BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES [Text Block]

NOTE 1 – NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The following is a description of First BanCorp.’s (“First BanCorp.” or “the Corporation”) most significant policies:

Nature of business

First BanCorp. is a publicly owned, Puerto Rico-chartered financial holding company that is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”). The Corporation is a full service provider of financial services and products with operations in Puerto Rico, the United States, the U.S. Virgin Islands (“USVI”), and the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”).

The Corporation provides a wide range of financial services for retail, commercial, and institutional clients. As of December 31, 2017, the Corporation controlled two wholly-owned subsidiaries: FirstBank Puerto Rico (“FirstBank” or the “Bank”), and FirstBank Insurance Agency, Inc. (“FirstBank Insurance Agency”). FirstBank is a Puerto Rico-chartered commercial bank, and FirstBank Insurance Agency is a Puerto Rico-chartered insurance agency. FirstBank is subject to the supervision, examination, and regulation of both the Office of the Commissioner of Financial Institutions of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (“OCIF”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). Deposits are insured through the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund. FirstBank also operates in the state of Florida (USA), subject to regulation and examination by the Florida Office of Financial Regulation and the FDIC, in the USVI, subject to regulation and examination by the United States Virgin Islands Banking Board, and in the BVI, subject to regulation by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) regulates FirstBank’s consumer financial products and services.

FirstBank Insurance Agency is subject to the supervision, examination, and regulation of the Office of the Insurance Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

As of December 31, 2017, FirstBank conducts its business through its main office located in San Juan, Puerto Rico, 45 banking branches in Puerto Rico, 11 banking branches in the USVI and the BVI, and 11 banking branches in the state of Florida (USA). As of December 31, 2017, FirstBank has 6 wholly owned subsidiaries with operations in Puerto Rico: First Federal Finance Corp. (d/b/a Money Express La Financiera), a finance company specializing in the origination of small loans with 28 offices in Puerto Rico; First Management of Puerto Rico, a domestic corporation, which holds tax-exempt assets; FirstBank Puerto Rico Securities Corp., a broker-dealer subsidiary engaged in investment banking activities, such as advisory services, capital raising efforts on behalf of clients, and assistance with financial transaction structuring; FirstBank Overseas Corporation, an international banking entity organized under the International Banking Entity Act of Puerto Rico; and two other companies that hold and operate certain other real estate owned (“OREO”) properties.

On February 27, 2015, FirstBank acquired 10 Puerto Rico banking branches of Doral Bank through an alliance with Banco Popular of Puerto Rico (“Popular”), which was the successful lead bidder with the FDIC on the failed Doral Bank, as well as other co-bidders (the “Doral Bank transaction”). This transaction is described in more detail in Note 2 – Business Combination, to the consolidated financial statements.

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Statutory business trusts that are wholly-owned by the Corporation and are issuers of trust-preferred securities, and entities in which the Corporation has a non-controlling interest, are not consolidated in the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with authoritative guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) for consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIE”). See “Variable Interest Entities” below for further details regarding the Corporation’s accounting policy for these entities.

Reclassifications

During the second quarter of 2016, the Corporation reviewed its historical accounting treatment as loans of its financing arrangements with Puerto Rico municipalities issued in bond form, but underwritten as loans with features that are typically found in commercial loan transactions. This review came as a result of the determination of the Federal Reserve Board that the transactions must be treated for regulatory reporting purposes as investment securities. The Puerto Rico Municipal Finance Act (“the Act”) requires the designation of financing arrangements obtained by municipalities with maturities greater than 8 years as “special obligation bonds” subject to specific provisions under the Act. The Corporation concluded that the impact of accounting for the transaction as held-to-maturity investment securities rather than loans does not have a material effect on previously reported results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows and, accordingly, these financing arrangements have been accounted for and reported as held-to-maturity investment securities and not as loans since the second quarter of 2016. For purposes of comparability, amounts prior to 2016 have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Management has made significant estimates in several areas, including the allowance for loan and lease losses, valuations of investment securities, the fair value of assets acquired, including purchased credit-impaired (“PCI”) loans, valuations of residential mortgage servicing rights, valuations of OREO properties, and income taxes, including deferred taxes.

Cash and cash equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the “New York FED” or “Federal Reserve”) and other depository institutions. The term also includes money market funds and short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less and time deposits with original maturities of twelve months or less. Time deposits considered cash and cash equivalent are highly liquid and readily convertible to cash.

Investment securities

The Corporation classifies its investments in debt and equity securities into one of four categories:

Held-to-maturity — Securities that the entity has the intent and ability to hold to maturity. These securities are carried at amortized cost. The Corporation may not sell or transfer held-to-maturity securities without calling into question its intent to hold other debt securities to maturity, unless a nonrecurring or unusual event that could not have been reasonably anticipated has occurred.

Trading — Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term. These securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Corporation did not hold investment securities for trading purposes.

Available-for-sale — Securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading. These securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses, net of deferred taxes, reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, and do not affect earnings until they are realized or are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. Refer to “Recently issued accounting standards and recently adopted accounting pronouncements – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities” below for new accounting guidance with respect to the accounting for equity securities effective beginning on January 1, 2018.

Other equity securities — Equity securities that do not have readily available fair values are classified as other equity securities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. These securities are stated at the lower of cost or realizable value. This category is principally composed of stock that is owned by the Corporation to comply with Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) regulatory requirements. Their realizable value equals their cost.

Premiums and discounts on investment securities are amortized as an adjustment to interest income on investments over the life of the related securities under the interest method. Net realized gains and losses and valuation adjustments considered other-than-temporary, if any, related to investment securities are determined using the specific identification method and are reported in non-interest income as net gain (loss) on sale of investments and net impairment losses on debt securities, respectively. Purchases and sales of securities are recognized on a trade-date basis.

Evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities

On a quarterly basis, the Corporation performs an assessment to determine whether there have been any events or economic circumstances indicating that a security with an unrealized loss has suffered an OTTI. A security is considered impaired if the fair value is less than its amortized cost basis.

The Corporation evaluates whether the impairment is other-than-temporary depending upon whether the portfolio consists of debt securities or equity securities, as further described below. The Corporation employs a systematic methodology that considers all available evidence in evaluating a potential impairment of its investments.

The impairment analysis of debt securities places special emphasis on the analysis of the cash position of the issuer and its cash and capital generation capacity, which could increase or diminish the issuer’s ability to repay its bond obligations, the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis, any adverse change to the credit conditions and liquidity of the issuer, taking into consideration the latest information available about the financial condition of the issuer, credit ratings, the failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments, recent legislation and government actions affecting the issuer’s industry, and actions taken by the issuer to deal with the economic climate. The Corporation also takes into consideration changes in the near-term prospects of the underlying collateral of a security, if any, such as changes in default rates, loss severity given default, and significant changes in prepayment assumptions and the level of cash flows generated from the underlying collateral, if any, supporting the principal and interest payments of the debt securities. OTTI must be recognized in earnings if the Corporation has the intent to sell the debt security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. However, even if the Corporation does not expect to sell a debt security, it must evaluate expected cash flows to be received and determine if a credit loss has occurred. An unrealized loss is generally deemed to be other-than-temporary and a credit loss is deemed to exist if the present value of the expected future cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis of the debt security. The credit loss component of an OTTI, if any, is recorded as net impairment losses on debt securities in the statements of income, while the remaining portion of the impairment loss is recognized in OCI, net of taxes, and included as a component of stockholders’ equity provided the Corporation does not intend to sell the underlying debt security and it is more likely than not that the Corporation will not have to sell the debt security prior to recovery. The previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings is the new amortized cost basis of the investment. The new amortized cost basis is not adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value. However, for debt securities for which OTTI was recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected is accreted as interest income as long as the security is not placed in non-accrual status. Debt securities held by the Corporation at year-end primarily consisted of securities issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities, bonds issued by the Puerto Rico government, and private label mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”). Given the explicit and implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. Federal government, the Corporation believes the credit risk in securities issued by the U.S. government-sponsored entities is low. The Corporation’s OTTI assessment was concentrated on Puerto Rico government debt securities and private label MBS. For further information, including methodology and assumptions used for the discounted cash flow analyses performed on these securities, refer to Note 6 – Investment Securities, to the consolidated financial statements.

The impairment analysis of equity securities is performed and reviewed on an ongoing basis based on the latest financial information and any supporting research report made by a major brokerage firm. This analysis is very subjective and based on, among other things, relevant financial data such as capitalization, cash flow, liquidity, systematic risk, and debt outstanding of the issuer. Management also considers the issuer’s industry trends, the historical performance of the stock and credit ratings, if applicable, as well as the Corporation’s intent to hold the security for an extended period. If management believes there is a low probability of recovering the book value in a reasonable time frame, it records an impairment by writing the security down to its market value. As previously mentioned, equity securities are monitored on an ongoing basis but special attention is given to those securities that have experienced a decline in fair value for six months or more. An impairment charge is generally recognized when the fair value of an equity security has remained significantly below cost for a period of 12 consecutive months or more.

