Significant Accounting Policies and Practices (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs") in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany profits, transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications having no effect on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Income, Comprehensive Income, earnings per share, total assets, or total liabilities have been made to the previously issued Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to conform to the current period presentation of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Specifically, the Company reclassified its equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated entities from Other assets within the changes in operating assets and liabilities of the operating activities section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to Net equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities (net of distributions), which is a separate line within operating activities section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current environment.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of the Company's foreign operations is the local currency. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign operations are translated from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at the rates in effect on the balance sheet date while income and expenses are translated at the weighted-average exchange rates for the year. Adjustments resulting from the translations of foreign currency financial statements are accumulated and classified as a separate component of stockholders' equity.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents represent funds temporarily invested in money market instruments with maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents the Company's estimate of the amount that ultimately will be realized in cash. Management reviews the adequacy of its allowance for doubtful accounts on an ongoing basis, using historical collection trends, aging of receivables, and a review of specific accounts, and makes adjustments in the allowance as necessary. Changes in economic conditions or other circumstances could have an impact on the collection of existing receivable balances or future allowance considerations.

Leasehold Improvements, Equipment, Land and Construction in Progress, net

Leasehold improvements, equipment, software, vehicles, and other fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Equipment is depreciated on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives ranging from 1 to 10 years. Expenditures for major renewals and improvements that extend the useful life of property and equipment are capitalized. Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases or the service lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter (weighted average remaining life of approximately 8.5 years).

Certain costs associated with directly obtaining, developing or upgrading internal-use software are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of software.

Cost of Contracts

Cost of contracts represents the cost of obtaining contractual rights associated with providing parking services at a managed or leased facility. Cost of parking contracts are amortized over the estimated life of the contracts, including anticipated renewals and terminations. Estimated lives are based on the contract life or anticipated lives of the contract.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price paid over the fair value of net assets acquired. In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") authoritative accounting guidance on goodwill, the Company does not amortize goodwill but rather evaluates it for impairment on an annual basis, or more often if events or circumstances change that could cause goodwill to become impaired. The Company has elected to assess the impairment of goodwill annually on the first day of its fiscal fourth quarter, or at an interim date if there is an event or change in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the use of acquired assets or its business strategy, and significant negative industry or economic trends.

A multi-step impairment test is performed on goodwill. For the fourth quarter 2017 and 2016 goodwill impairment tests, the Company utilized the option to evaluate various qualitative factors to determine the likelihood of impairment and if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units were less than the carrying value of the reporting unit. The Company concluded there was no impairment of goodwill at any of the reporting units.

If the Company does not elect to perform a qualitative assessment, it can voluntarily proceed directly to Step 1. The Company performed a Step 1 goodwill test as of January 1, 2017 due to a change in reporting units. In Step 1, the Company performs a quantitative analysis to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not considered impaired, and the Company's is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company must perform Step 2 of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit's goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then the Company would record an impairment loss equal to the difference.

The goodwill impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level; the Company's reporting units represent its operating segments, consisting of Region One (Commercial) and Region Two (Airport Transportation) reporting units. The December 31, 2017 goodwill balances by reportable segment are presented in detail in Note 9. Goodwill. Management determines the fair value of each of its reporting units by using a discounted cash flow approach and a market approach using multiples of EBITDA of comparable companies to estimate market value. In addition, the Company compares its derived enterprise value on a consolidated basis to the Company's market capitalization as of its test date to ensure its derived value approximates the market value of the Company when taken as a whole.

In conducting its goodwill impairment quantitative assessment, the Company analyzes actual and projected growth trends of the reporting unit, gross margin, operating expenses and EBITDA (which also includes forecasted five-year income statement and working capital projections, a market-based weighted average cost of capital and terminal values after five years). The Company also assesses critical areas that may impact its business including economic conditions, market related exposures, competition, changes in product offerings and changes in key personnel for each of its reporting units. As part of the January 1, 2017 goodwill assessment, the Company engaged a third party to evaluate its reporting unit's fair values. The Company concluded there was no impairment of goodwill at any of the reporting units as part of the January 1, 2017 Goodwill assessment.

