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GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill for the periods indicated:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
MISMAConsolidated
Gross goodwillAccumulated impairment
charge		Net
goodwill		Gross goodwillAccumulated
impairment
charge		Net
goodwill		Gross goodwillAccumulated
impairment
charge		Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year		$311 $— $311 $4,257 $(12)$4,245 $4,568 $(12)$4,556 
Additions/
adjustments (1)
90 — 90 1,388 — 1,388 1,478 — 1,478 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(5)— (5)(131)— (131)(136)— (136)
Ending balance$396 $— $396 $5,514 $(12)$5,502 $5,910 $(12)$5,898 
Year Ended December 31, 2020
MISMAConsolidated
Gross goodwill
Accumulated impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year		$315 $— $315 $3,419 $(12)$3,407 $3,734 $(12)$3,722 
Additions/
adjustments (2)
(2)— (2)628 — 628 626 — 626 
Foreign currency translation
adjustments		(2)— (2)210 — 210 208 — 208 
Ending balance$311 $— $311 $4,257 $(12)$4,245 $4,568 $(12)$4,556 
(1) The 2021 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above primarily relate to the acquisition of Cortera and RMS. The 2021 additions/adjustments for the MIS segment relate to certain revenue synergies from the RMS acquisition that are expected to benefit the ESG solutions group within the MIS Other LOB.
(2) The 2020 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of RDC, AM, ZMFS, and Catylist.
Acquired intangible assets and related amortization consisted of:
September 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Customer relationships$2,108 $1,623 
Accumulated amortization(360)(313)
Net customer relationships1,748 1,310 
Software/product technology654 441 
Accumulated amortization(203)(177)
Net software/product technology451 264 
Database180 144 
Accumulated amortization(42)(29)
Net database138 115 
Trade names207 161 
Accumulated amortization(44)(38)
Net trade names163 123 
Other (1)
54 55 
Accumulated amortization(44)(43)
Net other10 12 
Total acquired intangible assets, net$2,510 $1,824 
(1) Other intangible assets primarily consist of trade secrets, covenants not to compete, and acquired ratings methodologies and models.
Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets is as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2021202020212020
Amortization expense
$37 $31 $108 $90 
Estimated future amortization expense for acquired intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
2021 (After September 30,)
$49 
2022194 
2023191 
2024187 
2025182 
Thereafter1,707 
Total estimated future amortization$2,510 
Matters concerning the ICRA reporting unit
ICRA has reported various matters relating to: (i) an adjudication order and fine imposed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in connection with credit ratings assigned to one of ICRA’s customers and the customer’s subsidiaries, which are being appealed by ICRA; (ii) an increase in the original fine, which also is being appealed by ICRA; (iii) the completion of internal examinations regarding various anonymous complaints; and (iv) actions taken by ICRA’s board based on the examinations’ findings. As of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, the Company is unable to estimate the financial impact, if any, that may result from a potential unfavorable conclusion of these matters or any other ICRA inquiry. An unfavorable resolution of such matters may negatively impact ICRA’s future operating results, which could result in an impairment of goodwill and amortizable intangible assets in future quarters.