Loans held for investment

Loans that the Corporation has the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment. The substantial majority of the Corporation’s loans are classified as held for investment. Loans are stated at the principal outstanding balance, net of unearned interest, cumulative charge-offs, unamortized deferred origination fees and costs, and unamortized premiums and discounts. Fees collected and costs incurred in the origination of new loans are deferred and amortized using the interest method or a method that approximates the interest method over the term of the loan as an adjustment to interest yield. Unearned interest on certain personal loans, auto loans and finance leases and discounts and premiums are recognized as income under a method that approximates the interest method. When a loan is paid-off or sold, any unamortized net deferred fee (cost) is credited (charged) to income. Credit card loans are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balance plus uncollected billed interest and fees net of amounts deemed uncollectible. PCI loans are reported net of any remaining purchase accounting adjustments. See “Loans Acquired” below for the accounting policy for PCI loans.

Non-Performing and Past-Due Loans - Loans on which the recognition of interest income has been discontinued are designated as non-performing. Loans are classified as non-performing when they are 90 days past due for interest and principal, with the exception of residential mortgage loans guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”) or the Veterans Administration (the “VA”) and credit cards. It is the Corporation’s policy to report delinquent mortgage loans insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA as loans past due 90 days and still accruing as opposed to non-performing loans since the principal repayment is insured. However, the Corporation discontinues the recognition of income for FHA/VA loans when such loans are over 15 months delinquent. As permitted by regulatory guidance issued by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (“FFIEC”), credit card loans are generally charged off in the period in which the account becomes 180 days past due. Credit card loans continue to accrue finance charges and fees until charged off at 180 days. Loans generally may be placed on non-performing status prior to when required by the policies described above when the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain (generally based on an assessment of the borrower’s financial condition and the adequacy of collateral, if any). When a loan is placed on non-performing status, any accrued but uncollected interest income is reversed and charged against interest income and amortization of any net deferred fees is suspended. Interest income on non-performing loans is recognized only to the extent it is received in cash. However, when there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectability of loan principal, all cash thereafter received is applied to reduce the carrying value of such loans (i.e., the cost recovery method). Generally, the Corporation returns a loan to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal becomes current under the terms of the loan agreement, or after a sustained period of repayment performance (6 months) and the loan is well secured and in the process of collection, and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected. PCI loans are not reported as non-performing as these loans were written down to fair value at the acquisition date and the accretable yield is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the loans. Loans that are past due 30 days or more as to principal or interest are considered delinquent, with the exception of residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, and construction loans, which are considered past due when the borrower is in arrears on two or more monthly payments.

Impaired Loans - A loan is considered impaired when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that the Corporation will be unable to collect all amounts due (including principal and interest) according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement, or the loan has been modified in a Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”). Loans with insignificant delays or insignificant shortfalls in the amounts of payments expected to be collected are not considered to be impaired. The Corporation evaluates individually for impairment those loans in the construction, commercial mortgage, commercial and industrial, and marine financing portfolios with a principal balance of $1 million or more. Loans in the construction, commercial mortgage, and commercial and industrial portfolios that originally met the Corporation’s threshold for impairment evaluation but due to charge-offs or payments are currently below the $1 million threshold and are still 90 days past due, except TDR’s, are accounted for under the Corporation’s general reserve. Although the authoritative accounting guidance for a specific impairment of a loan excludes large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment (e.g., mortgage and consumer loans), it specifically requires that loan modifications considered TDRs be analyzed under its provision. The Corporation also evaluates for impairment purposes certain residential mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit with high delinquency and loan to value levels. Held-for-sale loans are not reported as impaired, as these loans are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value.

The Corporation generally measures impairment and the related specific allowance for individually impaired loans based on the difference between the recorded investment of the loan and the present value of the loans’ expected future cash flows, discounted at the effective original interest rate of the loan at the time of modification, or the loan’s observable market price. If the loan is collateral dependent, the Corporation measures impairment based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral, instead of discounted cash flows, regardless of whether foreclosure is probable. Loans are identified as collateral dependent if the repayment is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral, through liquidation or operation of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is used to measure impairment on an impaired collateral-dependent loan and repayment or satisfaction of the loan is dependent on the sale of the collateral, the fair value of the collateral is adjusted to consider estimated costs to sell. If repayment is dependent only on the operation of the collateral, the fair value of the collateral is not adjusted for estimated costs to sell. If the fair value of the loan is less than the recorded investment, the Corporation recognizes impairment by either a direct write-down or establishing a specific allowance for the loan or by adjusting the specific allowance for the impaired loan. For an impaired loan that is collateral dependent, charge-offs are taken in the period in which the loan, or a portion of the loan, is deemed uncollectible, and any portion of the loan that is not charged off is adversely credit-risk rated at a level no worse than substandard.

A restructuring of a loan constitutes a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. TDR loans typically result from the Corporation’s loss mitigation activities and the modification of residential mortgage loans in accordance with guidelines similar to those of the U.S. government’s Home Affordable Modification Program, and could include rate reductions to a rate that is below market on the loan, principal forgiveness, term extensions, payment forbearance, refinancing of any past-due amounts, including interest, escrow, and late charges and fees, and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. Residential mortgage loans for which a binding offer to restructure has been extended are also classified as TDR loans. PCI loans are not classified as TDR loans.

TDR loans are classified as either accrual or nonaccrual. Loans in accrual status may remain in accrual status when their contractual terms have been modified in a TDR if the loans had demonstrated performance prior to the restructuring and payment in full under the restructured terms is expected. Otherwise, a loan on nonaccrual status and restructured as a TDR will remain on nonaccrual status until the borrower demonstrates a sustained period of performance (generally six consecutive months of payments, inclusive of consecutive payments made prior to the modification), and there is evidence that such payments can and are likely to continue as agreed. Refer to Note 9 – Loans Held for Investment,” to the consolidated financial statements for additional qualitative and quantitative information about TDR loans.

In connection with commercial loan restructurings, the decision to maintain a loan that has been restructured on accrual status is based on a current, well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and prospects for repayment under the modified terms. The credit evaluation reflects consideration of the borrower’s future capacity to pay, which may include evaluation of cash flow projections, consideration of the adequacy of collateral to cover all principal and interest, and trends indicating improving profitability and collectability of receivables. This evaluation also includes an evaluation of the borrower’s current willingness to pay, which may include a review of past payment history, an evaluation of the borrower’s willingness to provide information on a timely basis, and consideration of offers from the borrower to provide additional collateral or guarantor support.

The evaluation of mortgage and consumer loans for restructurings includes an evaluation of the client’s disposable income and credit report, the value of the property, the loan-to-value relationship, and certain other client-specific factors that have affected the borrower’s ability to make timely principal and interest payments on the loan. In connection with residential and consumer restructurings, a nonperforming loan will be returned to accrual status when current as to principal and interest, under the revised terms, and upon sustained historical repayment performance.

The Corporation removes loans from TDR classification, consistent with authoritative guidance that allows for a TDR to be removed from this classification in years following the modification, only when the following two circumstances are met:

(i) The loan is in compliance with the terms of the restructuring agreement and, therefore, is not considered impaired under the revised terms; and

(ii) The loan yields a market interest rate at the time of the restructuring. In other words, the loan was restructured with an interest rate equal to or greater than what the Corporation would have been willing to accept at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk.

If both of the conditions are met, the loan can be removed from the TDR classification in calendar years after the year in which the restructuring took place. However, the loan continues to be individually evaluated for impairment. Loans classified as TDRs, including loans in trial payment periods (trial modifications), are considered impaired loans.

With respect to the restructuring of a loan into two new loan notes, or loan splits, generally, Note A of a loan split is restructured under market terms, and Note B is fully charged off. If Note A is in compliance with the restructured terms in years following the restructuring, Note A will be removed from the TDR classification and will continue to be individually evaluated for impairment. Refer to Note 9 – Loans Held for Investment, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information about loan splits.

A loan that had previously been modified in a TDR and is subsequently refinanced under current underwriting standards at a market rate with no concessionary terms is accounted for as a new loan and is no longer reported as a TDR.

Interest income on impaired loans is recognized based on the Corporation’s policy for recognizing interest on accrual and non-accrual loans.

