10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549 

___________________________________________________________________________ 

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) 

☒    QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

or 

☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                              to                             

Commission File Number: 1-13991

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

__________________________________________________________________ 

Maryland		13-3974868
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
One Vanderbilt Ave., 48th Floor
New York	New York	10017
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

 (212) 207-6400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

_____________________________________________

Not Applicable 

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last period)

____________________________________________________________________ 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	MFA	New York Stock Exchange
7.50% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share	MFA/PB	New York Stock Exchange
6.50% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share	MFA/PC	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes x  No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐ No x

101,915,797 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value, were outstanding as of October 31, 2023.

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	1
	Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022	2
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022	3
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022	6
	Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	7
	Note 1. Organization	7
	Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	7
	Note 3. Residential Whole Loans	17
	Note 4. Securities, at Fair Value	23
	Note 5. Other Assets	27
	Note 6. Financing Agreements	31
	Note 7. Other Liabilities	37
	Note 8. Income Taxes	38
	Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies	40
	Note 10. Stockholders’ Equity	40
	Note 11. EPS Calculation	44
	Note 12. Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans	44
	Note 13. Fair Value of Financial Instruments	46
	Note 14. Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities	53
	Note 15. Segment Reporting	55
	Note 16. Subsequent Events	60
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	61
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	93
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	98
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	99
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	99
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	99
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	99
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	99
Item 5.	Other Information	99
Item 6.	Exhibits	99
Signatures		101

MFA FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands Except Per Share Amounts)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Assets:
Residential whole loans, net ($6,846,570 and $5,727,524 held at fair value, respectively) (1)(2)	$	8,424,216	$	7,518,739
Securities, at fair value (2)	723,959		333,364
Cash and cash equivalents	300,089		334,183
Restricted cash	153,449		159,898
Other assets (2)	503,087		766,221
Total Assets	$	10,104,800	$	9,112,405
Liabilities:
Financing agreements ($4,438,676 and $3,898,744 held at fair value, respectively)	$	8,037,973	$	6,812,086
Other liabilities	218,311		311,470
Total Liabilities	$	8,256,284	$	7,123,556
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 9)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 7.5% Series B cumulative redeemable; 8,050 shares authorized; 8,000 shares issued and outstanding ($200,000 aggregate liquidation preference)	$	80	$	80
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 6.5% Series C fixed-to-floating rate cumulative redeemable; 12,650 shares authorized; 11,000 shares issued and outstanding ($275,000 aggregate liquidation preference)	110		110
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 874,300 and 874,300 shares authorized; 101,916 and 101,802 shares issued   and outstanding, respectively	1,019		1,018
Additional paid-in capital, in excess of par	3,695,406		3,684,291
Accumulated deficit	(1,862,452)		(1,717,991)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	14,353		21,341
Total Stockholders’ Equity	$	1,848,516	$	1,988,849
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	10,104,800	$	9,112,405

(1)Includes approximately $5.1 billion and $4.0 billion of Residential whole loans transferred to consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Such assets can be used only to settle the obligations of each respective VIE.

(2)See Note 6 for information regarding the Company’s pledged assets.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

1

MFA FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest Income:
Residential whole loans	$	140,538	$	114,415	$	388,096	$	316,235
Securities, at fair value	11,945		5,612		29,201		16,181
Other interest-earning assets	2,587		2,216		7,560		5,071
Cash and cash equivalent investments	4,095		1,629		10,863		2,055
Interest Income	$	159,165	$	123,872	$	435,720	$	339,542
Interest Expense:
Asset-backed and other collateralized financing arrangements	$	109,088	$	67,636	$	293,852	$	159,806
Other interest expense	3,936		3,943		11,853		11,811
Interest Expense	$	113,024	$	71,579	$	305,705	$	171,617
Net Interest Income	$	46,141	$	52,293	$	130,015	$	167,925
Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	$	1,258	$	(588)	$	977	$	1,106
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets	—		—		—		(28,579)
Net Interest Income after Provision for Credit Losses	$	47,399	$	51,705	$	130,992	$	140,452
Other (Loss)/Income, net:
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(132,894)	$	(291,818)	$	(134,423)	$	(797,934)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,161)		(411)		(15,799)		(16,159)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,409		3,861		8,504		19,777
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	34,860		111,816		74,103		253,721
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	36,431		98,858		12,100		247,548
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	12,109		12,372		32,562		37,539
Other, net	1,854		1,131		10,522		7,353
Other Loss, net	$	(59,392)	$	(64,191)	$	(12,431)	$	(248,155)
Operating and Other Expense:
Compensation and benefits	$	24,051	$	21,063	$	66,452	$	59,679
Other general and administrative expense	10,605		8,812		32,165		28,016
Loan servicing, financing and other related costs	8,989		11,357		26,126		34,993
Amortization of intangible assets	800		1,300		3,400		7,900
Operating and Other Expense	$	44,445	$	42,532	$	128,143	$	130,588
Net (Loss)/Income	$	(56,438)	$	(55,018)	$	(9,582)	$	(238,291)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	8,219	$	8,218	$	24,656	$	24,656
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(64,657)	$	(63,236)	$	(34,238)	$	(262,947)
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

2

MFA FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) (UNAUDITED)
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net loss	$	(56,438)	$	(55,018)	$	(9,582)	$	(238,291)
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss):
Unrealized gains/(losses) on securities available-for-sale	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(15,765)
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk	—		—		—		1,255
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(14,510)
Comprehensive loss before preferred stock dividends	$	(55,505)	$	(60,869)	$	(16,570)	$	(252,801)
Dividends required on preferred stock	(8,219)		(8,218)		(24,656)		(24,656)
Comprehensive Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(63,724)	$	(69,087)	$	(41,226)	$	(277,457)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

3

MFA FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)	Preferred Stock 6.50% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable - Liquidation Preference $25.00 per Share			Preferred Stock 7.50% Series B Cumulative Redeemable - Liquidation Preference $25.00 per Share			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated  Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	101,802	$	1,018	$	3,684,291	$	(1,717,991)	$	21,341	$	1,988,849
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		72,784		—		72,784
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses	—	—		—	—		168	1		17		—		—		18
Repurchase of shares of common stock (1)	—	—		—	—		(58)	—		(599)		—		—		(599)
Equity based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		3,019		—		—		3,019
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards	—	—		—	—		—	—		557		(932)		—		(375)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.35 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(35,669)		—		(35,669)
Dividends declared on Series B Preferred Stock ($0.46875 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(3,750)		—		(3,750)
Dividends declared on Series C Preferred Stock ($0.40625 per share)	—			—	—		—	—		—		(4,469)		—		(4,469)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(86)		—		(86)
Change in unrealized gains on securities, net	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(1,116)		(1,116)
Balance at March 31, 2023	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	101,912	$	1,019	$	3,687,285	$	(1,690,113)	$	20,225	$	2,018,606
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(25,928)		—		(25,928)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses	—	—		—	—		4	—		16		—		—		16
Repurchase of shares of common stock (1)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Equity based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		3,932		—		—		3,932
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(1,044)		—		(1,044)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.35 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(35,671)		—		(35,671)
Dividends declared on Series B Preferred Stock ($0.46875 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(3,750)		—		(3,750)
Dividends declared on Series C Preferred Stock ($0.40625 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(4,469)		—		(4,469)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(118)		—		(118)
Change in unrealized gains on securities, net	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,805)		(6,805)
Balance at June 30, 2023	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	101,916	$	1,019	$	3,691,233	$	(1,761,093)	$	13,420	$	1,944,769
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(56,438)		—		(56,438)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses	—	—		—	—		—	—		(20)		—		—		(20)
Repurchase of shares of common stock (1)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Equity based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		4,193		—		—		4,193
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(912)		—		(912)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.35 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(35,671)		—		(35,671)
Dividends declared on Series B Preferred Stock ($0.46875 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(3,750)		—		(3,750)
Dividends declared on Series C Preferred Stock ($0.40625 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(4,469)		—		(4,469)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(119)		—		(119)
Change in unrealized gains on securities, net	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		933		933
Balance at September 30, 2023	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	101,916	$	1,019	$	3,695,406	$	(1,862,452)	$	14,353	$	1,848,516

(1)  For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes approximately $600,000 (58,505 shares) surrendered for tax purposes related to equity-based compensation awards.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

4

MFA FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Preferred Stock 6.50% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable - Liquidation Preference $25.00 per Share			Preferred Stock 7.50% Series B Cumulative Redeemable - Liquidation Preference $25.00 per Share			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated  Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2021	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	108,138	$	1,082	$	3,775,482	$	(1,279,484)	$	45,578	$	2,542,848
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(82,906)		—		(82,906)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses	—	—		—	—		150	1		485		—		—		486
Repurchase of shares of common stock (1)	—	—		—	—		(3,252)	(33)		(55,709)		—		—		(55,742)
Equity based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		2,642		—		—		2,642
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards	—	—		—	—		—	—		74		(150)		—		(76)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.440 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(46,215)		—		(46,215)
Dividends declared on Series B Preferred Stock ($0.46875 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(3,750)		—		(3,750)
Dividends declared on Series C Preferred Stock ($0.40625 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(4,469)		—		(4,469)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(141)		—		(141)
Change in unrealized losses on securities, net	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(4,977)		(4,977)
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		1,255		1,255
Balance at March 31, 2022	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	105,036	$	1,050	$	3,722,974	$	(1,417,115)	$	41,856	$	2,348,955
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(100,367)		—		(100,367)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses	—	—		—	—		38	1		552		—		—		553
Repurchase of shares of common stock (1)	—	—		—	—		(3,281)	(33)		(47,479)		—		—		(47,512)
Equity based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		3,540		—		—		3,540
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards	—	—		—	—		—	—		(509)		(153)		—		(662)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.44 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(44,789)		—		(44,789)
Dividends declared on Series B Preferred Stock ($0.46875 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(3,750)		—		(3,750)
Dividends declared on Series C Preferred Stock ($0.40625 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(4,469)		—		(4,469)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(174)		—		(174)
Change in unrealized gains on securities, net	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(4,937)		(4,937)
Balance at June 30, 2022	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	101,793	$	1,018	$	3,679,078	$	(1,570,817)	$	36,919	$	2,146,388
Net income	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(55,018)		—		(55,018)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses	—	—		—	—		4	—		33		—		—		33
Repurchase of shares of common stock (1)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Equity based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		2,673		—		—		2,673
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(1,110)		—		(1,110)
Dividends declared on common stock ($0.44 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(44,791)		—		(44,791)
Dividends declared on Series B Preferred Stock ($0.46875 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(3,750)		—		(3,750)
Dividends declared on Series C Preferred Stock ($0.40625 per share)	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(4,469)		—		(4,469)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		(174)		—		(174)
Change in unrealized gains on securities, net	—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(5,851)		(5,851)
Balance at September 30, 2022	11,000	$	110	8,000	$	80	101,797	$	1,018	$	3,681,784	$	(1,680,129)	$	31,068	$	2,033,931

(1)  For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes approximately $1.0 million (56,690 shares) surrendered for tax purposes related to equity-based compensation awards.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

5

MFA FINANCIAL, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income/(loss)	$	(9,582)	$	(238,291)
Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net (gain)/loss on residential whole loans	134,423		789,858
Impairment and other net (gain)/loss on securities and other portfolio investments, net	15,142		16,155
Net gain on real estate owned	(8,380)		(19,324)
Accretion of purchase discounts and amortization of purchase premiums on residential whole loans and securities	(14,650)		(12,054)
Provision for credit losses on residential whole loans and other assets	1,363		26,203
Net loss/(gain) on derivatives used for risk management purposes	(3,571)		(260,624)
Net loss/(gain) on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	(22,291)		(247,970)
Net margin (paid)/received for derivatives used for risk management purposes	68,337		215,149
Net other non-cash losses included in net income	21,093		23,498
(Increase)/decrease in other assets	(88,645)		60,810
Increase/(decrease) in other liabilities	11,683		(4,764)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	104,922	$	348,646
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Purchases and origination of residential whole loans, loan related investments and capitalized advances	$	(2,151,734)	$	(2,699,331)
Proceeds from sales of residential whole loans	264,935		—
Principal payments on residential whole loans and loan related investments	1,070,744		1,536,863
Purchases of securities	(535,658)		—
Proceeds from sales of securities and other assets	5,067		15,660
Principal payments on securities	26,739		3,427
Proceeds from sales of real estate owned	92,410		105,151
Other investing activities	(12,883)		10,546
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(1,240,380)	$	(1,027,684)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Principal payments on financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	$	(1,988,935)	$	(2,745,242)
Proceeds from borrowings under financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	2,128,152		2,307,260
Principal payments on other collateralized financing agreements	(1,412,363)		(1,655,260)
Proceeds from borrowings under other collateralized financing agreements	2,520,218		3,248,756
Payment made for other collateralized financing agreement related costs	(9,891)		(14,646)
Redemption of convertible senior notes	(10,309)		—
Proceeds from issuances of common stock	13		1,156
Payments made for the repurchase of common stock through the stock repurchase program	—		(102,311)
Dividends paid on preferred stock	(24,656)		(24,656)
Dividends paid on common stock and dividend equivalents	(107,314)		(139,070)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	1,094,915	$	875,987
Net (decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(40,543)	$	196,949
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	$	494,081	$	404,447
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	453,538	$	601,396
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	$	293,887	$	151,747
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities:
Transfer from residential whole loans to real estate owned	$	66,171	$	61,875
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared and unpaid	$	35,789	$	44,964

        

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

6

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

1.   Organization

MFA Financial, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Maryland on July 24, 1997 and began operations on April 10, 1998.  The Company has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.  In order to maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company must comply with a number of requirements under federal tax law, including that it must distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to its stockholders.  The Company has elected to treat certain of its subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). In general, a TRS may hold assets and engage in activities that the Company cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate related business (see Note 8).

2.   Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)  Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

On April 4, 2022, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). Accordingly, all share and per share data included in these consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the impact of the Reverse Stock Split.

The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).  Certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with these SEC rules and regulations.  Management believes that the disclosures included in these interim unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading.  The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.  In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial condition of the Company at September 30, 2023 and results of operations for all periods presented have been made.  The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 should not be construed as indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP.  The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Although the Company’s estimates contemplate current conditions and how it expects them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could differ from those estimates, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations and its financial condition.  Management has made significant estimates in several areas: impairment, valuation allowances and loss allowances on residential whole loans (see Note 3), certain securities designated as available-for- sale (“AFS”) (see Note 4) and certain Other assets (see Note 5), valuation of Securities, at fair value (see Notes 4 and 13), income recognition and valuation of residential whole loans (see Notes 3 and 13), valuation of financing agreements (Notes 6 and 13), and valuation of derivative instruments (see Notes 5(e) and 13). In addition, estimates are used in the determination of taxable income used in the assessment of REIT compliance and contingent liabilities for related taxes, penalties and interest (see Note 8).  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. In addition, the Company consolidates entities established to facilitate transactions related to the acquisition and securitization of residential whole loans. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

7

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(b)  Residential Whole Loans (including Residential Whole Loans transferred to consolidated VIEs)

Residential whole loans included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are primarily comprised of pools of fixed- and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans acquired through consolidated trusts in secondary market transactions or originated by Lima One. The accounting model utilized by the Company is determined at the time each loan package is initially acquired. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, the Company typically elected the fair value option on loans that were 60 or more days delinquent at purchase (“Purchased Non-performing Loans”). Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (i.e., mortgage loans in which the underlying borrower had a delinquency status of less than 60 days at the acquisition date) acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 are typically held at carrying value. Purchased Performing Loans (as described below) acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 are also typically held at carrying value, but the accounting methods for income recognition and determination and measurement of any required credit loss reserves (as discussed below) differ from those used for Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans held at carrying value. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company began to elect the fair value option for all loans acquired, irrespective of borrower delinquency status at acquisition. The accounting model initially applied to loan acquisitions is not permitted to be subsequently changed. Consequently, the Company is not permitted to retroactively apply fair value accounting to loans held at carrying value acquired in periods prior to the second quarter of 2021.

The Company’s residential whole loans pledged as collateral against financing agreements are included in the consolidated balance sheets with amounts pledged disclosed in Note 6.  Purchases and sales of residential whole loans that are subject to an extended period of due diligence that crosses a reporting date are recorded in the Company’s balance sheet at amounts reflecting management’s current estimate of assets that will be acquired or disposed at the closing of the transaction. This estimate is subject to revision at the closing of the transaction, pending the outcome of due diligence performed prior to closing. Residential whole loans purchased under flow arrangements with loan origination partners are generally recorded at the transaction settlement date. Recorded amounts of residential whole loans for which the closing of the purchase transaction is yet to occur are not eligible to be pledged as collateral against any financing agreement until the closing of the purchase transaction. Interest income, credit related losses and changes in the fair value of loans held at fair value are recorded post settlement for acquired loans and until transaction settlement for sold loans (see Notes 3, 6, 13 and 14).

Purchased Performing Loans

Acquisitions of Purchased Performing Loans to date (which include loans purchased from third parties or loans originated by Lima One) have been primarily comprised of: (i) loans to finance (or refinance) one-to-four family residential properties that are not considered to meet the definition of a “Qualified Mortgage” in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“Non-QM loans”), (ii) short-term business purpose loans collateralized by residential and multi-family properties made to non-occupant borrowers that intend to rehabilitate and sell the properties (“Transitional loans” or “TL”) (also sometimes referred to as “Rehabilitation loans” or “Fix and Flip loans”), (iii) business purpose loans to finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied one-to-four family residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants (“Single-family rental loans”), (iv) loans on investor properties that conform to the standards for purchase by a federally chartered corporation, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (“Agency eligible investor loans”), and (v) previously originated loans secured by residential real estate that is generally owner occupied (“Seasoned performing loans”). Purchased Performing Loans are initially recorded at their purchase price (or amount funded for originated loans). Interest income on Purchased Performing Loans acquired at par is accrued based on each loan’s current interest bearing balance and current interest rate. Interest income on such loans acquired at a premium/discount to par is recorded each period based on the contractual coupon net of any amortization of premium or accretion of discount, adjusted for actual prepayment activity. For loans acquired with related servicing rights retained by the seller, interest income is reported net of related serving costs.

For Purchased Performing Loans acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 for which the fair value option was not elected, an allowance for credit losses is recorded at acquisition, and maintained on an ongoing basis, for all losses expected over the life of the respective loan. Any required credit loss allowance would reduce the net carrying value of the loan with a corresponding charge to earnings, and may increase or decrease over time. Significant judgments are required in determining any allowance for credit loss, including assumptions regarding the loan cash flows expected to be collected, the value of the underlying collateral and the ability of the Company to collect on any other forms of security, such as a personal guaranty provided either by the borrower or an affiliate of the borrower. Income recognition is suspended, and interest accruals are reversed against income, for loans at the earlier of the date on which payments become 90 days past due or when, in the opinion of management, a full recovery of income and principal becomes doubtful (i.e., such loans are placed on nonaccrual status).

8

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

For nonaccrual loans, interest income is recorded under the cash basis method as interest payments are received. Interest accruals are resumed when the loan becomes contractually current. A loan is written off when it is no longer realizable and/or it is legally discharged. Modified loans are considered “troubled debt restructurings” if the Company grants a concession to a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty (including the interpretation of this definition set forth in OCC Bulletin 2020-35).

Charge-offs to the allowance for loan losses occur when losses are confirmed through the receipt of cash or other consideration from the completion of a sale; when a modification or restructuring takes place in which we grant a concession to a borrower or agree to a discount in full or partial satisfaction of the loan; when we take ownership and control of the underlying collateral in full satisfaction of the loan; when loans are reclassified as other investments; or when significant collection efforts have ceased and it is highly likely that a loss has been realized.

The aggregate allowance for credit losses is equal to the sum of the losses expected over the life of each respective loan. Expected losses are generally calculated based on the estimated probability of default and loss severity of loans in the portfolio, which involves projecting each loan’s expected cash flows based on their contractual terms, expected prepayments, and estimated default and loss severity rates. The results were not discounted. The default and severity rates were estimated based on the following steps: (i) obtained the Company’s historical experience through an entire economic cycle for each loan type or, to the extent the Company did not have sufficient historical loss experience for a given loan type, publicly available data derived from the historical loss experience of certain banks, which data the Company believes is generally representative of its portfolio, (ii) obtained historical economic data (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) over the same period, and (iii) estimated default and severity rates during three distinct future periods based on historical default and severity rates during periods when economic conditions similar to those forecasted were experienced. The default and severity rates were applied to the estimated amount of loans outstanding during each future period, based on contractual terms and expected prepayments. Expected prepayments are estimated based on historical experience and current and expected future economic conditions, including market interest rates. The three periods were as follows: (i) a one-year forecast of economic conditions based on U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation, followed by (ii) a two-year “reversion” period during which economic conditions (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) are projected to revert to historical averages on a straight line basis, followed by (iii) the remaining life of each loan, during which period economic conditions (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) are projected to equal historical averages. In addition, a liability is established (and recorded in Other Liabilities) each period using a similar methodology for committed but undrawn loan amounts. The Company forecasts future economic conditions based on forecasts provided by an external preparer of economic forecasts, as well as its own knowledge of the market and its portfolio. The Company may consider multiple scenarios and select the one that it believes results in the most reasonable estimate of expected losses. The Company may apply qualitative adjustments to these results as further described in Note 3. For certain loans where foreclosure has been deemed to be probable, loss estimates are based on whether the value of the underlying collateral is sufficient to recover the carrying value of the loan. This methodology has not changed significantly from the calculation of the allowance for credit losses in prior periods.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans

The Company has elected to account for these loans as credit deteriorated, as they have experienced a deterioration in credit quality since origination and prior to our purchase and were acquired at discounted prices that reflect, in part, the impaired credit history of the borrower. Substantially all of these loans have previously experienced payment delinquencies and the amount owed may exceed the value of the property pledged as collateral. Consequently, these loans generally have a higher likelihood of default than newly originated mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios (“LTVs”) of 80% or less to creditworthy borrowers. The Company believes that amounts paid to acquire these loans represent fair market value at the date of acquisition. Loans considered credit deteriorated are initially recorded at their purchase price on a net basis, after establishing an initial allowance for credit losses (their initial cost basis is equal to their purchase price plus the initial allowance for credit losses). Subsequent to acquisition, the gross recorded amount for these loans reflects the initial cost basis, plus accretion of interest income, less principal and interest cash flows received. Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021, or where the fair value option was not otherwise elected, are presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at carrying value, which reflects the recorded cost basis reduced by any allowance for credit losses. Interest income on such loans purchased is recorded each period based on the contractual coupon net of amortization of the difference between their cost basis and unpaid principal balance (“UPB”), subject to the Company’s nonaccrual policy.

9

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Residential Whole Loans at Fair Value

Certain of the Company’s residential whole loans are presented at fair value on its consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election made at the time of acquisition. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, this accounting election was made primarily on Purchased Non-performing Loans. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company made the fair value election on all loan acquisitions, which, to date, have been comprised exclusively of Purchased Performing Loans (including loans originated by Lima One since its consolidation). The Company generally considers accounting for these loans at fair value to be more reflective of the expected pattern of returns from these loans under current economic conditions. The Company determines the fair value of its residential whole loans held at fair value after considering portfolio valuations obtained from third-parties that specialize in providing valuations of residential mortgage loans and trading activity observed in the marketplace. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in Net (loss)/gain on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Interest income is recorded on these loans based on their yield and is presented as part of interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Cash outflows associated with loan-related advances made by the Company on behalf of the borrower are included in the basis of the loan and are reflected in unrealized gains or losses reported each period. Income and costs associated with originating loans on which the fair value option was elected are recorded in other income and expense respectively in the period in which they are earned or incurred.

(c)  Securities, at Fair Value

Residential Mortgage Securities

The Company has invested in residential MBS that are issued or guaranteed as to principal and/or interest by a federally chartered corporation, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or an agency of the U.S. Government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) (collectively, “Agency MBS”), and residential MBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or any federally chartered corporation (“Non-Agency MBS”). In addition, the Company has investments in CRT securities that are issued by or sponsored by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The coupon payments on CRT securities are paid by the issuer and the principal payments received are dependent on the performance of loans in either a reference pool or an actual pool of loans. As the loans in the underlying pool are paid, the principal balance of the CRT securities is paid. As an investor in a CRT security, the Company may incur a principal loss if the performance of the actual or reference pool loans results in either an actual or calculated loss that exceeds the credit enhancement of the security owned by the Company.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

The Company has invested in term notes that are issued by special purpose vehicles (“SPV”) that have acquired rights to receive cash flows representing the servicing fees and/or excess servicing spread associated with certain MSRs. The Company considers payment of principal and interest on these term notes to be largely dependent on the cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs as this impacts the cash flows available to the SPV that issued the term notes. Credit risk borne by the holders of the term notes is also mitigated by structural credit support in the form of over-collateralization. Credit support is also provided by a corporate guarantee from the ultimate parent or sponsor of the SPV that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs be insufficient.

Designation

Securities that the Company generally intends to hold until maturity, but that it may sell from time to time as part of the overall management of its business, are designated as AFS. Such securities, which include term notes backed by MSR collateral and certain CRT securities, are carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings (except when an allowance for loan losses is recognized, as discussed below) and reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), a component of Stockholders’ Equity.

Upon the sale of an AFS security, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified out of AOCI to earnings as a realized gain or loss using the specific identification method.

10

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The Company has elected the fair value option for its Agency and Non-Agency MBS and certain of its CRT securities. These securities are carried at their fair value with changes in fair value included in earnings for the period and reported in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue Recognition, Premium Amortization and Discount Accretion

Interest income on securities is accrued based on their outstanding principal balance and their contractual terms. Premiums and discounts associated with MBS assessed as high credit quality at the time of purchase are amortized into interest income over the life of such securities using the effective yield method. Adjustments to premium amortization are made for actual prepayment activity.

Determination of Fair Value for Securities

In determining the fair value of the Company’s securities, management considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services, brokers and repurchase agreement counterparties, dialogue with market participants, as well as management’s observations of market activity (see Note 13). For term notes backed by MSR collateral, other factors taken into consideration include estimated changes in fair value of the related underlying MSR collateral, as applicable, and the financial performance of the ultimate parent or sponsoring entity of the issuer, which has provided a guarantee that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the related underlying MSR collateral be insufficient.

Allowance for credit losses

When the fair value of an AFS security is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date, the security is considered impaired.  The Company assesses its impaired securities, as well as securities for which a credit loss allowance had been previously recorded, on at least a quarterly basis and determines whether any changes to the allowance for credit losses are required.  If the Company intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the impaired security before its anticipated recovery, then the Company must recognize a write-down through charges to earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date.  If the Company does not expect to sell an impaired security, only the portion of the impairment related to credit losses is recognized through a loss allowance charged to earnings with the remainder recognized through AOCI on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  Impairments recognized through other comprehensive income/(loss) (“OCI”) do not impact earnings.  Credit loss allowances are subject to reversal through earnings resulting from improvements in expected cash flows. The determination as to whether to record (or reverse) a credit loss allowance is subjective, as such determinations are based on factual information available at the time of assessment as well as the Company’s estimates of future performance and cash flow projections.  As a result, the timing and amount of losses constitute material estimates that are susceptible to significant change (see Note 4).

Balance Sheet Presentation

The Company’s securities pledged as collateral against financing agreements are included on the consolidated balance sheets with the fair value of the securities pledged disclosed in Note 6.  Purchases and sales of securities are recorded on the trade date. 

(d)  Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit with financial institutions and investments in money market funds, all of which have original maturities of three months or less.  Cash and cash equivalents may also include cash pledged as collateral to the Company by its financing counterparties as a result of reverse margin calls (i.e., margin calls made by the Company).  The Company did not hold any cash pledged by its counterparties at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $300.1 million and $334.2 million, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $160.9 million of investments in overnight money market funds, which are not bank deposits and are not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any other government agency. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $267.1 million worth of investments in overnight money market funds. In addition, deposits in FDIC insured accounts generally exceed insured limits (see Notes 6 and 13).

11

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(e)  Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily represents the Company’s cash collections held in connection with certain of the Company’s financing agreements, interest rate swap agreements (“Swaps”) and/or loan servicing activities that are not available to the Company for general corporate purposes. Restricted cash may be applied against amounts due to financing agreements and/or Swap counterparties, or may be returned to the Company when the related collateral requirements are exceeded or at the maturity of financing agreements and/or Swaps.  The Company had aggregate restricted cash of $153.4 million and $159.9 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (see Notes 5(e), 6 and 13).

(f)  Goodwill & Intangible Assets

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had goodwill of $61.1 million, which represents the excess of the fair value of consideration paid over the fair value of net assets acquired in connection with the acquisition of Lima One, and other intangible assets of $8.8 million and $12.2 million, respectively (net of amortization), primarily comprised of customer relationships, non-competition agreements (fully amortized as of June 30, 2022), trademarks and trade names, and internally developed software recognized as part of the acquisition of Lima One (see Note 5(b)). The intangible assets are amortized over their expected useful lives, which ranged from one to ten years at acquisition. Goodwill, which is not subject to amortization, and intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently under certain circumstances that could reduce the fair value of the Lima One reporting unit (a component of the Lima One segment) below its carrying amount. Through September 30, 2023, the Company had not recognized any impairment against its goodwill or intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets are included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

(g) Real Estate Owned (“REO”)

REO represents real estate acquired by the Company, including through foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, or purchased in connection with the acquisition of residential whole loans. REO acquired through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs. REO acquired in connection with the acquisition of residential whole loans is initially recorded at its purchase price. Subsequent to acquisition, REO is reported, at each reporting date, at the lower of the current carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs and for presentation purposes is included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value that result in an adjustment to the reported amount of an REO property that has a fair value at or below its carrying amount are reported in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (see Note 5).

(h)  Leases and Depreciation

Leases

The Company records its operating lease liabilities and operating lease right-of-use assets on its consolidated balance sheets. The operating lease liabilities are equal to the present value of the remaining fixed lease payments (excluding real estate tax and operating expense escalations) discounted at the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate at the date of lease commencement, and the operating lease right-of-use assets are equal to the operating lease liabilities adjusted for lease incentives and initial direct costs. As lease payments are made, the operating lease liabilities are reduced to the present value of the remaining lease payments and the operating lease right-of-use assets are reduced by the difference between the lease expense (straight-lined over the lease term) and the theoretical interest expense amount (calculated using the incremental borrowing rate at the date of lease commencement). See Notes 5 and 9 for further discussion on leases.

Leasehold Improvements, Real estate and Other Depreciable Assets

Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related assets or, in the case of leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the useful life or the lease term.  Furniture, fixtures, computers and related hardware have estimated useful lives ranging from five to fifteen years at the time of purchase. The building component of real estate held-for-investment is depreciated over 27.5 years.

12

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(i)  Loan Securitization and Other Debt Issuance Costs

Loan securitization related costs are costs associated with the issuance of beneficial interests by consolidated VIEs and incurred by the Company in connection with various financing transactions completed by the Company.  These costs may include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting and other fees.  Such costs, which reflect deferred charges (unless the debt is recorded at fair value, as discussed below), are included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the corresponding debt liability. These deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method. For certain financing agreements, such costs are amortized over the shorter of the period to the expected or stated legal maturity of the debt instruments. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of these deferred costs and, in the event an impairment charge is required, such amount will be included in Operating and Other Expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. To the extent that the Company has elected the fair value option for the related debt liability, these costs are expensed at the closing of the transaction.

(j)  Financing Agreements

The Company finances the majority of its residential mortgage assets with financing agreements that include securitized debt, repurchase agreements and other forms of collateralized financing.  Under repurchase agreements, the Company sells assets to a lender and agrees to repurchase the same assets in the future for a price that is higher than the original sale price.  The difference between the sale price that the Company receives and the repurchase price that the Company pays represents interest paid to the lender.  Although legally structured as sale and repurchase transactions, the Company accounts for repurchase agreements as secured borrowings. Under its repurchase agreements and other forms of collateralized financing, the Company pledges its assets as collateral to secure the borrowing, in an amount which is equal to a specified percentage of the fair value of the pledged collateral, while the Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral.  At the maturity of a repurchase financing, unless the repurchase financing is renewed with the same counterparty, the Company is required to repay the loan including any accrued interest and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender.  With the consent of the lender, the Company may renew a repurchase financing at the then prevailing financing terms.  Margin calls, whereby a lender requires that the Company pledge additional assets or cash as collateral to secure borrowings under its repurchase financing with such lender, are routinely experienced by the Company when the value of the assets pledged as collateral declines as a result of principal amortization and prepayments or due to changes in market interest rates, spreads or other market conditions.  The Company also may make margin calls on counterparties when collateral values increase.