The Company will continue to perform a goodwill impairment test as required on an annual basis and on an interim basis, if certain conditions exist. Factors the Company considers important, which could result in changes to its estimates, include under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results and declines in acquisitions and trading multiples. Due to the broad customer base, the Company does not believe its future operating results will vary significantly relative to its historical and projected future operating results. However, future events may indicate differences from its judgments and estimates which could, in turn, result in impairment charges in the future. Future events that may result in impairment charges include increases in interest rates, which would impact discount rates, and unfavorable economic conditions or other factors which could decrease revenues and profitability of existing locations and changes in the cost structure of existing facilities. Factors that could potentially have an unfavorable economic effect on management's judgments and estimates include, among others: changes imposed by governmental and regulatory agencies, such as property condemnations and assessment of parking-related taxes; and construction or other events that could change traffic patterns; and terrorism or other catastrophic events.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment when circumstances change that would create a triggering event. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The Company evaluates the remaining useful life of the other intangible assets on a periodic basis to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining useful life. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives of its intangible and other long-lived assets are complex and subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors, such as changes in its business strategy and internal forecasts. Although management believes the historical assumptions and estimates are reasonable and appropriate, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact its reported financial results.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates long-lived asset groups whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Events or circumstances that would result in an impairment review primarily include a significant change in the use of an asset, or the planned sale or disposal of an asset. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If it is determined to be impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. The Company's estimates of future cash flows from such assets could be impacted if it underperforms relative to historical or projected future operating results.

Assumptions and estimates used to determine cash flows in the evaluation of impairment and the fair values used to determine the impairment are subject to a degree of judgment and complexity. Any changes to the assumptions and estimates resulting from changes in actual results or market conditions from those anticipated may affect the carrying value of long-lived assets and could result in an impairment charge.

Debt Issuance Costs

The costs of obtaining financing are capitalized and amortized as interest expense over the term of the respective financing using the effective interest method.

Financial Instruments

The carrying values of cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments. Book overdrafts of $29.0 million and $36.5 million are included within Accounts payable within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Long-term debt has a carrying value that approximates fair value because these instruments bear interest at variable market rates.

Insurance Reserves

The Company purchases comprehensive casualty insurance covering certain claims that arise in connection with its operations. In addition, the Company purchases umbrella/excess liability coverage. Under the various liability and workers' compensation insurance policies, the Company is obligated to pay directly or reimburse the insurance carrier for the deductible / retention amount of each loss covered by its general/garage liability or automobile liability policies and its workers' compensation and garage keepers legal liability policies. As a result, the Company is, in effect, self-insured for all claims up to the deductible / retention amount of each loss. The Company applies the provisions as defined in the guidance related to accounting for contingencies, in determining the timing and amount of expense recognition associated with claims against the Company. The expense recognition is based upon the Company's determination of an unfavorable outcome of a claim being deemed as probable and capable of being reasonably estimated, as defined in the guidance related to accounting for contingencies. This determination requires the use of judgment in both the estimation of probability and the amount to be recognized as an expense. The Company utilizes historical claims experience along with regular input from third party insurance advisers in determining the required level of insurance reserves. Future information regarding historical loss experience may require changes to the level of insurance reserves and could result in increased expense recognition in the future.

Legal and Other Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is subject to litigation in the normal course of its business. The Company applies the provisions as defined in the guidance related to accounting for contingencies in determining the recognition and measurement of expense recognition associated with legal claims against the Company.

Management uses guidance from internal and external legal counsel on the potential outcome of litigation in determining the need to record liabilities for potential losses and the disclosure of pending legal claims.

Certain lease contracts acquired in the Central Merger include provisions allocating to the Company responsibility for the cost of certain structural and other repairs required to be made to the leased property, including improvement and repair costs arising as a result of ordinary wear and tear. The Company recorded $0.1 million, $0.7 million and $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively, of costs (net of expected recoveries of the total cost recognized by the Company through the applicable indemnity discussed further in Note 2. Central Merger and Restructuring, Merger and Integration Costs) in Cost of parking services-Lease contracts within the Consolidated Statements of Income for structural and other repair costs related to certain lease contracts acquired in the Central Merger, whereby, the Company has expensed repair costs for certain leases and engaged third-party general contractors to complete certain structural and other repair projects, and other indemnity related costs. Based on information available at this time, the Company believes it has completed and incurred all additional costs for certain structural and other repair costs pursuant to the contractual requirements of certain lease contracts acquired in the Central Merger ("Structural and Repair Costs").