Loans Acquired - All purchased loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. Loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration since their origination and where it is probable at the date of acquisition that the Corporation will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments are considered PCI loans. Evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the purchase date may include statistics such as past due and non-accrual status, credit scores, and revised loan terms. PCI loans have been aggregated into pools based on common risk characteristics. Each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows. In accounting for PCI loans, the difference between contractually required payments and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable difference. The nonaccretable difference, which is neither accreted into income nor recorded on the consolidated statements of financial condition, reflects estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the pool of loans. The excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the estimated fair value of PCI loans is referred to as the accretable yield. This amount is not recorded on the statements of financial condition, but is accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the pool of loans, using the effective-yield method.

Subsequent to acquisition, the Corporation continues to estimate cash flows expected to be collected over the life of the PCI loans using models that incorporate current key assumptions such as default rates, loss severity, and prepayment speeds. Decreases in expected cash flows will generally result in an impairment charge to the provision for loan and lease losses and the establishment of an allowance for loan and lease losses. Increases in expected cash flows will generally result in a reduction in any allowance for loan and lease losses established subsequent to acquisition and an increase in the accretable yield. The adjusted accretable yield is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the pool of loans.

Resolutions of loans may include sales of loans to third parties, receipt of payments in settlement with the borrower, or foreclosure of the collateral. The Corporation’s policy is to remove an individual loan from a pool at its relative carrying amount. The carrying amount is defined as the loan’s current contractually required payments receivable less its remaining nonaccretable difference and accretable yield, but excluding any post-acquisition loan loss allowance. To determine the carrying value, the Corporation performs a pro-rata allocation of the pool’s total remaining nonaccretable difference and accretable yield to an individual loan in proportion to the loan’s current contractually required payments receivable compared to the pool’s total contractually required payments receivable. This removal method assumes that the amount received from resolution approximates pool performance expectations. The remaining accretable yield balance is unaffected and any material change in the remaining effective yield caused by this removal method is addressed by the Corporation’s quarterly cash flow evaluation process for each pool. Modified PCI loans are not removed from a pool even if those loans would otherwise be deemed TDRs.

Because the initial fair value of PCI loans recorded at acquisition includes an estimate of credit losses expected to be realized over the remaining lives of the loans, the Corporation separately tracks and reports PCI loans and excludes these loans from its delinquency and non-performing loan statistics.

For acquired loans that are not deemed impaired at acquisition, subsequent to acquisition, the Corporation recognizes the difference between the initial fair value at acquisition and the undiscounted expected cash flows in interest income over the period in which substantially all of the inherent losses associated with the non-PCI loans at the acquisition date are estimated to occur. Thus, such loans are accounted for consistently with other originated loans, potentially being classified as nonaccrual or impaired, as well as being classified under the Corporation’s standard practice and procedures. In addition, these loans are considered in the determination of the allowance for loan losses.

Charge-off of Uncollectible Loans - Net charge-offs consist of the unpaid principal balances of loans held for investment that the Corporation determines are uncollectible, net of recovered amounts. Charge-offs are recorded as a reduction to the allowance for loan and lease losses and subsequent recoveries of previously charged off amounts are credited to the allowance for loan and lease losses. Collateral dependent loans in the construction, commercial mortgage, and commercial and industrial loan portfolios are charged off to their net realizable value (fair value of collateral, less estimated costs to sell) when loans are considered to be uncollectible. Within the consumer loan portfolio, auto loans and finance leases are reserved once they are 120 days delinquent and are charged off to their estimated net realizable value when the collateral deficiency is deemed uncollectible (i.e., when foreclosure/repossession is probable) or when the loan is 365 days past due. Within the other consumer loan portfolio, closed-end loans are charged off when payments are 120 days in arrears, except small personal loans. Open-end (revolving credit) consumer loans, including credit card loans, and small personal loans are charged off when payments are 180 days in arrears. On a quarterly basis, residential mortgage loans that are 180 days delinquent and have an original loan-to-value ratio that is higher than 60% are reviewed and charged-off, as needed, to the fair value of the underlying collateral. Generally, all loans may be charged off or written down to the fair value of the collateral prior to the application of the policies described above if a loss-confirming event has occurred. Loss-confirming events include, but are not limited to, bankruptcy (unsecured), continued delinquency, or receipt of an asset valuation indicating a collateral deficiency when the asset is the sole source of repayment. The Corporation does not record charge-offs on PCI loans that are performing in accordance with or better than expectations as of the date of acquisition, as the fair value of these loans already reflects a credit component. The Corporation records charge-offs on PCI loans only if actual losses exceed estimated losses incorporated into the fair value recorded at acquisition and the amount is deemed uncollectible.

Loans held for sale

Loans that the Corporation intends to sell or that the Corporation does not have the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held-for-sale loans. Loans held for sale are stated at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. Generally, the loans held-for-sale portfolio consists of conforming residential mortgage loans that the Corporation intends to sell to the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) and government-sponsored entities (“GSEs”), such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”). Generally, residential mortgage loans held for sale are valued on an aggregate portfolio basis and the value is primarily derived from quotations based on the mortgage-backed securities market. The amount by which cost exceeds market value in the aggregate portfolio of loans held for sale, if any, is accounted for as a valuation allowance with changes therein included in the determination of net income and reported as part of mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income. Loan costs and fees are deferred at origination and are recognized in income at the time of sale. The fair value of commercial and construction loans held for sale is primarily derived from external appraisals with changes in the valuation allowance reported as part of other non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income.

In certain circumstances, the Corporation transfers loans from/to held for sale or held for investment based on a change in strategy. If such a change in holding strategy is made, significant adjustments to the loans’ carrying values may be necessary. Reclassifications of loans held for sale to held for investment are made at fair value on the date of transfer. Any difference between the carrying value and the fair value of a reclassified loan is recorded as an adjustment to non-interest income. Meanwhile, reclassification of loans held for investment to held for sale are made at the lower of cost or fair value on the date of transfer and establish a new cost basis upon transfer. Write-downs of loans transferred from held for investment to held for sale are recorded as charge-offs at the time of transfer.

Allowance for loan and lease losses

The Corporation maintains the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level considered adequate to absorb losses currently inherent in the loan and lease portfolio. The Corporation does not maintain an allowance for held-for-sale loans or PCI loans that are performing in accordance with or better than expectations as of the date of acquisition, as the fair values of these loans already reflect a credit component. The allowance for loan and lease losses provides for probable losses that have been identified with specific valuation allowances for individually evaluated impaired loans and for probable losses believed to be inherent in the loan portfolio that have not been specifically identified. The determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses requires significant estimates, including with respect to the timing and amounts of expected future cash flows on impaired loans, consideration of current economic conditions, and historical loss experience pertaining to the portfolios and pools of homogeneous loans, all of which may be susceptible to change.

The Corporation evaluates the need for changes to the allowance by portfolio loan segments and classes of loans within certain of those portfolio segments. The Corporation combines loans with similar credit risk characteristics into the following portfolio segments: commercial mortgage, construction, commercial and industrial, residential mortgage, and consumer loans. Classes are usually disaggregations of the portfolio segments. The classes within the residential mortgage segment are residential mortgages guaranteed by the U.S. government and other residential loans. The classes within the consumer portfolio are auto, finance lease, and other consumer loans. Other consumer loans mainly include unsecured personal loans, credit cards, home equity lines, lines of credits, and marine financing. The classes within the construction loan portfolio are land loans, construction of commercial projects, and construction of residential projects. The commercial mortgage and commercial and industrial segments are not further segmented into classes. The adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses is based on judgments related to the credit quality of each portfolio segment. These judgments consider ongoing evaluations of each portfolio segment, including such factors as the economic risks associated with each loan class, the financial condition of specific borrowers, the geography (Puerto Rico, Florida or the Virgin Islands), the level of delinquent loans, historical loss experience, the value of any collateral and, where applicable, the existence of any guarantees or other documented support. In addition to the general economic conditions and other factors described above, additional factors considered include the internal risk ratings assigned to loans. An internal risk rating is assigned to each commercial and construction loan at the time of approval and is subject to subsequent periodic review by the Corporation's senior management. The allowance for loan and lease losses is reviewed on a quarterly basis as part of the Corporation’s continued evaluation of its asset quality.

The allowance for loan and lease losses is increased through a provision for credit losses that is charged to earnings, based on the quarterly evaluation of the factors previously mentioned, and is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries.