Should a counterparty decide not to renew a financing arrangement at maturity, the Company must either refinance elsewhere or be in a position to satisfy the obligation.  If, during the term of a financing, a lender should default on its obligation, the Company might experience difficulty recovering its pledged assets which could result in an unsecured claim against the lender for the difference between the amount loaned to the Company plus interest due to the counterparty and the fair value of the collateral pledged by the Company to such lender, including accrued interest receivable on such collateral (see Notes 6 and 13).

The Company has elected the fair value option on certain of its financing agreements. These agreements are reported at their fair value, with changes in fair value being recorded in earnings each period (or other comprehensive income, to the extent the change results from a change in instrument specific credit risk), as further detailed in Note 6. Interest expense on such financing agreements is recorded based on the current stated interest rate and outstanding principal balance in effect for the related agreement.

(k)  Equity-Based Compensation

Compensation expense for equity-based awards that are subject to vesting conditions, is recognized ratably over the vesting period of such awards, based upon the fair value of such awards at the grant date. 

The Company has made annual grants of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) under the Company’s Equity Compensation Plan (the “Equity Plan”), certain of which cliff vest after a three-year period, subject only to continued employment, and others of which cliff vest after a three-year period, subject to both continued employment and the achievement of certain performance criteria based on a formula tied to the Company’s achievement of average total shareholder return (“TSR”) during that three-year period, as well as the TSR of the Company relative to the TSR of a group of peer companies (over the three-year period) selected by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) at the date of grant. The features in these awards related to the attainment of TSR over a specified period constitute a “market condition,”

13

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

which impacts the amount of compensation expense recognized for these awards.  Specifically, the uncertainty regarding the achievement of the market condition was reflected in the grant date fair valuation of the RSUs, which is recognized as compensation expense over the relevant vesting period.  The amount of compensation expense recognized is not dependent on whether the market condition was or will be achieved.

(l)  Earnings per Common Share (“EPS”)

Basic EPS is computed using the two-class method, which includes the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period and an estimate of other securities that participate in dividends, to arrive at total common equivalent shares.  In applying the two-class method, earnings are allocated to both shares of common stock and estimated securities that participate in dividends based on their respective weighted-average shares outstanding for the period.  For the diluted EPS calculation, common equivalent shares are further adjusted for the effect of RSUs outstanding that are unvested and have dividends that are subject to forfeiture, using the treasury stock method.  Under the treasury stock method, common equivalent shares are calculated assuming that all dilutive common stock equivalents are exercised and the proceeds, along with future compensation expenses associated with such instruments (if any), are used to repurchase shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock at the average market price during the reported period.  In addition, the Company’s 6.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Convertible Senior Notes”) are included in the calculation of diluted EPS if the assumed conversion into common shares is dilutive, using the “if-converted” method. This calculation involves adding back the periodic interest expense associated with the Convertible Senior Notes to the numerator and by adding the shares that would be issued in an assumed conversion (regardless of whether the conversion option is in or out of the money) to the denominator for the purposes of calculating diluted EPS (see Note 11).

(m)  Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

The Company’s comprehensive income/(loss) available to common stock and participating securities includes net income, the change in net unrealized gains/(losses) on its AFS securities and derivative hedging instruments (to the extent that such changes are not recorded in earnings), adjusted by realized net gains/(losses) reclassified out of AOCI for sold AFS securities and terminated hedging relationships, as well as the portion of unrealized gains/(losses) on its financing agreements held at fair value related to instrument-specific credit risk, and is reduced by dividends declared on the Company’s preferred stock and issuance costs of redeemed preferred stock.

(n)  Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may use derivative instruments to economically hedge a portion of its exposure to market risks, including interest rate risk and prepayment risk. The objective of the Company’s risk management strategy is to reduce fluctuations in net book value over a range of interest rate scenarios.

Swaps

The Company has entered into Swaps that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Changes in the fair value of the Company’s Swaps not designated in hedging transactions are recorded in Other income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (see Note 5(e)).

To Be Announced (“TBA”) Securities

During 2021 and 2022, the Company entered into transactions to take short positions in TBA securities in connection with the management of interest rate and other market risks associated with purchases of Agency eligible investor loans. As the Company did not intend to physically settle its transactions in TBA securities, they were required to be accounted for as derivative financial instruments. The Company did not apply hedge accounting to its TBA securities. Accordingly, TBA securities were recorded on the Company’s balance sheets at fair value, with realized and unrealized changes in fair value each period recorded in Other income, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(o)  Fair Value Measurements and the Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s presentation of fair value for its financial assets and liabilities is determined within a framework that stipulates that the fair value of a financial asset or liability is an exchange price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability in the market in which the reporting entity would transact for the asset or liability, that is, the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability.  The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability.  This definition of fair value focuses on exit price and prioritizes the use of market-based inputs over entity-specific inputs when determining fair value.  In addition, the framework for measuring fair value establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the observability of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. 

In addition to the financial instruments that it is required to report at fair value, the Company has elected the fair value option for certain of its financial assets and liabilities at the time of acquisition or issuance. Subsequent changes in the fair value of these financial instruments are generally reported in Other income, net, in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. A decision to elect the fair value option for an eligible financial instrument, which may be made on an instrument by instrument basis, is irrevocable (see Notes 2(b), 2(c), 3, 4, and 13).

(p)  Variable Interest Entities

An entity is referred to as a VIE if it meets at least one of the following criteria:  (i) the entity has equity that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without the additional subordinated financial support of other parties; or (ii) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (a) the power to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses; or (c) the right to receive the expected residual returns; or (iii) the holders of the equity investment at risk have disproportional voting rights and the entity’s activities are conducted on behalf of the investor that has disproportionately few voting rights.

The Company consolidates a VIE when it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.  The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.

The Company has entered into several financing transactions which resulted in the Company forming entities to facilitate these transactions.  In determining the accounting treatment to be applied to these transactions, the Company concluded that the entities used to facilitate these transactions are VIEs and that they should be consolidated.  If the Company had determined that consolidation was not required, it would have then assessed whether the transfers of the underlying assets would qualify as sales or should be accounted for as secured financings under GAAP (see Note 14).

The Company also includes on its consolidated balance sheets certain financial assets and liabilities that are acquired/issued by trusts and/or other special purpose entities that have been evaluated as being required to be consolidated by the Company under the applicable accounting guidance.

(q)  Offering Costs Related to Issuance and Redemption of Preferred Stock

Offering costs related to the issuance of preferred stock are recorded as a reduction in Additional paid-in capital, a component of Stockholders’ Equity, at the time such preferred stock is issued. On redemption of preferred stock, any excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the preferred stock over the carrying amount of the preferred stock in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is included in the determination of Net Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities in the calculation of EPS.

(r) Contingencies

Lima One has reached agreement, or is in the process of reaching agreement, on certain state and local governmental incentives, in connection with its agreement to lease new office space for its headquarters in Greenville, SC based on certain anticipated capital expenditures and anticipated job creation. These incentives are generally recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the incentive will be received and that the Company will comply with the conditions specified in the

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

related agreement. These incentives have commitment terms of up to ten years and may be subject to clawback if the commitments are not fulfilled. No material amounts related to any incentives have been recognized through September 30, 2023.

(s)  New Accounting Standards and Interpretations

As of September 30, 2023, there were no new accounting standards or interpretations adopted by the Company that had a material effect on its consolidated financial statements in 2023.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

3.    Residential Whole Loans

Included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are approximately $8.4 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively, of residential whole loans generally arising from the Company’s interests in certain trusts established to acquire the loans and certain entities established in connection with its loan securitization transactions. The Company has assessed that these entities are required to be consolidated for financial reporting purposes. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company elected the fair value option for all loan acquisitions, including loans originated by Lima One subsequent to its acquisition by the Company. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, the fair value option was typically elected only for Purchased Non-performing Loans.

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Residential whole loans, and the accounting model designated at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	873,790	$	987,282	$	2,700,473	$	2,372,548	$	3,574,263	$	3,359,830
Transitional loans (1)	37,946		75,188		2,059,655		1,342,032		2,097,601		1,417,220
Single-family rental loans	182,879		210,833		1,333,484		1,165,741		1,516,363		1,376,574
Seasoned performing loans	72,675		82,932		—		—		72,675		82,932
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		53,148		51,094		53,148		51,094
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	1,167,290	$	1,356,235	$	6,146,760	$	4,931,415	$	7,314,050	$	6,287,650
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	438,913	$	470,294	$	—	$	—	$	438,913	$	470,294
Allowance for Credit Losses	$	(28,557)	$	(35,314)	$	—	$	—	$	(28,557)	$	(35,314)
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	699,810	$	796,109	$	699,810	$	796,109
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	1,577,646	$	1,791,215	$	6,846,570	$	5,727,524	$	8,424,216	$	7,518,739
Number of loans	6,493		7,126		18,639		16,717		25,132		23,843

(1)As of September 30, 2023 includes $1.1 billion of loans collateralized by one-to-four family residential properties, including $415.9 million of loans collateralized by new construction projects at origination, and $1.0 billion of Transitional loans collateralized by multi-family properties. As of December 31, 2022 includes $784.9 million of loans collateralized by one-to-four family residential properties, including $283.1 million of loans collateralized by new construction projects at origination, and $632.3 million of Transitional loans collateralized by multi-family properties.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following table presents additional information regarding the Company’s Residential whole loans at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,570,184	$	3,963,235	5.60	%	346	65	%	735	$	3,808,303	$	68,171	$	23,230	$	63,531	2.2	%
Transitional loans (1)	2,095,083		2,105,552		8.89		11	64		746	1,989,050		25,717		15,771		75,014		4.3
Single-family rental loans	1,515,032		1,667,902		6.16		321	68		737	1,586,313		17,947		28,249		35,393		3.8
Seasoned performing loans	72,647		79,751		4.38		145	28		725	75,016		1,271		911		2,553		4.3
Agency eligible investor loans	53,148		68,472		3.44		335	66		757	68,244		—		—		228		0.3
Total Purchased Performing Loans	7,306,094		$	7,884,912	6.56	%	249												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	418,312	$	517,611	4.79	%	270	59	%	N/A	$	389,166	$	41,615	$	14,018	$	72,812	16.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	699,810	$	798,902	5.17	%	272	63	%	N/A	$	449,936	$	95,456	$	28,310	$	225,200	31.7	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	8,424,216	$	9,201,425	5.87	%	244												6.4	%

December 31, 2022

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,352,471	$	3,671,468	5.13	%	351	65	%	733	$	3,520,671	$	56,825	$	32,253	$	61,719	2.6	%
Transitional loans (1)	1,411,997		1,431,692		7.78		12	66		746	1,348,815		6,463		2,234		74,180		5.3	%
Single-family rental loans	1,375,297		1,485,967		5.74		324	69		737	1,442,095		8,431		7,978		27,463		2.4	%
Seasoned performing loans	82,884		90,843		3.31		151	30		714	84,514		993		937		4,399		5.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	51,094		61,816		3.44		344	68		757	61,816		—		—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	6,273,743		$	6,741,786	5.78	%	271												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	448,887	$	554,907	4.66	%	277	63	%	N/A	$	403,042	$	48,107	$	16,270	$	87,488	18.7	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	796,109	$	884,257	5.01	%	277	68	%	N/A	$	444,045	$	89,623	$	40,554	$	310,035	39.6	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	7,518,739	$	8,180,950	5.64	%	272												8.1	%

(1) As of September 30, 2023 Transitional loans includes $1.0 billion of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 15 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 64%. As of December 31, 2022, Transitional loans includes $632.3 million of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 18 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 73%.

(2)Weighted average is calculated based on the interest bearing principal balance of each loan within the related category. For loans acquired with servicing rights released by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation do not reflect loan servicing fees. For loans acquired with servicing rights retained by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation are net of servicing fees.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(3)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million and $223.2 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting, is 69% and 70% at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful. 60+ LTV has been calculated on a consistent basis.

(4)Excludes loans for which no Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score is available.

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, Agency eligible investor loans with an unpaid principal balance of $337.8 million were sold, realizing losses, before the impact of economic hedging gains and the reversal of previously recognized unrealized losses of $72.3 million. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Agency eligible investor loan securitizations were deconsolidated from the Company’s financial statements which resulted in the de-recognition of Agency eligible investor loans with an unpaid principal balance of $598.0 million. No Residential whole loans were sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents a roll-forward of the allowance for credit losses on the Company’s Residential Whole Loans, at Carrying Value:

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(Dollars In Thousands)	Non-QM Loans		Transitional Loans (1)(2)		Single-family Rental Loans		Seasoned Performing Loans		Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (3)		Totals
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022	$	7,359	$	5,223	$	1,277	$	48	$	21,407	$	35,314
Current provision/(reversal)	(214)		406		514		(2)		(389)		315
Write-offs	—		(2,003)		(451)		—		(113)		(2,567)
Allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2023	$	7,145	$	3,626	$	1,340	$	46	$	20,905	$	33,062
Current provision/(reversal)	(233)		999		(103)		(4)		(394)		265
Write-offs	(206)		(1,785)		—		—		(301)		(2,292)
Allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2023	$	6,706	$	2,840	$	1,237	$	42	$	20,210	$	31,035
Current provision/(reversal)	(2,627)		559		329		(14)		501		(1,252)
Write-offs	—		(881)		(235)		—		(110)		(1,226)
Allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2023	$	4,079	$	2,518	$	1,331	$	28	$	20,601	$	28,557

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Dollars In Thousands)	Non-QM Loans		Transitional Loans (1)(2)		Single-family Rental Loans		Seasoned Performing Loans		Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (3)		Totals
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2021	$	8,289	$	6,881	$	1,451	$	46	$	22,780	$	39,447
Current provision/(reversal)	(909)		(1,460)		(122)		(1)		(975)		(3,467)
Write-offs	(51)		(219)		(27)		—		(226)		(523)
Allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2022	$	7,329	$	5,202	$	1,302	$	45	$	21,579	$	35,457
Current provision/(reversal)	(199)		(23)		174		1		1,877		1,830
Write-offs	—		(118)		(184)		—		(58)		(360)
Allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2022	$	7,130	$	5,061	$	1,292	$	46	$	23,398	$	36,927
Current provision/(reversal)	(242)		583		83		3		120		547
Write-offs	—		(114)		(61)		—		(107)		(282)
Allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2022	$	6,888	$	5,530	$	1,314	$	49	$	23,411	$	37,192

(1)In connection with Transitional loans at carrying value, the Company had unfunded commitments of $5.4 million and $8.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with an allowance for credit losses of $38,000 and $84,000 at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Such allowance is included in “Other liabilities” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (see Note 7).

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(2)Includes $28.7 million and $66.7 million of loans that were assessed for credit losses based on a collateral dependent methodology as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(3)Includes $52.6 million and $56.2 million of loans that were assessed for credit losses based on a collateral dependent methodology as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company’s estimates of expected losses that form the basis of the Allowance for Credit Losses include certain qualitative adjustments which have the effect of increasing expected loss estimates. These qualitative adjustments were determined based on a variety of factors, including differences between the Company’s loan portfolio and the loan portfolios represented by data available in regulatory filings of certain banks that are considered to have similar loan portfolios (available proxy data), and differences between current (and expected future) market conditions in comparison to market conditions that occurred in historical periods. Such differences include uncertainty with respect to any residual impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, anticipated inflation and increasing market interest rates, and heightened political uncertainty. The Company’s estimates of credit losses reflect the Company’s expectation that the performance of its portfolio will experience higher delinquencies and defaults compared to the performance in historical periods of portfolios included in the available proxy data. Estimates of credit losses under credit losses on financial instruments (“CECL”) are highly sensitive to changes in assumptions and current economic conditions have increased the difficulty of accurately forecasting future conditions.

The amortized cost basis of Purchased Performing Loans on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $221.5 million and $195.1 million, respectively. The amortized cost basis of Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $68.9 million and $80.5 million, respectively. The fair value of Purchased Non-performing Loans on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $325.0 million and $413.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $4.0 million and $11.5 million of interest income on loans on nonaccrual status, including $2.3 million and $7.6 million, respectively, on its portfolio of loans which were non-performing at acquisition. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were approximately $52.8 million and $71.7 million, respectively, of loans held at carrying value on nonaccrual status that did not have an associated allowance for credit losses because they were determined to be collateral dependent and the estimated fair value of the related collateral exceeded the carrying value of each loan, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted one loan modification in its carrying value loan portfolio which gave a borrower a term extension. The increase in weighted average life was twelve months. As of September 30, 2023, the carrying value of this loan was approximately $214,000. As of September 30, 2023, this loan was current. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted three loan modifications in its carrying value loan portfolio which gave borrowers term extensions. The average increase in weighted average life was twelve months. As of September 30, 2023, the carrying value of these loans were approximately $379,000. As of September 30, 2023, these loans were all current.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following table presents certain additional credit-related information regarding our Residential whole loans, at Carrying Value:

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and LTV Bands
(Dollars In Thousands)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
Non-QM loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	44,885	$	172,296	$	407,541	$	226,678	$	851,400
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		4,481		5,044		22,391
Total Non-QM loans	$	—	$	—	$	46,281	$	183,766	$	412,022	$	231,722	$	873,791
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	25	$	110	$	206
Transitional loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	23,565	$	7,782	$	35,766
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		2,180		—		2,180
Total Transitional loans	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	25,745	$	7,782	$	37,946
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	47	$	2,970	$	1,639	$	4,670
Single-family rental loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	105,721	$	41,917	$	181,194
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		1,600		85		1,685
Total Single family rental loans	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	107,321	$	42,002	$	182,879
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	614	$	—	$	685
Seasoned performing loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	70,272	$	70,272
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		2,403		2,403
Total Seasoned performing loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	72,675	$	72,675
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Purchased credit deteriorated loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	373,572	$	373,572
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		65,341		65,341
Total Purchased credit deteriorated loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	438,913	$	438,913
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	524	$	524
Total LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	57,645	$	197,511	$	536,827	$	720,221	$	1,512,204
Total LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		8,261		72,873		94,000
Total residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	—	$	—	$	59,041	$	208,981	$	545,088	$	793,094	$	1,606,204
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Total Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	189	$	3,609	$	2,273	$	6,085

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million at September 30, 2023, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting is 69% at September 30, 2023. Certain low value loans secured by vacant lots are categorized as LTV > 80%.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following tables present certain information regarding the LTVs of the Company’s Residential whole loans that are 60 days or more delinquent:

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	84,584	$	86,761	66.9	%
Transitional loans	86,451		90,785		65.0	%
Single-family rental loans	55,313		63,642		73.3	%
Seasoned performing loans	3,437		3,464		29.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	187		228		73.4	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	229,972	$	244,880
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,849	$	86,830	64.1	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	238,545	$	253,510	70.8	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	538,366	$	585,220

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	61,812	$	61,719	67.9	%
Transitional loans	73,266		74,180		68.1	%
Single-family rental loans	27,466		27,463		72.9	%
Seasoned performing loans	4,127		4,399		42.2	%
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	166,671	$	167,761
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,402	$	87,488	74.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	296,697	$	310,035	76.9	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	532,770	$	565,284

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful.

22

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following tables present the components of interest income on the Company’s Residential whole loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	12,276	$	13,646	$	39,448	$	27,012	$	51,724	$	40,658
Transitional loans	101		784		40,122		18,558		40,223		19,342
Single-family rental loans	2,739		3,658		21,348		15,340		24,087		18,998
Seasoned performing loans	1,095		1,227		—		—		1,095		1,227
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		486		7,542		486		7,542
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	16,211	$	19,315	$	101,404	$	68,452	$	117,615	$	87,767
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	7,371	$	7,916	$	—	$	—	$	7,371	$	7,916
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	15,552	$	18,732	$	15,552	$	18,732
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	23,582	$	27,231	$	116,956	$	87,184	$	140,538	$	114,415

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	36,595	$	39,041	$	104,735	$	69,080	$	141,330	$	108,121
Transitional loans	1,239		5,621		99,832		43,768		101,071		49,389
Single-family rental loans	8,598		12,134		59,945		36,603		68,543		48,737
Seasoned performing loans	3,312		3,392		—		—		3,312		3,392
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		3,860		22,731		3,860		22,731
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	49,744	$	60,188	$	268,372	$	172,182	$	318,116	$	232,370
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	22,596	$	25,597	$	—	$	—	$	22,596	$	25,597
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	47,384	$	58,268	$	47,384	$	58,268
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	72,340	$	85,785	$	315,756	$	230,450	$	388,096	$	316,235

4.                   Securities, at Fair Value

Agency MBS

Agency MBS are guaranteed as to principal and/or interest by a federally chartered corporation, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or an agency of the U.S. Government, such as Ginnie Mae.

23

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following table presents certain information regarding the composition of our Agency MBS portfolio as of September 30, 2023:

September 30, 2023

(Dollars in Thousands)	Current Face		Weighted Average Purchase Price		Weighted Average Market Price		Fair Value		Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)	CPR (1)
30-Year Fixed Rate:
5.00% Coupon	$	77,090	100.2	%	94.5	%	$	72,830	6	1.6	%
5.50% Coupon	282,748		100.4		96.8		273,796		8	8.6
6.00% Coupon	180,481		100.0		98.8		178,386		4	6.2
Total	$	540,319	100.3	%	97.2	%	$	525,012	6	6.8	%

(1) Reflects the average of the 1 month CPR for the number of months the security was held during the most recent 3 month period.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $92.9 million and $97.9 million, respectively, of term notes issued by SPVs that have acquired rights to receive cash flows representing the servicing fees and/or excess servicing spread associated with certain MSRs. Payment of principal and interest on these term notes is considered to be largely dependent on cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs, as this impacts the cash flows available to the SPV that issued the term notes.

At September 30, 2023, these term notes had an amortized cost of $90.4 million, gross unrealized gains of $2.6 million and gross unrealized losses of $135,000, a weighted average yield of 15.9% and a weighted average term to maturity of 0.04 years. At December 31, 2022, the term notes had an amortized cost of $86.4 million, gross unrealized gains of approximately $11.5 million, a weighted average yield of 14.3% and a weighted average term to maturity of 0.8 years. The issuer of the notes had a one-time option to extend the maturity of the notes for an additional two years, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, which was exercised in October 2023, bringing the weighted average term to maturity to 2.04 years.

CRT Securities

CRT securities are debt obligations issued by or sponsored by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The coupon payments on CRT securities are paid by the issuer and the principal payments received are dependent on the performance of loans in either a reference pool or an actual pool of loans. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $83.1 million and $79.2 million, respectively, of CRT securities. As an investor in a CRT security, the Company may incur a principal loss if the performance of the actual or reference pool loans results in either an actual or calculated loss that exceeds the credit enhancement of the security owned by the Company. The Company assesses the credit risk associated with its investments in CRT securities by assessing the current and expected future performance of the associated loan pool. The Company pledges a portion of its CRT securities as collateral against its borrowings under repurchase agreements (see Note 6).

Non-Agency MBS

Non-Agency MBS are primarily secured by pools of residential mortgages, which are not guaranteed by an agency of the U.S. Government or any federally chartered corporation. At September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had $23.0 million and $24.6 million, respectively, of Non-Agency MBS. These securities were acquired on the de-consolidation of certain trusts that held previously securitized Agency Eligible investor loans.

24

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following tables present certain information about the Company’s Agency MBS and other Securities, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023

(In Thousands)	Principal/ Current Face		Purchase Premiums		Accretable Purchase Discounts		Discount Designated as Credit Reserve (1)		Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Fair  Value
Agency MBS	$	540,319	$	1,824	$	(508)	$	—	$	541,635	$	—	$	(16,623)	$	(16,623)	$	525,012
Other Securities (2)(3)(4)	213,672		22,015		(5,787)		(46,332)		183,568		16,474		(1,095)		15,379		198,947
Total residential mortgage securities (2)(3)(4)	$	753,991	$	23,839	$	(6,295)	$	(46,332)	$	725,203	$	16,474	$	(17,718)	$	(1,244)	$	723,959

December 31, 2022

(In Thousands)	Principal/ Current Face		Purchase Premiums		Accretable Purchase Discounts		Discount Designated as Credit Reserve (1)		Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value
Agency MBS	$	131,165	$	860	$	—	$	—	$	132,025	$	—	$	(325)	$	(325)	$	131,700
Other Securities (2)(3)(4)	215,649		18,344		(6,272)		(46,332)		181,389		21,473		(1,198)		20,275		201,664
Total residential mortgage securities (2)(3)(4)	$	346,814	$	19,204	$	(6,272)	$	(46,332)	$	313,414	$	21,473	$	(1,523)	$	19,950	$	333,364

(1)Discount designated as Credit Reserve is generally not expected to be accreted into interest income.

(2)Based on management’s current estimates of future principal cash flows expected to be received.

(3)Amounts disclosed at September 30, 2023 includes CRT securities with a fair value of $51.0 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had approximately $1.9 million gross unrealized gains and no gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2023. Amounts disclosed at December 31, 2022 includes CRT securities with a fair value of $48.6 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had gross unrealized gains of approximately $131,000 and gross unrealized losses of approximately $1.2 million at December 31, 2022.

(4)Amounts disclosed at September 30, 2023 include Non-Agency MBS with a fair value of $23.0 million for which the fair value option had been elected. Such securities had approximately $111,000 gross unrealized gains and $960,000 gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2023. Amounts disclosed at December 31, 2022 include Non-Agency MBS with a fair value of $24.6 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had no gross unrealized gains and no gross unrealized losses at December 31, 2022.

Sales of Residential Mortgage Securities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company did not sell any of its residential mortgage securities. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold CRT securities for approximately $15.3 million and $15.7 million, realizing gains of $70,000 and $84,000, respectively.

Unrealized Losses on Residential Mortgage Securities

Gross unrealized losses on the Company’s AFS securities (held at carrying value) at September 30, 2023 were $135,000. The Company has no plans to dispose of any securities that were in an unrealized loss position and has determined that such losses are not indicative of impairment for the securities.

There were no allowances for credit losses recorded with respect to the Company’s AFS securities for any of the periods presented. The Company did not recognize an allowance for credit losses through earnings related to its AFS securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

25

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Impact of AFS Securities on AOCI

The following table presents the impact of the Company’s AFS securities (held at carrying value) on its AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
AOCI from AFS securities:
Unrealized gain on AFS securities at beginning of period	$	13,420	$	36,919	$	21,341	$	46,833
Unrealized gain/(loss) on securities available-for-sale	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(15,765)
Change in AOCI from AFS securities	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(15,765)
Balance at end of period	$	14,353	$	31,068	$	14,353	$	31,068

Interest Income on Securities, at Fair Value

The following table presents the components of interest income on the Company’s Securities, at fair value for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Agency MBS
Coupon interest	$	6,353	$	—	12,874		—
Effective yield adjustment (1)(2)	(50)		—		(126)		—
Interest income	$	6,303	$	—	$	12,748	$	—
Other MBS
Coupon interest	$	2,082	$	1,308	$	6,019	$	3,258
Effective yield adjustment (1)(2)	(32)		699		185		2,971
Interest income	$	2,050	$	2,007	$	6,204	$	6,229
Term notes backed by MSR collateral
Coupon interest	$	2,216	$	2,015	$	6,279	$	4,591
Effective yield adjustment (2)	1,376		1,590		3,970		5,361
Interest income	$	3,592	$	3,605	$	10,249	$	9,952

(1)Includes amortization of premium paid net of accretion of purchase discount.  Interest income is recorded at an effective yield, which reflects net premium amortization/accretion based on actual prepayment activity.

(2)The effective yield adjustment is the difference between the net income calculated using the net yield less the current coupon yield. The net yield may be based on management’s estimates of the amount and timing of future cash flows or in the instrument’s contractual cash flows, depending on the relevant accounting standards.

26

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

5.    Other Assets

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Other assets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Receivable for sale of unsettled residential whole loans	$	—	$	275,656
REO	113,090		130,605
Goodwill	61,076		61,076
Intangibles, net (1)	8,800		12,200
Capital contributions made to loan origination partners	20,034		28,308
Commercial loans	76,546		61,510
Interest receivable	89,554		68,704
Other loan related receivables	30,649		23,463
Lease Right-of-Use Asset (2)	37,762		39,459
Other	65,576		65,240
Total Other Assets	$	503,087	$	766,221

(1) Net of aggregate accumulated amortization of $19.2 million and $15.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2) An estimated incremental borrowing rate of 7.5% was used in connection with the Company’s primary operating lease (see Notes 2 and 9).

(a) Real Estate Owned

At September 30, 2023, the Company had 320 REO properties with an aggregate carrying value of $113.1 million. At December 31, 2022, the Company had 388 REO properties with an aggregate carrying value of $130.6 million.

At September 30, 2023, $112.7 million of residential real estate property was held by the Company that was acquired either through a completed foreclosure proceeding or from completion of a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or similar legal agreement. In addition, formal foreclosure proceedings were in process with respect to $94.0 million of residential whole loans held at carrying value and $256.9 million of residential whole loans held at fair value at September 30, 2023.

27

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following table presents the activity in the Company’s REO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	119,996	$	135,847	$	130,605	$	156,223
Adjustments to record at lower of cost or fair value	(958)		(1,655)		(3,811)		(2,426)
Transfer from residential whole loans	16,991		16,658		66,171		61,875
Purchases and capital improvements, net	88		215		344		845
Disposals and other (1)	(23,027)		(18,402)		(80,219)		(83,854)
Balance at end of period	$	113,090	$	132,663	$	113,090	$	132,663
Number of properties	320		412		320		412

(1)During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 77 and 271 REO properties for consideration of $26.2 million and $91.7 million, realizing net gains of approximately $3.2 million and $12.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 74 and 333 REO properties for consideration of $23.8 million and $105.0 million, realizing net gains of approximately $5.3 million and $21.3 million, respectively. These amounts are included in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

(b) Goodwill and Intangible Assets

On July 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Lima One. In connection with the acquisition of Lima One, the Company identified and recorded goodwill of $61.1 million and finite-lived intangible assets totaling $28.0 million.

The amortization period for each of the finite lived intangible assets and the activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is summarized in the table below:

(Dollars in Thousands)	Carrying Value at December 31, 2022		Amortization Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		Carrying Value at September 30, 2023		Amortization Period (Years) (1)
Trademarks / Trade Names	$	3,400	$	(300)	$	3,100	10
Customer Relationships	6,000		(2,500)		3,500		4
Internally Developed Software	2,800		(600)		2,200		5
Total Identified Intangibles	$	12,200	$	(3,400)	$	8,800

(1) Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the amortization period, except for Customer Relationships, where amortization is calculated based on expected levels of customer attrition.

(c) Capital Contributions Made to Loan Origination Partners

The Company has made investments in several loan originators as part of its strategy to be a reliable source of capital to select partners from whom the Company sources residential mortgage loans through both flow arrangements and bulk purchases. At September 30, 2023, the carrying value of these investments (including adjustments for impairments or mark-to-market changes) was $20.0 million, including $4.9 million of common equity (including partnership interests) and $15.1 million of preferred equity.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge in earnings of $2.3 million against the carrying value of its investment in one loan origination partner. In September 2023, the Company sold a preferred equity interest in one loan origination partner, which was recorded at $6.6 million, and recorded a gain of $0.1 million.

28

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

For certain of the Company’s investments, the interests acquired to date by the Company generally do not have a readily determinable fair value. Consequently, the Company accounts for these interests (including any acquired options and warrants) in loan originators initially at cost. The carrying value of these investments will be adjusted if it is determined that an impairment has occurred or if there has been a subsequent observable transaction in either the investee company’s equity securities or a similar security that provides evidence to support an adjustment to the carrying value. In addition, for certain partners, options or warrants have also been acquired that provide the Company the ability to increase the level of its investment if certain conditions are met. At the end of each reporting period, or earlier if circumstances warrant, the Company evaluates whether the nature of its interests and other involvement with the investee entity requires the Company to apply equity method accounting or consolidate the results of the investee entity with the Company’s financial results.

(d) Commercial Mortgage Loans

The Company owns a portfolio of participations in commercial mortgage bridge loans, which are accounted for at fair value. The participations range from 49% to 75% of the total UPB of the related loans; the remaining interest in each loan was retained by the originator of such loan. The commercial mortgage loans are predominantly collateralized by multi-family properties; the collateral also includes senior living, industrial, parking, and office properties. The commercial mortgage loans are generally first liens and bear variable interest rates.

The following table presents certain additional information about the Company’s commercial mortgage loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	Fair Value / Carrying Value		UPB		Weighted Average Coupon		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	UPB 60+ Days Delinquent
Commercial Mortgage Loans - September 30, 2023	$	76,546	$	76,546	12.93	%	3	$	3,389
Commercial Mortgage Loans - December 31, 2022	$	61,510	$	61,510	11.54	%	10	$	—

29

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(e) Derivative Instruments

Swaps

The Company’s derivative instruments include Swaps, which are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with certain borrowings. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company agreed to pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable interest rate, generally based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), on the notional amount of the Swap. At September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s Swaps were designated as hedges for accounting purposes.