Interest Rate Swaps

In October 2012, the Company entered into interest rate swap transactions (collectively, the "Interest Rate Swaps") with each of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A. and PNC Bank, N.A. in an initial aggregate Notional Amount of $150.0 million (the "Notional Amount"). The Interest Rate Swaps effectively fixed the interest rate on an amount of variable interest rate borrowings under the Company's credit agreements, originally equal to the Notional Amount at 0.7525% per annum plus the applicable margin rate for LIBOR loans under the Company's credit agreements determined based upon the Company's consolidated total debt to EBITDA ratio. The Notional Amount was subject to scheduled quarterly amortization that coincided with quarterly prepayments of principal under the credit agreements. These Interest Rate Swaps were classified as cash flow hedges, and the Company calculated the effectiveness of the hedge on a monthly basis. The ineffective portion of the cash flow hedge is recognized in earnings as an increase to interest expense. As of December 31, 2017, no ineffective portion of cash flow hedges had been recognized in interest expense. See Note 10. Fair Value Measurement for the fair value of the Interest Rate Swaps for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Interest Rate Swaps expired on September 30, 2017.

The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for any purpose other than cash flow hedging purposes.

Parking Services Revenue

The Company's revenues are primarily derived from leased locations, managed properties and the providing of ancillary services, such as accounting, payments received for exercising termination rights, consulting development fees, gains on sales of contracts, insurance (general, workers' compensation and health care) and other value-added services. In accordance with the guidance related to revenue recognition, revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fees are fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured and as services are provided. The Company recognizes gross receipts (net of taxes collected from customers) as revenue from leased locations, and management fees for parking services, as the related services are provided. Ancillary services are earned from management contract properties and are recognized as revenue as those services are provided.

Cost of Parking Services

The Company recognizes costs for leases, non-reimbursed costs from managed facilities and reimbursed expense as cost of parking services. Cost of parking services consists primarily of rent and payroll related costs.

Reimbursed Management Contract Revenue and Expense

The Company recognizes as both revenues and expenses, in equal amounts, costs incurred by the Company that are directly reimbursed from its management clients. The Company has determined it is the principal in these transactions, as defined in Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 605-45 Principal Agent Considerations, based on the indicators of gross revenue reporting. As the principal, the Company is the primary obligor in the arrangement, has latitude in establishing price, discretion in supplier selection, and the Company assumes credit risk.

During 2017, the Company corrected reimbursed management contract revenue and reimbursed management contract expense for the previous periods presented, whereby, the Company had been overstating reimbursed management contract revenue and reimbursed management contract expense included within the Consolidated Statements of Income in equal and off-setting amounts. This correction resulted in a reduction of reimbursed management contract revenue of $47.1 million and $44.1 million and a reduction of reimbursed management contract expense by $47.1 million and $44.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The correction had no impact to the Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Income, Comprehensive Income or Cash Flows, except as described above and as it relates to reimbursed management contract revenue and reimbursed management contract expense. Management has evaluated the effects of the previous misstatements, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and concluded that these corrections were immaterial to any current or prior annual periods that were affected.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in General and administrative expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based payments to employees including grants of employee stock options, restricted stock units and performance-based share units are measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and the related expense is recognized over the requisite employee service period or performance period (generally the vesting period) for awards expected to vest. The Company accounts for forfeitures of stock-based awards as they occur.

Equity Investment in Unconsolidated Entities

The Company has ownership interests in 31 active partnerships, joint ventures or similar arrangements that operate parking facilities, of which 24 are consolidated under the VIE or voting interest models and 7 are unconsolidated where the Company’s ownership interests range from 30-50 percent and for which there are no indicators of control. The Company accounts for such investments under the equity method of accounting, and its underlying share of each investee’s equity is included in Equity investments in unconsolidated entities within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As the operations of these entities are consistent with the Company’s underlying core business operations, the equity in earnings of these investments are included in Parking services revenue—Lease contracts within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests represent the noncontrolling holders' percentage share of income or losses from the subsidiaries in which the Company holds a majority, but less than 100 percent, ownership interest and the results of which are consolidated and included within in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense involves management judgment as to the ultimate resolution of any tax issues. Historically, our assessments of the ultimate resolution of tax issues have been reasonably accurate. The current open issues are not dissimilar from historical items.

Deferred income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method, such that deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial reporting amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities based on currently enacted tax laws and tax rates in effect for the periods in which these temporary differences are expected to reverse or settle. Income tax expense is the tax payable for the period plus the change during the period in deferred income taxes. The Company has certain state net operating loss carry forwards which expire in 2036. The Company considers a number of factors in its assessment of the recoverability of its net operating loss carryforwards including their expiration dates, the limitations imposed due to the change in ownership as well as future projections of income. Future changes in the Company's operating performance along with these considerations may significantly impact the amount of net operating losses ultimately recovered, and its assessment of their recoverability.