The allowance for loan and lease losses consists of specific reserves based upon valuations of loans considered to be impaired, including loans modified in a TDR, and general reserves. A specific valuation allowance is established for individual impaired loans in the commercial mortgage, construction, and commercial and industrial portfolios and certain marine financings, residential mortgage loans, and home equity lines of credit, primarily when the collateral value of the loan (if the impaired loan is determined to be collateral dependent) or the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective rate is lower than the carrying amount of that loan. The loans within the commercial mortgage, construction, commercial and industrial portfolios, and marine financings with a principal balance of $1 million or more are individually evaluated for impairment. Also, certain residential mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit are individually evaluated for impairment purposes based on their delinquency and loan to value levels. When foreclosure of a collateral dependent loan is probable, the impairment measure is based on the fair value of the collateral. The fair value of the collateral is generally obtained from appraisals. Updated appraisals are obtained when the Corporation determines that loans are impaired and are generally updated annually thereafter according to the Corporation’s appraisal policy. In addition, appraisals and/or appraiser price opinions are also obtained for residential mortgage loans based on specific characteristics such as delinquency levels, age of the appraisal, and loan-to-value ratios. The excess of the recorded investment in a collateral dependent loan over the resulting fair value of the collateral is charged-off when deemed uncollectible.

For all other loans, which include small, homogeneous loans, such as auto loans, and the other classes in the consumer loan portfolio, residential mortgages and commercial and construction loans not considered impaired, the Corporation maintains a general valuation allowance established through a process that begins with estimates of incurred losses based upon various statistical analyses. The general reserve is primarily determined by applying loss factors according to the loan type and assigned risk category (pass, special mention, and substandard loans that are not considered to be impaired; all doubtful loans are considered impaired).

The Corporation uses a roll-rate methodology to estimate losses on its consumer loan portfolio based on delinquencies and considering credit bureau score bands. The Corporation tracks the historical portfolio performance to arrive at a weighted-average distribution in each subgroup of each delinquency bucket. Roll-to-loss rates (loss factors) are calculated by multiplying the roll rates from each subgroup within the delinquency buckets forward through loss. Once roll rates are calculated, the resulting loss factor is applied to the existing receivables in the applicable subgroups within the delinquency buckets and the end results are aggregated to arrive at the required allowance level. The Corporation’s assessment also involves evaluating key qualitative and environmental factors, which include credit and macroeconomic indicators such as unemployment, bankruptcy trends, recent market transactions, and collateral values to account for current market conditions that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical loss experience. The Corporation analyzes the expected delinquency migration to determine the future volume of delinquencies.

The cash flow analysis for each residential mortgage pool is performed at the individual loan level and then aggregated to the pool level in determining the overall expected loss ratio. The model applies risk-adjusted prepayment curves, default curves, and severity curves to each loan in the pool. For loan restructuring pools, the present value of expected future cash flows under the new terms, at the loan’s effective interest rate, is taken into consideration. Additionally, estimates of default risk and prepayments related to loan restructurings are based on, among other things, the historical experience of these loans. Loss severity is affected by the expected house price scenario, which is based in part on recent house price trends. Default curves are used in the model to determine expected delinquency levels. The attributes that are most significant to the probability of default include present collection status (current, delinquent, in bankruptcy, in foreclosure stage), vintage, loan-to-values, and geography (Puerto Rico, Florida or the Virgin Islands).The estimates of the risk-adjusted timing of liquidations and associated costs are used in the model, and are risk-adjusted for the geographic area in which each property is located.

For commercial loans, historical charge-off rates are calculated by the Corporation on a quarterly basis by tracking cumulative charge-offs experienced over a two-year loss period on loans according to their internal risk rating (referred to as the “base rate” for the quarter). The allowance is calculated using the base rate average of the last 8 quarters. A qualitative factor adjustment is applied to the base rate average utilizing a resulting factor derived from a set of risk-based ratings and weights assigned to credit and economic indicators over a reasonable period applied to a developed expected range of historical losses. This factor may be stressed to reflect other elements not reflected in the historical data underlying the loss estimates, such as the prolonged uncertainty surrounding how the Puerto Rico government might restructure its debt and other unprecedented measures implemented by the Puerto Rico government to deal with its fiscal condition.

During 2017, management established a separate qualitative element of the allowance to estimate inherent losses associated with the effect of Hurricanes Maria and Irma on the Corporation’s loan portfolios in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. This qualitative element of the allowance was determined based on the estimated effect that the storms could have on current employment levels (e.g., an unemployment rate that significantly increases from current levels in Puerto Rico based on statistics observed in the aftermath of similar natural disasters in the U.S. mainland like Hurricane Katrina), economic activity in the Corporation’s geographic regions, and the time it could take for the affected regions to return to a more normalized operating environment. Refer to Note 2 – Natural Disasters Affecting First BanCorp. in 2017, to the consolidated financial statements, for additional information about the effect of Hurricanes Maria and Irma in the Corporation’s financial results.

The Corporation’s credit risk modeling framework used to determine the storm-related qualitative estimate is similar to the one used for benchmarking purposes as part of the annual Dodd-Frank Act Stress Testing (“DFAST”) regulatory exercise. Models were developed following a regression modeling approach in which relationships between portfolio-level loss rates and key economic indicators were derived based on historical behavior. These models went through an extensive model specification and selection process that resulted in the use of certain variables, such as the unemployment rate and the Puerto Rico Economic Activity Index, which showed the highest predictive power of potential losses in our outstanding loan portfolio.

For large commercial and construction loan relationships, loan officers performed individual reviews of the effect of the storms on these borrowers’ sources of repayment. These large relationships, that represent 80% of the outstanding balance of the Corporation’s commercial and construction loan portfolio, were analyzed and divided into three storm-affected categories (i.e. Low, Medium and High). Clients categorized as Low had no effect, or relatively insignificant effect, as a result of the storms. Clients in the Medium category had demonstrated that they had sufficient liquidity to satisfy their obligations, but the complexity of the insurance claim process may affect their primary or secondary source of repayment. Finally, clients categorized as High could potentially have problems with their primary or secondary sources of repayment as they have a higher degree of uncertainty with respect to the timing of the insurance claim resolution, and the full reestablishment of their businesses is highly dependent on the timely receipt of insurance proceeds. Reserve levels were then recognized for these particular loans based on this stratification. For loans in the Low category, no additional qualitative storm-related reserve was calculated. For loans in the Medium and High categories, the Corporation stressed the general reserve loss factors applicable to these loans to reflect higher default probabilities not reflected in the historical data.

This review also resulted in downgrades in the credit risk classification of certain loans and their reserves were determined following the methodology applicable to criticized and adversely classified loans, as appropriate.

For commercial and construction loans not individually reviewed, as well as residential and consumer loans, the estimated loss associated with the storms was determined following the above-described qualitative storm-related model with resulting loss factors applied to the overall performing balance of each portfolio.

Refer to Note 10 – Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, to the consolidated financial statements, for additional information, including the balance of the storm-related allowance for each region and portfolio segment.

Transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishment of liabilities

After a transfer of financial assets in a transaction that qualifies for sale accounting, the Corporation derecognizes the financial assets when control has been surrendered, and derecognizes liabilities when they are extinguished.

The transfer of financial assets in which the Corporation surrenders control over the assets is accounted for as a sale to the extent that consideration other than beneficial interests is received in exchange. The criteria that must be met to determine that the control over transferred assets has been surrendered include: (1) the assets must be isolated from creditors of the transferor; (2) the transferee must obtain the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets; and (3) the transferor cannot maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. When the Corporation transfers financial assets and the transfer fails any one of the above criteria, the Corporation is prevented from derecognizing the transferred financial assets and the transaction is accounted for as a secured borrowing.

Servicing Assets

The Corporation recognizes as separate assets the rights to service loans for others, whether those servicing assets are originated or purchased. In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation sells residential mortgage loans (originated or purchased) to GNMA, which generally securitizes the transferred loans into mortgage-backed securities for sale into the secondary market. Also, certain conventional conforming loans are sold to FNMA or FHLMC with servicing retained. When the Corporation sells mortgage loans, it recognizes any retained servicing right, based on its fair value.

Servicing assets (“MSRs”) retained in a sale or securitization arise from contractual agreements between the Corporation and investors in mortgage securities and mortgage loans. The value of MSRs is derived from the net positive cash flows associated with the servicing contracts. Under these contracts, the Corporation performs loan-servicing functions in exchange for fees and other remuneration. The servicing functions typically include: collecting and remitting loan payments, responding to borrower inquiries, accounting for principal and interest, holding custodial funds for payment of property taxes and insurance premiums, supervising foreclosures and property dispositions, and generally administering the loans. The servicing rights, included as part of other assets in the statements of financial condition, entitle the Corporation to annual servicing fees based on the outstanding principal balance of the mortgage loans and the contractual servicing rate. The servicing fees are credited to income on a monthly basis when collected and recorded as part of mortgage banking activities in the consolidated statements of income. In addition, the Corporation generally receives other remuneration consisting of mortgagor-contracted fees such as late charges and prepayment penalties, which are credited to income when collected.

