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GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill:


	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	MIS						MA						Consolidated
	Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill
Balance at beginning of year	$	315	$	—	$	315	$	3,419	$	(12)	$	3,407	$	3,734	$	(12)	$	3,722
Additions/ adjustments (1)	(2)		—		(2)		628		—		628		626		—		626
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2)		—		(2)		210		—		210		208		—		208

Ending Balance	$	311	$	—	$	311	$	4,257	$	(12)	$	4,245	$	4,568	$	(12)	$	4,556


	Year Ended December 31, 2019
	MIS						MA						Consolidated
	Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill		Gross goodwill		Accumulated impairment charge		Net goodwill
Balance at beginning of year	$	258	$	—	$	258	$	3,535	$	(12)	$	3,523	$	3,793	$	(12)	$	3,781
Additions/ adjustments (2)	53		—		53		61		—		61		114		—		114
Foreign currency translation adjustments	4		—		4		(14)		—		(14)		(10)		—		(10)
Divestiture of MAKS							$	(163)			$	(163)	$	(163)	$	—	$	(163)
Ending balance	$	315	$	—	$	315	$	3,419	$	(12)	$	3,407	$	3,734	$	(12)	$	3,722

(1) The 2020 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of RDC, AM, ZMFS, and Catylist.

(2) The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MIS segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of Vigeo Eiris and Four Twenty Seven. The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of RiskFirst and ABS Suite.

Acquired Intangible Assets and Related Amortization

Acquired intangible assets and related amortization consisted of:


	December 31,
	2020		2019
Customer relationships	$	1,623	$	1,325
Accumulated amortization	(313)		(235)
Net customer relationships	1,310		1,090
Trade secrets	30		30
Accumulated amortization	(29)		(29)
Net trade secrets	1		1
Software/product technology	417		372
Accumulated amortization	(166)		(131)
Net software/product technology	251		241
Trade names	161		150
Accumulated amortization	(38)		(30)
Net trade names	123		120
Other (1)	192		80
Accumulated amortization	(53)		(34)
Net other	139		46
Total	$	1,824	$	1,498

(1)Other intangible assets primarily consist of databases, covenants not to compete, and acquired ratings methodologies and models.

Amortization Expense Relating to Acquired Intangible Assets

Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets is as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2020		2019		2018
Amortization expense	$	124	$	103	$	102

Estimated Future Amortization Expense for Acquired Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization

Estimated future annual amortization expense for intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:


Year Ending December 31,
2021	$	131
2022	131
2023	126
2024	119
2025	117
Thereafter	1,200
Total estimated future amortization	$	1,824