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GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS GOODWILL AND OTHER ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill for the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
MIS
MA
Consolidated
Gross goodwill
Accumulated impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year
$315  $—  $315  $3,419  $(12) $3,407  $3,734  $(12) $3,722  
Additions/
adjustments (1)
—  —  —  497  —  497  497  —  497  
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(1) —  (1) (96) —  (96) (97) —  (97) 
Ending balance
$314  $—  $314  $3,820  $(12) $3,808  $4,134  $(12) $4,122  
Year Ended December 31, 2019
MIS
MA
Consolidated
Gross goodwill
Accumulated impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Gross goodwill
Accumulated
impairment
charge
Net
goodwill
Balance at beginning
of year
$258  $—  $258  $3,535  $(12) $3,523  $3,793  $(12) $3,781  
Additions/
adjustments (2)
53  —  53  61  —  61  114  —  114  
Foreign currency translation
adjustments
4  —  4  (14) —  (14) (10) —  (10) 
Divestiture of MAKS—  —  —  (163) —  (163) (163) —  (163) 
Ending balance
$315  $—  $315  $3,419  $(12) $3,407  $3,734  $(12) $3,722  
(1) The 2020 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisition of RDC and RBA.
(2) The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MIS segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of Vigeo Eiris and Four Twenty Seven. The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisition of RiskFirst and ABS Suite.
Acquired intangible assets and related amortization consisted of:
March 31,
2020		December 31,
2019
Customer relationships
$1,460  $1,325  
Accumulated amortization
(244) (235) 
Net customer relationships
1,216  1,090  
Trade secrets
30  30  
Accumulated amortization
(28) (29) 
Net trade secrets
2  1  
Software/product technology
361  372  
Accumulated amortization
(133) (131) 
Net software/product technology
228  241  
Trade names
149  150  
Accumulated amortization
(31) (30) 
Net trade names
118  120  
Other (1)
177  80  
Accumulated amortization
(32) (34) 
Net other
145  46  
Total acquired intangible assets, net
$1,709  $1,498  
(1) Other intangible assets primarily consist of databases, covenants not to compete, and acquired ratings methodologies and models.
Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets is as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20202019
Amortization expense
$28  $26  
Estimated future amortization expense for acquired intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
2020 (After March 31,)
$89  
2021116  
2022115  
2023111  
2024104  
Thereafter1,174  
Total estimated future amortization$1,709  
Matters concerning the ICRA reporting unit
On August 29, 2019, the board of directors of ICRA terminated the employment of ICRA's CEO and on September 28, 2019, the shareholders of ICRA voted to remove the former CEO from his position on ICRA's board of directors. ICRA has reported that the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) issued an adjudication order dated December 26, 2019 imposing a penalty of INR 25 lakh (approximately $35,000) on ICRA in connection with credit ratings assigned to one of ICRA’s customers and the customer’s subsidiaries. ICRA has further reported that: (i) it is appealing that order; and (ii) it has received a related "show cause" notice from SEBI asking ICRA to demonstrate why the penalty imposed should not be increased. In addition, ICRA has disclosed that it is addressing anonymous allegations that were forwarded to ICRA by SEBI, as well as certain additional allegations made during the course of the ongoing internal examination into those anonymous allegations. As of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, the Company is unable to estimate the financial impact, if any, that may result from a potential unfavorable conclusion of these matters or any other ICRA inquiry. An unfavorable resolution of such matters may negatively impact ICRA’s future operating results, which could result in an impairment of goodwill and amortizable intangible assets in future quarters.
During the first quarter of 2020, the average market capitalization of ICRA declined to a level that resulted in a significant decline in headroom (amount by which the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value) from amounts reported in the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. While the current fair value of the ICRA reporting unit results in no impairment of goodwill at March 31, 2020, further declines in ICRA's average market capitalization could result in impairment in future quarters.