Considerable judgment is required to determine the fair value of the Corporation’s MSRs. Unlike highly liquid investments, the market value of MSRs cannot be readily determined because these assets are not actively traded in securities markets. The initial carrying value of the MSRs is generally determined based on its fair value. The fair value of the MSRs is determined based on a combination of market information on trading activity (MSR trades and broker valuations), benchmarking of servicing assets (valuation surveys), and cash flow modeling. The valuation of the Corporation’s MSRs incorporates two sets of assumptions: (1) market-derived assumptions for discount rates, servicing costs, escrow earnings rates, floating earnings rates, and the cost of funds and (2) market assumptions calibrated to the Corporation’s loan characteristics and portfolio behavior for escrow balances, delinquencies and foreclosures, late fees, prepayments, and prepayment penalties.

Once recorded, MSRs are periodically evaluated for impairment. Impairment occurs when the current fair value of the MSRs is less than its carrying value. If MSRs are impaired, the impairment is recognized in current-period earnings and the carrying value of the MSRs is adjusted through a valuation allowance. If the value of the MSRs subsequently increases, the recovery in value is recognized in current period earnings and the carrying value of the MSRs is adjusted through a reduction in the valuation allowance. For purposes of performing the MSR impairment evaluation, the servicing portfolio is stratified on the basis of certain risk characteristics such as region, terms, and coupons. An other-than-temporary impairment analysis is prepared to evaluate whether a loss in the value of the MSRs in a particular stratum, if any, is other than temporary or not. When the recovery of the value is unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the MSRs in the stratum to its estimated recoverable value is charged to the valuation allowance. As of December 31, 2017, the carrying value of the MSRs amounted to $25.3 million (2016 - $26.2 million).

The servicing assets are amortized over the estimated life of the underlying loans based on an income forecast method as a reduction of servicing income. The income forecast method of amortization is based on projected cash flows. A particular periodic amortization is calculated by applying to the carrying amount of the MSRs the ratio of the cash flows projected for the current period to total remaining net MSR forecasted cash flow.

Premises and equipment

Premises and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each type of asset. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed over the terms of the leases (contractual term plus lease renewals that are reasonably assured) or the estimated useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Costs of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the respective assets are expensed as incurred. Costs of renewals and betterments are capitalized. When assets are sold or disposed of, their cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in earnings as part of other non-interest income in the statements of income. When the asset is no longer used in operations, and the Corporation intends to sell it, the asset is reclassified to other assets held for sale and is reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. During 2017, the Corporation identified impairment to several facilities and equipment in areas affected by Hurricanes Irma and Maria. Refer to Note 14 – Premises and Equipment, to the consolidated financial statements, for information about the amount of these impairments and related expected insurance recoveries as well as the presentation of such impairments and expected insurance recoveries in the consolidated financial statements.

The Corporation has operating lease agreements primarily associated with the rental of premises to support the branch network or for general office space. Certain of these arrangements are noncancelable and provide for rent escalation and renewal options. Rent expense on noncancelable operating leases with scheduled rent increases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Other real estate owned (OREO)

OREO, which consists of real estate acquired in settlement of loans, is recorded at the lower of cost (carrying value of the loan) or fair value minus estimated costs to sell the real estate acquired. Generally, loans have been written down to their net realizable value prior to foreclosure. Any further reduction to their net realizable value is recorded with a charge to the allowance for loan losses at the time of foreclosure or shorty thereafter. Thereafter, gains or losses resulting from the sale of these properties and losses recognized on the periodic reevaluations of these properties are credited or charged to earnings and are included as part of net loss on OREO operations in the statements of income. The cost of maintaining and operating these properties is expensed as incurred. The Corporation estimates fair values primarily based on appraisals, when available, and the net realizable value is reviewed and updated periodically depending on the type of property involved.

Accounting for acquisitions

The Corporation accounts for acquisitions in accordance with the authoritative guidance for business combinations. Under the guidance for business combinations, the accounting differs depending on whether the acquired set of activities and assets meets the definition of a business. A business is considered to be an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing economic benefits directly to investors or other owners, members or participants. If the acquired set of activities and assets meets the definition of a business, the transaction is accounted for as a business combination. Otherwise, it is accounted for as an asset acquisition.

In a business combination, identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. Goodwill is recognized as the excess of the acquisition price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. Likewise, if the fair value of the net assets acquired is higher than the acquisition price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized and recorded in non-interest income in the statements of income. The Corporation may retrospectively adjust the initially recorded fair values to reflect new information obtained during the measurement period (not to exceed 12 months) about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the acquisition date fair value measurements. There were no acquisitions or mergers completed during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Refer to Note 3 – Business Combination, to the consolidated financial statements for a detailed description of the acquisition of assets and assumption of liabilities from Doral Bank in 2015.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill - The Corporation evaluates goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, generally during the fourth quarter, or more often if events or circumstances indicate there may be an impairment. The Corporation evaluated goodwill for impairment as of October 1, 2017. Goodwill impairment testing is performed at the segment (or “reporting unit”) level. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units at the date the goodwill is initially recorded. Once goodwill has been assigned to a reporting unit, it no longer retains its association with a particular acquisition, and all of the activities within a reporting unit, whether acquired or internally generated, are available to support the value of the goodwill. The Corporation’s goodwill is related to the acquisition of FirstBank Florida in 2005.

The Corporation bypassed the qualitative assessment in 2017 and proceeded directly to perform the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test. The first step (“Step 1”) involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, there is an indication of potential impairment and the second step is performed to measure the amount of the impairment.

The second step (“Step 2”), if necessary, involves calculating an implied fair value of the goodwill for each reporting unit for which Step 1 indicated a potential impairment. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in a manner similar to the calculation of the amount of goodwill in a business combination, by measuring the excess of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit, as determined in Step 1, over the aggregate estimated fair values of the individual assets, liabilities, and identifiable intangibles as if the reporting unit was then being acquired in a business combination. If the implied fair value of goodwill exceeds the carrying value of goodwill assigned to the reporting unit, there is no impairment. If the carrying value of goodwill assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the implied fair value of the goodwill, an impairment charge is recorded for the excess. An impairment loss cannot exceed the carrying value of goodwill assigned to a reporting unit, and the loss establishes a new basis in the goodwill. Subsequent reversal of goodwill impairment losses is not permitted.

In determining the fair value of a reporting unit, which is based on the nature of the business and the reporting unit’s current and expected financial performance, the Corporation uses a combination of methods, including market price multiples of comparable companies, as well as a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis. The Corporation evaluates the results obtained under each valuation methodology to identify and understand the key value drivers in order to ascertain that the results obtained are reasonable and appropriate under the circumstances.

The computations require management to make estimates and assumptions. Critical assumptions that are used as part of these evaluations include:

• a selection of comparable publicly traded companies, based on size, performance, and asset quality;

• a selection of comparable and public acquisition transactions of entities of similar size;

• the discount rate applied to future earnings, based on an estimate of the cost of equity;

• the potential future earnings of the reporting unit; and

• the market growth and new business assumptions.

For purposes of the market comparable approach, the valuation was determined based on market multiples for comparable companies and recent acquisition transactions and market participant assumptions applied to the reporting unit to derive an implied value of equity.

For purposes of the DCF analysis approach, the valuation was based on estimated future cash flows. The financial projections used in the DCF analysis for the reporting unit were based on the most recent available data. The growth assumptions included in these projections were based on management’s expectations of the reporting unit’s financial prospects as well as particular plans for the entity (i.e., restructuring plans). The cost of equity was estimated using the capital asset pricing model using comparable companies, an equity risk premium, the rate of return of a “riskless” asset, a size premium based on the size of the reporting unit, and a company specific premium. The resulting discount rate was analyzed in terms of reasonability given current market conditions.

The Step 1 evaluation of goodwill allocated to the Florida reporting unit, under both valuation approaches (market and DCF) indicated that the fair value of the unit was above the carrying amount of its equity book value as of the valuation date (October 1), which meant that Step 2 was not undertaken. Based on the analysis under both the discounted cash flow and market approaches, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying amount of the unit, including goodwill, at the evaluation date.

The Corporation engaged a third-party valuation specialist to assist management in the annual evaluation of the Florida unit’s goodwill as of the October 1, 2017 valuation date. In reaching its conclusion on impairment, management discussed with the specialist the methodologies, assumptions, and results supporting the relevant values for the goodwill and determined that they were reasonable.

The goodwill impairment evaluation process requires the Corporation to make estimates and assumptions with regards to the fair value of its reporting unit. Actual values may differ significantly from these estimates. Such differences could result in future impairment of goodwill that would, in turn, negatively impact the Corporation’s results of operations and the profitability of the reporting unit where goodwill is recorded.

Goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2017 or 2016.

Other Intangibles - Core deposit intangibles are amortized over their estimated lives, generally on a straight-line basis, and are reviewed periodically for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The Corporation performed impairment tests for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 and determined that no impairment was needed to be recognized for other intangible assets.

