Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Benefit Plans

Benefit Plans

Certain of our U.S. and international subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans. In addition, we provide minimal death benefits for certain U.S. retirees and pay a portion of healthcare costs for retired U.S. salaried employees and their dependents. Benefits for participants are coordinated with Medicare when possible. We also sponsor a defined contribution plan for certain salaried and hourly U.S. employees. Our 401(k) plan contributions were $19.5 million for 2021, $16.8 million for 2020 and $15.6 million for 2019.

Pension and Other Retirement Benefits

The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in OCI were as follows:

	Pension benefits						Other retirement benefits
($ in millions)	2021		2020		2019		2021		2020		2019
Net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	1.6	$	1.5	$	1.4	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest cost	6.2		7.1		9.2		0.2		0.2		0.2
Expected return on plan assets	(11.9)		(11.7)		(12.0)		—		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	0.1		0.1		0.1		(0.4)		(0.7)		(0.7)
Amortization of actuarial loss (gain)	1.8		2.0		2.1		(1.6)		(1.9)		(2.3)
Settlement loss	1.8		3.7		3.5		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	(0.4)	$	2.7	$	4.3	$	(1.8)	$	(2.4)	$	(2.8)
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI, pre-tax:
Net (gain) loss arising during period	$	(6.3)	$	1.8	$	1.5	$	(0.9)	$	(0.4)	$	0.1
Prior service credit arising during period	(2.0)		—		—		—		—		—
Amortization of prior service credit	(0.1)		(0.1)		(0.1)		0.4		0.7		0.7
Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain	(1.8)		(2.0)		(2.1)		1.6		1.9		2.3
Settlement loss	(1.8)		(3.7)		(3.5)		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	(0.9)		1.8		0.6		—		—		—
Total recognized in OCI	$	(12.9)	$	(2.2)	$	(3.6)	$	1.1	$	2.2	$	3.1
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and OCI	$	(13.3)	$	0.5	$	0.7	$	(0.7)	$	(0.2)	$	0.3

Net periodic benefit cost by geographic location is as follows:

	Pension benefits						Other retirement benefits
($ in millions)	2021		2020		2019		2021		2020		2019
U.S. plans	$	(2.3)	$	1.2	$	2.4	$	(1.8)	$	(2.4)	$	(2.8)
International plans	1.9		1.5		1.9		—		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	(0.4)	$	2.7	$	4.3	$	(1.8)	$	(2.4)	$	(2.8)

The service cost component included within net periodic benefit cost is considered employee compensation and is therefore presented within the selling, general, and administrative and costs of goods and services sold financial statement line items of our consolidated statements of income. The remaining components of net periodic benefit cost are reported separately and are therefore presented within the other nonoperating (income) expense financial statement line item of our consolidated statements of income.

During 2021, 2020, and 2019 we recorded $1.8 million, $3.7 million, and $3.5 million in pension settlement charges within other nonoperating (income) expense, respectively, as we determined that normal-course lump-sum payments for our U.S. qualified, and in 2020 and 2019 our non-qualified, defined benefit pension plans exceeded the threshold for settlement accounting under U.S. GAAP for the year. Effective January 1, 2019, except for interest crediting, benefit accruals under these defined benefit pension plans ceased.

During 2021 and 2020, we did not contribute to our U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan.

The following table presents the changes in the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets, as well as the funded status of the plans:

	Pension benefits				Other retirement benefits
($ in millions)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, January 1	$	(298.9)	$	(287.9)	$	(6.1)	$	(6.6)
Service cost	(1.6)		(1.5)		—		—
Interest cost	(6.2)		(7.1)		(0.2)		(0.2)
Participants’ contributions	(0.6)		(0.3)		(0.5)		(0.1)
Actuarial (loss) gain	12.1		(22.1)		0.9		0.5
Amendments/transfers in	2.0		—		—		—
Benefits paid	7.1		6.2		0.3		0.3
Curtailment gain	—		0.1		—		—
Settlement loss	13.1		18.6		—		—
Foreign currency translation	3.2		(4.9)		—		—
Benefit obligation, December 31	$	(269.8)	$	(298.9)	$	(5.6)	$	(6.1)
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of assets, January 1	$	258.1	$	244.1	$	—	$	—
Actual return on plan assets	6.1		31.8		—		—
Employer contribution	3.6		4.8		(0.2)		0.2
Participants’ contributions	0.6		0.3		0.5		0.1
Benefits paid	(5.2)		(6.0)		(0.3)		(0.3)
Settlement loss	(13.1)		(18.6)		—		—
Foreign currency translation	(0.9)		1.7		—		—
Fair value of assets, December 31	$	249.2	$	258.1	$	—	$	—
Funded status at end of year	$	(20.6)	$	(40.8)	$	(5.6)	$	(6.1)

International pension plan assets, at fair value, included in the preceding table were $49.3 million and $43.9 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Amounts recognized in the balance sheet were as follows:

	Pension benefits				Other retirement benefits
($ in millions)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Noncurrent assets	$	16.7	$	12.9	$	—	$	—
Current liabilities	(1.7)		(1.6)		(0.7)		(0.7)
Noncurrent liabilities	(35.6)		(52.1)		(4.9)		(5.4)
	$	(20.6)	$	(40.8)	$	(5.6)	$	(6.1)

The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss, pre-tax, consisted of:

	Pension benefits				Other retirement benefits
($ in millions)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Net actuarial loss (gain)	$	56.5	$	67.3	$	(4.7)	$	(5.4)
Prior service cost (credit)	(1.3)		0.8		—		(0.4)
Total	$	55.2	$	68.1	$	(4.7)	$	(5.8)

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $265.2 million and $293.9 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, including $73.0 million and $83.1 million, respectively, for international pension plans.

As of December 31, 2021, our U.S. and United Kingdom qualified defined benefit pension plan had plan assets in excess of its obligations. As of December 31, 2020, only the U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan had assets in excess of its obligations. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our other defined benefit pension plans had projected benefit obligations and accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets.

Benefit payments expected to be paid under our defined benefit pension and other retirement benefit plans in the next ten years are as follows. The U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan is in the process of being terminated. The expected benefit payments listed correspond to regular ongoing benefit payments expected to be made by the plan during future years, and does not reflect additional disbursements that are expected to be made during 2022 as a result of lump sum offering and annuity purchase related to the plan termination process.

($ in millions)	Domestic		International		Total
2022	$	13.7	$	2.4	$	16.1
2023	14.0		2.4		16.4
2024	13.4		2.7		16.1
2025	12.7		3.1		15.8
2026	11.9		3.6		15.5
2027 to 2031	55.2		19.6		74.8
	$	120.9	$	33.8	$	154.7

In 2022, we expect to contribute $0.8 million to pension plans, all of which is in the U.S. In addition, we expect to contribute $0.7 million for other retirement benefits in 2022. We periodically consider additional, voluntary contributions depending on the investment returns generated by pension plan assets, changes in benefit obligation projections and other factors. For the U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan, a contribution might be needed in order to settle the plan's obligations during the plan termination process.

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost were as follows:

	Pension benefits						Other retirement benefits
	2021		2020		2019		2021		2020		2019
Discount rate	2.29	%	2.61	%	2.70	%	2.30	%	3.20	%	4.20	%
Rate of compensation increase	2.41	%	2.33	%	2.41	%	—		—		—
Expected long-term rate of return on assets	4.93	%	5.10	%	5.54	%	—		—		—

Weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations were as follows:

	Pension benefits				Other retirement benefits
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Discount rate	2.48	%	2.10	%	2.75	%	2.30	%
Rate of compensation increase	2.79	%	2.58	%	—		—

The discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations for U.S. pension plans was 2.95% and 2.60% as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations for all international plans was 1.32% and 0.89% as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The weighted average rate of compensation increase for all international plans was 2.79% for 2021 and 2.58% for 2020, while there was no rate increase for the U.S. plans since they are frozen. Other retirement benefits were only available to U.S. employees. The expected long-term rate of return for U.S. plans, which accounts for 80.2% of global plan assets, was 5.10% for 2021, 5.10% for 2020 and 5.60% for 2019.

The assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to determine benefit obligations was 6.25% for all participants in 2021, decreasing to 5.0% by 2027. The assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to determine net periodic benefit cost was 6.5% for all participants in 2021, decreasing to 5.0% by 2027.

The defined pension plan benefit and other retirement plan benefit obligations decreased for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to an increase in the discount rate used to calculate the obligation. The net actuarial losses will be impacted in future periods by actual asset returns, discount rate changes, currency exchange rate fluctuations, actual demographic experience, and certain other factors. The other retirement plan benefit obligation decreased slightly due to the activity mentioned above.

The Company has cash balance plans and other plans with promised interest crediting rates. For these plans, the interest crediting rates are set in line with plan rules or country legislation and do not change with market conditions.

The weighted average interest crediting rating used to determine net periodic benefit cost by geographic location for our pension plans, at December 31, were as follows:

	2021		2020		2019
U.S. plans	3.31	%	3.30	%	3.30	%
International plans	0.67	%	0.52	%	0.85	%

The weighted average asset allocations by asset category for our pension plans, at December 31, were as follows:

	2021		2020
Equity securities	12	%	34	%
Debt securities	86	%	64	%
Other	2	%	2	%
	100	%	100	%

Our U.S. pension plan is managed as a balanced portfolio comprised of two components: equity and fixed income debt securities. Equity investments are used to maximize the long-term real growth of fund assets, while fixed income investments are used to generate current income, provide for a more stable periodic return and provide some protection against a prolonged decline in the market value of equity investments. Temporary funds may be held as cash. We maintain a long-term strategic asset allocation policy which provides guidelines for ensuring that the fund’s investments are managed with the short-term and long-term financial goals of the fund, while allowing the flexibility to react to unexpected changes in capital markets.

Diversification across and within asset classes is the primary means by which we mitigate risk. We maintain guidelines for all asset and sub-asset categories in order to avoid excessive investment concentrations. Fund assets are monitored on a regular basis. If at any time the fund asset allocation is not within the acceptable allocation range, funds will be reallocated. We also review the fund on a regular basis to ensure that the investment returns received are consistent with the short-term and long-term goals of the fund and with comparable market returns. We are prohibited from pledging fund securities and from investing pension fund assets in our own stock, securities on margin or derivative securities.

The following are the U.S. target asset allocations and acceptable allocation ranges:

	Target allocation	Allocation range
Equity securities	5%	2% - 8%
Debt securities	95%	92% - 98%
Other	—%	0% - 3%

The following tables present the fair value of our pension plan assets, utilizing the fair value hierarchy discussed in Note 12, Fair Value Measurements. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, certain pension plan assets measured at net asset value (“NAV”) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

	Balance at
	December 31,		Basis of Fair Value Measurements
($ in millions)	2021		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash	$	1.6	$	1.6	$	—	$	—
Equity securities:
International mutual funds	21.2		—		21.2		—
Fixed income securities:
Mutual funds	22.1		—		22.1		—
Other mutual funds	4.6		—		4.6		—
Pension plan assets in the fair value hierarchy	$	49.5	$	1.6	$	47.9	$	—
Pension plan assets measured at NAV	199.7
Pension plan assets at fair value	$	249.2

	Balance at
	December 31,		Basis of Fair Value Measurements
($ in millions)	2020		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash	$	1.5	$	1.5	$	—	$	—
Equity securities:
International mutual funds	20.6		—		20.6		—
Fixed income securities:
Mutual funds	18.7		—		18.7		—
Other mutual funds	2.9		—		2.9		—
Pension plan assets in the fair value hierarchy	$	43.7	$	1.5	$	42.2	$	—
Pension plan assets measured at NAV	214.4
Pension plan assets at fair value	$	258.1