The following table presents the assets pledged as collateral against the Company’s Swaps at September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Agency MBS, at fair value	$	35,565	$	—
Restricted Cash	26,985		60,764

At September 30, 2023, the Company had Swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $3.1 billion and an average maturity of approximately 36 months with a maximum term of approximately 119 months.

The following table presents information about the Company’s Swaps at September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Maturity (1)	Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate		Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (2)		Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate		Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (2)
(Dollars in Thousands)
Within 30 days to 12 months	$	—	—	%	—	%	$	—	—	%	—	%
Within 30 days	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 30 days to 3 months	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 3 months to 6 months	100,000		1.49		5.32		—		—		—
Over 6 months to 12 months	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 12 months to 24 months	1,125,010		1.27		5.32		550,010		1.01		4.30
Over 24 months to 36 months	—		—		—		775,000		1.75		4.30
Over 36 months to 48 months	1,425,000		1.53		5.32		450,000		1.12		4.30
Over 48 months to 60 months	19,100		4.22		5.32		1,075,000		1.86		4.30
Over 60 months to 72 months	310,000		2.95		5.32		—		—		—
Over 72 months to 84 months	—		—		—		310,000		2.95		4.30
Over 84 months	113,400		4.00		5.32		—		—		—
Total Swaps	$	3,092,510	1.69	%	5.32	%	$	3,160,010	1.69	%	4.30	%

(1)Each maturity category reflects contractual amortization and/or maturity of notional amounts.

(2)Reflects the benchmark variable rate due from the counterparty at the date presented. This rate adjusts daily based on SOFR. 

30

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Impact of Derivative Instruments on Earnings

The following table present the components of Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, which is presented in Other income in the consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income on swap variable receive leg	$	41,427	$	17,273	$	113,062	$	22,580
Expense on swap fixed pay leg	(12,563)		(13,623)		(36,416)		(28,730)
Unrealized mark-to-market gain	9,433		108,918		5,704		221,437
Net price alignment expense on margin collateral received	(3,437)		(752)		(8,247)		(752)
Net gain on TBA short positions	—		—		—		39,186
Total Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	$	34,860	$	111,816	$	74,103	$	253,721

6.      Financing Agreements

The following tables present the components of, and certain information with respect to, the Company’s Financing agreements at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
(In Thousands)	Collateral	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value / Carrying Value (1)		Weighted Average Cost of Funding (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	$	1,753,355	$	1,752,492	7.55	%	10.4
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	608,996		608,996		5.83	%	0.3
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		2,362,351		2,361,488		7.17	%
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	1,125,773		1,124,953		7.88	%	14.3
Securitized debt	Residential Whole Loans	4,588,432		4,332,936		3.98	%	See Note 14
Convertible senior notes	Unsecured	219,589		218,596		6.94	%	8.5
Impact of net Swap carry						(1.41)	%
Total Financing agreements (2)		$	8,296,145	$	8,037,973	4.18	%

	December 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	Collateral	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value / Carrying Value (1)		Weighted Average Cost of Funding (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	$	2,111,647	$	2,111,396	5.74	%	6.9
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	111,651		111,651		5.47	%	1.5
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		2,223,298		2,223,047		5.73	%
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	1,004,260		1,003,604		6.53	%	16.8
Securitized debt	Residential Whole Loans	3,586,397		3,357,590		3.33	%	See Note 14
Convertible senior notes	Unsecured	229,989		227,845		6.94	%	17.5
Impact of net Swap carry						(0.84)	%
Total Financing agreements (2)		$	7,043,944	$	6,812,086	3.70	%

31

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(1)The Company has both financing agreements held at fair value and financings agreements held at their carrying value (amortized cost basis). Financing agreements held at fair value are reported at estimated fair value each period as a result of the Company’s fair value option election. The fair value option was not elected for financing agreements held at carrying value. Consequently, Total financing agreements as presented reflects a summation of balances reported at fair and carrying value. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $505.7 million of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, $401.4 million of agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, and $3.5 billion of securitized debt held at fair value, with amortized cost bases of $505.7 million, $401.4 million, and $3.7 billion, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $884.5 million of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, $578.9 million of agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, and $2.4 billion of securitized debt held at fair value, with amortized cost bases of $884.5 million, $578.9 million, and $2.6 billion, respectively.

(2)Weighted average cost of funding reflects annualized quarter-to-date interest expense divided by average balance for the financing agreements. The cost of funding for the total financing agreements includes the impact of the net carry (the difference between swap interest income received and swap interest expense paid) on the Company’s Swaps. For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 141 basis points, and for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, this decreased the overall funding cost by 84 basis points. The Company does not allocate the impact of the net carry by type of financing agreement.

The following table presents maturities with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market and non-mark-to-market collateral provisions:

	As of September 30, 2023
	Unpaid Principal Balance, Maturing In
(In Thousands)	Collateral	0-3 Months (1)		3-6 Months		6-12 Months		Greater than 12 Months (2)		Total
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans	$	819,659	$	128,124	$	465,641	$	339,931	$	1,753,355
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	608,996		—		—		—		608,996
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		1,428,655		128,124		465,641		339,931		2,362,351
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans	447,996		—		27,367		650,410		1,125,773

(1)$831.2 million of the mark-to-market agreements (included in the 0-3 months category) can be terminated by either party.

(2)Amounts presented are based on the assumed exercise of the Company’s unilateral option to extend by one year the maturity of an Agreement with mark-market collateral provisions with $339.9 million outstanding.

32

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following table presents information with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by residential whole loans	$	1,725,473		$	2,095,002
Fair value of residential whole loans pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	2,172,992		$	2,632,489
Weighted average haircut on residential whole loans (1)	19.18		%	18.33		%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by securities at fair value	$	608,996		$	111,651
Securities at fair value pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	678,801		$	177,111
Weighted average haircut on securities at fair value (1)	9.28		%	37.43		%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by real estate owned	$	27,018		$	16,394
Fair value of real estate owned pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	53,715		$	33,367
Weighted average haircut on real estate owned (1)	48.66		%	48.07		%

(1)Haircut represents the percentage amount by which the collateral value is contractually required to exceed the loan amount.

The following table presents information with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by residential whole loans	$	1,124,953		$	994,494
Fair value of residential whole loans pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	1,385,261		$	1,301,685
Weighted average haircut on residential whole loans	17.43		%	21.43		%
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by real estate owned	$	—		$	9,109
Fair value of real estate owned pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	—		$	22,902
Weighted average haircut on real estate owned	—		%	60.23		%

In addition, the Company had aggregate restricted cash held in connection with its financing agreements of $22.4 million and $16.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following table presents repricing information (excluding the impact of associated derivative hedging instruments, if any) about the Company’s financing agreements that have non-mark-to-market collateral provisions as well as those that have mark-to-market collateral provisions, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost Basis		Weighted Average Interest Rate		Amortized Cost Basis		Weighted Average Interest Rate
Time Until Interest Rate Reset
(Dollars in Thousands)
Within 30 days	$	3,435,884	7.38	%	$	3,060,111	6.60	%
Over 30 days to 3 months	52,240		6.63		167,447		6.19
Over 3 months to 12 months	—		—		—		—
Over 12 months	—		—		—		—
Total financing agreements	$	3,488,124	7.37	%	$	3,227,558	6.58	%

33

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(a) Other Information on Financing Agreements

Convertible Senior Notes

On June 3, 2019, the Company issued $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its Convertible Senior Notes in an underwritten public offering, including an additional $30.0 million issued pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional Convertible Senior Notes. The total net proceeds the Company received from the offering were approximately $223.3 million, after deducting offering expenses and the underwriting discount.  The Convertible Senior Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.25% per year, paid semiannually on June 15 and December 15 of each year commencing December 15, 2019 and will mature on June 15, 2024, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms. The Convertible Senior Notes are convertible at the option of the holders at any time until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date into shares of the Company’s common stock based on a conversion rate of 31.4346 shares (which reflects an adjustment resulting from the Company’s Reverse Stock Split) of the Company’s common stock for each $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $31.81 per share of common stock. The Convertible Senior Notes have an effective interest rate, including the impact of amortization to interest expense of debt issuance costs, of 6.94%. The Company does not have the right to redeem the Convertible Senior Notes prior to maturity, except to the extent necessary to preserve its status as a REIT, in which case the Company may redeem the Convertible Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest.

In February 2023, the Company’s Board authorized a repurchase program for its Convertible Senior Notes pursuant to which it may repurchase up to $100 million of its Convertible Senior Notes. The convertible notes repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum amount of Convertible Senior Notes. The timing and extent to which the Company may repurchase its Convertible Senior Notes will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. In September 2023, the Company repurchased $10.4 million principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes for $10.3 million and recorded a gain of $41,000 to Other, net on the consolidated statement of operations. At September 30, 2023, the aggregate principal amount of the Company’s Convertible Senior Notes outstanding was $219.6 million.

The Convertible Senior Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and are (i) effectively junior to all of the Company’s secured indebtedness, which includes the Company’s repurchase agreements and other financing arrangements, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness and (ii) equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future senior unsecured obligations, if any.

34

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(b) Counterparties

The Company had financing agreements, including repurchase agreements and other forms of secured financing, with 13 and 12 counterparties at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The following table presents information with respect to each counterparty under financing agreements for which the Company had greater than 5% of stockholders’ equity at risk in the aggregate at September 30, 2023:

	September 30, 2023
	Amount  at Risk (1)		Weighted  Average Months  to Repricing for Repurchase Agreements	Percent of Stockholders’ Equity
Counterparty
(Dollars in Thousands)
Wells Fargo	$	252,562	1	13.7	%
Barclays Bank	147,493		1	8.0
Churchill Finance LLC	143,996		1	7.8
Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.	96,686		1	5.2

(1)The amount at risk reflects the difference between (a) the amount loaned to the Company through financing agreements, including interest payable, and (b) the cash and the fair value of the assets pledged by the Company as collateral, including accrued interest receivable on such assets.

35

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(c) Pledged Collateral

The following tables present the Company’s assets (based on carrying value) pledged as collateral for its various financing arrangements as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
	Financing Agreements
(In Thousands)	Non-Mark-to-Market (1)		Mark-to-Market (1)		Securitized		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	58,487	$	346,353	$	1,193,739	$	1,598,579
Residential whole loans, at fair value	1,331,733		1,534,207		3,957,751		6,823,691
Securities, at fair value	—		678,801		—		678,801
Other assets: REO	—		46,883		32,055		78,938
Total	$	1,390,220	$	2,606,244	$	5,183,545	$	9,180,009

	December 31, 2022
	Financing Agreements
(In Thousands)	Non-Mark-to-Market (1)		Mark-to-Market (1)		Securitized		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	215,993	$	284,683	$	1,314,104	$	1,814,780
Residential whole loans, at fair value	1,095,556		2,164,158		2,720,757		5,980,471
Securities, at fair value	—		177,111		—		177,111
Other assets: REO	19,837		28,490		36,486		84,813
Total	$	1,331,386	$	2,654,442	$	4,071,347	$	8,057,175

(1)An aggregate of $34.9 million and $30.9 million of accrued interest on those assets pledged against non-mark-to-market and mark-to-market financings agreements had also been pledged as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Company pledges securities or cash as collateral to its counterparties in relation to certain of its financing arrangements. The Company exchanges collateral with its counterparties based on changes in the fair value, notional amount and term of the associated financing arrangements and Swaps, as applicable. In connection with these margining practices, either the Company or its counterparty may be required to pledge cash or securities as collateral. When the Company’s pledged collateral exceeds the required margin, the Company may initiate a reverse margin call, at which time the counterparty may either return the excess collateral or provide collateral to the Company in the form of cash or equivalent securities. The Company’s assets pledged as collateral are also described in Notes 2(e) - Restricted Cash and 5(e) - Derivative Instruments.

Certain of the Company’s financing arrangements and derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide for a right of setoff in the event of default or in the event of a bankruptcy of either party to the transaction. In the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, all balances associated with repurchase agreements are presented on a gross basis.

36

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

7. Other Liabilities

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Other liabilities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Payable for purchase of unsettled Agency MBS	$	—	$	132,026
Dividends and dividend equivalents payable	35,789		35,769
Lease liability	43,508		45,314
Accrued interest payable	32,445		23,040
Accrued expenses and other	106,569		75,321
Total Other Liabilities	$	218,311	$	311,470

37

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

8. Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”), and the corresponding provisions of state law. The Company expects to operate in a manner that will enable it to satisfy the various requirements to maintain its status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In order to maintain its status as a REIT, the Company must, among other things, distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (excluding net long-term capital gains) to stockholders in the timeframe permitted by the Code. As long as the Company maintains its status as a REIT, the Company will not be subject to regular federal income tax at the REIT level to the extent that it distributes 100% of its REIT taxable income (including net long-term capital gains) to its stockholders within the permitted timeframe. Should this not occur, the Company would be subject to federal taxes at prevailing corporate tax rates on the difference between its REIT taxable income and the amounts deemed to be distributed for that tax year. The Company’s objective is to distribute 100% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders within the permitted timeframe. If the Company fails to distribute during each calendar year, or by the end of January following the calendar year in the case of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of (i) 85% of its REIT ordinary income for such year, (ii) 95% of its REIT capital gain income for such year, and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, the Company would be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the amounts actually distributed. To the extent that the Company incurs interest, penalties or related excise taxes in connection with its tax obligations, including as a result of its assessment of uncertain tax positions, such amounts will be included in Operating and Other Expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

In addition, the Company has elected to treat certain of its subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). In general, a TRS may hold assets and engage in activities that the Company cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business. Generally, a domestic TRS is subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. Given that a portion of the Company’s business is conducted through one or more TRS, the net taxable income earned by its domestic TRS, if any, is subject to corporate income taxation. To maintain the Company’s REIT election, no more than 20% of the value of the Company’s assets at the end of each calendar quarter may consist of stock or securities in TRS. For purposes of the determination of U.S. federal and state income taxes, the Company’s subsidiaries that elected to be treated as TRS record current or deferred income taxes based on differences (both permanent and timing) between the determination of their taxable income and net income under GAAP.

Based on its analysis of any potentially uncertain tax positions, the Company concluded that it does not have any material uncertain tax positions that meet the relevant recognition or measurement criteria as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 or September 30, 2022. As of the date of this filing, the Company’s tax returns for tax years 2019 through 2022 are open to examination.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of net deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) recorded at the Company’s domestic TRS entities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the following table:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Deferred tax assets (DTAs):
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	$	107,523	$	97,655
Unrealized mark-to-market, impairments and loss provisions	15,421		12,609
Other realized / unrealized treatment differences	(46,461)		(28,620)
Total deferred tax assets	76,483		81,644
Less: valuation allowance	(76,483)		(81,644)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

Realization of the Company’s DTAs at September 30, 2023 is dependent on several factors, including generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and generating sufficient capital gains in future periods prior to the expiration of capital loss carryforwards. The Company determines the extent to which realization of the deferred assets is not expected to be more likely than not and establishes a valuation allowance accordingly.

38

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

No net deferred tax benefit was recorded by the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, related to the net taxable losses in TRS entities, since a valuation allowance for the full amount of the associated deferred tax asset at the ends of those periods was recognized as its recovery was not considered more likely than not. The related NOL carryforwards generated prior to 2018 will begin to expire in 2037; those generated in 2018 and later can be carried forward indefinitely, until fully utilized. The Company’s estimate of net DTAs could change in future periods to the extent that actual or revised estimates of future taxable income change from current expectations.

At September 30, 2023, the Company’s federal NOL carryforward from prior years was $382.6 million, which may be carried forward indefinitely. If certain substantial changes in the Company’s ownership occur, there could be an annual limitation on the amount of the carryforwards that can be utilized.

The income tax provision/(benefit) is included in Other general and administrative expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the Company’s income tax provision/(benefit) primarily recorded at the Company’s domestic TRS entities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Current provision/(benefit)
Federal	$	73	$	40	$	(346)	$	184
State	21		11		(103)		220
Total current provision/(benefit)	94		51		(449)		404
Deferred provision/(benefit)
Federal	—		183		589		453
State	—		49		155		114
Total deferred provision/(benefit)	—		232		744		567
Total provision/(benefit)	$	94	$	283	$	295	$	971

The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate at September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
Non-taxable REIT income (dividends paid deduction)	231.1	%	3.4	%
Other differences in taxable income (loss) from GAAP	(319.7)	%	(17.4)	%
State and local taxes	0.1	%	—	%
Change in valuation allowance on DTAs	64.9	%	(7.3)	%
Effective tax rate	(2.6)	%	(0.3)	%

39

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

9.    Commitments and Contingencies

(a) Lease Commitments

The Company’s primary lease commitment relates to its corporate headquarters. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an expense of approximately $1.2 million and $3.9 million, respectively, in connection with this lease. The original term specified in this lease is approximately fifteen years with a termination date of December 2036 and an option to renew for an additional five years.

At September 30, 2023, the contractual minimum rental payments (exclusive of possible rent escalation charges and normal recurring charges for maintenance, insurance and taxes) regarding the Company’s lease commitments were as follows:

Year Ending December 31,	Minimum Rental Payments
(In Thousands)
2023 (1)	$	1,438
2024	5,751
2025	4,888
2026	4,776
2027	5,055
Thereafter	46,999
Total	$	68,907

(1) Reflects contractual minimum rental payments due for the period from October 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023.

Additionally, in June 2023, Lima One executed a lease agreement on new office space in Greenville, South Carolina. The lease term specified in the agreement is thirteen years. The Company expects the average annual lease rental expense under the new lease to be approximately $3.0 million. Lima One currently expects to relocate to the space in the first fiscal quarter of 2025, but this timing, as well as when it is required to begin making payments and recognize rental and other expenses under the new lease, is dependent on when the space is actually available for use. Further, Lima One has the ability to terminate the lease agreement if vertical construction of the building is not started by April 2024.

(b) Representations and Warranties in Connection with Loan Securitization and Other Loan Sale Transactions

In connection with the loan securitization and sale transactions entered into by the Company, the Company has the obligation under certain circumstances to repurchase assets previously transferred to securitization vehicles, or otherwise sold, upon breach of certain representations and warranties. As of September 30, 2023, the Company was not aware of any material unsettled repurchase claims that would require a reserve (see Note 14).

(c) Loan Commitments

At September 30, 2023, the Company had unfunded commitments of $587.4 million in connection with its Transitional loans (see Note 3). From time to time, Lima One makes short-term commitments to originate mortgage loans; such commitments were not significant at September 30, 2023.

10.    Stockholders’ Equity

(a) Preferred Stock

7.50% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”)

On April 15, 2013, the Company completed the issuance of 8.0 million shares of its Series B Preferred Stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, and a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, in an underwritten public offering. The Company’s Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend at a rate of 7.50% per year on the

40

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

$25.00 liquidation preference before the Company’s common stock is paid any dividends and is senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up. Dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on or about March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. The Series B Preferred Stock is redeemable at $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not authorized or declared), exclusively at the Company’s option.

The Series B Preferred Stock generally does not have any voting rights, subject to an exception in the event the Company fails to pay dividends on such stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive).  Under such circumstances, the Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to vote to elect two additional directors to the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set apart for payment.  In addition, certain material and adverse changes to the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its Series B Preferred Stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
August 17, 2023	September 5, 2023	September 29, 2023	$0.46875
May 22, 2023	June 5, 2023	June 30, 2023	$0.46875
February 21, 2023	March 6, 2023	March 31, 2023	$0.46875

6.50% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock”)

On February 28, 2020, the Company amended its charter through the filing of articles supplementary to reclassify 12,650,000 shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued common stock as shares of the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock. On March 2, 2020, the Company completed the issuance of 11.0 million shares of its Series C Preferred Stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, and a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, in an underwritten public offering. The total net proceeds the Company received from the offering were approximately $266.0 million, after deducting offering expenses and the underwriting discount.

The Company’s Series C Preferred Stock is entitled to receive dividends (i) from and including the original issue date to, but excluding, March 31, 2025, at a fixed rate of 6.50% per year on the $25.00 liquidation preference and (ii) from and including March 31, 2025, at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.345% per year of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference before the Company’s common stock is paid any dividends, and is senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up. In light of the discontinuance of the publication of three-month LIBOR after June 2023 and pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock, the Company will, prior to March 31, 2025, appoint a calculation agent to select an industry accepted substitute or successor base rate to the three-month LIBOR rate. The calculation agent may also implement changes to the business day convention, the definition of business day, the dividend determination date, the interest rate spread and the method for obtaining the substitute or successor base rate, in a manner that is consistent with industry accepted practices. In March 2022, Congress enacted a federal statute that provides a safe harbor for those, like the calculation agent, that are contractually responsible for determining LIBOR replacements under certain circumstances, which the Company expects will apply to the Series C Preferred Stock. The Federal Reserve is required to promulgate rules under this statute which, once final, the Company expects will affect the selection of an industry accepted substitute or successor base rate under the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock. Although the Company has not yet appointed a calculation agent and a substitute or successor base rate has not yet been selected, it is the Company’s present expectation that three-month SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) would be the substitute or successor base rate to three-month LIBOR. Dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on or about March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. The Series C Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to March 31, 2025, except under circumstances where it is necessary to preserve the Company’s qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and upon the occurrence of certain specified change in control transactions. On or after March 31, 2025, the Company may, at its option, subject to certain procedural requirements, redeem any or all of the shares of the Series C Preferred Stock for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon (whether or not authorized or declared) to, but excluding, the redemption date.

The Series C Preferred Stock generally does not have any voting rights, subject to an exception in the event the Company fails to pay dividends on such stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive).  Under such circumstances,

41

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

the Series C Preferred Stock will be entitled to vote to elect two additional directors to the Company’s Board, until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set apart for payment. In addition, certain material and adverse changes to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its Series C Preferred Stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
August 17, 2023	September 5, 2023	September 29, 2023	$0.40625
May 22, 2023	June 5, 2023	June 30, 2023	$0.40625
February 21, 2023	March 6, 2023	March 31, 2023	$0.40625

(b)  Dividends on Common Stock

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its common stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
September 20, 2023	October 2, 2023	October 31, 2023	$0.350	(1)
June 15, 2023	June 30, 2023	July 31, 2023	$0.350
March 10, 2023	March 31, 2023	April 28, 2023	$0.350

(1) At September 30, 2023, the Company had accrued dividends and dividend equivalents payable of $35.8 million related to the common stock dividend declared on June 15, 2023.

(c) Discount Waiver, Direct Stock Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan (“DRSPP”)

On September 27, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for the purpose of registering common stock for sale through its DRSPP.  Pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, this shelf registration statement became effective automatically upon filing with the SEC and registered an aggregate of 2.0 million shares of common stock.  The Company’s DRSPP is designed to provide existing stockholders and new investors with a convenient and economical way to purchase shares of common stock through the automatic reinvestment of dividends and/or optional cash investments.  At September 30, 2023, approximately 2.0 million shares of common stock remained available for issuance pursuant to the DRSPP shelf registration statement.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 6,666 shares of common stock through the DRSPP, raising net proceeds of approximately $74,000.  From the inception of the DRSPP in September 2003 through September 30, 2023, the Company issued 8,848,219 shares pursuant to the DRSPP, raising net proceeds of $290.8 million.

(d)  Stock Repurchase Program

On March 11, 2022, the Company’s Board authorized a stock repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $250 million of its common stock through the end of 2023. The Board’s authorization superseded and replaced the authorization under a prior stock repurchase program that had been adopted in November 2020, which also authorized the Company to repurchase up to $250 million.

The stock repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares. The timing and extent to which the Company repurchases its shares will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. Acquisitions under the stock repurchase program may be made in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws (including, in the Company’s discretion, through the use of one or more plans adopted under Rule 10b5-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)).

42

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company repurchased 6,476,746 shares of its common stock through the stock repurchase program at an average cost of $15.80 per share and a total cost of approximately $102.1 million, net of fees and commissions paid to the sales agent of approximately $161,000. As of September 30, 2023, approximately $202.5 million remained available under the current authorization for the purchase of common stock under the stock repurchase program.

(e) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

The following table presents changes in the balances of each component of the Company’s AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In Thousands)	Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total  AOCI		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total  AOCI
Balance at beginning of period	$	13,420	$	—	$	13,420	$	21,341	$	—	$	21,341
OCI before reclassifications	933		—		933		(6,988)		—		(6,988)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net OCI during the period (2)	933		—		933		(6,988)		—		(6,988)
Balance at end of period	$	14,353	$	—	$	14,353	$	14,353	$	—	$	14,353

(1)Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements at Fair Value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk.

(2) For further information regarding changes in OCI, see the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

The following table presents changes in the balances of each component of the Company’s AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In Thousands)	Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total AOCI		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total AOCI
Balance at beginning of period	$	36,919	$	—	$	36,919	$	46,833	$	(1,255)	$	45,578
OCI before reclassifications	(5,851)		—		(5,851)		(15,765)		1,255		(14,510)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net OCI during the period (2)	(5,851)		—		(5,851)		(15,765)		1,255		(14,510)
Balance at end of period	$	31,068	$	—	$	31,068	$	31,068	$	—	$	31,068

(1)  Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements at Fair Value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk.

(2)  For further information regarding changes in OCI, see the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

43

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

11.    EPS Calculation

The following table presents a reconciliation of the (loss)/earnings and shares used in calculating basic and diluted (loss)/earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss	$	(56,438)	$	(55,018)	$	(9,582)	$	(238,291)
Dividends declared on preferred stock	(8,219)		(8,218)		(24,656)		(24,656)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(119)		(174)		(324)		(489)
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Basic Loss per Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	—		—		—		—
Net loss available to common stockholders - diluted	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Effect of assumed conversion of Convertible Senior Notes to common shares	—		—		—		—
Unvested and vested restricted stock units	—		—		—		—
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding (1)	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Diluted Loss per Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)

(1)At September 30, 2023, the Company had approximately 3.1 million equity instruments outstanding that were included in the calculation of diluted EPS for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.  These equity instruments reflect RSUs (based on current estimate of expected share settlement amount) with a weighted average grant date fair value of $12.41. These equity instruments may continue to have a dilutive impact on future EPS.  

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Convertible Senior Notes were determined to be anti-dilutive and were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS under the “if-converted” method. Under this method, the periodic interest expense for dilutive notes is added back to the numerator and the weighted average number of shares that the notes are entitled to (if converted, regardless of whether the conversion option is in or out of the money) are included in the denominator for the purpose of calculating diluted EPS. The Convertible Senior Notes may have a dilutive impact on future EPS.

12.    Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans

(a)  Equity Compensation Plan

In accordance with the terms of the Company’s Equity Plan, which was adopted by the Company’s stockholders on June 6, 2023 (and which amended and restated the Company’s 2020 Equity Compensation Plan), directors, officers and employees of the Company and any of its subsidiaries and other persons expected to provide significant services for the Company and any of its subsidiaries are eligible to receive grants of stock options (“Options”), restricted stock, RSUs, dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based awards under the Equity Plan.

Subject to certain exceptions, stock-based awards relating to a maximum of 8.5 million shares of common stock may be granted under the Equity Plan; forfeitures and/or awards that expire unexercised do not count toward this limit.  At September 30, 2023, approximately 5.3 million shares of common stock remained available for grant in connection with stock-based awards under the Equity Plan.  A participant may generally not receive stock-based awards in excess of 2.0 million shares of common stock in any one year and no award may be granted to any person who, assuming exercise of all Options and

44

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

payment of all awards held by such person, would own or be deemed to own more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock.  Unless previously terminated by the Board, awards may be granted under the Equity Plan until June 6, 2033.

Restricted Stock Units

Under the terms of the Equity Plan, RSUs are instruments that provide the holder with the right to receive, subject to the satisfaction of conditions set by the Compensation Committee at the time of grant, a payment of a specified value, which may be a share of the Company’s common stock, the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock, or such fair market value to the extent in excess of an established base value, on the applicable settlement date.  Although the Equity Plan permits the Company to issue RSUs that can settle in cash, all of the Company’s outstanding RSUs as of September 30, 2023 are designated to be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock.  The Company granted 1,608,063 and 677,776 RSUs during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were 100,260 and 127,673 RSUs forfeited during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. There were no RSUs forfeited during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 29,693 RSUs forfeited during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. All holders of RSUs outstanding at September 30, 2023 may be entitled to receive dividend equivalent payments depending on the terms and conditions of the award either in cash at the time dividends are paid by the Company or at the time settlement of the RSU award, or for performance-based RSU awards, as a grant of stock at the time such awards are settled.  At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had unrecognized compensation expense of $12.8 million and $11.2 million, respectively, related to RSUs.  The unrecognized compensation expense at September 30, 2023, is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years.

Restricted Stock

The Company did not grant any shares of restricted common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. At September 30, 2023, the Company did not have any shares of restricted common stock outstanding.

Dividend Equivalents

A dividend equivalent is a right to receive a distribution equal to the dividend distributions that would be paid on a share of the Company’s common stock.  Dividend equivalents may be granted as a separate instrument or may be a right associated with the grant of another award (e.g., an RSU) under the Equity Plan, and they are paid typically in cash or other consideration at such times and in accordance with such rules as the Compensation Committee of the Board shall determine in its discretion.  Dividend equivalent payments are generally charged to Stockholders’ Equity when common stock dividends are declared to the extent that such equivalents are expected to vest.  The Company made dividend equivalent payments associated with RSU awards of approximately $119,000 and $324,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and approximately $174,000 and $485,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. In addition, no dividend equivalents rights awarded as separate instruments were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

 Expense Recognized for Equity-Based Compensation Instruments

The following table presents the Company’s expenses related to its equity-based compensation instruments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
RSUs	$	4,448	$	2,673	$	11,399	$	8,858
Total	$	4,448	$	2,673	$	11,399	$	8,858

(b)  Deferred Compensation Plans

The Company administers deferred compensation plans for its senior officers and non-employee directors (collectively, the “Deferred Plans”), pursuant to which participants may elect to defer up to 100% of certain cash compensation.  The Deferred Plans are designed to align participants’ interests with those of the Company’s stockholders.

45

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Amounts deferred under the Deferred Plans are considered to be converted into “stock units” of the Company.  Stock units do not represent stock of the Company, but rather are a liability of the Company that changes in value as would equivalent shares of the Company’s common stock.  Deferred compensation liabilities are settled in cash at the termination of the deferral period, based on the value of the stock units at that time.  The Deferred Plans are non-qualified plans under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and, as such, are not funded.  Prior to the time that the deferred accounts are settled, participants are unsecured creditors of the Company.

The Company’s liability for stock units in the Deferred Plans is based on the market price of the Company’s common stock at the measurement date.  The following table presents the Company’s expenses related to its Deferred Plans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Non-employee directors	$	(260)	$	(483)	$	154	$	(1,601)
Total	$	(260)	$	(483)	$	154	$	(1,601)

The following table presents the aggregate amount of income deferred by participants of the Deferred Plans through September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 that had not been distributed and the Company’s associated liability for such deferrals at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	Undistributed Income Deferred (1)		Liability Under Deferred Plans		Undistributed Income Deferred (1)		Liability Under Deferred Plans
Non-employee directors	$	2,551	$	1,912	$	2,923	$	1,953
Total	$	2,551	$	1,912	$	2,923	$	1,953

(1)  Represents the cumulative amounts that were deferred by participants through September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which had not been distributed through such respective date.

13.  Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GAAP requires the categorization of fair value measurements into three broad levels that form a hierarchy. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.  The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:

Level 1 — Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3 — Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

46

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Residential Whole Loans, at Fair Value

The Company determines the fair value of its residential whole loans held at fair value after considering valuations obtained from third parties that specialize in providing valuations of residential mortgage loans. The valuation approach applied generally depends on whether the loan is considered performing or non-performing at the date the valuation is performed. For performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow approach, where estimates of cash flows are determined from the scheduled payments, adjusted using forecasted prepayment, default and loss given default rates. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, the estimated value of the collateral, expected costs and estimated home price levels. Estimated cash flows for both performing and non-performing loans are discounted at yields considered appropriate to arrive at a reasonable exit price for the asset. Indications of loan value such as actual trades, bids, offers and generic market color may be used in determining the appropriate discount yield. The Company’s residential whole loans held at fair value are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy; however, the Company determined that the market inputs used in valuing its Agency eligible investor loans were sufficiently observable to be classified as Level 2.

Securities, at Fair Value

Residential Mortgage Securities

In determining the fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage securities, management considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services and brokers as well as dialogue with market participants.  Valuations of TBA securities positions are based on executed levels for positions entered into and subsequently rolled forward, as well as prices obtained from pricing services for outstanding positions at each reporting date. These valuations are assessed for reasonableness by considering market TBA levels observed via Bloomberg for the same coupon and term to maturity. In valuing Non-Agency MBS, the Company understands that pricing services use observable inputs that include, in addition to trading activity observed in the marketplace, loan delinquency data, credit enhancement levels and vintage, which are taken into account to assign pricing factors such as spread and prepayment assumptions.  The Company collects and considers current market intelligence on all major markets, including benchmark security evaluations and bid-lists from various sources, when available.