In connection with the acquisition of a FirstBank-branded credit card loan portfolio in 2012, the Corporation recognized at acquisition a purchased credit card relationship intangible of $24.5 million ($8.0 million and $10.5 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively), which is being amortized on an accelerated basis based on the estimated attrition rate of the purchased credit card accounts, which reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are consumed. These benefits are consumed as the revenue stream generated by the cardholder relationship is realized. For further disclosures, refer to Note 15 – Goodwill and other Intangibles, to the consolidated financial statements.

In the first quarter of 2016, FirstBank Insurance Agency acquired certain insurance customer accounts and related customer records and recognized an insurance customer relationship intangible of $1.1 million ($0.8 million and $0.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively), which is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The list of accounts acquired has a direct relationship to previous mortgage loan portfolio acquisitions from Doral Bank and Doral Financial in 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Securities purchased and sold under agreements to repurchase

Securities purchased under resale agreements and securities sold under repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions. Generally, these agreements are recorded at the amount at which the securities were purchased or sold. The Corporation monitors the fair value of securities purchased and sold, and obtains collateral from, or returns it to, the counterparties when appropriate. These financing transactions do not create material credit risk given the collateral provided and the related monitoring process. The Corporation sells and acquires securities under agreements to repurchase or resell the same or similar securities. Generally, similar securities are securities from the same issuer, with identical form and type, similar maturity, identical contractual interest rates, similar assets as collateral, and the same aggregate unpaid principal amount. The counterparty to certain agreements may have the right to repledge the collateral by contract or custom. Such assets are presented separately in the statements of financial condition as securities pledged to creditors that can be repledged. Repurchase and resale activities may be transacted under legally enforceable master repurchase agreements that give the Corporation, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. The Corporation offsets repurchase and resale transactions with the same counterparty on the consolidated statements of financial condition where it has such a legally enforceable master netting agreement and the transactions have the same maturity date.

From time to time, the Corporation modifies repurchase agreements to take advantage of prevailing interest rates. Following applicable GAAP guidance, if the Corporation determines that the debt under the modified terms is substantially different from the original terms, the modification must be accounted for as an extinguishment of debt. Modified terms are considered substantially different if the present value of the cash flows under the terms of the new debt instrument is at least 10% different from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original instrument. The new debt instrument will be initially recorded at fair value, and that amount will be used to determine the debt extinguishment gain or loss to be recognized through the statement of income and the effective rate of the new instrument. If the Corporation determines that the debt under the modified terms is not substantially different, then the new effective interest rate is determined based on the carrying amount of the original debt instrument. None of the repurchase agreements modified in the past were considered to be substantially different from the original terms, and, therefore, these modifications were not accounted for as extinguishments of debt.

Rewards Liability

The Corporation offers products, primarily credit cards, that offer various rewards to reward program members, such as airline tickets, cash, or merchandise, based on account activity. The Corporation generally recognizes the cost of rewards as part of business promotion expenses when the rewards are earned by the customer and, at that time, records the corresponding reward liability. The reward liability is computed based on points earned to date that are expected to be redeemed and the average cost per point redemption. The reward liability is reduced as points are redeemed. In estimating the reward liability, the Corporation considers historical reward redemption behavior, the terms of the current reward program, and the card purchase activity. The reward liability is sensitive to changes in the reward redemption type and redemption rate, which is based on the expectation that the vast majority of all points earned will eventually be redeemed. The reward liability, which is included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition, totaled $7.0 million and $7.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Income taxes

The Corporation uses the asset and liability method for the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Corporation’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined for differences between financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. The computation is based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to periods in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In making such assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified, including both positive and negative evidence. The authoritative guidance for accounting for income taxes requires the consideration of all sources of taxable income available to realize the deferred tax asset, including the future reversal of existing temporary differences, tax planning strategies and future taxable income exclusive of the impact of the reversal of temporary differences and carryforwards. In estimating taxes, management assesses the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions taking into account statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance. Refer to Note 27 – Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Under the authoritative accounting guidance, income tax benefits are recognized and measured based on a two-step analysis: 1) a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits in order to be recognized; and 2) the benefit is measured at the largest dollar amount of that position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized in accordance with this analysis and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is referred to as an Unrecognized Tax Benefit (“UTB”). The Corporation classifies interest and penalties, if any, related to UTBs as components of income tax expense. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Corporation did not have any UTBs recorded on its books.

Treasury stock

The Corporation accounts for treasury stock at par value. Under this method, the treasury stock account is increased by the par value of each share of common stock reacquired. Any excess paid per share over the par value is debited to additional paid-in capital for the amount per share that was originally credited. Any remaining excess is charged to retained earnings.

Stock-based compensation

Compensation cost is recognized in the financial statements for all share-based payment grants. Between 1997 and 2007, the Corporation had a stock option plan (the “1997 stock option plan”) covering eligible employees. On January 21, 2007, the 1997 stock option plan expired and no additional awards could be granted under that plan. All outstanding awards granted under this plan continued in full force and effect thereafter, subject to their original terms. No awards for shares could be granted under the 1997 stock option plan as of its expiration. During the first quarter of 2017, all of the remaining outstanding awards granted under the 1997 stock option plan expired.

On April 29, 2008, the Corporation’s stockholders approved the First BanCorp. 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended (the “Omnibus Plan”). The Omnibus Plan provides for equity-based compensation incentives (the “awards”) through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, cash-based awards and other stock-based awards. The compensation cost for an award, determined based on the estimate of the fair value at the grant date (considering forfeitures and any post-vesting restrictions), is recognized over the period during which an employee or director is required to provide services in exchange for an award, which is the vesting period.

Stock-based compensation accounting guidance requires the Corporation to develop an estimate of the number of share-based awards that will be forfeited due to employee or director turnover. Quarterly changes in the estimated forfeiture rate may have a significant effect on share-based compensation, as the effect of adjusting the rate for all expense amortization is recognized in the period in which the forfeiture estimate is changed. If the actual forfeiture rate is higher than the estimated forfeiture rate, an adjustment is made to increase the estimated forfeiture rate, which will result in a decrease in the expense recognized in the financial statements. If the actual forfeiture rate is lower than the estimated forfeiture rate, then an adjustment is made to decrease the estimated forfeiture rate, which will result in an increase in the expense recognized in the financial statements. When unvested options or shares of restricted stock are forfeited, any compensation expense previously recognized on the forfeited awards is reversed in the period of the forfeiture. For additional information regarding the Corporation’s equity-based compensation and awards granted, refer to Note 22 – Stock-based Compensation, to the consolidated financial statements.

Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income for First BanCorp. includes net income and the unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of estimated tax effects.

Segment Information

The Corporation reports financial and descriptive information about its reportable segments. Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by management in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Corporation’s management determined that the segregation that best fulfills the segment definition described above is by lines of business for its operations in Puerto Rico, the Corporation’s principal market, and by geographic areas for its operations outside of Puerto Rico. As of December 31, 2017, the Corporation had six operating segments that are all reportable segments: Commercial and Corporate Banking; Mortgage Banking; Consumer (Retail) Banking; Treasury and Investments; United States Operations; and Virgin Islands Operations. Refer to Note 34 – Segment Information, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Valuation of financial instruments

The measurement of fair value is fundamental to the Corporation’s presentation of its financial condition and results of operations. The Corporation holds fixed income and equity securities, derivatives, investments, and other financial instruments at fair value. The Corporation holds its investments and liabilities mainly to manage liquidity needs and interest rate risks. A significant part of the Corporation’s total assets is reflected at fair value on the Corporation’s financial statements.

The FASB’s authoritative guidance for fair value measurement defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. This guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy for classifying financial instruments. The hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. Three levels of inputs may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1

Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2

Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3

Valuations are observed from unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Under the fair value accounting guidance, an entity has the irrevocable option to elect, on a contract-by-contract basis, to measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value at the inception of the contract and, thereafter, to reflect any changes in fair value in current earnings. The Corporation did not make any fair value option election as of December 31, 2017 or 2016. See Note 29 – Fair Value, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Income recognition— Insurance agency

Commission revenue is recognized as of the effective date of the insurance policy. Additional premiums and rate adjustments are recorded as they occur. The Corporation also receives contingent commissions from insurance companies as additional incentive for achieving specified premium volume goals and/or the loss experience of the insurance placed by the Corporation. Contingent commissions from insurance companies are recognized when determinable, which is generally when such commissions are received or when the amount to be received is reported to the Corporation by the insurance company. An allowance is created for expected adjustments to commissions earned relating to policy cancellations. Please refer to “Recently issued accounting standards and recently adopted accounting pronouncements – Revenue Recognition” below for additional information about the Corporation’s evaluation of insurance commissions for purposes of the implementation of the new revenue recognition accounting guidelines effective since January 1, 2018.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs for all reporting periods are expensed as incurred.

