Leases and Contingencies

The Company operates parking facilities under operating leases expiring on various dates. Certain of the leases contain options to renew at the Company's discretion. Total future annual rent expense is not determinable as a portion of such future rent is contingent based on revenues of the parking facilities.

At December 31, 2018, the Company's minimum rental commitments (which includes parking facility, equipment and vehicle and office operating leases), excluding contingent rent provisions and sublease income under all non-cancellable operating leases, are as follows:



(millions)
2019	$	170.6
2020	122.5
2021	94.5
2022	74.0
2023	48.4
2024 and thereafter	117.0
Total	$	627.0

(1) $42.0 is included in 2019 minimum commitments for leases that expire in less than one year.

Rent expense, including contingent rents, was $254.7 million, $394.6 million and $384.0 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Contingent rent expense was $47.4 million, $161.5 million and $140.0 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Contingent rent expense consists primarily of percentage rent payments, which will cease at various times as certain leases expire. Future sublease income under all non-cancellable operating leases was $8.4 million as of December 31, 2018.

The Company adopted the provisions of Topic 853 on January 1, 2018, as a result, service concession arrangements within the scope of Topic 853 are not deemed to be lease arrangements within the scope of Topic 840. For the year ended December 31, 2018, rent expense amounting to $133.6 million for contractual arrangements that meet the definition of service concession arrangements was recorded as reduction of revenue and is excluded from the above disclosures. Prior periods have not been recasted. See Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Note 4. Revenue for further discussion on impacts of adopting Topic 853.

The Company accrued no contingent payment obligations outstanding under the previous business combination accounting pronouncement for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The Company has contractual provisions under certain lease type contracts to complete structural or other improvements to leased properties and incurs repair costs, including improvements and repairs arising as a result of ordinary wear and tear. The Company evaluates the nature of those costs when incurred and either capitalizes the costs as leasehold improvements, as applicable, or recognizes the costs as repair expenses within Cost of services - lease type contracts within the Consolidated Statements of Income.