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GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill for the periods indicated:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
MIS
MA
Consolidated
Gross goodwill
Accumulated impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year
$315 $— $315 $3,419 $(12)$3,407 $3,734 $(12)$3,722 
Additions/
adjustments (1)
(2)— (2)497 — 497 495 — 495 
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(11)— (11)76 — 76 65 — 65 
Ending balance
$302 $— $302 $3,992 $(12)$3,980 $4,294 $(12)$4,282 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
MIS
MA
Consolidated
Gross goodwill
Accumulated impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year
$258 $— $258 $3,535 $(12)$3,523 $3,793 $(12)$3,781 
Additions/
adjustments (2)
53 — 53 61 — 61 114 — 114 
Foreign currency translation
adjustments
4 — 4 (14)— (14)(10)— (10)
Divestiture of MAKS— — — (163)— (163)(163)— (163)
Ending balance
$315 $— $315 $3,419 $(12)$3,407 $3,734 $(12)$3,722 
(1) The 2020 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above primarily relate to the acquisitions of RDC and RBA.
(2) The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MIS segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of Vigeo Eiris and Four Twenty Seven. The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisition of RiskFirst and ABS Suite.
Acquired intangible assets and related amortization consisted of:
September 30,
2020		December 31,
2019
Customer relationships
$1,524 $1,325 
Accumulated amortization
(287)(235)
Net customer relationships
1,237 1,090 
Trade secrets
30 30 
Accumulated amortization
(29)(29)
Net trade secrets
1 1 
Software/product technology
378 372 
Accumulated amortization
(152)(131)
Net software/product technology
226 241 
Trade names
152 150 
Accumulated amortization
(35)(30)
Net trade names
117 120 
Other (1)
182 80 
Accumulated amortization
(46)(34)
Net other
136 46 
Total acquired intangible assets, net
$1,717 $1,498 
(1) Other intangible assets primarily consist of databases, covenants not to compete, and acquired ratings methodologies and models.
Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets is as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Amortization expense
$31 $24 $90 $77 
Estimated future amortization expense for acquired intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
2020 (After September 30,)
$31 
2021121 
2022120 
2023116 
2024108 
Thereafter1,221 
Total estimated future amortization$1,717 
Matters concerning the ICRA reporting unit
On August 29, 2019, the board of directors of ICRA terminated the employment of ICRA's CEO and on September 28, 2019, the shareholders of ICRA voted to remove the former CEO from his position on ICRA's board of directors. ICRA appointed a new Managing Director & Group CEO effective August 10, 2020. ICRA has reported that the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) issued an adjudication order dated December 26, 2019 imposing a penalty of INR 25 lakh (approximately $35,000) on ICRA in connection with credit ratings assigned to one of ICRA’s customers and the customer’s subsidiaries. ICRA has further reported that: (i) it is appealing that order; and (ii) it had received a related "show cause" notice from SEBI asking ICRA to demonstrate why the penalty imposed should not be increased. In an order dated September 22, 2020, SEBI increased the penalty imposed on ICRA from INR 25 lakh to INR 1 crore (approximately $140,000). In addition, ICRA has disclosed that it has completed its internal examinations into anonymous allegations that were forwarded to ICRA by SEBI and certain additional allegations made during the course of that examination while an examination into a separate anonymous complaint is ongoing. ICRA reported that its Board of Directors is in the process of taking appropriate actions based on the findings of the completed examinations. As of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, the Company is unable to estimate the financial impact, if any, that may result from a potential unfavorable conclusion of these matters or any other ICRA inquiry. An unfavorable resolution of such matters may negatively impact ICRA’s future operating results, which could result in an impairment of goodwill and amortizable intangible assets in future quarters.