Earnings per common share

Earnings per share-basic is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares issued and outstanding. Net income attributable to common stockholders represents net income adjusted for any preferred stock dividends, including any dividends declared, and any cumulative dividends related to the current dividend period that have not been declared as of the end of the period. Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding excludes unvested shares of restricted stock that do not contain non-forfeitable dividend rights. The computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share except that the number of weighted-average common shares is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive common shares had been issued, referred to as potential common shares.

Potential dilutive common shares consist of common stock issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options, unvested shares of restricted stock that do not contain non-forfeitable dividend rights, and outstanding warrants using the treasury stock method. This method assumes that the potential dilutive common shares are issued and outstanding and the proceeds from the exercise, in addition to the amount of compensation cost attributable to future services, are used to purchase common stock at the exercise date. The difference between the numbers of potential dilutive shares issued and the shares purchased is added as incremental shares to the actual number of shares outstanding to compute diluted earnings per share. Stock options, unvested shares of restricted stock that do not contain non-forfeitable dividend rights, and outstanding warrants that result in lower potential shares issued than shares purchased under the treasury stock method are not included in the computation of dilutive earnings per share since their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect on earnings per share.

Recently issued accounting standards and recently adopted accounting pronouncements

The FASB has issued the following accounting pronouncements and guidance relevant to the Corporation’s operations:

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB updated the Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or the “ASC”) to create a new, principles-based revenue recognition framework. The Update is the culmination of efforts by the FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board to develop a common revenue standard for GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. The core principal of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance describes a 5-step process that entities can apply to achieve the core principle of revenue recognition and requires disclosures sufficient to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers and the significant judgments used in determining that information. The new framework is effective for public business entities, with certain exceptions provided recently by the SEC staff, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those reporting periods, as a result of the FASB’s amendment to the standard to defer the effective date by one year. Early adoption was permitted for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

The Corporation will adopt the guidance on January 1, 2018 using a modified retrospective method. Due to materiality considerations, the Corporation does not expect to record an adjustment to opening retained earnings. Management does not expect a material change in the timing or measurement of revenues and the overall impact to net income on an ongoing basis is expected to be immaterial. While the guidance requires the evaluation of various revenue streams, the Update is not applicable to financial instruments and, therefore, does not impact a majority of the Corporation’s revenues, including net interest income and gain on sale of loans. The Corporation also concluded that its credit cardholder fees with the related rewards program and mortgage servicing fees are out of scope of the new standard.

The Corporation has identified service charges on deposits and related cash management services, insurance commissions, merchant-related income, and cards interchange income as its most significant revenue streams within the scope of the standard. For the revenue streams that were found in scope, management reviewed in detail its most significant contracts with corresponding customers. The contracts reviewed led management to conclude that the adoption of the standard did not impact the Corporation’s accounting for the revenue generated from service charges on deposits and related cash management services. These depository arrangements are considered day-to-day contracts that do not extend beyond the services performed, as customers have the right to terminate these contracts with no penalty or, if any, nonsubstantive penalties. As a consequence, the income recognition under the standard is not different from the Corporation’s current practice.

For insurance commissions, which include regular and contingent commissions paid to the Corporation’s insurance agency, the Corporation concluded that the agreements contain a performance obligation related to the sale/issuance of the policy and a post-issuance support performance obligation for which the revenue recognition pattern will be different under the new standard. The difference would be limited to the portion of the transaction price that is allocated to post-issuance support performance obligations and the revenue recognized over time for such performance obligations. Differences in the timing and amounts of the revenue were analyzed and management concluded that such differences are not expected to be material on an ongoing basis. In addition, contingent commission income was found to be constrained, as defined under the new standard, until payments are received, which is consistent with the Corporation’s current practice.

For merchant-related income, which evaluation included the consideration of a 2015 sale of merchant contracts that included sales of point of sale (“POS”) terminals and entry into a marketing alliance under a revenue-sharing agreement, the Corporation concluded that control of the POS terminals and merchant contracts was transferred to the customer at the contract’s inception. With respect to the related revenue-sharing agreement, the Corporation satisfies the marketing alliance performance obligation over the life of the contract and the associated transaction price is recognized as the entity performs and any constraints over the variable consideration are resolved. Management does not expect a material change in the timing or measurement of revenues and the overall impact on an ongoing basis is expected to be immaterial.

For the cards interchange income revenue stream, the Corporation concluded that the timing of revenue recognition would be when the card holder presents the card for payment and transactions are authorized. As a consequence, the income recognition is unchanged from the Corporation’s timing of when will be recognized.

The Corporation also evaluated non-periodic transactions, such as sales of OREO properties that typically occur at a point in time, and management does not expect a material change on an ongoing basis in the timing or measurement of revenues from these transactions. The Corporation continues to evaluate the effect of changes in disclosures required by this guidance, however, due to the short duration of contracts, the non-existent or immaterial remaining performance obligations, and the absence of significant judgment that would affect the timing and amounts of the revenue streams described above, most of the disclosure requirements would not apply. In addition, management believes that disclosure requirements related to disaggregation of revenues into categories related to the impact of economic factors on the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of the Corporation’s revenue and cash flows are substantially aligned with the current disclosures required for the Corporation’s reportable segments. Refer to Note 34 – Segment information, to the consolidated financial statements for information about revenues attributable to each region and reportable segment, which reflects that more than 80% of the Corporation’s revenues are derived from activities in Puerto Rico and more than 85% consist of net interest income and revenues not derived from contracts with customers. Based on the above discussion, the Corporation does not expect any material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements results and required disclosures for the first quarter of 2018.

Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities

In January 2016, the FASB updated the Codification to require an entity to: (i) measure equity investments at fair value through net income, with certain exceptions, thus, eliminating eligibility for the current available-for-sale category; (ii) present in OCI the changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities measured using the fair value option; (iii) present financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset; (iv) calculate the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes based on an exit price; and (v) assess a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to unrealized losses of available-for-sale debt securities in combination with other deferred tax assets. The guidance provides an election to subsequently measure certain nonmarketable equity investments at cost less any impairment, adjusted for certain observable price changes. The guidance also requires a qualitative impairment assessment of such equity investments and amends certain fair value disclosure requirements. For public companies, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption was only permitted for the provision related to instrument-specific credit risk and the fair value disclosure exemption provided to nonpublic entities. The Corporation adopted the guidance on January 1, 2018, and does not expect any material effect on its consolidated financial statements for the first quarter of 2018.

Lease Accounting

In February 2016, the FASB updated the Codification to provide guidance for the financial reporting about leasing transactions. Under the new guidance, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Consistent with current GAAP, the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. However, unlike current GAAP, which requires only capital leases to be recognized on the balance sheet, the guidance will require both types of leases to be recognized on the balance sheet. The guidance will also require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements, providing additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. The guidance on leases will take effect for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early application is permitted. The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

In March 2016, the FASB updated the Codification to simplify certain aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions. The main provisions in this Update include: (i) recognition of all tax benefits and tax deficiencies (including tax benefits of dividends on share-based payment awards) as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement; (ii) classification of the excess tax benefit along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity; (iii) an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or account for forfeitures when they occur; (iv) a threshold to qualify for equity classification that permits withholding up to the maximum statutory tax rate in the applicable jurisdictions; and (v) classification of cash paid by an employer as a financing activity when the payment results from the withholding of shares for tax withholding purposes. For public business entities, the amendments in this guidance are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Corporation adopted the provisions during the first quarter of 2017 without any material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

Accounting for Financial Instruments – Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB updated the Codification to introduce new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on instruments that includes an impairment model (known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model) that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. It also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The CECL model will apply to: (1) financial assets subject to credit losses and measured at amortized cost and (2) certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. This includes loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, loan commitments, financial guarantees, and net investments in leases, as well as reinsurance and trade receivables. Upon initial recognition of the exposure, the CECL model requires an entity to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures). The estimate of expected credit losses (“ECL”) should consider historical information, current information, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. Financial instruments with similar risk characteristics should be grouped together when estimating ECL. The guidance does not prescribe a specific method to make the estimate, so its application will require significant judgment.

Generally, upon initial recognition of a financial asset, the estimate of the ECL will be recorded through an allowance for loan and lease losses with an offset to current earnings. Subsequently, the ECL will need to be reassessed each period, and both negative and positive changes to the estimate will be recognized through an adjustment to the allowance for loan and lease losses and earnings.

