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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

The tax provision for interim periods is determined using the estimated annual effective consolidated tax rate, based on the current estimate of full-year earnings before taxes, adjusted for the impact of discrete quarterly items.

The provision for income taxes was $6.0 million and $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and the effective tax rate was 9.9% and 7.1%, respectively. The provision for income taxes was $18.5 million and $5.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and the effective tax rate was 16.2% and 5.1%, respectively.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a tax benefit of $3.4 million and $5.5 million, respectively, associated with our adoption in 2017 of guidance issued by the FASB regarding share-based payment transactions, as compared to a tax benefit of $9.6 million and $25.5 million for the same periods in 2017.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a net tax benefit of $4.8 million to reflect a reduction to our one-time mandatory deemed repatriation tax of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings and profits. In April 2018, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued guidance which provided that certain foreign taxes accrued by specified corporations in the toll tax year reduce post-1986 earnings and profits. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a net tax charge of $0.3 million to adjust our estimated impact of the 2017 Tax Act. During the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2017, we had recorded a provisional charge for the estimated impact of the 2017 Tax Act, based upon our then-current understanding of the 2017 Tax Act and the guidance available at the time. We will continue to actively monitor the developments relating to the 2017 Tax Act, and will adjust our estimate as necessary during the one-year measurement period.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we recorded a tax benefit of $3.5 million related to a planned repatriation of cash held by non-U.S. subsidiaries.

In response to the 2017 Tax Act, we reevaluated our position regarding permanent reinvestment of foreign subsidiary earnings and profits through 2017 (with the exception of China and Mexico) and elected to include in our provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017 an estimated liability of $9.8 million related to foreign withholding taxes and state income taxes that will be incurred upon the distribution of those foreign subsidiary earnings and profits to the U.S. at a future date. Following additional analysis of the 2017 Tax Act, we are asserting, as of January 1, 2018, indefinite reinvestment related to our investment in all of our foreign subsidiaries.