The Company’s residential mortgage securities are valued using various market data points as described above, which management considers directly or indirectly observable parameters.  Accordingly, these securities are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

The Company’s valuation process for term notes backed by MSR collateral is similar to that used for residential mortgage securities and considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services, brokers and repurchase agreement counterparties, dialogue with market participants, as well as management’s observations of market activity. Other factors taken into consideration include estimated changes in fair value of the related underlying MSR collateral and, as applicable, the financial performance of the ultimate parent or sponsoring entity of the issuer, which has provided a guarantee that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the related underlying MSR collateral be insufficient. Based on its evaluation of the observability of the data used in its fair value estimation process, these assets are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

47

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Financing Agreements, at Fair Value

Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions

These agreements are secured and subject to margin calls and their base interest rates reset frequently to market based rates. As a result, no credit valuation adjustment is required, and the primary factor in determining their fair value is the credit spread paid over the base rate, which is a non-observable input as it is determined based on negotiations with the counterparty. The Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy if the credit spreads used to price the instrument reset frequently, which is typically the case with shorter term repurchase agreement contracts collateralized by securities. Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions that are typically longer term and are collateralized by residential whole loans where the credit spread paid over the base rate on the instrument is not reset frequently are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions

These agreements are secured, but not subject to margin calls based on changes in the fair value of the financed residential whole loans. Such agreements may experience changes in advance rates or collateral eligibility as a result of factors such as changes in the delinquency status of the financed residential whole loans. As a result, a credit valuation adjustment would only be required if there were a significant decrease in collateral value, and the primary factor in determining their fair value is the credit spread paid over the base rate, which is a non-observable input as it is determined based on negotiations with the counterparty. The Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Securitized Debt

In determining the fair value of securitized debt, management considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services and brokers as well as dialogue with market participants. Accordingly, the Company’s securitized debt is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Swaps

Variation margin payments on the Company’s Swaps are treated as a legal settlement of the exposure under the related Swap contract, the effect of which reduces what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the Swap, generally to zero.

Changes to the valuation methodologies used with respect to the Company’s financial instruments are reviewed by management to ensure any such changes result in appropriate exit price valuations.  The Company will refine its valuation methodologies as markets and products develop and pricing methodologies evolve.  The methods described above may produce fair value estimates that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values.  Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those used by market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.  The Company uses inputs that are current as of the measurement date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which price transparency may be reduced.  The Company reviews the classification of its financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy on a quarterly basis, and management may conclude that its financial instruments should be reclassified to a different level in the future.

48

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following tables present the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets by the valuation hierarchy, as previously described:

Fair Value at September 30, 2023

(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	$	—	$	53,148	$	6,793,422	$	6,846,570
Securities, at fair value	—		723,959		—		723,959
Total assets carried at fair value	$	—	$	777,107	$	6,793,422	$	7,570,529
Liabilities:
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	$	—	$	—	$	401,353	$	401,353
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	—		—		505,747		505,747
Securitized debt	—		3,531,576		—		3,531,576
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	3,531,576	$	907,100	$	4,438,676

Fair Value at December 31, 2022

(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	$	—	$	51,094	$	5,676,430	$	5,727,524
Securities, at fair value	—		333,364		—		333,364
Total assets carried at fair value	$	—	$	384,458	$	5,676,430	$	6,060,888
Liabilities:
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	$	—	$	—	$	578,879	$	578,879
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	—		—		884,495		884,495
Securitized debt	—		2,435,370		—		2,435,370
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	2,435,370	$	1,463,374	$	3,898,744

49

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s Residential whole loans, at fair value, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Residential Whole Loans, at Fair Value
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	6,441,964	$	5,252,047	$	5,676,430	$	4,222,584
Purchases and originations	635,646		591,184		1,707,209		2,379,428
Draws	166,937		106,633		418,928		250,455
Changes in fair value recorded in Net gain/(loss) on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(129,661)		(241,093)		(131,856)		(623,012)
Repayments	(309,214)		(236,236)		(836,440)		(718,983)
Loan sales	(2,243)		—		(3,720)		(10,496)
Transfer to REO	(10,007)		(9,565)		(37,129)		(37,006)
Balance at end of period	$	6,793,422	$	5,462,970	$	6,793,422	$	5,462,970

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	440,106	$	441,883	$	578,879	$	628,280
Issuances	107,230		418,183		379,625		418,183
Payment of principal	(145,983)		(255,345)		(557,151)		(440,487)
Change in unrealized losses	—		—		—		(1,255)
Balance at end of period	$	401,353	$	604,721	$	401,353	$	604,721

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	553,162	$	1,433,857	$	884,495	$	1,322,362
Issuances	56,330		272,005		78,348		1,142,611
Payment of principal	(103,745)		(773,366)		(457,096)		(1,532,477)
Changes in unrealized losses	—		—		—		—
Balance at end of period	$	505,747	$	932,496	$	505,747	$	932,496

50

MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments

Residential Whole Loans, at Fair Value

The following tables present a summary of quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s residential whole loans held at fair value for which it has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (2)			Range
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	512,213	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.6		%	7.1-11.1%
				Prepayment rate	6.6		%	0.0-28.2%
				Default rate	2.7		%	0.0-38.9%
				Loss severity	9.8		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	187,098	Liquidation model	Discount rate	8.0		%	8.0-8.0%
				Annual change in home prices	3.3		%	(0.2)-12.6%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	2.0			0.1-4.5
				Current value of underlying properties (3)	$	843		$43-$4,720
Total	$	699,311

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (2)			Range
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	546,675	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.0		%	6.3-10.0%
				Prepayment rate	8.9		%	0.0-33.5%
				Default rate	3.7		%	0.0-52.4%
				Loss severity	11.3		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	249,219	Liquidation model	Discount rate	7.8		%	7.8-7.8%
				Annual change in home prices	6.9		%	(5.4)-59.7%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.9			0.1-4.5
				Current value of underlying properties (3)	$	743		$28-$4,000
Total	$	795,894

(1) Excludes approximately $499,000 and $215,000 of loans for which management considers the purchase price continues to reflect the fair value of such loans at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2) Amounts are weighted based on the fair value of the underlying loan.

(3) The simple average value of the properties underlying residential whole loans held at fair value valued via a liquidation model was approximately $498,000 and $457,000 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (1)			Range
Purchased Performing Loans	$	5,996,971	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.4		%	6.5-24.8%
				Prepayment rate	7.6		%	0.0-43.3%
				Default rate	0.5		%	0.0-27.0%
				Loss severity	10.8		%	0.0-98.4%
	$	96,641	Liquidation model	Discount rate	8.0		%	8.0-8.0%
				Annual change in home prices	2.3		%	0.0-9.8%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.6			0.1-4.0
				Current value of underlying properties	$	1,567		$40-$5,500
Total	$	6,093,612

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (1)			Range
Purchased Performing Loans	$	4,857,587	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.6		%	5.6-22.7%
				Prepayment rate	7.9		%	0.0-44.8%
				Default rate	0.8		%	0.0-19.4%
				Loss severity	7.3		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	22,734	Liquidation model	Discount rate	7.8		%	7.8%-7.8%
				Annual change in home prices	3.2		%	(1.0)%-10.7%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.9			0.8-4.2
				Current value of underlying properties	$	1,319		$50-$2,850
Total	$	4,880,321

(1) Amounts are weighted based on the fair value of the underlying loan.

Changes in market conditions, as well as changes in the assumptions or methodology used to determine fair value, could result in a significant increase or decrease in the fair value of residential whole loans. Loans valued using a discounted cash flow model are most sensitive to changes in the discount rate assumption, while loans valued using the liquidation model technique are most sensitive to changes in the current value of the underlying properties and the liquidation timeline. Increases in discount rates, default rates, loss severities, or liquidation timelines, either in isolation or collectively, would generally result in a lower fair value measurement, whereas increases in the current or expected value of the underlying properties, in isolation, would result in a higher fair value measurement. In practice, changes in valuation assumptions may not occur in isolation and the changes in any particular assumption may result in changes in other assumptions, which could offset or amplify the impact on the overall valuation.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Level in Fair Value Hierarchy	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
(In Thousands)
Financial Assets:
Residential whole loans	3	$	8,371,068	$	8,285,799	$	7,467,645	$	7,397,421
Residential whole loans	2	53,148		53,148		51,094		51,094
Securities, at fair value	2	723,959		723,959		333,364		333,364
Cash and cash equivalents	1	300,089		300,089		334,183		334,183
Restricted cash	1	153,449		153,449		159,898		159,898
Financial Liabilities (1):
Financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	3	1,124,953		1,125,773		1,003,604		1,004,260
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	3	1,752,492		1,753,355		2,111,396		2,111,647
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	2	608,996		608,996		111,651		111,651
Securitized debt (2)	2	4,332,936		4,210,440		3,357,590		3,217,905
Convertible senior notes	2	218,596		219,589		227,845		211,015

(1)Carrying value of securitized debt, Convertible Senior Notes, Senior Notes and certain repurchase agreements is net of associated debt issuance costs.

(2)Includes securitized debt that is carried at amortized cost basis and fair value.

Other Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company holds REO at the lower of the current carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded REO with an aggregate estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell, of $66.2 million and $61.9 million, respectively, at the time of foreclosure. The Company classifies fair value measurements of REO as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

14.  Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities

A Special Purpose Entity (“SPE”) is an entity designed to fulfill a specific limited need of the company that organized it.  SPEs are often used to facilitate transactions that involve securitizing financial assets or re-securitizing previously securitized financial assets.  The objective of such transactions may include obtaining non-recourse financing, obtaining liquidity or refinancing the underlying financial assets on improved terms.  Securitization involves transferring assets to a SPE to convert all or a portion of those assets into cash before they would have been realized in the normal course of business, through the SPE’s issuance of debt or equity instruments.  Investors in a SPE usually have recourse only to the assets in the SPE and, depending on the overall structure of the transaction, may benefit from various forms of credit enhancement such as over-collateralization in the form of excess assets in the SPE, priority with respect to receipt of cash flows relative to holders of other debt or equity instruments issued by the SPE, or a line of credit or other form of liquidity agreement that is designed with the objective of ensuring that investors receive principal and/or interest cash flow on the investment in accordance with the terms of their investment agreement. 

The Company has entered into several financing transactions that resulted in the Company consolidating as VIEs the SPEs that were created to facilitate these transactions. See Note 2(p) for a discussion of the accounting policies applied to the consolidation of VIEs and transfers of financial assets in connection with financing transactions.

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

The Company has engaged in loan securitizations primarily for the purpose of obtaining improved overall financing terms as well as non-recourse financing on a portion of its residential whole loan portfolio. Notwithstanding the Company’s participation in these transactions, the risks facing the Company are largely unchanged as the Company remains economically exposed to the first loss position on the underlying assets transferred to the VIEs.

Loan Securitization Transactions

The following table summarizes the key details of the Company’s consolidated loan securitization transactions currently outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential whole loans sold	$	7,721,012			$	6,079,749
Face amount of Senior Bonds issued by the VIE and purchased by third-party investors	$	6,699,921			$	5,333,090
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at carrying value	$	801,360		(1)	$	922,220		(1)
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at fair value	$	3,531,576			$	2,435,370
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, total	$	4,332,936			$	3,357,590
Weighted average fixed rate for Senior Bonds issued	4.22		%	(2)	3.38		%	(2)
Weighted average contractual maturity of Senior Bonds	37 years			(2)	38 years			(2)
Face amount of Senior Support Certificates received by the Company (3)	$	986,585			$	715,640
Cash received	$	6,637,607			$	5,286,305

(1)Net of $1.7 million and $2.9 million of deferred financing costs at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2)At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $3.0 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of Senior Bonds sold in securitization transactions contained a contractual coupon step-up feature whereby the coupon increases by either 100, 200, or 300 basis points or more at defined dates ranging from 24 months, up to 48 months from issuance if the bond is not redeemed before such date.

(3)Provides credit support to the Senior Bonds sold to third-party investors in the securitization transactions.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued Senior Bonds with a current face of $534.8 million and $1.4 billion to third-party investors for proceeds of $533.8 million and $1.4 billion, respectively, before offering costs and accrued interest. The Senior Bonds issued by the Company during the three months ended September 30, 2023 are included in “Financing agreements, at fair value” (at carrying value) on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (see Note 6).

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as a result of the transactions described above, securitized loans of approximately $5.1 billion and $4.0 billion are included in “Residential whole loans” and REO with a carrying value of approximately $32.1 million and $36.5 million are included in “Other assets” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aggregate carrying value of Senior Bonds issued by consolidated VIEs was $4.3 billion and $3.4 billion, respectively.  These Senior Bonds are disclosed as “Securitized debt” and are included in Financing agreements on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  The holders of the securitized debt have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, but the Company does have the obligation, under certain circumstances, to repurchase assets from the VIE upon the breach of certain representations and warranties with respect to the residential whole loans sold to the VIE.  In the absence of such a breach, the Company has no obligation to provide any other explicit or implicit support to any VIE.

The Company concluded that the entities created to facilitate the loan securitization transactions are VIEs.  The Company completed an analysis of whether each VIE created to facilitate the securitization transactions should be consolidated by the Company, based on consideration of its involvement in each VIE, including the design and purpose of the SPE, and whether its involvement reflected a controlling financial interest that resulted in the Company being deemed the primary beneficiary of each VIE.  In determining whether the Company would be considered the primary beneficiary, the following factors were assessed:

•whether the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE;  and

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

•whether the Company has a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.

Based on its evaluation of the factors discussed above, including its involvement in the purpose and design of the entity, the Company determined that it was required to consolidate each VIE created to facilitate the loan securitization transactions.

Residential Whole Loans and REO (including Residential Whole Loans and REO transferred to consolidated VIEs)

Included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are a total of $8.4 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively, of residential whole loans. These assets, excluding certain loans originated and held by Lima One, and certain of the Company’s REO assets, are directly owned by certain trusts established by the Company to acquire the loans and entities established in connection with the Company’s loan securitization transactions. The Company has assessed that these entities are required to be consolidated (see Notes 3 and 5(a)).

15. Segment Reporting

At September 30, 2023, the Company’s reportable segments include (i) mortgage-related assets and (ii) Lima One. The Corporate column in the table below primarily consists of corporate cash and related interest income, investments in loan originators and related economics, general and administrative expenses not directly attributable to Lima One, interest expense on unsecured convertible senior notes (see Note 6), securitization issuance costs, and preferred stock dividends.

The following tables summarize segment financial information, which in total reconciles to the same data for the Company as a whole:

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Interest Income	$	94,855	$	61,101	$	3,209	$	159,165
Interest Expense	64,785		44,303		3,936		113,024
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	30,070	$	16,798	$	(727)	$	46,141
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,258		—		—		1,258
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	$	31,328	$	16,798	$	(727)	$	47,399
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(99,500)	$	(33,394)	$	—	$	(132,894)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(13,439)		—		(722)		(14,161)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,062		347		—		2,409
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	25,310		9,550		—		34,860
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	25,345		11,086		—		36,431
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		12,109		—		12,109
Other, net	515		684		655		1,854
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(59,707)	$	382	$	(67)	$	(59,392)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	12,010	$	12,041	$	24,051
General and administrative expenses	—		4,664		5,941		10,605
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	5,032		699		3,258		8,989
Amortization of intangible assets	—		800		—		800
Net (Loss)/Income	$	(33,411)	$	(993)	$	(22,034)	$	(56,438)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	8,219	$	8,219
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(33,411)	$	(993)	$	(30,253)	$	(64,657)

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Interest Income	$	90,406	$	31,883	$	1,583	123,872
Interest Expense	47,780		19,856		3,943		71,579
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	42,626	$	12,027	$	(2,360)	$	52,293
Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	$	(520)	$	(68)	$	—	(588)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	$	42,106	$	11,959	$	(2,360)	$	51,705
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(226,894)	$	(64,924)	$	—	$	(291,818)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	1,620		—		(2,031)		(411)
Net gain on real estate owned	3,861		—		—		3,861
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	86,944		24,872		—		111,816
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	79,471		19,387		—		98,858
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		12,372		—		12,372
Other, net	282		35		814		1,131
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(54,716)	$	(8,258)	$	(1,217)	$	(64,191)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	11,170	$	9,893	$	21,063
General and administrative expenses	—		3,756		5,056		8,812
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	6,063		280		5,014		11,357
Amortization of intangible assets	—		1,300		—		1,300
Net Loss	$	(18,673)	$	(12,805)	$	(23,540)	$	(55,018)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	8,218	$	8,218
Net Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(18,673)	$	(12,805)	$	(31,758)	$	(63,236)

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Interest Income	$	269,586	$	156,930	$	9,204	$	435,720
Interest Expense	180,802		113,050		11,853		305,705
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	88,784	$	43,880	$	(2,649)	$	130,015
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	663		314		—		977
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after (Provision)/Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses	$	89,447	$	44,194	$	(2,649)	$	130,992
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(101,449)	$	(32,974)	$	—	$	(134,423)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,205)		—		(1,594)		(15,799)
Net gain on real estate owned	8,479		25		—		8,504
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	54,130		19,973		—		74,103
Net loss on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	9,412		2,688		—		12,100
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		32,562		—		32,562
Other, net	6,535		2,131		1,856		10,522
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(37,098)	$	24,405	$	262	$	(12,431)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	32,952	$	33,500	$	66,452
General and administrative expenses	—		11,858		20,307		32,165
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	15,146		1,049		9,931		26,126
Amortization of intangible assets	—		3,400		—		3,400
Net Income/(Loss)	$	37,203	$	19,340	$	(66,125)	$	(9,582)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	24,656	$	24,656
Net Income/(Loss) Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	37,203	$	19,340	$	(90,781)	$	(34,238)

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Interest Income	$	263,960	$	73,736	$	1,846	$	339,542
Interest Expense	120,678		39,128		11,811		171,617
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	143,282	$	34,608	$	(9,965)	$	167,925
Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,211		(105)		—		1,106
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets	—		—		(28,579)		(28,579)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses	$	144,493	$	34,503	$	(38,544)	$	140,452
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(657,223)	$	(140,711)	$	—	$	(797,934)
Impairment and other net gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(2,764)		—		(13,395)		(16,159)
Net gain on real estate owned	19,745		32		—		19,777
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	217,340		36,381		—		253,721
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	202,016		45,532		—		247,548
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		37,539		—		37,539
Other, net	4,198		64		3,091		7,353
Total Other Income, net	$	(216,688)	$	(21,163)	$	(10,304)	$	(248,155)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	29,650	$	30,029	$	59,679
General and administrative expenses	—		10,509		17,507		28,016
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	19,508		839		14,646		34,993
Amortization of intangible assets	—		7,900		—		7,900
Net Loss	$	(91,703)	$	(35,558)	$	(111,030)	$	(238,291)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	24,656	$	24,656
Net Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(91,703)	$	(35,558)	$	(135,686)	$	(262,947)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
September 30, 2023
Total Assets	$	6,174,062	$	3,572,079	$	358,659	$	10,104,800
December 31, 2022
Total Assets	$	6,065,557	$	2,618,695	$	428,153	$	9,112,405

Lima One Segment

On July 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Lima One Holdings, LLC, the parent company of Lima One Capital, LLC (collectively, “Lima One”), a leading originator and servicer of business purpose loans.

The Lima One segment includes the stand-alone mortgage origination and servicing business of Lima One, including related goodwill, intangible assets, and direct expenses, plus Lima One-related residential whole loans and REO (defined as both those owned by Lima One on the acquisition date and those originated by Lima One since the acquisition date) and the economics related thereto (including any related taxes and the economics of associated financing and hedging instruments), all

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MFA FINANCIAL, INC.

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

as recorded under GAAP. Associated financing economics are equal to the results of direct financings of Lima One-related residential whole loans and REO plus allocations of the results of financings which include Lima One related residential whole loans and REO as part of their collateral, based on the relative carrying values of the financed assets. Associated hedging economics are equal to allocations of the Company’s overall hedging results based on the relative estimated duration of each asset class hedged and the relative fair values of assets within each asset class.

Mortgage-Related Assets Segment

This segment is comprised of the remainder of the Company’s investments (including any related taxes and the economics of associated financing and hedging instruments).

16. Subsequent Events

Subsequent to quarter end, the Company completed one additional loan securitization collateralized by $225.5 million UPB of Transitional loans.

60

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we refer to MFA Financial, Inc. and its subsidiaries as “the Company,” “MFA,” “we,” “us,” or “our,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context otherwise indicates.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and accompanying notes included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Forward Looking Statements

When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in future filings with the SEC or in press releases or other written or oral communications, statements which are not historical in nature, including those containing words such as “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “may,” the negative of these words or similar expressions, are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act and, as such, may involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions.

These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results with respect to our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives.  Among the important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements we make are: general economic developments and trends and the performance of the housing, real estate, mortgage finance, broader financial markets; inflation, increases in interest rates and changes in the market (i.e., fair) value of our residential whole loans, MBS, securitized debt and other assets, as well as changes in the value of our liabilities accounted for at fair value through earnings; the effectiveness of hedging transactions; changes in the prepayment rates on residential mortgage assets, an increase of which could result in a reduction of the yield on certain investments in our portfolio and could require us to reinvest the proceeds received by us as a result of such prepayments in investments with lower coupons, while a decrease in which could result in an increase in the interest rate duration of certain investments in our portfolio making their valuation more sensitive to changes in interest rates and could result in lower forecasted cash flows; credit risks underlying our assets, including changes in the default rates and management’s assumptions regarding default rates on the mortgage loans in our residential whole loan portfolio; our ability to borrow to finance our assets and the terms, including the cost, maturity and other terms, of any such borrowings; implementation of or changes in government regulations or programs affecting our business; our estimates regarding taxable income the actual amount of which is dependent on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, changes in the amount of interest income and financing costs, the method elected by us to accrete the market discount on residential whole loans and the extent of prepayments, realized losses and changes in the composition of our residential whole loan portfolios that may occur during the applicable tax period, including gain or loss on any MBS disposals and whole loan modifications, foreclosures and liquidations; the timing and amount of distributions to stockholders, which are declared and paid at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our taxable income, our financial results and overall financial condition and liquidity, maintenance of our REIT qualification and such other factors as the Board deems relevant; our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes; our ability to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (or the Investment Company Act), including statements regarding the concept release issued by the SEC relating to interpretive issues under the Investment Company Act with respect to the status under the Investment Company Act of certain companies that are engaged in the business of acquiring mortgages and mortgage-related interests; our ability to continue growing our residential whole loan portfolio, which is dependent on, among other things, the supply of loans offered for sale in the market; targeted or expected returns on our investments in recently-originated mortgage loans, the performance of which is, similar to our other mortgage loan investments, subject to, among other things, differences in prepayment risk, credit risk and financing costs associated with such investments; risks associated with the ongoing operation of Lima One Holdings, LLC (including, without limitation, unanticipated expenditures relating to or liabilities arising from its operation (including, among other things, a failure to realize management’s assumptions regarding expected growth in business purpose loan (BPL) origination volumes and credit risks underlying BPLs, including changes in the default rates and management’s assumptions regarding default rates on the BPLs originated by Lima One)); expected returns on our investments in nonperforming residential whole loans (or NPLs), which are affected by, among other things, the length of time required to foreclose upon, sell, liquidate or otherwise reach a resolution of the property underlying the NPL, home price values, amounts advanced to carry the asset (e.g., taxes, insurance, maintenance expenses, etc. on the underlying property) and the amount ultimately realized upon resolution of the asset; risks associated with our investments in MSR-related assets, including servicing, regulatory and economic risks, risks associated with our investments in loan originators; risks associated with investing in real estate assets generally, including changes in business conditions and the general economy; and other risks, uncertainties and factors, including those described in the annual, quarterly and current reports that we file with the SEC.  All

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forward-looking statements are based on beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available.  Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made.  New risks and uncertainties arise over time and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us.  Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Business/General

We are a specialty finance company that invests in and finances residential mortgage assets. We invest, on a leveraged basis, in residential whole loans, residential mortgage securities and other real estate assets.  Through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Lima One, a leading nationwide originator and servicer of business purpose loans (or BPLs), we also originate and service business purpose loans for real estate investors. Our principal business objective is to deliver shareholder value through the generation of distributable income and through asset performance linked to residential mortgage credit fundamentals. We selectively invest in residential mortgage assets with a focus on credit analysis, projected prepayment rates, interest rate sensitivity and expected return.  We are an internally-managed real estate investment trust.

On April 4, 2022, we effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock (or the Reverse Stock Split). Accordingly, all share and per share data included in the consolidated financial statements and applicable disclosures have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the impact of the Reverse Stock Split. For all periods presented, all share and per share data have been adjusted on a retroactive basis to reflect the effect of the Reverse Stock Split.

At September 30, 2023, we had total assets of approximately $10.1 billion, of which $8.4 billion, or 83%, represented residential whole loans. Our residential whole loans include primarily: (i) loans to finance (or refinance) one-to-four family residential properties that are not considered to meet the definition of a “Qualified Mortgage” in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (or Non-QM loans), (ii) short-term business purpose loans collateralized by residential and multi-family properties made to non-occupant borrowers that intend to rehabilitate and sell the properties (or Transitional loans), (iii) business purpose loans to finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied one-to-four family residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants (or Single-family rental loans), (iv) loans on investor properties that conform to the standards for purchase by a federally chartered corporation, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (or Agency eligible investor loans), (v) previously originated loans secured by residential real estate that is generally owner occupied (or Seasoned performing loans) and (vi) loans on which a borrower was previously delinquent but has resumed repaying (re-performing loans or RPLs) and loans on which the borrower continues to be more than 60 days delinquent with respect to payment (non-performing loans or NPLs). In addition, at September 30, 2023, we had approximately $724.0 million in investments in securities, including Agency MBS, Term notes backed by MSR collateral, CRT securities and Non-Agency MBS. Our remaining investment-related assets, which represent approximately 3% of our total assets at September 30, 2023, were primarily comprised of REO, capital contributions made to loan origination partners, other interest-earning assets, and loan-related receivables.

The results of our business operations are affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, and primarily depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income and the market value of our assets, liabilities and hedges that are accounted for at fair value through earnings, which is driven by numerous factors, including the supply and demand for residential mortgage assets in the marketplace, the terms and availability of adequate financing, general economic and real estate conditions (both on a national and local level), the impact of government actions in the real estate and mortgage sector, and the credit performance of our credit sensitive residential mortgage assets. Changes in these factors, or uncertainty in the market regarding the potential for changes in these factors, can result in significant changes in the value and/or performance of our investment portfolio. Further, our GAAP results may be impacted by market volatility, resulting in changes in market values of certain financial instruments for which changes in fair value are recorded in net income each period, including certain residential whole loans, securitized debt and interest rate swap agreements (or Swaps). Our net interest income varies primarily as a result of changes in interest rates, the slope of the yield curve (i.e., the differential between long-term and short-term interest rates), borrowing costs (i.e., our interest expense), the level of loan delinquencies, which may result in changes in the amount of non-accrual loans, and prepayment speeds, the behavior of which involves various risks and uncertainties. Interest rates and conditional prepayment rates (or CPRs) (which is an annualized measure of the amount of unscheduled principal prepayments on an asset as a percentage of the asset balance), vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty. Our financial results are impacted by estimates of credit losses that are required to be recorded when loans that are not accounted for at fair value through net income are acquired or originated, as well as changes in these credit loss estimates that will be required to be made periodically.

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With respect to our business operations, increases in interest rates, in general, may over time cause: (i) the interest expense associated with our borrowings to increase; (ii) the value of certain of our residential mortgage assets and securitized debt to decline; (iii) coupons on our adjustable-rate assets to reset, on a delayed basis, to higher interest rates; (iv) prepayments on our assets to decline, thereby slowing the amortization of purchase premiums and the accretion of our purchase discounts, and slowing our ability to redeploy capital to generally higher-yielding investments; and (v) the value of our derivative hedging instruments, if any, to increase. Conversely, decreases in interest rates, in general, may over time cause: (i) the interest expense associated with our borrowings to decrease; (ii) the value of certain of our residential mortgage assets and securitized debt, to increase; (iii) coupons on our adjustable-rate assets, on a delayed basis, to lower interest rates; (iv) prepayments on our assets to increase, thereby accelerating the amortization of purchase premiums and the accretion of our purchase discounts, and accelerating the redeployment of our capital to generally lower yielding investments; and (v) the value of our derivative hedging instruments, if any, to decrease.  Further, changes in credit spreads will also impact the valuation of our residential whole loans and securitized debt, which could result in volatility in GAAP earnings. In addition, our borrowing costs and credit lines are further affected by the type of collateral we pledge and general conditions in the credit market.

Our investments in residential mortgage assets expose us to credit risk, meaning that we are generally subject to credit losses due to the risk of delinquency, default and foreclosure on the underlying real estate collateral. Our investment process for credit sensitive assets focuses primarily on quantifying and pricing credit risk. With respect to investments in Purchased Performing Loans, we believe that sound underwriting standards, including low LTVs at origination, significantly mitigate our risk of loss. Further, we believe the discounted purchase prices paid on Purchased Non-performing and Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans mitigate our risk of loss in the event that we receive less than 100% of the par value of these investments.

Premiums arise when we acquire an MBS or loan at a price in excess of the aggregate principal balance of the mortgages securing the MBS (i.e., par value) or when we acquire residential whole loans at a price in excess of their aggregate principal balance. Conversely, discounts arise when we acquire an MBS or loan at a price below the aggregate principal balance of the mortgages securing the MBS or when we acquire residential whole loans at a price below their aggregate principal balance.  Accretable purchase discounts on these investments are accreted to interest income. Premiums paid to purchase loans are amortized against interest income over the life of the investment using the effective yield method, adjusted for actual prepayment activity. An increase in the prepayment rate, as measured by the CPR, will typically accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on these assets.

CPR levels are impacted by, among other things, conditions in the housing market, new regulations, government and private sector initiatives, interest rates, availability of credit to home borrowers, underwriting standards and the economy in general. In particular, CPR reflects the conditional prepayment rate, which measures voluntary prepayments of a loan, and the conditional default rate (or CDR) measures involuntary prepayments resulting from defaults. CPRs on our residential mortgage securities and whole loans may differ significantly. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the average CPRs on certain of our loan portfolios were: 8.5% for Non-QM loans, 6.5% for Single-family rental loans, 7.4% for Purchased Credit Deteriorated loans, and 9.9% for Purchased Non-Performing loans. In addition, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, the repayment rate (which includes both voluntary and involuntary repayments of principal) was 36.7% for our Transitional loans.

It is generally our business strategy to hold our residential mortgage assets as long-term investments. On at least a quarterly basis, excluding investments for which the fair value option has been elected or for which specialized loan accounting is otherwise applied, we assess our ability and intent to continue to hold each asset and, as part of this process, we monitor our investments in securities that are designated as AFS for impairment. A change in our ability and/or intent to continue to hold any of these securities that are in an unrealized loss position, or a deterioration in the underlying characteristics of these securities, could result in our recognizing future impairment charges or a loss upon the sale of any such security.

Our residential mortgage investments have longer-term contractual maturities than our non-securitization related financing liabilities, and the interest rates we pay on our non-securitization related financings will typically change at a faster pace than the interest rates we earn on our investments. In order to reduce this interest rate risk exposure, we may enter into derivative instruments, which currently include Swaps.

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Recent Market Conditions and Our Strategy

The third quarter of 2023 again exhibited significant volatility for fixed income investors, as resilient macroeconomic data and hawkish commentary from some Federal Reserve policymakers led to a sell-off in rates and a steepening of the yield curve. This resulted in the most challenging quarter of the year for fixed income markets in the United States. As a result of these market conditions, during the quarter our GAAP book value declined by 6.5% and Economic book value declined by 8.5%. During the quarter, we were again able to add nearly $1 billion of our target assets at attractive yields. These additions included $479.5 million of business purposes loans with a maximum unpaid principal balance of $671.0 million and a weighted average coupon of 10.2% originated by Lima One. Lima One also funded $166.9 million of draws on previously originated loans during the quarter, for total funded origination and draws of $646.5 million in the third quarter. We also purchased $156.1 million of Non-QM loans and $152.0 million of Agency MBS during the quarter. Reflecting the addition of these higher-yielding assets, for the quarter our yield on average interest-earning assets was 6.35%, an increase of 25 basis points over the prior quarter, and our net interest rate spread was 2.17%, a modest increase from the prior quarter. While GAAP net income reflects the impact of declines in asset values, Distributable Earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes the impact of fair value changes and certain other items, again exceeded our common dividend for the quarter. During the quarter, we continued to execute on our strategy of prioritizing non-mark-to-market term financing for our residential whole loan portfolio, completing our fifth and sixth securitizations of the year, which increased our loan financing from 73% non-mark-to-market at June 30, 2023 to 77% non-mark-to-market at September 30, 2023. Finally, during the quarter we repurchased $10.4 million of our 6.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (or Convertible Senior Notes) at a discount to their unpaid principal balance.