The guidance amends the current OTTI model for available-for-sale debt securities. The new available-for-sale debt security model will require an estimate of ECL only when the fair value is below the amortized cost of the asset. The length of time the fair value of an available-for-sale debt security has been below the amortized cost will no longer impact the determination of whether a credit loss exists. As such, the new available-for-sale debt security model is not an OTTI model. In addition, credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities will now be limited to the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. The available-for-sale debt security model will also require the use of an allowance to record estimated credit losses (and subsequent recoveries).

The purchased financial assets with credit deterioration (“PCD”) model applies to purchased financial assets (measured at amortized cost or available-for-sale) that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. This represents a change from the scope of what are considered purchased credit-impaired assets under today’s model. In contrast to the accounting for originated or purchased assets that do not qualify as PCD, the initial estimate of expected credit losses for a PCD would be recognized through an allowance for loan and lease losses with an offset to the cost basis of the related financial asset at acquisition (i.e., there is no impact to net income at initial recognition). Subsequently, the accounting will follow the applicable CECL or available-for-sale debt security impairment model with all adjustments of the allowance for loan and lease losses recognized through earnings. Beneficial interests classified as held-to-maturity or available-for-sale will need to apply the PCD model if the beneficial interest meets the definition of PCD or if there is a significant difference between contractual and expected cash flows at initial recognition.

In general, the new guidance will require modified retrospective application to all outstanding instruments, with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to opening retained earnings as of the beginning of the first period in which the guidance becomes effective. However, prospective application is required for PCD assets previously accounted for under ASC 310-30 and for debt securities for which an OTTI was recognized prior to the date of adoption.

This guidance also expands the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models, and methods for estimating the allowance for loan and lease losses. In addition, public business entities will need to disclose the amortized cost balance for each class of financial asset by credit quality indicator, disaggregated by the year of origination (i.e., by vintage year).

The guidance will be effective for public business entities that are SEC filers in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the guidance will be permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.

The Corporation has developed a transition roadmap in order to comply with the timely implementation of this new accounting framework. The Corporation has created a Working Group with members from multiple areas across the organization that is responsible for assessing the impact of the standard, evaluating interpretative issues, and evaluating the current credit loss models against the new guidance to determine any changes necessary and other related implementation activities. The Working Group provides periodic updates to the Corporation’s CECL Management Committee, which has oversight responsibilities for the implementation efforts.

Statement of Cash Flows Presentation - Restricted Cash

In August 2016 and November 2016, the FASB updated the Codification to provide specific guidance on the classification and presentation of certain cash payments and cash receipts, including changes in restricted cash, in the statement of cash flows. This guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. This new accounting guidance will result in some changes in classification in the consolidated statement of cash flows, and will not have any impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption was permitted. The amendments in this Update should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. If it is impracticable to apply the amendments retrospectively for some of the issues, the amendments for those issues would be applied prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. The Corporation does not expect any material change in the statement of cash flows presentation upon adoption of this guidance in the first quarter of 2018.

Income Tax Impact of Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets

In October 2016, the FASB updated the Codification to improve the accounting for the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. With this Update, entities are required to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Under current GAAP, the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer is prohibited until the assets are sold to an outside party. This Update does not include new disclosure requirements; however, existing disclosure requirements might be applicable when accounting for the current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. For example, GAAP requires an entity to disclose a comparison of income tax expense (benefit) with statutory expectations (a rate reconciliation for public entities or a description of the nature of each significant reconciling item for nonpublic entities) and also requires an entity to disclose the types of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to a significant portion of deferred income taxes. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption was permitted for all entities as of the beginning of an annual reporting period for which financial statements (interim or annual) have not been issued or made available for issuance. The Corporation adopted this guidance in the first quarter of 2018 and does not expect any material impact on its consolidated financial statements for the first quarter of 2018.

Variable Interest Entities – Primary Beneficiary Determination

In October 2016, the FASB updated the Codification to modify the criteria used by a reporting entity when determining if it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE when the entities are under common control and the reporting entity has indirect interests in the VIE through related parties. If the reporting entity meets the first criteria in that it has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that are most significant to its economic performance, it is required to consider all interests held indirectly through related entities on a proportionate basis in determining if it meets the second criterion, the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE, or the right to receive benefits from it that are potentially significant to the VIE. The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption was permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The adoption of this guidance in 2017 did not have an impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

Clarifying the Definition of a Business

In January 2017, the FASB updated the Codification to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of providing guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. Under current GAAP, there are three elements of a business—inputs, processes, and outputs. While an integrated set of assets and activities (collectively referred to as a “set”) that is a business usually has outputs, outputs are not required to be present. In addition, all the inputs and processes that a seller uses in operating a set are not required if market participants can acquire the set and continue to produce outputs, for example, by integrating the acquired set with their own inputs and processes. The amendments in this Update provide a screen to determine when a set is not a business. The screen requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. This screen reduces the number of transactions that need to be further evaluated. If the screen is not met, the amendments in this Update (1) require that to be considered a business, a set must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output; and (2) remove the evaluation of whether a market participant could replace missing elements. The amendments provide a framework to assist entities in evaluating whether both an input and a substantive process are present. The framework includes two sets of criteria to consider that depend on whether a set has outputs. Although outputs are not required for a set to be a business, outputs generally are a key element of a business; therefore, the FASB has developed more stringent criteria for sets without outputs. Public business entities should apply the amendments in this Update to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The impact of this guidance will depend upon future acquisition and disposal activities of the Corporation.

Subsequent Measurement of Goodwill

In January 2017, the FASB updated the Codification to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating “Step 2” from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in this Update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. This Update also eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Therefore, the same impairment assessment applies to all reporting units. An entity is required to disclose the amount of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount of net assets. Furthermore, entities still have the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for their annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The impact of this guidance will depend upon the performance of the reporting units and the market conditions impacting the fair value of each reporting unit going forward.

Amortization of Premiums and Discounts of callable debt securities

In March 2017, the FASB updated the Codification to shorten the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. With respect to securities held at a discount, the amendments do not require an accounting change; thus, the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. Under current GAAP, premiums and discounts on callable debt securities generally are amortized to the maturity date. An entity must have a large number of similar loans to consider estimates of future principal prepayments when applying the interest method. However, an entity that holds an individual callable debt security at a premium may not amortize that premium to the earliest call date. If that callable debt security is subsequently called, the entity records a loss equal to the unamortized premium. The amendments in this Update more closely align the amortization period of premiums and discounts to expectations incorporated in market pricing on the underlying securities. In most cases, market participants price securities to the call date that produces the worst yield when the coupon is above current market rates (that is, the security is trading at a premium) and price securities to maturity when the coupon is below market rates (that is, the security is trading at a discount) in anticipation that the borrower will act in its economic best interest. As a result, the amendments more closely align interest income recorded on bonds held at a premium or a discount with the economics of the underlying instrument. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated statement of financial condition or results of operations. As of December 31, 2017, the Corporation had $4.1 million of callable debt securities held at a premium (unamortized premium of $47 thousand).

Clarifying what Changes Qualify as a Modification of a Shared-Based Payment Award

In May 2017, the FASB updated the codification to reduce the cost and complexity when applying ASC Topic 718 and standardize the practice of applying Topic 718 to financial reporting. Topic 718 prescribes the accounting treatment of a modification in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The guidance clarifies what changes would qualify as a modification. This was done by better defining what does not constitute a modification. In order for a change to a share-based arrangement to not require Topic 718 modification treatment, all of the following must be met: (i) the fair value (or alternative measurement method used) of the modified award equals the fair value (or alternative measurement method used) of the original award immediately before the original award is modified; (ii) the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the original award is modified; and (iii) the classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the original award is modified. The current disclosure requirements in Topic 718 apply regardless of whether an entity is required to apply modification accounting under this Update. The amendments in this Update should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. The amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation’s Omnibus Plan provides for equity-based compensation incentives through the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, cash-based awards and other stock-based awards. If any change occurs in the future to awards issued under the Omnibus Plan, the Corporation will evaluate it under this guidance.

Derivatives and Hedging

In August 2017, the FASB updated the Codification to: (i) expand hedge accounting for nonfinancial and financial risk components and amend measurement methodologies to more closely align hedge accounting with a company’s risk management activities; (ii) decrease the complexity of preparing and understanding hedge results by eliminating the separate measurement and reporting of hedge ineffectiveness; (iii) enhance transparency, comparability, and understanding of hedge results through enhanced disclosures and changing the presentation of hedge results to align the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item; and (iv) reduce the cost and complexity of applying hedge accounting by simplifying the manner in which assessments of hedge effectiveness may be performed. This Update is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance requires companies to apply requirements to existing hedging relationships on the date of adoption, and the effect of the adoption should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. As of December 31, 2017, all of the derivatives held by the Corporation were considered economic undesignated hedges. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated statement of financial condition or results of operations.