	396	$	5,514	$	(12)	$	5,502	$	5,910	$	(12)	$	5,898


	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	MIS						MA						Consolidated
	Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill
Balance at beginning of year	$	315	$	—	$	315	$	3,419	$	(12)	$	3,407	$	3,734	$	(12)	$	3,722
Additions/ adjustments (2)	(2)		—		(2)		628		—		628		626		—		626
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2)		—		(2)		210		—		210		208		—		208

Ending balance	$	311	$	—	$	311	$	4,257	$	(12)	$	4,245	$	4,568	$	(12)	$	4,556

(1) The 2021 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above primarily relate to the acquisition of Cortera and RMS. The 2021 additions/adjustments for the MIS segment relate to certain revenue synergies from the RMS acquisition that are expected to benefit the ESG solutions group within the MIS Other LOB.

(2) The 2020 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of RDC, AM, ZMFS, and Catylist.

Acquired Intangible Assets and Related Amortization

Acquired intangible assets and related amortization consisted of:


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Customer relationships	$	2,108	$	1,623
Accumulated amortization	(360)		(313)
Net customer relationships	1,748		1,310
Software/product technology	654		441
Accumulated amortization	(203)		(177)
Net software/product technology	451		264
Database	180		144
Accumulated amortization	(42)		(29)
Net database	138		115
Trade names	207		161
Accumulated amortization	(44)		(38)
Net trade names	163		123
Other (1)	54		55
Accumulated amortization	(44)		(43)
Net other	10		12
Total acquired intangible assets, net	$	2,510	$	1,824

(1) Other intangible assets primarily consist of trade secrets, covenants not to compete, and acquired ratings methodologies and models.

Amortization Expense Relating to Acquired Intangible Assets

Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets is as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Amortization expense	$	37	$	31	$	108	$	90

Estimated Future Amortization Expense for Acquired Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization

Estimated future amortization expense for acquired intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:


Year Ending December 31,
2021 (After September 30,)	$	49
2022	194
2023	191
2024	187
2025	182
Thereafter	1,707
Total estimated future amortization	$	2,510