Third quarter 2023 portfolio activity and impact on financial results

At September 30, 2023, our residential mortgage asset portfolio, which includes residential whole loans and REO, and Securities, at fair value was approximately $9.3 billion compared to $8.9 billion at June 30, 2023.

The following table presents the activity for our residential mortgage asset portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2023:

(In Millions)	June 30, 2023		Runoff (1)		Acquisitions (2)		Other (3)		September 30, 2023		Change
Residential whole loans and REO	$	8,260	$	(393)	$	803	$	(133)	$	8,537	$	277
Securities, at fair value	594		(10)		152		(12)		724		130
Totals	$	8,854	$	(403)	$	955	$	(145)	$	9,261	$	407

(1)    Primarily includes principal repayments and sales of REO.

(2)    Includes draws on previously originated Transitional loans.

(3)    Primarily includes changes in fair value and changes in the allowance for credit losses.

At September 30, 2023, our total recorded investment in residential whole loans and REO was $8.5 billion, or 92.2% of our residential mortgage asset portfolio. Of this amount, $7.3 billion are Purchased Performing Loans, $418.3 million are Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans and $699.8 million are Purchased Non-performing Loans. Loan acquisition activity of $802.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 included $646.5 million of business purpose loans (including draws on Transitional loans) and $156.1 million of Non-QM loans. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized approximately $140.5 million of residential whole loan interest income on our consolidated statements of operations, representing an effective yield of 6.34%, with Purchased Performing Loans generating an effective yield of 6.06%, Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans generating an effective yield of 6.63% and Purchased Non-performing Loans generating an effective yield of 9.59%. All of our Purchased Non-performing Loans and certain of our Purchased Performing Loans are measured at fair value as a result of the election of the fair value option at acquisition. Included in earnings in Other income, net are net losses on these loans of $132.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023, we had REO with an aggregate carrying value of $113.1 million and $120.0 million, respectively, which is included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.

At September 30, 2023, we held $724.0 million of Securities, at fair value, including $525.0 million of Agency MBS, $92.9 million of MSR-related assets, $83.1 million of CRT securities and $23.0 million of Non-Agency MBS. We opportunistically added $151.8 million of Agency MBS this quarter. The net yield on our Securities, at fair value was 7.38% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 7.67% for the three months ended June 30, 2023.

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For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a reversal of provision for credit losses on residential whole loans held at carrying value of $1.3 million. The total allowance for credit losses recorded on residential whole loans held at carrying value at September 30, 2023 was $28.6 million.

During the third quarter of 2023, we completed two securitizations collateralized by $601.5 million of unpaid principal balance (or UPB) loans. This included $386.8 million of Non-QM loans and $214.7 million of Single-family rental loans. This securitization provided longer term, non-recourse, non-mark-to-market financing. Subsequent to the third quarter, we completed one additional securitization collateralized by $225.5 million UPB of Transitional loans. During the quarter, interest rates increased and the yield curve steepened, with 2-year Treasury yields up by nearly 20 basis points, 5-Year Treasury yields up by nearly 50 basis points and 10-year yields up by nearly 80 basis points. The net impact on the value of our investment portfolio resulted in net mark-to-market losses in our GAAP financial results. We continue to closely follow the actions of the Federal Reserve regarding the path and timing of changes in interest rates and the impact such rate changes would be expected to have on levels of inflation, the overall economic environment and our business.

Our GAAP book value per common share was $13.48 as of September 30, 2023. Book value per common share decreased from $14.42 as of June 30, 2023. Economic book value per common share, a non-GAAP financial measure of our financial position that adjusts GAAP book value by the amount of unrealized mark-to-market gains or losses on our residential whole loans and securitized debt held at carrying value, was $13.84 as of September 30, 2023, a decrease from $15.12 as of June 30, 2023. Decreases in GAAP and Economic book value during the third quarter of 2023 primarily reflect decreases in the fair value of our Residential whole loan portfolios due to interest rate increases during the quarter. For additional information regarding the calculation of Economic book value per share, including a reconciliation to GAAP book value per share, refer to “Reconciliation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.

Information About Our Assets

The table below presents certain information about our asset allocation at September 30, 2023:

ASSET ALLOCATION

(Dollars in Millions)	Purchased Performing Loans (1)			Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (2)			Purchased Non-Performing Loans			Securities, at fair value			Real Estate Owned			Other, net (3)		Total
Fair Value/Carrying Value	$	7,306		$	418		$	700		$	724		$	113		$	626	$	9,887
Financing Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions	(1,125)			—			—			—			—			—		(1,125)
Financing Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions	(1,375)			(128)			(222)			(609)			(27)			—		(2,361)
Securitized Debt	(3,797)			(240)			(284)			—			(12)			—		(4,333)
Convertible Senior Notes	—			—			—			—			—			(219)		(219)
Net Equity Allocated	$	1,009		$	50		$	194		$	115		$	74		$	407	$	1,849
Debt/Net Equity Ratio (4)	6.2		x	7.4		x	2.6		x	5.3		x	0.5		x			4.3		x

(1)Includes $3.6 billion of Non-QM loans, $2.1 billion of Transitional loans, $1.5 billion of Single-family rental loans, $72.6 million of Seasoned performing loans, and $53.1 million of Agency eligible investor loans. At September 30, 2023, the total fair value of these loans is estimated to be $7.2 billion.

(2)At September 30, 2023, the total fair value of these loans is estimated to be $423.2 million.

(3)Includes $300.1 million of cash and cash equivalents, $153.4 million of restricted cash, and $20.0 million of capital contributions made to loan origination partners, as well as other assets and other liabilities.    

(4)Total Debt/Net Equity ratio represents the sum of borrowings under our financing agreements as a multiple of net equity allocated. 

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Residential Whole Loans

The following table presents the contractual maturities of our residential whole loan portfolios at September 30, 2023. Amounts presented do not reflect estimates of prepayments or scheduled amortization.

(In Thousands)	Purchased Performing Loans (1)		Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (2)		Purchased Non-Performing Loans
Amount due:
Within one year	$	1,169,188	$	625	$	1,592
After one year:
Over one to five years	993,422		2,818		2,798
Over five years	5,151,441		435,470		695,420
Total due after one year	$	6,144,863	$	438,288	$	698,218
Total residential whole loans	$	7,314,051	$	438,913	$	699,810

(1)Excludes an allowance for credit losses of $8.0 million at September 30, 2023.

(2)Excludes an allowance for credit losses of $20.6 million at September 30, 2023.

The following table presents, at September 30, 2023, the dollar amount of certain of our residential whole loans, contractually maturing after one year, and indicates whether the loans have fixed interest rates or adjustable interest rates:

(In Thousands)	Purchased Performing Loans (1)(2)		Purchased Credit  Deteriorated Loans (1)(2)		Purchased Non-Performing Loans (1)
Interest rates:
Fixed	$	4,846,808	$	374,911	$	574,468
Adjustable	1,298,055		63,377		123,750
Total	$	6,144,863	$	438,288	$	698,218

(1)Includes loans on which borrowers have defaulted and are not making payments of principal and/or interest as of September 30, 2023.

(2)Excludes an allowance for credit losses.

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Securities, at Fair Value

The following table presents information with respect to our Securities, at fair value at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Agency MBS
Face/Par	$	540,319		$	131,165
Fair Value	525,012			131,700
Amortized Cost	541,635			132,025
Weighted average yield (2)	5.14		%	N/A			(1)
Weighted average time to maturity	29.5 years			30.0 years
Term notes backed by MSR collateral
Face/Par	$	105,000		$	105,000
Fair Value	92,850			97,898
Amortized Cost	90,369			86,399
Weighted average yield (2)	15.90		%	14.30		%
Weighted average time to maturity	0.0 years			0.8 years
CRT Securities
Face/Par	$	79,872		$	80,791
Fair Value	83,087			79,214
Amortized Cost	69,340			70,438
Weighted average yield (2)	10.17		%	9.96		%
Weighted average time to maturity	18.2 years			19.0 years
Non-Agency MBS
Face/Par	$	28,800		$	29,858
Fair Value	23,010			24,552
Amortized Cost	23,859			24,552
Weighted average yield (2)	5.87		%	N/A			(1)
Weighted average time to maturity	28.0 years			28.8 years

(1)These securities were acquired at the end of the reporting period in 2022 and, therefore, no interest income was recorded with respect to these securities in 2022.

(2)Weighted average yield is annualized interest income divided by average amortized cost for Securities, at fair value held at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Tax Considerations

Current period estimated taxable income

We estimate that for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our REIT taxable income was approximately $102.2 million.

Key differences between GAAP net income and REIT Taxable Income

Residential Whole Loans and Securities

The determination of taxable income attributable to residential whole loans and securities is dependent on a number of factors, including principal payments, defaults, loss mitigation efforts and loss severities. In estimating taxable income for such investments during the year, management considers estimates of the amount of discount expected to be accreted. Such estimates require significant judgment and actual results may differ from these estimates.

Potential timing differences can arise with respect to the accretion of discount and amortization of premium into income as well as the recognition of gain or loss for tax purposes as compared to GAAP. For example: a) while our REIT uses fair value accounting for GAAP in some instances, it generally is not used for purposes of determining taxable income; b) impairments generally are not recognized by us for income tax purposes until the asset is written-off or sold; c) capital losses may only be recognized by us to the extent of its capital gains; capital losses in excess of capital gains generally are carried over by us for potential offset against future capital gains; and d) tax hedge gains and losses resulting from the termination of Swaps by us generally are amortized over the remaining term of the Swap.

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Securitization

Generally, securitization transactions for GAAP and tax can be characterized as either sales or financings, depending on transaction type, structure and available elections. For GAAP purposes, our securitizations have been treated as on-balance sheet financing transactions. For tax purposes, they have been characterized as both financing and sale transactions.

Where a securitization has been characterized as a sale, gain or loss is recognized for tax purposes. In addition, we own or may in the future acquire interests in securitization and/or re-securitization trusts, in which several of the classes of securities are or will be issued with original issue discount (or OID). As the holder of the retained interests in the trust, for tax purposes we generally will be required to include OID in our current gross interest income over the term of the applicable securities as the OID accrues. The rate at which the OID is recognized into taxable income is calculated using a constant rate of yield to maturity, with realized losses impacting the amount of OID recognized in REIT taxable income once they are actually incurred. REIT taxable income may be recognized in excess of economic income (i.e., OID) or in advance of the corresponding cash flow from these assets, thereby affecting our dividend distribution requirement to stockholders.

For securitization and/or re-securitization transactions that were treated as a sale of the underlying collateral for tax purposes, the unwinding of any such transaction will likely result in taxable income or loss. Given that securitization and re-securitization transactions are typically accounted for as financing transactions for GAAP purposes, such income or loss is not likely to be recognized for GAAP. As a result, the income recognized from securitization and re-securitization transactions may differ for tax and GAAP purposes.

Whether our investments are held by our REIT or one of its Taxable REIT Subsidiaries (TRS)

We estimate that for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net TRS taxable loss will be $38.7 million. Net income or loss generated by our TRS subsidiaries is included in consolidated GAAP net income, but may not be included in REIT taxable income in the same period. REIT taxable income generally does not include taxable income of the TRS unless and until it is distributed to the REIT. For example, because our securitization transactions that are treated as a sale for tax purposes are undertaken by a domestic TRS, any gain or loss recognized on the sale is not included in our REIT taxable income until it is distributed by the TRS. Similarly, the income earned from loans, securities, REO and other investments held by our domestic TRS is excluded from REIT taxable income until it is distributed by the TRS. Net income of our foreign domiciled TRS subsidiaries is included in REIT taxable income as if distributed to the REIT in the taxable year it is earned by the foreign domiciled TRS. A TRS may carry forward its net taxable losses indefinitely as net operating losses to offset up to 80% of its taxable income in future years, but REIT taxable income generally does not include the net taxable loss of a TRS unless the TRS liquidates for tax purposes.

Consequently, our REIT taxable income calculated in a given period may differ significantly from our GAAP net income.

Regulatory Developments

The U.S. Congress, Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (or FDIC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (or SEC) and other governmental and regulatory bodies have taken actions in response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis.  In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (or the Dodd-Frank Act) created a new regulator, an independent bureau housed within the Federal Reserve System known as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (or the CFPB). The CFPB has broad authority over a wide range of consumer financial products and services, including mortgage lending and servicing.  One portion of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act (or Mortgage Reform Act), contains underwriting and servicing standards for the mortgage industry, restrictions on compensation for mortgage loan originators, and various other requirements related to mortgage origination and servicing.  In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act grants enforcement authority and broad discretionary regulatory authority to the CFPB to prohibit or condition terms, acts or practices relating to residential mortgage loans that the CFPB finds abusive, unfair, deceptive or predatory, as well as to take other actions that the CFPB finds are necessary or proper to ensure responsible affordable mortgage credit remains available to consumers.  The Dodd-Frank Act also affects the securitization of mortgages (and other assets) with requirements for risk retention by securitizers and requirements for regulating rating agencies.

Numerous regulations have been issued pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, including regulations regarding mortgage loan servicing, underwriting and loan originator compensation, and others could be issued in the future.  As a result, we are unable to fully predict at this time how the Dodd-Frank Act, as well as other laws or regulations that may be adopted in the future, will affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, or the environment for repurchase financing and other forms

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of borrowing, the investing environment for Agency MBS, Non-Agency MBS and/or residential mortgage loans, the securitization industry, Swaps and other derivatives.  We believe that the Dodd-Frank Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder are likely to continue to increase the economic and compliance costs for participants in the mortgage and securitization industries, including us.

On October 19, 2022, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals issued an opinion in Community Financial Services Association of America, et al. v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, et al., concluding that the CFPB’s funding structure unconstitutionally violates the Appropriations Clause of the U.S. Constitution. As a result, the Court vacated the payday lending rule that was the subject of challenge. Although the Fifth Circuit’s decision applies only to the disputed regulation in that case, it may call into question the Bureau’s authority and other rules promulgated during CFPB’s self-funding structure. On February 27, 2023, the Supreme Court granted the government's petition to review the Fifth Circuit's decision in the Community Financial case, and the Supreme Court held oral arguments in this matter in early October 2023. On March 23, 2023, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals declined to follow Community Financial, concluding in Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Law Offices of Crystal Moroney that CFPB’s funding structure is constitutional. It is unclear yet what impact these rulings may have on the mortgage lending markets but they may give rise to uncertainty, particularly in those markets in the Fifth Circuit. Any such uncertainty could adversely impact the cash flow on mortgage loans.  

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (or FHFA) and both houses of Congress have discussed and considered various measures intended to restructure the U.S. housing finance system and the operations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Congress may continue to consider legislation that would significantly reform the country’s mortgage finance system, including, among other things, eliminating Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and replacing them with a single new MBS insurance agency. Many details remain unsettled, including the scope and costs of the agencies’ guarantee and their affordable housing mission, some of which could be addressed even in the absence of large-scale reform.  On March 27, 2019, then President Trump issued a memorandum on federal housing finance reform that directed the Secretary of the Treasury to develop a plan for administrative and legislative reforms as soon as practicable to achieve the following housing reform goals: 1) ending the conservatorships of the Government-sponsored enterprises (or GSEs) upon the completion of specified reforms; 2) facilitating competition in the housing finance market; 3) establishing regulation of the GSEs that safeguards their safety and soundness and minimizes the risks they pose to the financial stability of the United States; and 4) providing that the federal government is properly compensated for any explicit or implicit support it provides to the GSEs or the secondary housing finance market. On September 5, 2019, in response to then President Trump’s memorandum, the U.S. Department of the Treasury released a plan, developed in conjunction with the FHFA, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (or HUD), and other government agencies, which includes legislative and administrative reforms to achieve each of these reform goals. At this point, it remains unclear whether any of these legislative or regulatory reforms will be enacted or implemented. On June 23, 2021, the United States Supreme Court concluded that the structure of the FHFA (which insulated its director from removal by the President) was unconstitutional and remanded the case for further proceedings. Subsequent to the Supreme Court’s ruling, President Biden dismissed the FHFA director and appointed Sandra L. Thompson, who was sworn in as the third Senate-confirmed Director of the FHFA in June 2022. The prospects for passage of any of these plans are uncertain, and the change in FHFA leadership underscores the potential for change to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

While the likelihood of enactment of major mortgage finance system reform in the short term remains uncertain, it is possible that the adoption of any such reforms could adversely affect the types of assets we can buy, the costs of these assets and our business operations. A reduction in the ability of mortgage loan originators to access Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to sell their mortgage loans may adversely affect the mortgage markets generally and adversely affect the ability of mortgagors to refinance their mortgage loans. In addition, any decline in the value of securities issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac may affect the value of MBS in general.

On October 27, 2021, FHFA announced that it is seeking comment on a proposed rulemaking that would introduce additional public disclosure requirements for the Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework (or ERCF) for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. As proposed, the rule would implement quarterly quantitative and qualitative disclosure requirements for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac related to regulatory capital instruments, risk-weighted assets calculated under the ERCF’s standardized approach, and risk management policies and procedures. This notice of proposed rulemaking suggests the potential for enhanced regulation and reporting obligations in the mortgage and securitization industries, which in turn may further increase the economic and compliance costs for participants in the mortgage and securitization industries, including us. On February 25, 2022, FHFA announced its final rule amending the ERCF by refining the prescribed leverage buffer amount (leverage buffer) and risk-based capital treatment of retained CRT exposures for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The final rule largely tracks the proposed rule. Among other things, the final rule will replace the fixed leverage buffer equal to 1.5% of each of Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s adjusted total assets with a dynamic leverage buffer equal to 50% of each enterprise’s stability capital buffer; replace the prudential floor of 10% on the risk weight assigned to any retained CRT exposure with a prudential floor of

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5% on the risk weight assigned to any retained CRT exposure; and remove the requirement that each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac must apply an overall effectiveness adjustment to its retained CRT exposures. The final rule went into effect on May 16, 2022.

On June 1, 2022, FHFA published a Final Rule that supplements the ERCF by requiring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to submit annual capital plans to the Agency and provide prior notice for certain capital actions. The final rule also incorporates the stress capital buffer determination from the ERCF into the capital planning process. Among other things, the final rule mandates that the each of Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s capital plans must include:

•An assessment of the expected sources and uses of capital over the planning horizon;

•Estimates of projected revenues, expenses, losses, reserves, and pro forma capital levels under a range of the enterprise's internal scenarios, as well as under FHFA's scenarios;

•A description of all planned capital actions over the planning horizon;

•A discussion of how the enterprise will, under expected and stressful conditions, maintain capital commensurate with the business risks and continue to serve the housing market; and

•A discussion of any expected changes to the enterprise's business plan that are likely to have a material impact on the enterprise's capital adequacy or liquidity.

This final rule was effective August 2, 2022.

Thus far in 2023, the FHFA has taken numerous actions including a series of pricing adjustments to the framework of upfront fees the GSEs charge lenders on single-family loans or Loan-Level Price Adjustments (LLPAs) and updates to the GSE’s annual Equitable Housing Finance Plans relating to loss mitigation support, financial coaching, and other programs. The FHFA also requested comments regarding proposals to codify the FHFA’s fair lending oversight requirements for the GSEs and information collection and reporting obligations for the GSEs. On March 13, 2023, the FHFA issued a notice of proposed rulemaking regarding the ERCF, including potential modifications related to guarantees on commingled securities, multifamily mortgage exposures secured by government-subsidized properties, derivatives and cleared transactions, and credit scores, among other items. The FHFA disclosed in its “Annual Performance Plan for Fiscal Year 2024” that it intends to issue a final rule enhancing the Enterprise Regulatory Capital Framework (ERCF) by December 31, 2023. As discussed above, new or modified regulatory obligations may continue to increase the economic and compliance costs for participants in the mortgage and securitization industries, including MFA.

On June 28, 2021, the CFPB Issued a Final Rule amending Regulation X under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act to provide additional foreclosure protections to borrowers, such as barring certain new foreclosure filings until after December 31, 2021. These mortgage servicing rules and any similar regulations passed by CFPB in the future could adversely impact the cash flow on mortgage loans.

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Results of Operations

Quarter Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to the Quarter Ended June 30, 2023

The following table summarizes the changes in our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023.

	Three Months Ended
(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		QoQ Change
Interest Income:
Residential whole loans	$	140,538	$	128,048	$	12,490
Securities, at fair value	11,945		9,948		1,997
Other interest-earning assets	2,587		2,622		(35)
Cash and cash equivalent investments	4,095		3,732		363
Interest Income	$	159,165	$	144,350	$	14,815
Interest Expense:
Asset-backed and other collateralized financing arrangements	$	109,088	$	95,884	$	13,204
Other interest expense	3,936		3,961		(25)
Interest Expense	$	113,024	$	99,845	$	13,179
Net Interest Income	$	46,141	$	44,505	$	1,636
Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	$	1,258	$	(294)	$	1,552
Net Interest Income after Provision for Credit Losses	$	47,399	$	44,211	$	3,188
Other (Loss)/Income, net:
Net (loss)/gain on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(132,894)	$	(130,703)	$	(2,191)
Impairment and other net (loss)/gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,161)		(4,569)		(9,592)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,409		2,153		256
Net gain/(loss) on derivatives used for risk management purposes	34,860		60,451		(25,591)
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	36,431		27,394		9,037
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	12,109		11,477		632
Other, net	1,854		5,496		(3,642)
Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(59,392)	$	(28,301)	$	(31,091)
Operating and Other Expense:
Compensation and benefits	$	24,051	$	21,771	$	2,280
Other general and administrative expense	10,605		11,169		(564)
Loan servicing, financing and other related costs	8,989		7,598		1,391
Amortization of intangible assets	800		1,300		(500)
Operating and Other Expense	$	44,445	$	41,838	$	2,607
Net (Loss)/Income	$	(56,438)	$	(25,928)	$	(30,510)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	8,219	$	8,218	$	1
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(64,657)	$	(34,146)	$	(30,511)
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.30)
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.34)	$	(0.30)

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General

For the third quarter of 2023, we had a net loss available to our common stock and participating securities of $(64.7) million, or $(0.64) per basic and diluted common share, compared to a net loss available to common stock and participating securities of $(34.1) million, or $(0.34) per basic and diluted common share, for the second quarter of 2023. The decrease in net income available to common stock and participating securities in the current period primarily reflects a lower Other loss, net, which decreased by $31.1 million to $(59.4) million for the current period, compared to an Other loss, net of $(28.3) million in the immediately prior quarter. The decrease in Other income was primarily driven by lower net gains on derivatives used for risk management purposes and mark-to-market losses in the current quarter on certain of our securities that are measured at fair value through earnings, partially offset by net gains on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the difference between income on interest-earning assets and expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income depends primarily upon the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the corresponding interest rates earned or paid. Our net interest income varies primarily as a result of changes in interest rates, the slope of the yield curve (i.e., the differential between long-term and short-term interest rates), borrowing costs (i.e., our interest expense), the level of loan delinquencies, which may result in changes in the amount of non-accrual loans, and prepayment speeds on our investments. Interest rates and CPRs (which measure the amount of unscheduled principal prepayment on a bond or loan as a percentage of its unpaid balance) vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty.

The changes in average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities and their related yields and costs are discussed in greater detail below under “Interest Income” and “Interest Expense.”

For the third quarter of 2023, our net interest spread and margin were 2.17% and 3.02%, respectively, compared to a net interest spread and margin of 2.14% and 2.99%, respectively, for the second quarter of 2023. Our net interest income increased by $1.6 million and was $46.1 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $44.5 million for the second quarter of 2023. For the third quarter of 2023, net interest income, which does not include the benefit of swap carry, includes higher net interest income from our residential whole loan portfolio of $1.2 million compared to the second quarter of 2023, primarily due to higher average balances and asset yields, partially offset by an increase in financing rates and higher average balances for our financing agreement borrowings. Net interest income for the third quarter of 2023 also includes approximately $363,000 of additional interest income from cash investment and higher net interest income from our Securities, at fair value portfolio of approximately $142,000 compared to the second quarter of 2023.

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Analysis of Net Interest Income

The following table sets forth certain information about the average balances of our assets and liabilities and their related yields and costs for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Average yields are derived by dividing annualized interest income by the average amortized cost of the related assets, and average costs are derived by dividing annualized interest expense by the daily average balance of the related liabilities, for the periods shown. The yields and costs include premium amortization and purchase discount accretion, which are considered adjustments to interest rates.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023						Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/Cost		Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/Cost
(Dollars in Thousands)
Assets:
Interest-earning assets (1):
Residential whole loans	$	8,860,261	$	140,538	6.34	%	$	8,402,307	$	128,048	6.10	%
Securities, at fair value	647,452		11,945		7.38		518,958		9,948		7.67
Cash and cash equivalents (2)	449,193		4,095		3.65		478,015		3,732		3.12
Other interest-earning assets	75,391		2,587		13.73		64,354		2,622		16.30
Total interest-earning assets	10,032,297		159,165		6.35		9,463,634		144,350		6.10
Liabilities:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Collateralized financing agreements (3)	$	3,574,547	$	67,514	7.39	%	$	3,148,269	$	56,562	7.11	%
Securitized debt (4)	4,182,541		41,574		3.98		4,051,021		39,322		3.88
Convertible Senior Notes	226,921		3,936		6.94		228,333		3,961		6.94
Total interest-bearing liabilities	7,984,009		113,024		5.59		7,427,623		99,845		5.34
Net interest income/net interest rate spread (5)			46,141		0.76				44,505		0.76
Impact of net Swap carry (6)			28,864		1.41				25,965		1.38
Net interest rate spread (including the impact of Swaps)			$	75,005	2.17	%			$	70,470	2.14	%
Net interest-earning assets/net interest margin (7)	$	2,048,288			3.02	%	$	2,036,011			2.99	%

(1)Yields presented throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are calculated using average amortized cost data for residential whole loans and securities, which excludes unrealized gains and losses. For GAAP reporting purposes, purchases and sales are reported on the trade date. Average amortized cost data used to determine yields is calculated based on the settlement date of the associated purchase or sale as interest income is not earned on purchased assets and continues to be earned on sold assets until settlement date.  

(2)Includes average interest-earning cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.

(3)Collateralized financing agreements include the following: mark-to-market asset based financing and non-mark-to-market asset based financing. For additional information, see Note 6, included under Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

(4)Includes both securitized debt, at carrying value, and securitized debt, at fair value.

(5)Net interest rate spread reflects the difference between the yield on average interest-earning assets and average cost of funds.

(6)Reflects the impact of positive or negative swap carry. Positive swap carry results when income from the receive leg of a swap is greater than the expense on the pay leg. Negative swap carry results when income from the receive leg is less than the expense on the pay leg.

(7)Net interest margin reflects annualized net interest income (including net swap expense) divided by average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the extent to which changes in interest rates (yield/cost) and changes in the volume (average balance) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected our interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) the changes attributable to changes in volume (changes in average balance multiplied by prior rate); (ii) the changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior average balance); and (iii) the net change. The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately, based on absolute values, to the changes due to rate and volume.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Compared to
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
	Increase/(Decrease) due to				Total Net Change in Interest Income/Expense
(In Thousands)	Volume		Rate
Interest-earning assets:
Residential whole loans	$	7,195	$	5,295	$	12,490
Securities, at fair value	2,385		(388)		1,997
Cash and cash equivalents	(235)		598		363
Other interest-earning assets	413		(448)		(35)
Total net change in income of interest-earning assets	$	9,758	$	5,057	$	14,815
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Residential whole loan financing agreements	$	6,516	$	2,495	$	9,011
Securities, at fair value repurchase agreements	1,665		190		1,855
REO financing agreements	44		42		86
Securitized debt	1,278		974		2,252
Convertible Senior Notes	(24)		(1)		(25)
Total net change in expense of interest-bearing liabilities	$	9,479	$	3,700	$	13,179
Net change in net interest income	$	279	$	1,357	$	1,636

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The following table presents certain quarterly information regarding our net interest spread and net interest margin for the quarterly periods presented:

	Total Interest-Earning Assets and Interest- Bearing Liabilities
	Net Interest Spread (1)		Net Interest Margin (2)
Quarter Ended
September 30, 2023	2.17	%	3.02	%
June 30, 2023	2.14		2.99
March 31, 2023	1.74		2.64
December 31, 2022	2.21		3.04
September 30, 2022	1.64		2.43

(1)Reflects the difference between the yield on average interest-earning assets and average cost of funds (including net swap expense).

(2)Reflects annualized net interest income (including net swap expense) divided by average interest-earning assets.

The following table presents the components of the net interest spread earned on our Residential whole loans for the quarterly periods presented:

	Quarter Ended
	September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2022
Purchased Performing Loans
Net Yield (1)	6.06	%	5.66	%	5.38	%	5.04	%	4.75	%
Cost of Funding (2)	4.23	%	3.97	%	3.95	%	3.70	%	3.60	%
Net Interest Spread	1.83	%	1.69	%	1.43	%	1.34	%	1.15	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Net Yield (1)	6.63	%	7.09	%	6.13	%	6.59	%	6.49	%
Cost of Funding (2)	2.43	%	1.98	%	2.23	%	2.13	%	2.72	%
Net Interest Spread	4.20	%	5.11	%	3.90	%	4.46	%	3.77	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans
Net Yield (1)	9.59	%	10.11	%	8.46	%	11.15	%	9.84	%
Cost of Funding (2)	3.65	%	3.53	%	3.53	%	3.01	%	2.86	%
Net Interest Spread	5.94	%	6.58	%	4.93	%	8.14	%	6.98	%
Total Residential Whole Loans
Net Yield (1)	6.34	%	6.10	%	5.68	%	5.62	%	5.30	%
Cost of Funding (2)	4.10	%	3.83	%	3.82	%	3.56	%	3.49	%
Net Interest Spread	2.24	%	2.27	%	1.86	%	2.06	%	1.81	%

        

(1)Reflects annualized interest income on Residential whole loans divided by average amortized cost of Residential whole loans. Excludes servicing costs.

(2)Reflects annualized interest expense divided by average balance of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions (repurchase agreements), agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions, and securitized debt. Cost of funding shown in the table above include the impact of the net carry (the difference between swap interest income received and swap interest expense paid) on our Swaps. While we have not elected hedge accounting treatment for Swaps and, accordingly, net carry is not presented in interest expense in our consolidated statement of operations, we believe it is appropriate to allocate net carry to the cost of funding to reflect the economic impact of our Swaps on the funding costs shown in the table above. For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 143 basis points for our Residential whole loans, 146 basis points for our Purchased Performing Loans, 161 basis points for our Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans, and 89 basis points for our Purchased Non-Performing Loans. For the quarter ended June 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 144 basis points for our Residential whole loans, 145 basis points for our Purchased

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Performing Loans, 206 basis points for our Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans, and 87 basis points for our Purchased Non-Performing Loans. For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 127 basis points for our Residential whole loans, 129 basis points for our Purchased Performing Loans, 171 basis points for our Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans, and 77 basis points for our Purchased Non-Performing Loans. For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, this decreased the overall funding cost by 89 basis points for our Residential whole loans, 87 basis points for our Purchased Performing Loans, 141 basis points for our Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans, and 76 basis points for our Purchased Non-Performing Loans. For the quarter ended September 30, 2022, this decreased the overall funding cost by 20 basis points for our Residential whole loans, 19 basis points for our Purchased Performing Loans, 43 basis points for our Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans, and 24 basis points for our Purchased Non-Performing Loans.

The following table presents the components of the net interest spread earned on our Securities for the quarterly periods presented:

	Securities, at fair value
Quarter Ended	Net Yield (1)(2)		Cost of Funding (3)		Net Interest Rate Spread
September 30, 2023	7.38	%	3.92	%	3.46	%
June 30, 2023	7.67		4.29		3.38
March 31, 2023	8.76		4.52		4.24
December 31, 2022	30.33		5.47		24.86
September 30, 2022	11.06		3.94		7.12

(1)Reflects annualized interest income divided by average amortized cost.

(2)For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, the net yield of 30.33% includes $7.8 million of accretion income recognized in 2022 due to the redemption of term notes backed by MSR collateral that had been held at amortized cost basis below par due to impairment charges recorded in the first quarter of 2020. Excluding this accretion, the yield reported would have been 11.87%.

(3)Reflects annualized interest expense divided by average balance of repurchase agreements. Cost of funding shown in the table above for the quarterly periods ended September 30, 2023, June 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023 includes the impact of the net carry (the difference between swap interest income received and swap interest expense paid) on our Swaps that is allocated to the financing of our Securities, at fair value. For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 191 basis points for our Securities, at fair value. For the quarter ended June 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 138 basis points for our Securities, at fair value. For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 104 basis points for our Securities, at fair value. Periods prior to the quarter ended March 31, 2023 were not impacted as there was no allocation of net swap carry to the financing of our Securities, at fair value for those periods.