When evaluating our tax positions, the Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes in its Consolidated Financial Statements. The evaluation of a tax position by the Company is a two-step process, the first step being recognition. The first step is to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon tax examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on only the technical merits of the position and the weight of available evidence. If a tax position does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold, which is more than 50% likely of being realized, the benefit of that position is not recognized in our financial statements. The second step is measurement of the tax benefit. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more-likely-than-not of being realized, which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate resolution with a taxing authority

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions and their presentation in the financial statements. The new guidance requires all income tax effects of awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled, eliminating additional paid in capital ("APIC") pools. The guidance will also require companies to elect whether to account for forfeitures of share-based payments by (1) recognizing forfeitures of awards as they occur (e.g., when an award does not vest because the employee leaves the company) or (2) estimating the number of awards expected to be forfeited and adjusting the estimate when it is likely to change, as is currently required. These and other requirements of ASU 2016-09 were effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-09 in the first quarter of 2017. The impact to the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flow and financial statement disclosures are as follows:


•	On a modified retrospective basis, as allowed by ASU 2016-09, the Company elected to account for forfeitures of share-based awards as they occur. As a result, beginning retained earnings includes a $0.3 million adjustment related to the recognition of estimated forfeitures previously not recognized as expense by the Company as of December 31, 2016.


•	The Company recognized excess tax benefits of $0.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 related to shares issued and settled with employees during the period.


•	ASU 2016-09 also requires the presentation of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows as an operating activity on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company elected to apply this guidance on a prospective basis. Prior periods have not been adjusted to reflect this adoption.


•	There was no significant impact to diluted weighted average shares outstanding for purposes of calculating net income per common share-diluted for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, as a result of the adoption.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Simplifying the Transition to Equity Method of Accounting, which eliminates the requirements to apply the equity method of accounting retrospectively when a reporting entity obtains significant influence over a previously held investment. Under ASU 2016-08, the equity method of accounting should be applied prospectively from the date significant influence is obtained. The new standard also provides specific guidance for available-for-sale securities that become eligible for the equity method of accounting. In those cases, any unrealized gain or loss recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income should be recognized in earnings at the date the investment initially qualifies for the use of the equity method. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2017. The standard did not have an impact on the Company's financial position, results of operation, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-05, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships. The new guidance clarifies that a change in the counterparty to a derivative contract, in and of itself, does not require the dedesignation of a hedging relationship. An entity will, however, still need to evaluate whether it is probable that the counterparty will perform under contract as part of its ongoing effectiveness assessment for hedge accounting. Therefore, a novation of a derivative to a counterparty with a sufficiently high credit risk could still result in the dedesignation of the hedging relationship. ASU 2016-05 is effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those years. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2017. The standard did not have an impact on the Company's financial position, results of operation, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

Accounting Pronouncements to be Adopted

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The ASU provides new guidance about income statement classification and eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness. The entire change in fair value for qualifying hedge instruments included in the effectiveness will be recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and amounts deferred in OCI will be reclassified to earnings in the same income statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported. The new guidance also amends the presentation and disclosure requirements. The intention is to more closely align hedge accounting with companies' risk management strategies, simplify the application of hedge accounting and increase transparency as to the scope and results of hedging programs. ASU 2017-12 is effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350). ASU 2017-04 eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill (i.e., Step 2 under current goodwill impairment test rules) to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value (i.e., measure the charge based on the Step 1 analysis under current guidance). The standard will be applied prospectively and is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019 for public business entities (PBEs) that meet the definition of a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filer (i.e., for any impairment test performed by calendar-year entities in 2020), December 15, 2020 for PBEs that are not SEC filers (i.e., for any impairment test performed by calendar-year entities in 2021), and December 15, 2021 for all other entities (i.e., for any impairment test performed by calendar-year entities in 2022). Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business (Topic 805). Under ASU 2017-01, an entity first determines whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If this threshold is met, the set is not a business. If it’s not met, the entity then evaluates whether the set meets the requirement that a business include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. Under current guidance, a business consists of (1) inputs, (2) processes applied to those inputs and (3) the ability to create outputs. ASU 2017-01 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. For all other entities, it is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The ASU will be applied prospectively to any transactions occurring within the period of adoption. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash (Topic 230). ASU 2016-18 clarifies how entities should present restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The guidance requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. The guidance, which is based on a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF), is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. For all other entities, it is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (Topic 230). ASU 2016-15 amends the guidance in ASC 230 related to the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The primary purpose of the ASU is to reduce the diversity in practice that has resulted from the lack of consistent principles on this topic. The amendment adds or clarifies several statement of cash flow classification issues including: (i) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, (ii) settlement of certain zero-coupon debt instruments, (iii) contingent consideration payments, (iv) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, (v) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, (vi) distributions received from equity method investments, (vii) beneficial interest in securitization transactions, and (viii) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326). The standard significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they do today under the other-than-temporary impairment model. Entities will apply the standard’s provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-2 requires lessees to move most leases to the balance sheet and recognize expense, similar to current accounting guidance, on the income statement. Additionally, the classification criteria and the accounting for sales-type and direct financing leases is modified for lessors. Under ASU 2016-2, all entities will classify leases to determine: (i) lease-related revenue and expense and (ii) for lessors, amount recorded on the balance sheet. Entities are required to use a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements, with full retrospective application being prohibited. ASU 2016-2 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Since the release of ASU 2016-02, the FASB issued an additional ASU No. 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 which has the same effective date as ASU no. 2016-02. The Company has commenced the process of implementing Topic 842 and assessing the impact of these and other changes to the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU 2016-1 amends various areas of the accounting for financial instruments. Key provisions of the amendment currently being evaluated by the Company requires (i) equity investments to be measured at fair value (except those accounted for under the equity method), (ii) the simplification of equity investment impairment determination, (iii) certain changes to the fair value measurement of financial instruments measured at amortized cost, (iv) the separate presentation, in other comprehensive income, the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk (given certain conditions), and (v) the evaluation for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the Company's other deferred tax assets. ASU 2016-1 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-10, Service Concession Arrangements (Topic 853): Determining the Customer of the Operation Services. ASU 2017-10 clarifies how operating entities should determine the customer of operation services for transactions within the scope of this guidance. US GAAP does not currently address how an operating entity should determine the customer of the operation services for transactions within the scope of Topic 853. The amendment eliminates diversity in practice by clarifying that the grantor is the customer of the operation services in all cases for those arrangements. The amendments in this update should be adopted at the same time as adoption of Topic 606, as defined further below. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has assessed the impact of adopting this standard on the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flows and financial statement disclosures, in conjunction with the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which is discussed below.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Since the release of ASU 2014-9, the FASB has issued the following additions ASUs updating the topic:


•	In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers


•	In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients


•	In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing


•	In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)


•	In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date

Collectively these standards create new accounting guidance for revenue recognition that supersedes most existing revenue recognition rules, including most industry specific revenue recognition guidance. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. Topic 606 also provides new guidance on the recognition of certain costs related to customer contracts, and changes the FASB guidance for revenue-related issues, such as how an entity is required to consider whether revenue should be reported gross or net basis. The amendments are effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2017.

The Company's process for implementing Topic 606 includes, but is not limited to, identifying contracts within the scope of the standard, identifying distinct performance obligations within each contract, and applying the new guidance for measuring and recognizing revenue, to each performance obligation. The Company has finalized contract reviews and is currently evaluating new disclosure requirements and identifying appropriate changes to business processes and controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new guidance. Based on our evaluation, the Company will adopt the requirements of Topic 606 in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective method.

The Company is in the process of completing its analysis of adoption impacts of Topics 606 and 853 and does not believe there are any remaining significant implementation topics associated with the adoption of Topics 606 and 853 that have not yet been addressed.

ASU No. 2017-10, Service Concession Arrangements (Topic 853): Determining the Customer of the Operation Services issued in May 2017, clarified how operating entities should determine the customer of operation services for transactions within the scope of this guidance. The Company has determined that revenue generated from service concession arrangements, which are currently accounted for as leasing type of arrangements, will be accounted for under the guidance of Topic 606 upon adoption of Topic 853 and will be adopted concurrently with Topic 606. As a result of adoption of Topic 853 and based on amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company expects the following impacts to the Consolidated Statements of Income during the first year of adopting Topic 606:


•	Costs (rent expense) of approximately $124.4 million previously classified as Cost of parking services - lease contracts will be classified as a reduction of revenue and included in Parking services revenue - lease contracts.


•	Certain expenses related to service concession arrangements of approximately $0.2 million, previously recorded within depreciation and amortization will be classified as a reduction of revenue and included in Parking services revenue - lease contracts.


•	Certain expenses related to service concession arrangements of approximately $0.1 million previously recorded within depreciation and amortization will be classified as a reduction of revenue and included in Parking services revenue - management contracts.

The adoption of Topic 606 will not have a change to revenue recognition for all other revenue arrangements.

The Company does not expect the standard to have a material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The immaterial impact primarily relates to classifications among financial statement accounts to align with the new standard. Most notably, where the Company has a contractual right to invoice a receivable will be recognized and a corresponding contract liability recorded for the performance obligation that will be subsequently satisfied.

There will be no cumulative effect on our opening retained earnings as a result of adoption of Topic 606 and the standard will not have an impact to the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.