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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

10. Income Taxes

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $0.2 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.   The benefits recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, differed from the statutory rate of 34% primarily due to the combination of U.S. pretax losses and foreign pretax profits taxed at lower rates.  The net tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2017 included income tax expense of $0.1 million related to tax deficiencies with restricted stock and stock options in accordance with ASU No. 2016-09 and $0.1 million income tax benefit related to previously unrecognized tax benefits for research credits.

The Company had deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities of $5.4 million and $4.5 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, virtually all of which are related to the United States tax jurisdiction. On January 1, 2017 in accordance with the adoption of ASU 2016-09, the Company recorded an increase of $0.7 million to deferred tax assets to account for tax benefits related to stock compensation previously unrecognized and for forfeitures previously recorded for restricted stock and stock options with a corresponding increase of $0.2 million to its valuation allowance.  The adjustment to the valuation allowance was based on the same assumptions used to adjust the valuation allowance in 2016 which are still applicable for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

The Company’s valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets was $13.5 million at March 31, 2017 and $13.3 million at December 31, 2016.  The valuation allowance at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 is primarily because the Company does not believe it will generate sufficient US taxable income to realize a significant portion of its deferred tax assets.  On a regular basis, the Company evaluates the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance. Such evaluations involve the application of significant judgment. The Company considers multiple factors in its evaluation of the need for a valuation allowance. The Company’s domestic deferred tax assets have a ratable reversal pattern over 15 years. The carry forward rules allow for up to a 20 year carry forward of net operating losses (“NOL”) to future income that is available to realize the deferred tax assets. The combination of the deferred tax asset reversal pattern and carry forward period yields a 27.0 year average period over which future income can be utilized to realize the deferred tax assets.

During 2016, the Company adjusted the valuation allowance by $12.6 million as income tax expense.  During the second quarter 2016, there were two significant changes in the deferred tax asset recoverability evidence pattern.  The cumulative three year US book income turned to a loss.  In addition, the Company experienced a significant shift in its Connected Solutions segment revenue to products that are designed, manufactured and sold through the Company’s China subsidiary directly into China. This will cause a significant shift going forward in the Company’s tax profitability from the United States to China.  The Company believes this is the beginning of a long-term trend.  The Company completed a recapitalization of its China subsidiary to accommodate the initial working capital growth required to support the shift and continues to anticipate permanently reinvesting future earnings and profits from its China subsidiary in China to support its future working capital needs there.  The Company re-forecasted its long term domestic profitability in light of the shift in business to China that is occurring.  The Company recorded an adjustment to the valuation allowance of $7.6 million at June 30, 2016.  

In the fourth quarter 2016, the Company updated its projections for its analysis to determine the valuation allowance. The Company reduced its domestic profit forecast because it lowered its long-term forecast for its services business and increased the contribution of the profits from its China subsidiary. The Company also updated its estimated tax deductions. Based on assigned probabilities to each scenario, the Company recorded an additional adjustment to the valuation allowance of $5.0 million at December 31, 2016.

The analysis that the Company prepared to determine the valuation allowance required significant judgment and assumptions regarding future market conditions as well as forecasts for profits, taxable income, and taxable income by jurisdiction.  The Company used a series of projections bound on the low side by what it would take for none of its deferred tax assets to be realized and on the high side by what it would take for all of the deferred tax assets to be realized.  The Company assigned probabilities to each scenario to calculate a weighted average valuation allowance.  Due to the sensitivity of the analysis, changes to the assumptions in subsequent periods could have a material effect on the valuation allowance.              

The Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefit was $0.7 million at March 31, 2017 and $0.9 million at December 31, 2016.

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return, income tax returns with various states, and foreign income tax returns in various foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s U.S. federal and state tax returns remain subject to examination for 2012 and subsequent periods.