Interest Income

Interest income on our residential whole loans for the third quarter of 2023 increased by $12.5 million, or 9.8%, to $140.5 million, compared to $128.0 million for the second quarter of 2023. This increase primarily reflects a $458.0 million increase in the average balance of this portfolio to $8.9 billion for the third quarter of 2023 from the second quarter of 2023 and an increase in the yield to 6.34% for the third quarter of 2023 from 6.10% for the second quarter of 2023.

Interest income on our Securities, at fair value portfolio for the third quarter of 2023 increased by $2.0 million to $11.9 million from $9.9 million for the second quarter of 2023. This increase primarily reflects an increase in the average amortized cost of the portfolio of $128.5 million, due to additional purchases of Agency MBS in the third quarter of 2023, partially offset by a decrease in the net yield on our Securities, at fair value to 7.38% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 7.67% for the second quarter of 2023.

Interest Expense

Our interest expense for the third quarter of 2023 increased by $13.2 million, or 13.2%, to $113.0 million, from $99.8 million for the second quarter of 2023. This increase primarily reflects an increase in financing rates on our financing agreements and higher overall average balances of our financing agreements.

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Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans Held at Carrying Value

For the third quarter of 2023, we recorded a reversal of provision for credit losses on residential whole loans held at carrying value of $1.3 million compared to a provision for credit losses of $294,000 for the second quarter of 2023. The reversal of provision recorded in the current period primarily reflects the run-off of loans held at carrying value, partially offset by the impact of loan charge-offs.

Other (Loss)/Income, net

For the third quarter of 2023, Other Loss, net was $(59.4) million, compared to an Other Loss, net of $(28.3) million for the second quarter of 2023.  The components of Other (Loss)/Income, net for the third and second quarters of 2023 are summarized in the table below:

	Three Months Ended
(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(132,894)	$	(130,703)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,161)		(4,569)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,409		2,153
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	34,860		60,451
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	36,431		27,394
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	12,109		11,477
Other, net	1,854		5,496
Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(59,392)	$	(28,301)

Operating and Other Expense

For the third quarter of 2023, we had compensation and benefits and other general and administrative expenses of $34.7 million, compared to $32.9 million for the second quarter of 2023. Other general and administrative expenses are comprised of leasing and other office expenses, professional fees, insurance costs, board of directors fees, taxes, and miscellaneous expenses. Compensation and benefits expense increased by $2.3 million to $24.1 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $21.8 million for the second quarter of 2023, primarily reflecting higher compensation costs at Lima One, consistent with higher commission expense related to higher origination volumes and higher headcount compared to the prior period, as well as certain non-recurring adjustments made to service period assumptions for stock-based compensation expense. Our other general and administrative expenses decreased by $564,000 to $10.6 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $11.2 million for the second quarter of 2023, primarily reflecting the timing of Directors compensation costs related to the annual grant of equity awards to non-employee Directors made in the second quarter of 2023.

Operating and Other Expense for the third quarter of 2023 also includes $9.0 million of loan servicing and other related operating expenses related to our residential whole loan activities. These expenses increased compared to the prior quarter period by approximately $1.4 million, or 18.3%, primarily due to higher expenses recognized related to loan securitization activities.

In addition, Other expenses for each of the third quarter of 2023 and the second quarter of 2023 also include $800,000 and $1.3 million, respectively, of amortization related to intangible assets recognized as part of the purchase accounting for the Lima One acquisition.

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Selected Financial Ratios

The following table presents information regarding certain of our financial ratios at or for the dates presented:

At or for the Quarter Ended	Return on Average Total Assets (1)		Return on Average Total Stockholders’ Equity (2)		Dividend Payout Ratio (3)	Total Average Stockholders’ Equity to Total Average Assets (4)		Leverage Multiple (5)	Recourse Leverage Multiple (6)
September 30, 2023	(0.56)	%	(2.96)	%	—	19.10	%	4.3	2.0
June 30, 2023	(0.27)		(1.31)		—	20.99		3.9	1.9
March 31, 2023	3.14		14.40		0.56	21.81		3.5	1.6
December 31, 2022	0.29		1.32		—	21.59		3.5	1.8
September 30, 2022	(0.58)		(2.57)		—	22.53		3.6	1.7

(1)Reflects annualized net income divided by average total assets. For the quarters ended September 30, 2023, June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the amounts calculated reflect the quarterly net income divided by average total assets.

(2)Reflects annualized net income divided by average total stockholders’ equity. For the quarters ended September 30, 2023, June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the amounts calculated reflect the quarterly net income divided by average total stockholders’ equity.

(3)Reflects dividends declared per share of common stock divided by earnings per share. The ratio has not been calculated for periods where earnings per share is negative as the calculations are not meaningful.

(4)Reflects total average stockholders’ equity divided by total average assets.

(5)Represents the sum of our borrowings under financing agreements and payable for unsettled purchases divided by stockholders’ equity.

(6)Represents the sum of our borrowings under financing agreements (excluding securitized debt) and payable for unsettled purchases divided by stockholders’ equity.

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Nine Month Period Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to the Nine Month Period Ended September 30, 2022

The following table summarizes the changes in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

	Nine Months Ended
(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022		YoY Change
Interest Income:
Residential whole loans	$	388,096	$	316,235	$	71,861
Securities, at fair value	29,201		16,181		13,020
Other interest-earning assets	7,560		5,071		2,489
Cash and cash equivalent investments	10,863		2,055		8,808
Interest Income	$	435,720	$	339,542	$	96,178
Interest Expense:
Asset-backed and other collateralized financing arrangements	$	293,852	$	159,806	$	134,046
Other interest expense	11,853		11,811		42
Interest Expense	$	305,705	$	171,617	$	134,088
Net Interest Income	$	130,015	$	167,925	$	(37,910)
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	$	977	$	1,106	$	(129)
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets	—		(28,579)		28,579
Net Interest Income after Provision for Credit Losses	$	130,992	$	140,452	$	(9,460)
Other Income/(Loss), net:
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(134,423)	$	(797,934)	$	663,511
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(15,799)		(16,159)		360
Net gain on real estate owned	8,504		19,777		(11,273)
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	74,103		253,721		(179,618)
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	12,100		247,548		(235,448)
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	32,562		37,539		(4,977)
Other, net	10,522		7,353		3,169
Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(12,431)	$	(248,155)	$	235,724
Operating and Other Expense:
Compensation and benefits	$	66,452	$	59,679	$	6,773
Other general and administrative expense	32,165		28,016		4,149
Loan servicing, financing and other related costs	26,126		34,993		(8,867)
Amortization of intangible assets	3,400		7,900		(4,500)
Operating and Other Expense	$	128,143	$	130,588	$	(2,445)
Net (Loss)/Income	$	(9,582)	$	(238,291)	$	228,709
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	24,656	$	24,656	$	—
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(34,238)	$	(262,947)	$	228,709
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)	$	2.20
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)	$	2.20

General

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we had a net loss available to our common stock and participating securities of $(34.2) million, or $(0.34) per basic and diluted common share, compared to a net loss available to our common stock and participating securities of $(262.9) million, or $(2.54) per basic and diluted common share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The net loss available to common stock and participating securities in the current period primarily reflects

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a lower Other loss, net, of $235.7 million, primarily driven by lower mark-to-market losses in the current period on our residential whole loans that are measured at fair value through earnings, partially offset by lower net gains on derivatives used for risk management purposes and unrealized losses on securitized debt. Net interest income decreased by $37.9 million from the prior nine month period, primarily due to higher funding costs associated with our financing arrangements given the impact of significantly higher interest rates over the past twelve months, partially offset by higher asset yields earned on our residential whole loans portfolio and higher amounts invested in our residential mortgage asset portfolio. In addition, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets of $28.6 million, reflecting an impairment charge against the carrying value of our investment in one loan origination partner, bringing the net carrying value of this investment to zero at June 30, 2022. No such provision was recorded in the current year period.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the difference between income on interest-earning assets and expense on interest-bearing liabilities.  Net interest income depends primarily upon the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the corresponding interest rates earned or paid.  Our net interest income varies primarily as a result of changes in interest rates, the slope of the yield curve (i.e., the differential between long-term and short-term interest rates), borrowing costs (i.e., our interest expense), the level of loan delinquencies, which may result in changes in the amount of non-accrual loans, and prepayment speeds on our investments.  Interest rates and CPRs (which measure the amount of unscheduled principal prepayment on a bond or loan as a percentage of its unpaid balance) vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty.

The changes in average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities and their related yields and costs are discussed in greater detail below under “Interest Income” and “Interest Expense.”

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net interest spread and margin were 2.02% and 2.89%, respectively, compared to a net interest spread and margin of 1.64% and 2.39%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our net interest income decreased by $37.9 million, or 22.6%, to $130.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to net interest income of $167.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net interest income, which does not include the benefit of swap carry, includes lower net interest income from our residential whole loan portfolio of $47.1 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to higher rates paid on our financing agreement borrowings partially offset by higher asset yields and higher amounts invested in the loan portfolio. In addition, net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 included lower net interest income from our Securities, at fair value portfolio of approximately $1.5 million. Net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 also includes approximately $11.3 million of additional interest income from cash and other interest earning assets compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Analysis of Net Interest Income

The following table sets forth certain information about the average balances of our assets and liabilities and their related yields and costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.  Average yields are derived by dividing annualized interest income by the average amortized cost of the related assets, and average costs are derived by dividing annualized interest expense by the daily average balance of the related liabilities, for the periods shown.  The yields and costs include premium amortization and purchase discount accretion which are considered adjustments to interest rates.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023						2022
	Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/Cost		Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/Cost
(Dollars in Thousands)
Assets:
Interest-earning assets (1):
Residential whole loans	$	8,563,563	$	388,096	6.04	%	$	8,376,199	$	316,235	5.03	%
Securities, at fair value	501,222		29,201		7.77		207,026		16,181		10.42
Cash and cash equivalents (2)	467,881		10,863		3.10		498,832		2,055		0.55
Other interest-earning assets	66,388		7,560		15.18		61,208		5,071		11.05
Total interest-earning assets	9,599,054		435,720		6.05		9,143,265		339,542		4.95
Liabilities:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Collateralized financing agreements (3)	$	3,291,028	$	177,377	7.11	%	$	3,634,320	$	91,498	3.32	%
Securitized debt (4)	4,017,880		116,475		3.87		3,226,294		68,308		2.79
Convertible Senior Notes	227,737		11,853		6.94		226,924		11,811		6.94
Total interest-bearing liabilities	7,536,645		305,705		5.37		7,087,538		171,617		3.19
Net interest income/net interest rate spread (5)			130,015		0.68				167,925		1.76
Impact of net Swap carry (6)			76,646		1.34				6,151		0.12
Net interest rate spread (including the impact of Swaps)			$	206,661	2.02	%			$	161,774	1.64	%
Net interest-earning assets/net interest margin (7)	$	2,062,409			2.89	%	$	2,055,727			2.39	%

(1)Yields presented throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are calculated using average amortized cost data for residential whole loans and securities, which excludes unrealized gains and losses.  For GAAP reporting purposes, purchases and sales are reported on the trade date. Average amortized cost data used to determine yields is calculated based on the settlement date of the associated purchase or sale as interest income is not earned on purchased assets and continues to be earned on sold assets until settlement date.  

(2)Includes average interest-earning cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.

(3)Collateralized financing agreements include the following: mark-to-market asset based financing and non-mark-to-market asset based financing. For additional information, see Note 6, included under Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

(4)Includes both securitized debt, at carrying value, and securitized debt, at fair value.

(5)Net interest rate spread reflects the difference between the yield on average interest-earning assets and average cost of funds.

(6)Reflects the impact of positive or negative swap carry. Positive swap carry results when income from the receive leg of a swap is greater than the expense on the pay leg. Negative swap carry results when income from the receive leg is less than the expense on the pay leg.

(7)Net interest margin reflects annualized net interest income (including net swap carry) divided by average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the extent to which changes in interest rates (yield/cost) and changes in the volume (average balance) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected our interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated.  Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) the changes attributable to changes in volume (changes in average balance multiplied by prior rate); (ii) the changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior average balance); and (iii) the net change.  The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately, based on absolute values, to the changes due to rate and volume.

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Compared to
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Increase/(Decrease) due to				Total Net Change in Interest Income/Expense
(In Thousands)	Volume		Rate
Interest-earning assets:
Residential whole loans	$	7,186	$	64,675	$	71,861
Securities, at fair value	18,027		(5,007)		13,020
Cash and cash equivalents	(135)		8,943		8,808
Other interest-earning assets	459		2,030		2,489
Total net change in income of interest-earning assets	$	25,537	$	70,641	$	96,178
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Residential whole loan financing agreements	$	(17,479)	$	88,044	$	70,565
Securities, at fair value repurchase agreements	8,669		5,869		14,538
REO financing agreements	66		710		776
Securitized debt	18,737		29,430		48,167
Convertible Senior Notes and Senior Notes	43		(1)		42
Total net change in expense of interest-bearing liabilities	$	10,036	$	124,052	$	134,088
Net change in net interest income	$	15,501	$	(53,411)	$	(37,910)

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The following table presents the components of the net interest spread earned on our Residential whole loans for the

periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Purchased Performing Loans
Net Yield (1)	5.71	%	4.38	%
Cost of Funding (2)	4.05	%	3.23	%
Net Interest Spread	1.66	%	1.15	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Net Yield (1)	6.61	%	6.71	%
Cost of Funding (2)	2.22	%	2.92	%
Net Interest Spread	4.39	%	3.79	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans
Net Yield (1)	9.37	%	9.69	%
Cost of Funding (2)	3.57	%	3.10	%
Net Interest Spread	5.80	%	6.59	%
Total Residential Whole Loans
Net Yield (1)	6.04	%	5.03	%
Cost of Funding (2)	3.91	%	3.20	%
Net Interest Spread	2.13	%	1.83	%

(1)Reflects annualized interest income on Residential whole loans divided by average amortized cost of Residential whole loans. Excludes servicing costs.

(2)Reflects annualized interest expense divided by average balance of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions (repurchase agreements), agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions, and securitized debt. Cost of funding shown in the table above includes the impact of the net carry (the difference between swap interest income received and swap interest expense paid) on our Swaps. While we have not elected hedge accounting treatment for Swaps, and accordingly, net carry is not presented in interest expense in our consolidated statement of operations, we believe it is appropriate to allocate net carry to the cost of funding to reflect the economic impact of our Swaps on the funding costs shown in the table above. For the period ended September 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 138 basis points for our Residential whole loans, 140 basis points for our Purchased Performing Loans, 179 basis points for our Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans, and 84 basis points for our Purchased Non-Performing Loans. For the period ended September 30, 2022, this increased the overall funding cost by 12 basis points for our Residential whole loans, 11 basis points for our Purchased Performing Loans, 19 basis points for our Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans, and 15 basis points for our Purchased Non-Performing Loans.

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The following table presents the components of the net interest spread earned on our residential mortgage securities and MSR-related assets for the periods presented:

	Securities, at fair value
Nine Months Ended	Net Yield (1)		Cost of Funding (2)		Net Interest Rate Spread
September 30, 2023	7.77	%	4.17	%	3.60	%
September 30, 2022	10.42		2.72		7.70

(1)Reflects annualized interest income divided by average amortized cost.

(2)Reflects annualized interest expense divided by average balance of repurchase agreements. Cost of funding shown in the table above for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes the impact of the net carry (the difference between swap interest income received and swap interest expense paid) on our Swaps that is allocated to the financing of our Securities, at fair value. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 155 basis points for our Securities, at fair value. Periods prior to the quarter ended March 31, 2023 were not impacted as there was no allocation of net swap carry to the financing of our Securities, at fair value for those periods.

Interest Income

Interest income on our residential whole loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $71.9 million, or 22.7%, to $388.1 million, compared to $316.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase primarily reflects an increase in the yield to 6.04% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from 5.03% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and a $187.4 million increase in the average balance of this portfolio to $8.6 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $8.4 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest income on our Securities, at fair value portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $13.0 million to $29.2 million from $16.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase primarily reflects an increase in the average amortized cost of the portfolio of $294.2 million due to purchases of Agency MBS, partially offset by a decrease in the net yield on our Securities, at fair value portfolio to 7.77% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 10.42% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest Expense

Our interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by $134.1 million, or 78.1%, to $305.7 million, from $171.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.  This increase primarily reflects an increase in financing rates on our financing agreements and higher overall average balances of our financing agreements.

Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans Held at Carrying Value

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a reversal of provision for credit losses on residential whole loans held at carrying value of $977,000 compared to a reversal of provision for credit losses of $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The reversal of provision recorded in the current period primarily reflects the run-off of loans held at carrying value, partially offset by the impact of loan charge-offs. The prior period reversal primarily reflects run-off of loans held at carrying value and adjustments to certain economic and loan prepayment speeds used in our credit loss forecasts.

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Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a provision for credit losses on Other Assets of $28.6 million, reflecting an impairment charge against the carrying value of our investment in one loan origination partner, bringing the net carrying value of this investment to zero at June 30, 2022. No such provision was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Other (Loss)/Income, net

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, Other Loss, net was $(12.4) million, compared to an Other Loss, net of $(248.2) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.  The components of Other Income/(Loss), net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are summarized in the table below:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(134,423)	$	(797,934)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(15,799)		(16,159)
Net gain on real estate owned	8,504		19,777
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	74,103		253,721
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	12,100		247,548
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	32,562		37,539
Other, net	10,522		7,353
Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(12,431)	$	(248,155)

Operating and Other Expense

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we had compensation and benefits and other general and administrative expenses of $98.6 million, compared to $87.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.  Other general and administrative expenses are comprised of leasing and other office expenses, professional fees, insurance costs, board of directors fees, taxes, and miscellaneous expenses. Compensation and benefits expense increased $6.8 million to $66.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $59.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily reflecting higher salary expense and an increase in long-term incentive compensation, partially offset by lower sales commission expense at Lima One. Our other general and administrative expenses increased by $4.1 million to $32.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $28.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily reflecting higher costs associated with deferred compensation to Directors in the current period, which were impacted by changes in our stock price, the impact of higher depreciation and other costs in the current period primarily related to furniture and fixtures and IT infrastructure at our corporate offices, partially offset by lower tax provisions and state tax expense as well as lower insurance costs.

Operating and Other Expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 also includes $26.1 million of loan servicing and other related operating expenses related to our residential whole loan activities. These expenses decreased compared to the prior year period by approximately $8.9 million, or 25.3%, primarily due to lower expenses recognized related to loan securitization activities, lower servicing fees, diligence and other costs associated with acquiring loans and lower expenses on our REO portfolio.

In addition, Other expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 also includes $3.4 million and $7.9 million, respectively, of amortization related to intangible assets recognized as part of the purchase accounting for the Lima One acquisition.

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Selected Financial Ratios

The following table presents information regarding certain of our financial ratios at or for the dates presented:

At or for the Nine Months Ended	Return on Average Total Assets (1)		Return on Average Total Stockholders’ Equity (2)		Dividend Payout Ratio (3)	Total Average Stockholders’ Equity to Total Average Assets (4)		Leverage Multiple (5)	Recourse Leverage Multiple (6)
September 30, 2023	(0.10)	%	(0.50)	%	—	20.11	%	4.3	2.0
September 30, 2022	(2.50)		(10.21)		—	24.47		3.6	1.7

(1)Reflects net income divided by average total assets.

(2)Reflects net income divided by average total stockholders’ equity.

(3)Reflects dividends declared per share of common stock divided by earnings per share. The ratio has not been calculated for periods where earnings per share is negative as the calculations are not meaningful.

(4)Reflects total average stockholders’ equity divided by total average assets.

(5)Represents the sum of borrowings under our financing agreements, and payable for unsettled purchases divided by stockholders’ equity.

(6)Represents the sum of our borrowings under financing agreements (excluding securitized debt) and payable for unsettled purchases divided by stockholders’ equity.

Reconciliation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Reconciliation of GAAP Net Income to non-GAAP Distributable Earnings

“Distributable earnings” is a non-GAAP financial measure of our operating performance, within the meaning of Regulation G and Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K, as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Distributable earnings is determined by adjusting GAAP net income/(loss) by removing certain unrealized gains and losses, primarily on residential mortgage investments, associated debt, and hedges that are, in each case, accounted for at fair value through earnings, certain realized gains and losses, as well as certain non-cash expenses and securitization-related transaction costs. Management believes that the adjustments made to GAAP earnings result in the removal of (i) income or expenses that are not reflective of the longer term performance of our investment portfolio, (ii) certain non-cash expenses, and (iii) expense items required to be recognized solely due to the election of the fair value option on certain related residential mortgage assets and associated liabilities. Distributable earnings is one of the factors that our Board of Directors considers when evaluating distributions to our shareholders. Accordingly, we believe that the adjustments to compute Distributable earnings specified below provide investors and analysts with additional information to evaluate our financial results.

Distributable earnings should be used in conjunction with results presented in accordance with GAAP. Distributable earnings does not represent and should not be considered as a substitute for net income or cash flows from operating activities, each as determined in accordance with GAAP, and our calculation of this measure may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of our GAAP net (loss)/income used in the calculation of basic EPS to our non-GAAP Distributable earnings for the quarterly periods below:

	Quarter Ended
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)	September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2022
GAAP Net (loss)/income used in the calculation of basic EPS	$	(64,776)	$	(34,265)	$	64,407	$	(1,647)	$	(63,410)
Adjustments:
Unrealized and realized gains and losses on:
Residential whole loans held at fair value	132,894		130,703		(129,174)		68,828		291,818
Securities held at fair value	13,439		3,698		(2,931)		383		(1,549)
Interest rate swaps	(9,433)		(37,018)		40,747		12,725		(108,917)
Securitized debt held at fair value	(40,229)		(30,908)		48,846		(44,988)		(100,767)
Investments in loan origination partners	722		872		—		8,526		2,031
Expense items:
Amortization of intangible assets	800		1,300		1,300		1,300		1,300
Equity based compensation	4,447		3,932		3,020		2,480		2,673
Securitization-related transaction costs	3,217		2,071		4,602		1,744		5,014
Total adjustments	105,857		74,650		(33,590)		50,998		91,603
Distributable earnings	$	41,081	$	40,385	$	30,817	$	49,351	$	28,193
GAAP (loss)/earnings per basic common share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.34)	$	0.63	$	(0.02)	$	(0.62)
Distributable earnings per basic common share	$	0.40	$	0.40	$	0.30	$	0.48	$	0.28
Weighted average common shares for basic earnings per share	101,916		101,915		101,900		101,800		101,795

Selected Financial Ratios (using Distributable earnings)

The following table presents information regarding certain of our financial ratios at or for the dates presented:

At or for the Quarter Ended	Return on Average Total Assets (1)		Return on Average Total Stockholders’ Equity (2)		Dividend Payout Ratio (3)
September 30, 2023	1.97	%	10.33	%	0.88
June 30, 2023	2.05		9.79		0.88
March 31, 2023	1.68		7.73		1.17
December 31, 2022	2.45		11.34		0.73
September 30, 2022	1.53		6.79		1.57

(1)Reflects annualized Distributable earnings before preferred dividends divided by average total assets.

(2)Reflects annualized Distributable earnings before preferred dividends divided by average total stockholders’ equity.

(3)Reflects dividends declared per share of common stock divided by Distributable earnings per share.

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Segment Reporting (using Distributable earnings)

The following table presents our non-GAAP Distributable earnings by segment for the quarterly period below:

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
GAAP Net (loss)/income used in the calculation of basic EPS	$	(33,411)	$	(993)	$	(30,372)	$	(64,776)
Adjustments:
Unrealized and realized gains and losses on:
Residential whole loans held at fair value	99,500		33,394		—		132,894
Securities held at fair value	13,439		—		—		13,439
Interest rate swaps	(7,098)		(2,335)		—		(9,433)
Securitized debt held at fair value	(28,572)		(11,657)		—		(40,229)
Investments in loan origination partners	—		—		722		722
Expense items:
Amortization of intangible assets	—		800		—		800
Equity based compensation	—		131		4,316		4,447
Securitization-related transaction costs	—		—		3,217		3,217
Total adjustments	$	77,269	$	20,333	$	8,255	$	105,857
Distributable earnings	$	43,858	$	19,340	$	(22,117)	$	41,081

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
GAAP Net income/(loss) used in the calculation of basic EPS	$	(5,539)	$	118	$	(28,844)	$	(34,265)
Adjustments:
Unrealized and realized gains and losses on:
Residential whole loans held at fair value	97,459		33,244		—		130,703
Securities held at fair value	3,698		—		—		3,698
Interest rate swaps	(27,903)		(9,115)		—		(37,018)
Securitized debt held at fair value	(21,756)		(9,152)		—		(30,908)
Investments in loan origination partners	—		—		872		872
Expense items:
Amortization of intangible assets	—		1,300		—		1,300
Equity based compensation	—		130		3,802		3,932
Securitization-related transaction costs	—		—		2,071		2,071
Total adjustments	$	51,498	$	16,407	$	6,745	$	74,650
Distributable earnings	$	45,959	$	16,525	$	(22,099)	$	40,385

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Reconciliation of GAAP Book Value per Common Share to non-GAAP Economic Book Value per Common Share

“Economic book value” is a non-GAAP financial measure of our financial position. To calculate our Economic book value, our portfolios of Residential whole loans and securitized debt held at carrying value are adjusted to their fair value, rather than the carrying value that is required to be reported under the GAAP accounting model applied to these financial instruments. These adjustments are also reflected in the table below in our end of period stockholders’ equity. Management considers that Economic book value provides investors with a useful supplemental measure to evaluate our financial position as it reflects the impact of fair value changes for all of our investment activities, irrespective of the accounting model applied for GAAP reporting purposes. Economic book value does not represent and should not be considered as a substitute for Stockholders’ Equity, as determined in accordance with GAAP, and our calculation of this measure may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

The following table provides a reconciliation of our GAAP book value per common share to our non-GAAP Economic book value per common share as of the quarterly periods below:

	Quarter Ended:
(In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts)	September 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2022
GAAP Total Stockholders’ Equity	$	1,848.5	$	1,944.8	$	2,018.6	$	1,988.8	$	2,033.9
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference	(475.0)		(475.0)		(475.0)		(475.0)		(475.0)
GAAP Stockholders’ Equity for book value per common share	1,373.5		1,469.8		1,543.6		1,513.8		1,558.9
Adjustments:
Fair value adjustment to Residential whole loans, at carrying value	(85.3)		(58.3)		(33.9)		(70.2)		(58.2)
Fair value adjustment to Securitized debt, at carrying value	122.5		129.8		122.4		139.7		109.6
Stockholders’ Equity including fair value adjustments to Residential whole loans and Securitized debt held at carrying value (Economic book value)	$	1,410.7	$	1,541.3	$	1,632.1	$	1,583.3	$	1,610.3
GAAP book value per common share	$	13.48	$	14.42	$	15.15	$	14.87	$	15.31
Economic book value per common share	$	13.84	$	15.12	$	16.02	$	15.55	$	15.82
Number of shares of common stock outstanding	101.9		101.9		101.9		101.8		101.8

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Recent Accounting Standards to Be Adopted in Future Periods

We are not aware of any recent accounting standards to be adopted in future periods that we expect would materially impact us.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

Our principal sources of cash generally consist of borrowings under repurchase agreements and other collateralized financings, payments of principal and interest we receive on our investment portfolio, cash generated from our operating results and, to the extent such transactions are entered into, proceeds from capital market and structured financing transactions. Our most significant uses of cash are generally to pay principal and interest on our financing transactions, to purchase and originate residential mortgage assets, to make dividend payments on our capital stock, to fund our operations, to meet margin calls and to make other investments that we consider appropriate.

We seek to employ a diverse capital raising strategy under which we may issue capital stock and other types of securities. To the extent we raise additional funds through capital market transactions, we currently anticipate using the net proceeds from such transactions to acquire additional residential mortgage-related assets, consistent with our investment policy, and for working capital, which may include, among other things, the repayment of our financing transactions. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to access the capital markets at any particular time or on any particular terms. We have available for issuance an unlimited amount (subject to the terms and limitations of our charter) of common stock, preferred stock, depository shares representing preferred stock, warrants, debt securities, rights and/or units pursuant to our universal shelf registration statement and, at September 30, 2023, we had approximately 2.0 million shares of common stock available for issuance pursuant to our Discount Waiver, Direct Stock Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan (or DRSPP) shelf registration statement. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we issued 6,666 shares of common stock through our DRSPP, raising net proceeds of approximately $74,000.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we did not repurchase any share of common stock through the stock repurchase program. At September 30, 2023, approximately $202.5 million remained available under the current Board authorization for the purchase of common stock under our stock repurchase program.

In February 2023, our Board authorized a repurchase program for our 6.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (or the Convertible Senior Notes) pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $100 million of our Convertible Senior Notes. The convertible notes repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum amount of Convertible Senior Notes. The timing and extent to which we repurchase our Convertible Senior Notes will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. In September 2023, we repurchased $10.4 million principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes for $10.3 million and recorded a gain of $41,000 to Other, net on the consolidated statement of operations.

Financing Agreements

Our borrowings under financing agreements include a combination of shorter term and longer arrangements. Certain of these arrangements are collateralized directly by our residential mortgage investments or otherwise have recourse to us, while securitized debt financing is non-recourse financing. Further, certain of our financing agreements contain terms that allow the lender to make margin calls on us based on changes in the value of the underlying collateral securing the borrowing. As of September 30, 2023, we had $2.4 billion of total unpaid principal balance related to asset-backed financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions and $5.7 billion of total unpaid principal balance related to asset-backed financing agreements that do not include mark-to-market collateral provisions. Repurchase agreements and other forms of collateralized financing are uncommitted and renewable at the discretion of our lenders, and, as such, our lenders could determine to reduce or terminate our access to future borrowings at virtually any time. The terms of the repurchase transaction borrowings under our master repurchase agreements, as such terms relate to repayment, margin requirements and the segregation of all securities that are the subject of repurchase transactions, generally conform to the terms contained in the standard master repurchase agreement published by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (or SIFMA) or the global master repurchase agreement published by SIFMA and the International Capital Market Association. In addition, each lender typically requires that we include supplemental terms and conditions to the standard master repurchase agreement. Typical supplemental terms and conditions, which differ by lender, may include changes to the margin maintenance requirements, required haircuts (or the percentage amount by which the collateral value is contractually required to exceed the loan amount), purchase price

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maintenance requirements, requirements that all controversies related to the repurchase agreement be litigated in a particular jurisdiction and cross default and setoff provisions. Other non-repurchase agreement financing arrangements also contain provisions governing collateral maintenance. At September 30, 2023, we had unused financing capacity of approximately $1.7 billion across our financing arrangements for all collateral types.

Margin calls are typically determined by our counterparties based on their assessment of changes in the fair value of the underlying collateral and in accordance with the agreed upon haircuts specified in the transaction confirmation with the counterparty.  We address margin call requests in accordance with the required terms specified in the applicable agreement and such requests are typically satisfied by posting additional cash or collateral on the same business day. We review margin calls made by counterparties and assess them for reasonableness by comparing the counterparty valuation against our valuation determination. When we believe that a margin call is unnecessary because our assessment of collateral value differs from the counterparty valuation, we typically hold discussions with the counterparty and attempt to resolve the matter. If this is not successful, we will look to resolve the dispute based on the remedies available to us under the terms of the repurchase agreement, which in some instances may include the engagement of a third-party to review collateral valuations. For certain other agreements that do not include such provisions, we could resolve the matter by substituting collateral as permitted in accordance with the agreement or otherwise request the counterparty to return the collateral in exchange for cash to unwind the financing. For additional information regarding our various types of financing arrangements, including those with non-mark-to-market terms and the haircuts for those agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions, see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, included under Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

At September 30, 2023, we had a total of $3.9 billion of residential whole loans and securities and $22.4 million of restricted cash pledged to our financing counterparties. We expect that we will continue to pledge residential mortgage assets as part of certain of our ongoing financing arrangements. When the value of our residential mortgage assets pledged as collateral experiences rapid decreases, margin calls under our financing arrangements could materially increase, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Additionally, if one or more of our financing counterparties choose not to provide ongoing funding, our ability to finance our long-maturity assets would decline or otherwise become available on possibly less advantageous terms. Further, when liquidity tightens, our counterparties to our short term arrangements with mark-to-market collateral provisions may increase their required collateral cushion (or margin) requirements on new financings, including financings that we roll with the same counterparty, thereby reducing our ability to use leverage. Access to financing may also be negatively impacted by ongoing volatility in financial markets, thereby potentially adversely impacting our current or future lenders’ ability or willingness to provide us with financing. In addition, there is no assurance that favorable market conditions will exist to permit us to consummate additional securitization transactions if we determine to seek that form of financing.

Our ability to meet future margin calls will be affected by our ability to use cash or obtain financing from unpledged collateral, the amount of which can vary based on the market value of such collateral, our cash position and margin requirements. Our cash position fluctuates based on the timing of our operating, investing and financing activities and is managed based on our anticipated cash needs. (See our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, included under Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and “Interest Rate Risk” included under Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.)

The table below presents certain information about our borrowings under asset-backed financing agreements and securitized debt:

	Asset-backed Financing Agreements						Securitized Debt
Quarter Ended (1)	Quarterly Average Balance		End of Period Balance		Maximum Balance at Any Month-End		Quarterly Average Balance		End of Period Balance		Maximum Balance at Any Month-End
(In Thousands)
September 30, 2023	$	3,574,547	$	3,486,440	$	3,766,848	$	4,014,161	$	4,332,936	$	4,332,936
June 30, 2023	3,148,269		3,370,327		3,370,327		3,924,422		3,969,274		4,043,482
March 31, 2023	3,145,555		3,042,802		3,189,587		3,680,042		3,830,309		3,838,654
December 31, 2022	3,147,303		3,226,651		3,226,651		3,842,757		3,357,590		3,855,013
September 30, 2022	3,351,046		3,229,640		3,441,200		3,643,872		3,832,311		3,832,311

(1)The information presented in the table above excludes $230.0 million of Convertible Senior Notes issued in June 2019.

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Cash Flows and Liquidity for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash decreased by $40.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, reflecting:  $1.2 billion used in our investing activities, $1.1 billion provided by our financing activities and $104.9 million provided by our operating activities.

At September 30, 2023, our debt-to-equity multiple was 4.3 times compared to 3.5 times at December 31, 2022. Our recourse leverage multiple at September 30, 2023 was 2.0 times compared to 1.8 times at December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023, we had borrowings under asset-backed financing agreements of $3.5 billion, of which $2.9 billion were secured by residential whole loans, $609.0 million were secured by securities and $27.0 million were secured by REO. In addition, at September 30, 2023, we had securitized debt of $4.3 billion in connection with our loan securitization transactions. At December 31, 2022, we had borrowings under asset-backed financing agreements of $3.2 billion, of which $3.1 billion were secured by residential whole loans, $111.7 million were secured by securities and $25.5 million were secured by REO. In addition, at December 31, 2022, we had securitized debt of $3.4 billion in connection with our loan securitization transactions.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $1.2 billion was used in our investing activities.  We utilized $2.2 billion for acquisitions and origination of residential whole loans, loan related investments and capitalized advances and $535.7 million for acquisitions of securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we received $1.1 billion of principal payments on residential whole loans and loan related investments, $264.9 million of proceeds from the sale of residential whole loans, and $92.4 million of proceeds on sales of REO.  In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we received cash proceeds of $26.7 million from principal payments on our securities.

In connection with our repurchase agreement financings and Swaps, we routinely receive margin calls/reverse margin calls from our counterparties and make margin calls to our counterparties. Margin calls and reverse margin calls, which requirements vary over time, may occur daily between us and any of our counterparties when the value of collateral pledged changes from the amount contractually required. The value of securities pledged as collateral fluctuates reflecting changes in: (i) the face (or par) value of our assets; (ii) market interest rates and/or other market conditions; and (iii) the market value of our Swaps. Margin calls/reverse margin calls are satisfied when we pledge/receive additional collateral in the form of additional assets and/or cash.

The table below summarizes our margin activity with respect to our repurchase agreement financings and derivative hedging instruments for the quarterly periods presented:

	Collateral Pledged to Meet Margin Calls						Cash and Securities Received for Reverse Margin Calls		Net Assets Received/(Pledged) for Margin Activity
For the Quarter Ended (1)	Fair Value of Securities Pledged		Cash Pledged		Aggregate Assets Pledged For Margin Calls
(In Thousands)
September 30, 2023	$	35,690	$	4,363	$	40,053	$	34,846	$	(5,207)
June 30, 2023	5,982		2,909		8,891		5,328		(3,563)
March 31, 2023	676		2,965		3,641		6,529		2,888
December 31, 2022	—		12,121		12,121		13,629		1,508
September 30, 2022	—		4,784		4,784		12,291		7,507

(1) Excludes variation margin payments on the Company’s cleared Swaps which are treated as a legal settlement of the exposure under the Swap contract.

We are subject to various financial covenants under our financing agreements, which include minimum liquidity and net worth requirements, net worth decline limitations and maximum debt-to-equity ratios. We were in compliance with all financial covenants as of September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we paid $107.3 million for cash dividends on our common stock and dividend equivalents and paid cash dividends of $24.7 million on our preferred stock. On September 20, 2023, we declared our third quarter 2023 dividend on our common stock of $0.35 per share; on October 31, 2023, we paid this dividend, which totaled approximately $35.8 million, including dividend equivalents of approximately $119,000.

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Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We seek to manage our risks related to interest rates, liquidity, prepayment speeds, market value and the credit quality of our assets while, at the same time, seeking to provide an opportunity to stockholders to realize attractive total returns through ownership of our capital stock. While we do not seek to avoid risk, we seek, consistent with our investment policies, to: assume risk that can be quantified based on management’s judgment and experience and actively manage such risk; earn sufficient returns to justify the taking of such risks; and maintain capital levels consistent with the risks that we undertake.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk on our residential mortgage assets, as well as on our liabilities. Changes in interest rates can affect our net interest income and the fair value of our assets and liabilities.

In general, when interest rates change, borrowing costs on our financing agreements will change more quickly than the yield on our assets. In a rising interest rate environment, the borrowing costs may increase faster than the interest income on our assets, thereby reducing our net income. In order to mitigate compression in net income based on such interest rate movements, we may use Swaps or other derivatives to lock in a portion of the net interest spread between assets and liabilities or otherwise hedge interest rate risk.

When interest rates change, the fair value of our residential mortgage assets could change at a different rate than the fair value of our liabilities. We measure the sensitivity of our portfolio to changes in interest rates by estimating the duration of our assets and liabilities. Duration is the approximate percentage change in fair value for a 100 basis point parallel shift in the yield curve. In general, our assets have higher duration than our liabilities, and in order to reduce this exposure, we have historically used Swaps and other derivatives to reduce the gap in duration between our assets and liabilities.

The fair value of our re-performing and non-performing residential whole loans is in part dependent on the value of the underlying real estate collateral, past and expected delinquency status of the borrower as well as the level of interest rates. For certain loans that were re-performing or non-performing when purchased and where the borrower has brought the loan current, but nonetheless may be less likely to prepay due to weak credit history and/or high LTV, we believe these loans exhibit positive duration. We estimate the duration of these residential whole loans using management’s assumptions.

The fair value of our Purchased Performing Loans is typically dependent on the value of the underlying real estate collateral, as well as the level of interest rates. Because these loans are primarily newly or recently originated performing loans, we believe these investments exhibit positive duration. Given the short duration of our Transitional loans, we believe the fair value of these loans exhibits little sensitivity to changes in interest rates. We estimate the duration of these Purchased Performing Loans held at carrying value using management’s assumptions.

The fair value of our non-performing residential whole loans is typically dependent on the value of the underlying real estate collateral and the time required for collateral liquidation. Since neither the value of the collateral nor the liquidation timeline is generally sensitive to interest rates, we believe their fair value exhibits little sensitivity to interest rates. We estimate the duration of our non-performing residential whole loans using management’s assumptions.

We estimate the duration of our Agency MBS using a third-party financial model, which takes into account key characteristics of securities, market data, and assumptions based on management’s view and observed empirical data.

We use derivative financial instruments, including Swaps, as part of our overall interest rate risk management strategy. Such instruments are used to economically hedge against future interest rate increases on our financing transactions. While use of such derivatives does not extend the maturities of our borrowings under repurchase agreements, they do, in effect, lock in a fixed rate of interest over their term for a corresponding amount of our repurchase agreement financings that are hedged, or otherwise act as a hedge against changes in interest rates.

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Shock Table

The information presented in the following “Shock Table” projects the potential impact of sudden parallel changes in interest rates on our net interest income and portfolio value, including the impact of Swaps and securitized debt and other fixed rate debt, based on the assets in our investment portfolio at September 30, 2023. All changes in income and value are measured as the percentage change from the projected net interest income and portfolio value under the base interest rate scenario at September 30, 2023.

Change in Interest Rates	Change in Estimated Net Portfolio Value (1)(2)		Percentage Change in Net Interest Income (3)		Percentage Change in Portfolio Value
(Dollars in Thousands)
+100 Basis Point Increase	$	(129,142)	0.86	%	(1.32)	%
+ 50 Basis Point Increase	$	(58,705)	0.27	%	(0.60)	%
Actual at September 30, 2023	$	—	—	%	—	%
- 50 Basis Point Decrease	$	46,975	0.09	%	0.48	%
-100 Basis Point Decrease	$	82,219	(1.25)	%	0.84	%

(1)Assets in our portfolio include residential whole loans and REO, securities, other portfolio investments, goodwill, intangibles, receivables, and cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash.

(2)Change in estimated net portfolio value includes the effect of our Swaps, securitized debt, and other fixed-rate debt.

(3)Includes the impact of the net carry on our Swaps.

Certain assumptions have been made in connection with the calculation of the information set forth in the Shock Table and, as such, there can be no assurance that assumed events will occur or that other events will not occur that would affect the outcomes. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates at September 30, 2023. The analysis presented utilizes assumptions and estimates based on management’s judgment and experience.  Furthermore, while we generally expect to retain the majority of our assets and the associated interest rate risk to maturity, future purchases and sales of assets could materially change our interest rate risk profile. It should be specifically noted that the information set forth in the above table and all related disclosure constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimated in the Shock Table above.

The Shock Table quantifies the potential changes in net interest income and portfolio value, which includes the value of our derivative and other hedging transactions (if any) and securitized and other fixed rate debt (which are carried at fair value), should interest rates immediately change (i.e., are shocked). The Shock Table presents the estimated impact of interest rates instantaneously rising 50 and 100 basis points, and falling 50 and 100 basis points. The cash flows associated with our portfolio for each rate shock are calculated based on assumptions, including, but not limited to, prepayment speeds, yield on replacement assets, the slope of the yield curve and composition of our portfolio. Assumptions made with respect to the interest rate sensitive liabilities include anticipated interest rates, collateral requirements as a percent of repurchase agreement financings, and the amounts and terms of borrowing. At September 30, 2023, we applied a floor of 0% for all anticipated interest rates included in our assumptions. Because the presence of this floor could limit the potential impact of an interest rate decrease in certain rate environments, hypothetical interest rate shock decreases below the assumed floor could cause changes in the fair value of our financial instruments and our net interest income in excess of the amounts assumed.

At September 30, 2023, the impact on portfolio value was approximated using estimated net effective duration (i.e., the price sensitivity to changes in interest rates), including the effect of securitized and other fixed rate debt, of 1.05 which is the weighted average of 3.55 for our Residential whole loans, 3.47 for our Securities investments, (2.79) for our derivative and other hedging transactions and securitized and other fixed rate debt, and 0.01 for our Other assets and cash and cash equivalents. Estimated convexity (i.e., the approximate change in duration relative to the change in interest rates) of the portfolio was (0.47), which is the weighted average of (0.50) for our Residential whole loans, zero for our derivative and other hedging transactions and securitized and other fixed rate debt, (0.74) for our Securities and zero for our Other assets and cash and cash equivalents. The impact on our net interest income is driven mainly by the difference between portfolio yield and cost of funding of our repurchase agreements.  Our asset/liability structure is generally such that an increase in interest rates would be expected to result in a decrease in net interest income, as our borrowings are generally shorter in term than our interest-earning assets. When interest rates are shocked, prepayment assumptions are adjusted based on management’s expectations along with the results from the prepayment model.

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Credit Risk

Although we do not believe we are exposed to credit risk in our Agency MBS portfolio, we are exposed to credit risk through our credit sensitive residential mortgage investments, in particular residential whole loans and certain of our securities investments.

Our exposure to credit risk from our credit sensitive investments is discussed in more detail below:

Residential Whole Loans

We are exposed to credit risk from our investments in residential whole loans. Credit risk on Purchased Performing Loans is mitigated through our process to underwrite the loan before it is acquired and/or originated and includes an assessment of the borrower’s financial condition and ability to repay the loan, nature of the collateral and relatively low LTV, including after-repair LTV for the majority of our Transitional loans. Given the extent of home price appreciation that has occurred since the majority of our Purchased Performing Loans were acquired or originated, we estimate that current LTV’s have decreased significantly, further mitigating the risk of material credit losses on this portfolio.

Our investment process for Purchased Non-performing and Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans is focused on quantifying and pricing credit risk. Non-Performing and Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans are acquired at purchase prices that are generally discounted to the contractual loan balances based on a number of factors, including the impaired credit history of the borrower and the value of the collateral securing the loan. In addition, as we generally own the mortgage-servicing rights associated with these loans, our process is also focused on selecting a sub-servicer with the appropriate expertise to mitigate losses and maximize our overall return. This involves, among other things, performing due diligence on the sub-servicer prior to their engagement as well as ongoing oversight and surveillance. To the extent that delinquencies and defaults on these loans are higher than our expectation at the time the loans were purchased, the discounted purchase price at which the asset is acquired is intended to provide a level of protection against financial loss.

The following table presents certain information about our Residential whole loans at September 30, 2023:

	Purchased Performing Loans						Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans						Purchased Non-Performing Loans
	Loans with an LTV:						Loans with an LTV:						Loans with an LTV:
(Dollars in Thousands)	80% or Below			Above 80%			80% or Below			Above 80%			80% or Below			Above 80%			Total
Amortized cost	$	7,757,821		$	242,587		$	373,572		$	65,341		$	527,932		$	107,562		$	9,074,815
Unpaid principal balance (UPB)	$	7,646,138		$	238,774		$	427,632		$	89,979		$	615,011		$	183,891		$	9,201,425
Weighted average coupon (1)	6.6		%	6.1		%	4.8		%	4.7		%	5.2		%	5.1		%	5.9		%
Weighted average term to maturity (months)	246			337			263			302			261			311			244
Weighted average LTV (2)	64.5		%	86.0		%	50.1		%	103.9		%	49.5		%	107.6		%	64.6		%
Loans 90+ days delinquent (UPB)	$	167,866		$	8,851		$	55,918		$	16,894		$	156,184		$	69,016		$	474,729

(1)Weighted average is calculated based on the interest bearing principal balance of each loan within the related category. For loans acquired with servicing rights released by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation do not reflect loan servicing fees. For loans acquired with servicing rights retained by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation are net of servicing fees.

(2)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting, is 69%. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful.

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The following table presents the five largest geographic concentrations by state of our residential whole loan portfolio at September 30, 2023:

Property Location	Percent of Interest-Bearing Unpaid Principal Balance
California	28.8	%
Florida	12.4	%
Texas	7.0	%
Georgia	5.0	%
New York	4.4	%

CRT Securities

We are exposed to potential credit losses from our investments in CRT securities issued by or sponsored by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. While CRT securities are issued by or sponsored by these GSEs, payment of principal on these securities is not guaranteed. As an investor in a CRT security, we may incur a loss if losses on the mortgage loans in the reference pool exceed the credit enhancement on the underlying CRT security owned by us or if an actual pool of loans experience losses. We assess the credit risk associated with our investments in CRT securities by assessing the current and expected future performance of the associated loan pool.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

We have invested in certain term notes that are issued by SPVs that have acquired rights to receive cash flows representing the servicing fees and/or excess servicing spread associated with certain MSRs. Payment of principal and interest on these term notes is considered by us to be largely dependent on the cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs as this impacts the cash flows available to the SPV that issued the term notes. Credit risk borne by the holders of the term notes is also mitigated by structural credit support in the form of over-collateralization. In addition, credit support is also provided by a corporate guarantee from the ultimate parent or sponsor of the SPV that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs be insufficient.

Credit Spread Risk

Credit spreads measure the additional yield demanded by investors in financial instruments based on the credit risk associated with an instrument relative to benchmark interest rates. They are impacted by the available supply and demand for instruments with various levels of credit risk. Widening credit spreads would result in higher yields being required by investors in financial instruments. Credit spread widening generally results in lower values of the financial instruments we hold at that time, but will generally result in a higher yield on future investments with similar credit risk. It is possible that the credit spreads on our assets and liabilities, including hedges, will not always move in tandem. Consequently, changes in credit spreads can result in volatility in our financial results and reported book value.

Liquidity Risk

The primary liquidity risk we face arises from financing long-maturity assets with shorter-term borrowings primarily in the form of repurchase agreement financings. We pledge residential mortgage assets and cash to secure our financing agreements. Our financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions require us to pledge additional collateral in the event the market value of the assets pledged decreases, in order to maintain the lenders contractually specified collateral cushion, which is measured as the difference between the loan amount and the market value of the asset pledged as collateral. Should the value of our residential mortgage assets pledged as collateral suddenly decrease, margin calls under our repurchase agreements would likely increase, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Additionally, if one or more of our financing counterparties chose not to provide ongoing funding, our ability to finance our long-maturity assets would decline or be available on possibly less advantageous terms. Further, when liquidity tightens, our repurchase agreement counterparties may increase our collateral cushion (or margin) requirements on new financings, including repurchase agreement borrowings that we roll with the same counterparty, reducing our ability to use leverage.

At September 30, 2023, we had access to various sources of liquidity, including $300.1 million of cash and cash equivalents. Our sources of liquidity do not include restricted cash. In addition, at September 30, 2023, we had $30.5 million of unencumbered residential whole loans.

96

Prepayment Risk

Premiums arise when we acquire an MBS or loan at a price in excess of the aggregate principal balance of the mortgages securing the MBS (i.e., par value) or when we acquire residential whole loans at a price in excess of their aggregate principal balance.  Conversely, discounts arise when we acquire an MBS or loan at a price below the aggregate principal balance of the mortgages securing the MBS or when we acquire residential whole loans at a price below their aggregate principal balance.  Premiums paid are amortized against interest income and accretable purchase discounts on these investments are accreted to interest income.  Purchase premiums, which are primarily carried on our Purchased Performing Loans (excluding Transitional loans that are typically purchased at par), are amortized against interest income over the life of the investment using the effective yield method, adjusted for actual prepayment activity.  An increase in the prepayment rate, as measured by the CPR, will typically accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on these assets. Fees payable by borrowers on the early repayment of certain of our Purchased Performing Loans serve to mitigate the impact on our income of higher prepayment rates. Generally, if prepayments on residential whole loans purchased at significant discounts and not accounted for at fair value are less than anticipated, we expect that the income recognized on these assets will be reduced and impairments and/or credit loss reserves may result.

In addition, increased prepayments are generally associated with decreasing market interest rates as borrowers are able to refinance their mortgages at lower rates. Therefore, increased prepayments on our investments may accelerate the redeployment of our capital to generally lower yielding investments. Similarly, decreased prepayments are generally associated with increasing market interest rates and may slow our ability to redeploy capital to generally higher-yielding investments.

97

Item 4.  Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, under the direction of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

In connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, management reviewed and evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures.  The evaluation was performed under the direction of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to determine the effectiveness, as of September 30, 2023, of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures.  Based on that review and evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s current disclosure controls and procedures, as designed and implemented, were effective as of September 30, 2023. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a control system, no matter how well designed, implemented and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will detect or uncover failures within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in the Company’s current periodic reports.

(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.

98

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.  Legal Proceedings

There are no material pending legal proceedings to which we are a party or any of our assets are subject.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

For a discussion of the Company’s risk factors, see Part 1, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”). There are no material changes from the risk factors set forth in the 2022 Form 10-K. However, the risks and uncertainties that the Company faces are not limited to those set forth in the 2022 Form 10-K. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to the Company (or that it currently believes to be immaterial) may also adversely affect the Company’s business and the trading price of our securities.

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Purchases of Equity Securities

On March 11, 2022, our Board authorized a stock repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $250 million of our common stock through the end of 2023. The Board’s authorization superseded and replaced the authorization under a prior stock repurchase program that had been adopted in November 2020, which had also authorized us to repurchase up to $250 million.

The stock repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares. The timing and extent to which we repurchase our shares will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. Acquisitions under the stock repurchase program may be made in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws (including, in our discretion, through the use of one or more plans adopted under Rule 10b5-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act).

At September 30, 2023, approximately $202.5 million remained available under the current authorization for the purchase of our common stock under the stock repurchase program.

We engaged in no share repurchase activity during the third quarter of 2023 pursuant to the stock repurchase program nor did we withhold any restricted shares (under the terms of grants under our Equity Compensation Plan (or Equity Plan)) to satisfy tax and payroll withholding obligations resulting from the vesting and settlement of restricted stock awards and/or restricted stock units (RSUs).

Item 3.  Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5.  Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

99

EXHIBIT INDEX

The following exhibits are filed as part of this Quarterly Report. The exhibit numbers followed by an asterisk (*) indicate exhibits electronically filed or furnished herewith. All other exhibit numbers indicate exhibits previously filed and are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibit	Description
31.1*	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	Interactive Data Files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022; (ii) our Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022; (iii) our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income / (Loss) (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022; (v) our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022; and (vi) the notes to our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

100

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: November 7, 2023	MFA FINANCIAL, INC.
	(Registrant)
	By:	/s/ Michael Roper
		Michael Roper
		Chief Financial Officer

101

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Craig L. Knutson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of MFA Financial, Inc. (the “Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors:

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 7, 2023
By:	/s/ Craig L. Knutson
	Name: Craig L. Knutson
	Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Michael Roper, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of MFA Financial, Inc. (the “Registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)  Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors:

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 7, 2023
By:	/s/ Michael Roper
	Name: Michael Roper
	Title: Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted

Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The undersigned, the Chief Executive Officer of MFA Financial, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies on the date hereof, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023 (the “Form 10-Q”), filed herewith by the Company, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

By:	/s/ Craig L. Knutson	Date: November 7, 2023
	Name: Craig L. Knutson
	Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes—Oxley Act of 2002, and is not being “filed” as part of the Form 10-Q or as a separate disclosure document for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to liability under that section.  This certification shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference to any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act except to the extent that this Exhibit 32.1 is expressly and specifically incorporated by reference in any such filing.

A signed original of this statement required by Section 906 had been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted

Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The undersigned, the Chief Financial Officer of MFA Financial, Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certifies on the date hereof, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge, the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023 (the “Form 10-Q”), filed herewith by the Company, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that the information contained in the Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

By:	/s/ Michael Roper	Date: November 7, 2023
	Name: Michael Roper
	Title: Chief Financial Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes—Oxley Act of 2002, and is not being “filed” as part of the Form 10-Q or as a separate disclosure document for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to liability under that section.  This certification shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference to any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act except to the extent that this Exhibit 32.2 is expressly and specifically incorporated by reference in any such filing.

A signed original of this statement required by Section 906 had been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

COVER PAGE - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Oct. 31, 2023
Entity Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-13991
Entity Registrant Name	MFA FINANCIAL, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	MD
Entity Tax Identification Number	13-3974868
Entity Address, Address Line One	One Vanderbilt Ave., 48th Floor
Entity Address, City or Town	New York
Entity Address, State or Province	NY
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	10017
City Area Code	212
Local Phone Number	207-6400
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		101,915,797
Entity Central Index Key	0001055160
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	MFA
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
7.50% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	7.50% Series B Cumulative RedeemablePreferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	MFA/PB
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
6.50% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.50% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative RedeemablePreferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	MFA/PC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets:
Residential whole loans, net ($6,846,570 and $5,727,524 held at fair value, respectively)	[1],[2]	$ 8,424,216	$ 7,518,739
Securities, at fair value	[2]	723,959	333,364
Cash and cash equivalents		300,089	334,183
Restricted cash		153,449	159,898
Other assets	[2]	503,087	766,221
Total Assets		10,104,800	9,112,405
Liabilities:
Financing agreements ($4,438,676 and $3,898,744 held at fair value, respectively)		8,037,973	6,812,086
Other liabilities		218,311	311,470
Total Liabilities		8,256,284	7,123,556
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 9)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 874,300 and 874,300 shares authorized; 101,916 and 101,802 shares issued and outstanding, respectively		1,019	1,018
Additional paid-in capital, in excess of par		3,695,406	3,684,291
Accumulated deficit		(1,862,452)	(1,717,991)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		14,353	21,341
Total Stockholders’ Equity		1,848,516	1,988,849
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity		10,104,800	9,112,405
Series B Preferred Stock
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock		80	80
Series C Preferred Stock
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock		$ 110	$ 110

[1] Includes approximately $5.1 billion and $4.0 billion of Residential whole loans transferred to consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Such assets can be used only to settle the obligations of each respective VIE.

[2] See Note 6 for information regarding the Company’s pledged assets.

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	874,300	874,300
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	101,916	101,802
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	101,916	101,802
Non-Agency MBS Transferred to Consolidated VIEs
Residential whole loans transferred to consolidated VIEs	$ 5,100,000	$ 4,000,000
Series B Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)	7.50%	7.50%
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	8,050	8,050
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	8,000	8,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	8,000	8,000
Preferred stock, liquidation preference, value	$ 200,000	$ 200,000
Series C Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)	6.50%	6.50%
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	12,650	12,650
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	11,000	11,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	11,000	11,000
Preferred stock, liquidation preference, value	$ 275,000	$ 275,000
Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Residential whole loans, held at fair value	6,846,570	5,727,524
Asset Pledged as Collateral
Financing agreements held at fair value	$ 4,438,676	$ 3,898,744

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Interest Income:
Residential whole loans	$ 140,538	$ 114,415	$ 388,096	$ 316,235
Securities, at fair value	11,945	5,612	29,201	16,181
Other interest-earning assets	2,587	2,216	7,560	5,071
Cash and cash equivalent investments	4,095	1,629	10,863	2,055
Interest Income	159,165	123,872	435,720	339,542
Interest Expense:
Asset-backed and other collateralized financing arrangements	109,088	67,636	293,852	159,806
Other interest expense	3,936	3,943	11,853	11,811
Interest Expense	113,024	71,579	305,705	171,617
Net Interest Income	46,141	52,293	130,015	167,925
Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,258	(588)	977	1,106
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets	0	0	0	(28,579)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	47,399	51,705	130,992	140,452
Other (Loss)/Income, net:
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(132,894)	(291,818)	(134,423)	(797,934)
Impairment and other net loss/gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,161)	(411)	(15,799)	(16,159)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,409	3,861	8,504	19,777
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	34,860	111,816	74,103	253,721
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	36,431	98,858	12,100	247,548
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	12,109	12,372	32,562	37,539
Other, net	1,854	1,131	10,522	7,353
Other Loss, net	(59,392)	(64,191)	(12,431)	(248,155)
Operating and Other Expense:
Compensation and benefits	24,051	21,063	66,452	59,679
Other general and administrative expense	10,605	8,812	32,165	28,016
Loan servicing, financing and other related costs	8,989	11,357	26,126	34,993
Amortization of intangible assets	800	1,300	3,400	7,900
Operating and Other Expense	44,445	42,532	128,143	130,588
Net (Loss)/Income	(56,438)	(55,018)	(9,582)	(238,291)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	8,219	8,218	24,656	24,656
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$ (64,657)	$ (63,236)	$ (34,238)	$ (262,947)
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.64)	$ (0.62)	$ (0.34)	$ (2.54)
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Common Share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.64)	$ (0.62)	$ (0.34)	$ (2.54)

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net Income (loss)	$ (56,438)	$ (55,018)	$ (9,582)	$ (238,291)
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss):
Unrealized gains/(losses) on securities available-for-sale	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(15,765)
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk	0	0	0	1,255
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(14,510)
Comprehensive loss before preferred stock dividends	(55,505)	(60,869)	(16,570)	(252,801)
Dividends required on preferred stock	(8,219)	(8,218)	(24,656)	(24,656)
Comprehensive Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$ (63,724)	$ (69,087)	$ (41,226)	$ (277,457)

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Total	Series C Preferred Stock	Series B Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock Series C Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock Series B Preferred Stock	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Deficit Series C Preferred Stock	Accumulated Deficit Series B Preferred Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021							108,138,000
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021		$ 2,542,848			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,082	$ 3,775,482	$ (1,279,484)			$ 45,578
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		(82,906)							(82,906)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses (in shares)							150,000
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses		486					$ 1	485
Repurchase of shares of common stock (in shares)	[1]						3,252,000
Repurchase of shares of common stock	[1]	(55,742)					$ (33)	(55,709)
Equity based compensation expense		2,642						2,642
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards		(76)						74	(150)
Dividends declared on common stock		(46,215)							(46,215)
Dividends declared on preferred stock			$ (4,469)	$ (3,750)						$ (4,469)	$ (3,750)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents		(141)							(141)
Change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on securities, net		(4,977)										(4,977)
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk		1,255										1,255
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022							105,036,000
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022		2,348,955			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,050	3,722,974	(1,417,115)			41,856
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021							108,138,000
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021		2,542,848			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,082	3,775,482	(1,279,484)			45,578
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		$ (238,291)
Repurchase of shares of common stock (in shares)		6,476,746
Dividends declared on preferred stock		$ (24,656)
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk		1,255
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022							101,797,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022		2,033,931			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,018	3,681,784	(1,680,129)			31,068
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022							105,036,000
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2022		2,348,955			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,050	3,722,974	(1,417,115)			41,856
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		(100,367)							(100,367)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses (in shares)							38,000
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses		553					$ 1	552
Repurchase of shares of common stock (in shares)	[1]						3,281,000
Repurchase of shares of common stock	[1]	(47,512)					$ (33)	(47,479)
Equity based compensation expense		3,540						3,540
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards		(662)						(509)	(153)
Dividends declared on common stock		(44,789)							(44,789)
Dividends declared on preferred stock			(4,469)	(3,750)						(4,469)	(3,750)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents		(174)							(174)
Change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on securities, net		(4,937)										(4,937)
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022							101,793,000
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022		2,146,388			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,018	3,679,078	(1,570,817)			36,919
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		(55,018)							(55,018)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses (in shares)							4,000
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses		33						33
Equity based compensation expense		2,673						2,673
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards		(1,110)							(1,110)
Dividends declared on common stock		(44,791)							(44,791)
Dividends declared on preferred stock		(8,218)	$ (4,469)	$ (3,750)						(4,469)	(3,750)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents		(174)							(174)
Change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on securities, net		(5,851)										(5,851)
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk		0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022							101,797,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022		$ 2,033,931			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,018	3,681,784	(1,680,129)			31,068
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022			11,000,000	8,000,000	11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		101,802,000					101,802,000
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022		$ 1,988,849			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,018	3,684,291	(1,717,991)			21,341
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		72,784							72,784
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses (in shares)							168,000
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses		18					$ 1	17
Repurchase of shares of common stock (in shares)	[2]						58,000
Repurchase of shares of common stock	[2]	(599)						(599)
Equity based compensation expense		3,019						3,019
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards		(375)						557	(932)
Dividends declared on common stock		(35,669)							(35,669)
Dividends declared on preferred stock			$ (4,469)	$ (3,750)						(4,469)	(3,750)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents		(86)							(86)
Change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on securities, net		(1,116)										(1,116)
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023							101,912,000
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023		$ 2,018,606			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,019	3,687,285	(1,690,113)			20,225
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022			11,000,000	8,000,000	11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		101,802,000					101,802,000
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022		$ 1,988,849			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,018	3,684,291	(1,717,991)			21,341
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		$ (9,582)
Repurchase of shares of common stock (in shares)		0
Dividends declared on preferred stock		$ (24,656)
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk		$ 0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023			11,000,000	8,000,000	11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		101,916,000					101,916,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 1,848,516			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,019	3,695,406	(1,862,452)			14,353
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023							101,912,000
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023		2,018,606			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,019	3,687,285	(1,690,113)			20,225
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		(25,928)							(25,928)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses (in shares)							4,000
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses		16						16
Repurchase of shares of common stock	[2]	0
Equity based compensation expense		3,932						3,932
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards		(1,044)							(1,044)
Dividends declared on common stock		(35,671)							(35,671)
Dividends declared on preferred stock			$ (4,469)	$ (3,750)						(4,469)	(3,750)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents		(118)							(118)
Change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on securities, net		(6,805)										(6,805)
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023					11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023							101,916,000
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023		1,944,769			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,019	3,691,233	(1,761,093)			13,420
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net Income (loss)		(56,438)							(56,438)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses		(20)						(20)
Repurchase of shares of common stock	[2]	0
Equity based compensation expense		4,193						4,193
Change in accrued dividends attributable to stock-based awards		(912)							(912)
Dividends declared on common stock		(35,671)							(35,671)
Dividends declared on preferred stock		(8,219)	$ (4,469)	$ (3,750)						$ (4,469)	$ (3,750)
Dividends attributable to dividend equivalents		(119)							(119)
Change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on securities, net		933										933
Changes in fair value of financing agreements at fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk		$ 0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023			11,000,000	8,000,000	11,000,000	8,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding, ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		101,916,000					101,916,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023		$ 1,848,516			$ 110	$ 80	$ 1,019	$ 3,695,406	$ (1,862,452)			$ 14,353

[1] For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes approximately $1.0 million (56,690 shares) surrendered for tax purposes related to equity-based compensation awards.

[2] For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes approximately $600,000 (58,505 shares) surrendered for tax purposes related to equity-based compensation awards.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands									3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 20, 2023	Aug. 17, 2023	Jun. 15, 2023	May 22, 2023	Mar. 10, 2023	Feb. 21, 2023	Feb. 28, 2020	Apr. 15, 2013	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 02, 2020
Dividend declared per share, common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.350		$ 0.350		$ 0.350				$ 0.35	$ 0.35	$ 0.35	$ 0.44	$ 0.44	$ 0.440
Series B Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)															7.50%		7.50%
Dividend declared per share, preferred stock (in dollars per share)		$ 0.46875		$ 0.46875		$ 0.46875			0.46875	0.46875	0.46875	0.46875	0.46875	0.46875
Series C Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)															6.50%		6.50%
Dividend declared per share, preferred stock (in dollars per share)		$ 0.40625		$ 0.40625		$ 0.40625			0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625
Preferred Stock | Series B Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)								7.50%							7.50%	7.50%
Preferred stock, liquidation preference per share (in dollars per share)								$ 25.00	25.00			25.00			$ 25.00	$ 25.00
Preferred Stock | Series C Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)							6.50%								6.50%	6.50%
Preferred stock, liquidation preference per share (in dollars per share)							$ 25.00		$ 25.00			$ 25.00			$ 25.00	$ 25.00		$ 25.00
Common Stock
Adjustments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation															$ 600	$ 1,000
Shares paid for tax withholding for share based compensation (in shares)															58,505	56,690

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net Income (loss)	$ (9,582)	$ (238,291)
Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net (gain)/loss on residential whole loans	134,423	789,858
Impairment and other net (gain)/loss on securities and other portfolio investments, net	15,142	16,155
Net gain on real estate owned	(8,380)	(19,324)
Accretion of purchase discounts and amortization of purchase premiums on residential whole loans and securities	(14,650)	(12,054)
Provision for credit losses on residential whole loans and other assets	1,363	26,203
Net loss/(gain) on derivatives used for risk management purposes	(3,571)	(260,624)
Net loss/(gain) on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	(22,291)	(247,970)
Net margin (paid)/received for derivatives used for risk management purposes	68,337	215,149
Net other non-cash losses included in net income	21,093	23,498
(Increase)/decrease in other assets	(88,645)	60,810
Increase/(decrease) in other liabilities	11,683	(4,764)
Net cash provided by operating activities	104,922	348,646
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Purchases and origination of residential whole loans, loan related investments and capitalized advances	(2,151,734)	(2,699,331)
Proceeds from sales of residential whole loans	264,935	0
Principal payments on residential whole loans and loan related investments	1,070,744	1,536,863
Purchases of securities	(535,658)	0
Proceeds from sales of securities and other assets	5,067	15,660
Principal payments on securities	26,739	3,427
Proceeds from sales of real estate owned	92,410	105,151
Other investing activities	(12,883)	10,546
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,240,380)	(1,027,684)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Principal payments on financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	(1,988,935)	(2,745,242)
Proceeds from borrowings under financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	2,128,152	2,307,260
Principal payments on other collateralized financing agreements	(1,412,363)	(1,655,260)
Proceeds from borrowings under other collateralized financing agreements	2,520,218	3,248,756
Payment made for other collateralized financing agreement related costs	(9,891)	(14,646)
Redemption of convertible senior notes	(10,309)	0
Proceeds from issuances of common stock	13	1,156
Payments made for the repurchase of common stock through the stock repurchase program	0	(102,311)
Dividends paid on preferred stock	(24,656)	(24,656)
Dividends paid on common stock and dividend equivalents	(107,314)	(139,070)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,094,915	875,987
Net (decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(40,543)	196,949
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	494,081	404,447
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	453,538	601,396
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	293,887	151,747
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities:
Transfer from residential whole loans to real estate owned	66,171	61,875
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared and unpaid	$ 35,789	$ 44,964

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Organization

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization

Organization

MFA Financial, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Maryland on July 24, 1997 and began operations on April 10, 1998.  The Company has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.  In order to maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company must comply with a number of requirements under federal tax law, including that it must distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to its stockholders.  The Company has elected to treat certain of its subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). In general, a TRS may hold assets and engage in activities that the Company cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate related business (see Note 8).

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)  Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

On April 4, 2022, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). Accordingly, all share and per share data included in these consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the impact of the Reverse Stock Split.

The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).  Certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with these SEC rules and regulations.  Management believes that the disclosures included in these interim unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading.  The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.  In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial condition of the Company at September 30, 2023 and results of operations for all periods presented have been made.  The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 should not be construed as indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP.  The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Although the Company’s estimates contemplate current conditions and how it expects them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could differ from those estimates, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations and its financial condition.  Management has made significant estimates in several areas: impairment, valuation allowances and loss allowances on residential whole loans (see Note 3), certain securities designated as available-for- sale (“AFS”) (see Note 4) and certain Other assets (see Note 5), valuation of Securities, at fair value (see Notes 4 and 13), income recognition and valuation of residential whole loans (see Notes 3 and 13), valuation of financing agreements (Notes 6 and 13), and valuation of derivative instruments (see Notes 5(e) and 13). In addition, estimates are used in the determination of taxable income used in the assessment of REIT compliance and contingent liabilities for related taxes, penalties and interest (see Note 8).  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. In addition, the Company consolidates entities established to facilitate transactions related to the acquisition and securitization of residential whole loans. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

(b)  Residential Whole Loans (including Residential Whole Loans transferred to consolidated VIEs)

Residential whole loans included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are primarily comprised of pools of fixed- and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans acquired through consolidated trusts in secondary market transactions or originated by Lima One. The accounting model utilized by the Company is determined at the time each loan package is initially acquired. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, the Company typically elected the fair value option on loans that were 60 or more days delinquent at purchase (“Purchased Non-performing Loans”). Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (i.e., mortgage loans in which the underlying borrower had a delinquency status of less than 60 days at the acquisition date) acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 are typically held at carrying value. Purchased Performing Loans (as described below) acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 are also typically held at carrying value, but the accounting methods for income recognition and determination and measurement of any required credit loss reserves (as discussed below) differ from those used for Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans held at carrying value. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company began to elect the fair value option for all loans acquired, irrespective of borrower delinquency status at acquisition. The accounting model initially applied to loan acquisitions is not permitted to be subsequently changed. Consequently, the Company is not permitted to retroactively apply fair value accounting to loans held at carrying value acquired in periods prior to the second quarter of 2021.

The Company’s residential whole loans pledged as collateral against financing agreements are included in the consolidated balance sheets with amounts pledged disclosed in Note 6.  Purchases and sales of residential whole loans that are subject to an extended period of due diligence that crosses a reporting date are recorded in the Company’s balance sheet at amounts reflecting management’s current estimate of assets that will be acquired or disposed at the closing of the transaction. This estimate is subject to revision at the closing of the transaction, pending the outcome of due diligence performed prior to closing. Residential whole loans purchased under flow arrangements with loan origination partners are generally recorded at the transaction settlement date. Recorded amounts of residential whole loans for which the closing of the purchase transaction is yet to occur are not eligible to be pledged as collateral against any financing agreement until the closing of the purchase transaction. Interest income, credit related losses and changes in the fair value of loans held at fair value are recorded post settlement for acquired loans and until transaction settlement for sold loans (see Notes 3, 6, 13 and 14).

Purchased Performing Loans

Acquisitions of Purchased Performing Loans to date (which include loans purchased from third parties or loans originated by Lima One) have been primarily comprised of: (i) loans to finance (or refinance) one-to-four family residential properties that are not considered to meet the definition of a “Qualified Mortgage” in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“Non-QM loans”), (ii) short-term business purpose loans collateralized by residential and multi-family properties made to non-occupant borrowers that intend to rehabilitate and sell the properties (“Transitional loans” or “TL”) (also sometimes referred to as “Rehabilitation loans” or “Fix and Flip loans”), (iii) business purpose loans to finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied one-to-four family residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants (“Single-family rental loans”), (iv) loans on investor properties that conform to the standards for purchase by a federally chartered corporation, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (“Agency eligible investor loans”), and (v) previously originated loans secured by residential real estate that is generally owner occupied (“Seasoned performing loans”). Purchased Performing Loans are initially recorded at their purchase price (or amount funded for originated loans). Interest income on Purchased Performing Loans acquired at par is accrued based on each loan’s current interest bearing balance and current interest rate. Interest income on such loans acquired at a premium/discount to par is recorded each period based on the contractual coupon net of any amortization of premium or accretion of discount, adjusted for actual prepayment activity. For loans acquired with related servicing rights retained by the seller, interest income is reported net of related serving costs.

For Purchased Performing Loans acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 for which the fair value option was not elected, an allowance for credit losses is recorded at acquisition, and maintained on an ongoing basis, for all losses expected over the life of the respective loan. Any required credit loss allowance would reduce the net carrying value of the loan with a corresponding charge to earnings, and may increase or decrease over time. Significant judgments are required in determining any allowance for credit loss, including assumptions regarding the loan cash flows expected to be collected, the value of the underlying collateral and the ability of the Company to collect on any other forms of security, such as a personal guaranty provided either by the borrower or an affiliate of the borrower. Income recognition is suspended, and interest accruals are reversed against income, for loans at the earlier of the date on which payments become 90 days past due or when, in the opinion of management, a full recovery of income and principal becomes doubtful (i.e., such loans are placed on nonaccrual status).

For nonaccrual loans, interest income is recorded under the cash basis method as interest payments are received. Interest accruals are resumed when the loan becomes contractually current. A loan is written off when it is no longer realizable and/or it is legally discharged. Modified loans are considered “troubled debt restructurings” if the Company grants a concession to a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty (including the interpretation of this definition set forth in OCC Bulletin 2020-35).

Charge-offs to the allowance for loan losses occur when losses are confirmed through the receipt of cash or other consideration from the completion of a sale; when a modification or restructuring takes place in which we grant a concession to a borrower or agree to a discount in full or partial satisfaction of the loan; when we take ownership and control of the underlying collateral in full satisfaction of the loan; when loans are reclassified as other investments; or when significant collection efforts have ceased and it is highly likely that a loss has been realized.

The aggregate allowance for credit losses is equal to the sum of the losses expected over the life of each respective loan. Expected losses are generally calculated based on the estimated probability of default and loss severity of loans in the portfolio, which involves projecting each loan’s expected cash flows based on their contractual terms, expected prepayments, and estimated default and loss severity rates. The results were not discounted. The default and severity rates were estimated based on the following steps: (i) obtained the Company’s historical experience through an entire economic cycle for each loan type or, to the extent the Company did not have sufficient historical loss experience for a given loan type, publicly available data derived from the historical loss experience of certain banks, which data the Company believes is generally representative of its portfolio, (ii) obtained historical economic data (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) over the same period, and (iii) estimated default and severity rates during three distinct future periods based on historical default and severity rates during periods when economic conditions similar to those forecasted were experienced. The default and severity rates were applied to the estimated amount of loans outstanding during each future period, based on contractual terms and expected prepayments. Expected prepayments are estimated based on historical experience and current and expected future economic conditions, including market interest rates. The three periods were as follows: (i) a one-year forecast of economic conditions based on U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation, followed by (ii) a two-year “reversion” period during which economic conditions (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) are projected to revert to historical averages on a straight line basis, followed by (iii) the remaining life of each loan, during which period economic conditions (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) are projected to equal historical averages. In addition, a liability is established (and recorded in Other Liabilities) each period using a similar methodology for committed but undrawn loan amounts. The Company forecasts future economic conditions based on forecasts provided by an external preparer of economic forecasts, as well as its own knowledge of the market and its portfolio. The Company may consider multiple scenarios and select the one that it believes results in the most reasonable estimate of expected losses. The Company may apply qualitative adjustments to these results as further described in Note 3. For certain loans where foreclosure has been deemed to be probable, loss estimates are based on whether the value of the underlying collateral is sufficient to recover the carrying value of the loan. This methodology has not changed significantly from the calculation of the allowance for credit losses in prior periods.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans

The Company has elected to account for these loans as credit deteriorated, as they have experienced a deterioration in credit quality since origination and prior to our purchase and were acquired at discounted prices that reflect, in part, the impaired credit history of the borrower. Substantially all of these loans have previously experienced payment delinquencies and the amount owed may exceed the value of the property pledged as collateral. Consequently, these loans generally have a higher likelihood of default than newly originated mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios (“LTVs”) of 80% or less to creditworthy borrowers. The Company believes that amounts paid to acquire these loans represent fair market value at the date of acquisition. Loans considered credit deteriorated are initially recorded at their purchase price on a net basis, after establishing an initial allowance for credit losses (their initial cost basis is equal to their purchase price plus the initial allowance for credit losses). Subsequent to acquisition, the gross recorded amount for these loans reflects the initial cost basis, plus accretion of interest income, less principal and interest cash flows received. Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021, or where the fair value option was not otherwise elected, are presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at carrying value, which reflects the recorded cost basis reduced by any allowance for credit losses. Interest income on such loans purchased is recorded each period based on the contractual coupon net of amortization of the difference between their cost basis and unpaid principal balance (“UPB”), subject to the Company’s nonaccrual policy.

Residential Whole Loans at Fair Value

Certain of the Company’s residential whole loans are presented at fair value on its consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election made at the time of acquisition. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, this accounting election was made primarily on Purchased Non-performing Loans. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company made the fair value election on all loan acquisitions, which, to date, have been comprised exclusively of Purchased Performing Loans (including loans originated by Lima One since its consolidation). The Company generally considers accounting for these loans at fair value to be more reflective of the expected pattern of returns from these loans under current economic conditions. The Company determines the fair value of its residential whole loans held at fair value after considering portfolio valuations obtained from third-parties that specialize in providing valuations of residential mortgage loans and trading activity observed in the marketplace. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in Net (loss)/gain on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Interest income is recorded on these loans based on their yield and is presented as part of interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Cash outflows associated with loan-related advances made by the Company on behalf of the borrower are included in the basis of the loan and are reflected in unrealized gains or losses reported each period. Income and costs associated with originating loans on which the fair value option was elected are recorded in other income and expense respectively in the period in which they are earned or incurred.

(c)  Securities, at Fair Value

Residential Mortgage Securities

The Company has invested in residential MBS that are issued or guaranteed as to principal and/or interest by a federally chartered corporation, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or an agency of the U.S. Government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) (collectively, “Agency MBS”), and residential MBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or any federally chartered corporation (“Non-Agency MBS”). In addition, the Company has investments in CRT securities that are issued by or sponsored by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The coupon payments on CRT securities are paid by the issuer and the principal payments received are dependent on the performance of loans in either a reference pool or an actual pool of loans. As the loans in the underlying pool are paid, the principal balance of the CRT securities is paid. As an investor in a CRT security, the Company may incur a principal loss if the performance of the actual or reference pool loans results in either an actual or calculated loss that exceeds the credit enhancement of the security owned by the Company.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

The Company has invested in term notes that are issued by special purpose vehicles (“SPV”) that have acquired rights to receive cash flows representing the servicing fees and/or excess servicing spread associated with certain MSRs. The Company considers payment of principal and interest on these term notes to be largely dependent on the cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs as this impacts the cash flows available to the SPV that issued the term notes. Credit risk borne by the holders of the term notes is also mitigated by structural credit support in the form of over-collateralization. Credit support is also provided by a corporate guarantee from the ultimate parent or sponsor of the SPV that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs be insufficient.

Designation

Securities that the Company generally intends to hold until maturity, but that it may sell from time to time as part of the overall management of its business, are designated as AFS. Such securities, which include term notes backed by MSR collateral and certain CRT securities, are carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings (except when an allowance for loan losses is recognized, as discussed below) and reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), a component of Stockholders’ Equity.

Upon the sale of an AFS security, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified out of AOCI to earnings as a realized gain or loss using the specific identification method.

The Company has elected the fair value option for its Agency and Non-Agency MBS and certain of its CRT securities. These securities are carried at their fair value with changes in fair value included in earnings for the period and reported in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue Recognition, Premium Amortization and Discount Accretion

Interest income on securities is accrued based on their outstanding principal balance and their contractual terms. Premiums and discounts associated with MBS assessed as high credit quality at the time of purchase are amortized into interest income over the life of such securities using the effective yield method. Adjustments to premium amortization are made for actual prepayment activity.

Determination of Fair Value for Securities

In determining the fair value of the Company’s securities, management considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services, brokers and repurchase agreement counterparties, dialogue with market participants, as well as management’s observations of market activity (see Note 13). For term notes backed by MSR collateral, other factors taken into consideration include estimated changes in fair value of the related underlying MSR collateral, as applicable, and the financial performance of the ultimate parent or sponsoring entity of the issuer, which has provided a guarantee that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the related underlying MSR collateral be insufficient.

Allowance for credit losses

When the fair value of an AFS security is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date, the security is considered impaired.  The Company assesses its impaired securities, as well as securities for which a credit loss allowance had been previously recorded, on at least a quarterly basis and determines whether any changes to the allowance for credit losses are required.  If the Company intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the impaired security before its anticipated recovery, then the Company must recognize a write-down through charges to earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date.  If the Company does not expect to sell an impaired security, only the portion of the impairment related to credit losses is recognized through a loss allowance charged to earnings with the remainder recognized through AOCI on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  Impairments recognized through other comprehensive income/(loss) (“OCI”) do not impact earnings.  Credit loss allowances are subject to reversal through earnings resulting from improvements in expected cash flows. The determination as to whether to record (or reverse) a credit loss allowance is subjective, as such determinations are based on factual information available at the time of assessment as well as the Company’s estimates of future performance and cash flow projections.  As a result, the timing and amount of losses constitute material estimates that are susceptible to significant change (see Note 4).

Balance Sheet Presentation

The Company’s securities pledged as collateral against financing agreements are included on the consolidated balance sheets with the fair value of the securities pledged disclosed in Note 6.  Purchases and sales of securities are recorded on the trade date. 

(d)  Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit with financial institutions and investments in money market funds, all of which have original maturities of three months or less.  Cash and cash equivalents may also include cash pledged as collateral to the Company by its financing counterparties as a result of reverse margin calls (i.e., margin calls made by the Company).  The Company did not hold any cash pledged by its counterparties at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $300.1 million and $334.2 million, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $160.9 million of investments in overnight money market funds, which are not bank deposits and are not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any other government agency. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $267.1 million worth of investments in overnight money market funds. In addition, deposits in FDIC insured accounts generally exceed insured limits (see Notes 6 and 13).

(e)  Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily represents the Company’s cash collections held in connection with certain of the Company’s financing agreements, interest rate swap agreements (“Swaps”) and/or loan servicing activities that are not available to the Company for general corporate purposes. Restricted cash may be applied against amounts due to financing agreements and/or Swap counterparties, or may be returned to the Company when the related collateral requirements are exceeded or at the maturity of financing agreements and/or Swaps.  The Company had aggregate restricted cash of $153.4 million and $159.9 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively (see Notes 5(e), 6 and 13).

(f)  Goodwill & Intangible Assets

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had goodwill of $61.1 million, which represents the excess of the fair value of consideration paid over the fair value of net assets acquired in connection with the acquisition of Lima One, and other intangible assets of $8.8 million and $12.2 million, respectively (net of amortization), primarily comprised of customer relationships, non-competition agreements (fully amortized as of June 30, 2022), trademarks and trade names, and internally developed software recognized as part of the acquisition of Lima One (see Note 5(b)). The intangible assets are amortized over their expected useful lives, which ranged from one to ten years at acquisition. Goodwill, which is not subject to amortization, and intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently under certain circumstances that could reduce the fair value of the Lima One reporting unit (a component of the Lima One segment) below its carrying amount. Through September 30, 2023, the Company had not recognized any impairment against its goodwill or intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets are included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

(g) Real Estate Owned (“REO”)

REO represents real estate acquired by the Company, including through foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, or purchased in connection with the acquisition of residential whole loans. REO acquired through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs. REO acquired in connection with the acquisition of residential whole loans is initially recorded at its purchase price. Subsequent to acquisition, REO is reported, at each reporting date, at the lower of the current carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs and for presentation purposes is included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value that result in an adjustment to the reported amount of an REO property that has a fair value at or below its carrying amount are reported in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (see Note 5).

(h)  Leases and Depreciation

Leases

The Company records its operating lease liabilities and operating lease right-of-use assets on its consolidated balance sheets. The operating lease liabilities are equal to the present value of the remaining fixed lease payments (excluding real estate tax and operating expense escalations) discounted at the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate at the date of lease commencement, and the operating lease right-of-use assets are equal to the operating lease liabilities adjusted for lease incentives and initial direct costs. As lease payments are made, the operating lease liabilities are reduced to the present value of the remaining lease payments and the operating lease right-of-use assets are reduced by the difference between the lease expense (straight-lined over the lease term) and the theoretical interest expense amount (calculated using the incremental borrowing rate at the date of lease commencement). See Notes 5 and 9 for further discussion on leases.

Leasehold Improvements, Real estate and Other Depreciable Assets

Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related assets or, in the case of leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the useful life or the lease term.  Furniture, fixtures, computers and related hardware have estimated useful lives ranging from five to fifteen years at the time of purchase. The building component of real estate held-for-investment is depreciated over 27.5 years.

(i)  Loan Securitization and Other Debt Issuance Costs

Loan securitization related costs are costs associated with the issuance of beneficial interests by consolidated VIEs and incurred by the Company in connection with various financing transactions completed by the Company.  These costs may include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting and other fees.  Such costs, which reflect deferred charges (unless the debt is recorded at fair value, as discussed below), are included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the corresponding debt liability. These deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method. For certain financing agreements, such costs are amortized over the shorter of the period to the expected or stated legal maturity of the debt instruments. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of these deferred costs and, in the event an impairment charge is required, such amount will be included in Operating and Other Expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. To the extent that the Company has elected the fair value option for the related debt liability, these costs are expensed at the closing of the transaction.

(j)  Financing Agreements

The Company finances the majority of its residential mortgage assets with financing agreements that include securitized debt, repurchase agreements and other forms of collateralized financing.  Under repurchase agreements, the Company sells assets to a lender and agrees to repurchase the same assets in the future for a price that is higher than the original sale price.  The difference between the sale price that the Company receives and the repurchase price that the Company pays represents interest paid to the lender.  Although legally structured as sale and repurchase transactions, the Company accounts for repurchase agreements as secured borrowings. Under its repurchase agreements and other forms of collateralized financing, the Company pledges its assets as collateral to secure the borrowing, in an amount which is equal to a specified percentage of the fair value of the pledged collateral, while the Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral.  At the maturity of a repurchase financing, unless the repurchase financing is renewed with the same counterparty, the Company is required to repay the loan including any accrued interest and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender.  With the consent of the lender, the Company may renew a repurchase financing at the then prevailing financing terms.  Margin calls, whereby a lender requires that the Company pledge additional assets or cash as collateral to secure borrowings under its repurchase financing with such lender, are routinely experienced by the Company when the value of the assets pledged as collateral declines as a result of principal amortization and prepayments or due to changes in market interest rates, spreads or other market conditions.  The Company also may make margin calls on counterparties when collateral values increase.

Should a counterparty decide not to renew a financing arrangement at maturity, the Company must either refinance elsewhere or be in a position to satisfy the obligation.  If, during the term of a financing, a lender should default on its obligation, the Company might experience difficulty recovering its pledged assets which could result in an unsecured claim against the lender for the difference between the amount loaned to the Company plus interest due to the counterparty and the fair value of the collateral pledged by the Company to such lender, including accrued interest receivable on such collateral (see Notes 6 and 13).

The Company has elected the fair value option on certain of its financing agreements. These agreements are reported at their fair value, with changes in fair value being recorded in earnings each period (or other comprehensive income, to the extent the change results from a change in instrument specific credit risk), as further detailed in Note 6. Interest expense on such financing agreements is recorded based on the current stated interest rate and outstanding principal balance in effect for the related agreement.

(k)  Equity-Based Compensation

Compensation expense for equity-based awards that are subject to vesting conditions, is recognized ratably over the vesting period of such awards, based upon the fair value of such awards at the grant date. 

The Company has made annual grants of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) under the Company’s Equity Compensation Plan (the “Equity Plan”), certain of which cliff vest after a three-year period, subject only to continued employment, and others of which cliff vest after a three-year period, subject to both continued employment and the achievement of certain performance criteria based on a formula tied to the Company’s achievement of average total shareholder return (“TSR”) during that three-year period, as well as the TSR of the Company relative to the TSR of a group of peer companies (over the three-year period) selected by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) at the date of grant. The features in these awards related to the attainment of TSR over a specified period constitute a “market condition,”

which impacts the amount of compensation expense recognized for these awards.  Specifically, the uncertainty regarding the achievement of the market condition was reflected in the grant date fair valuation of the RSUs, which is recognized as compensation expense over the relevant vesting period.  The amount of compensation expense recognized is not dependent on whether the market condition was or will be achieved.

(l)  Earnings per Common Share (“EPS”)

Basic EPS is computed using the two-class method, which includes the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period and an estimate of other securities that participate in dividends, to arrive at total common equivalent shares.  In applying the two-class method, earnings are allocated to both shares of common stock and estimated securities that participate in dividends based on their respective weighted-average shares outstanding for the period.  For the diluted EPS calculation, common equivalent shares are further adjusted for the effect of RSUs outstanding that are unvested and have dividends that are subject to forfeiture, using the treasury stock method.  Under the treasury stock method, common equivalent shares are calculated assuming that all dilutive common stock equivalents are exercised and the proceeds, along with future compensation expenses associated with such instruments (if any), are used to repurchase shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock at the average market price during the reported period.  In addition, the Company’s 6.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Convertible Senior Notes”) are included in the calculation of diluted EPS if the assumed conversion into common shares is dilutive, using the “if-converted” method. This calculation involves adding back the periodic interest expense associated with the Convertible Senior Notes to the numerator and by adding the shares that would be issued in an assumed conversion (regardless of whether the conversion option is in or out of the money) to the denominator for the purposes of calculating diluted EPS (see Note 11).

(m)  Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

The Company’s comprehensive income/(loss) available to common stock and participating securities includes net income, the change in net unrealized gains/(losses) on its AFS securities and derivative hedging instruments (to the extent that such changes are not recorded in earnings), adjusted by realized net gains/(losses) reclassified out of AOCI for sold AFS securities and terminated hedging relationships, as well as the portion of unrealized gains/(losses) on its financing agreements held at fair value related to instrument-specific credit risk, and is reduced by dividends declared on the Company’s preferred stock and issuance costs of redeemed preferred stock.

(n)  Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may use derivative instruments to economically hedge a portion of its exposure to market risks, including interest rate risk and prepayment risk. The objective of the Company’s risk management strategy is to reduce fluctuations in net book value over a range of interest rate scenarios.

Swaps

The Company has entered into Swaps that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Changes in the fair value of the Company’s Swaps not designated in hedging transactions are recorded in Other income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (see Note 5(e)).

To Be Announced (“TBA”) Securities

During 2021 and 2022, the Company entered into transactions to take short positions in TBA securities in connection with the management of interest rate and other market risks associated with purchases of Agency eligible investor loans. As the Company did not intend to physically settle its transactions in TBA securities, they were required to be accounted for as derivative financial instruments. The Company did not apply hedge accounting to its TBA securities. Accordingly, TBA securities were recorded on the Company’s balance sheets at fair value, with realized and unrealized changes in fair value each period recorded in Other income, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

(o)  Fair Value Measurements and the Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s presentation of fair value for its financial assets and liabilities is determined within a framework that stipulates that the fair value of a financial asset or liability is an exchange price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability in the market in which the reporting entity would transact for the asset or liability, that is, the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability.  The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability.  This definition of fair value focuses on exit price and prioritizes the use of market-based inputs over entity-specific inputs when determining fair value.  In addition, the framework for measuring fair value establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the observability of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. 

In addition to the financial instruments that it is required to report at fair value, the Company has elected the fair value option for certain of its financial assets and liabilities at the time of acquisition or issuance. Subsequent changes in the fair value of these financial instruments are generally reported in Other income, net, in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. A decision to elect the fair value option for an eligible financial instrument, which may be made on an instrument by instrument basis, is irrevocable (see Notes 2(b), 2(c), 3, 4, and 13).

(p)  Variable Interest Entities

An entity is referred to as a VIE if it meets at least one of the following criteria:  (i) the entity has equity that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without the additional subordinated financial support of other parties; or (ii) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (a) the power to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses; or (c) the right to receive the expected residual returns; or (iii) the holders of the equity investment at risk have disproportional voting rights and the entity’s activities are conducted on behalf of the investor that has disproportionately few voting rights.

The Company consolidates a VIE when it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.  The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.

The Company has entered into several financing transactions which resulted in the Company forming entities to facilitate these transactions.  In determining the accounting treatment to be applied to these transactions, the Company concluded that the entities used to facilitate these transactions are VIEs and that they should be consolidated.  If the Company had determined that consolidation was not required, it would have then assessed whether the transfers of the underlying assets would qualify as sales or should be accounted for as secured financings under GAAP (see Note 14).

The Company also includes on its consolidated balance sheets certain financial assets and liabilities that are acquired/issued by trusts and/or other special purpose entities that have been evaluated as being required to be consolidated by the Company under the applicable accounting guidance.

(q)  Offering Costs Related to Issuance and Redemption of Preferred Stock

Offering costs related to the issuance of preferred stock are recorded as a reduction in Additional paid-in capital, a component of Stockholders’ Equity, at the time such preferred stock is issued. On redemption of preferred stock, any excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the preferred stock over the carrying amount of the preferred stock in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is included in the determination of Net Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities in the calculation of EPS.

(r) Contingencies

Lima One has reached agreement, or is in the process of reaching agreement, on certain state and local governmental incentives, in connection with its agreement to lease new office space for its headquarters in Greenville, SC based on certain anticipated capital expenditures and anticipated job creation. These incentives are generally recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the incentive will be received and that the Company will comply with the conditions specified in the

related agreement. These incentives have commitment terms of up to ten years and may be subject to clawback if the commitments are not fulfilled. No material amounts related to any incentives have been recognized through September 30, 2023.

(s)  New Accounting Standards and Interpretations

As of September 30, 2023, there were no new accounting standards or interpretations adopted by the Company that had a material effect on its consolidated financial statements in 2023.

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Residential Whole Loans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Residential Whole Loans

Residential Whole Loans

Included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are approximately $8.4 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively, of residential whole loans generally arising from the Company’s interests in certain trusts established to acquire the loans and certain entities established in connection with its loan securitization transactions. The Company has assessed that these entities are required to be consolidated for financial reporting purposes. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company elected the fair value option for all loan acquisitions, including loans originated by Lima One subsequent to its acquisition by the Company. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, the fair value option was typically elected only for Purchased Non-performing Loans.

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Residential whole loans, and the accounting model designated at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	873,790	$	987,282	$	2,700,473	$	2,372,548	$	3,574,263	$	3,359,830
Transitional loans (1)	37,946		75,188		2,059,655		1,342,032		2,097,601		1,417,220
Single-family rental loans	182,879		210,833		1,333,484		1,165,741		1,516,363		1,376,574
Seasoned performing loans	72,675		82,932		—		—		72,675		82,932
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		53,148		51,094		53,148		51,094
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	1,167,290	$	1,356,235	$	6,146,760	$	4,931,415	$	7,314,050	$	6,287,650
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	438,913	$	470,294	$	—	$	—	$	438,913	$	470,294
Allowance for Credit Losses	$	(28,557)	$	(35,314)	$	—	$	—	$	(28,557)	$	(35,314)
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	699,810	$	796,109	$	699,810	$	796,109
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	1,577,646	$	1,791,215	$	6,846,570	$	5,727,524	$	8,424,216	$	7,518,739
Number of loans	6,493		7,126		18,639		16,717		25,132		23,843

(1)As of September 30, 2023 includes $1.1 billion of loans collateralized by one-to-four family residential properties, including $415.9 million of loans collateralized by new construction projects at origination, and $1.0 billion of Transitional loans collateralized by multi-family properties. As of December 31, 2022 includes $784.9 million of loans collateralized by one-to-four family residential properties, including $283.1 million of loans collateralized by new construction projects at origination, and $632.3 million of Transitional loans collateralized by multi-family properties.

The following table presents additional information regarding the Company’s Residential whole loans at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,570,184	$	3,963,235	5.60	%	346	65	%	735	$	3,808,303	$	68,171	$	23,230	$	63,531	2.2	%
Transitional loans (1)	2,095,083		2,105,552		8.89		11	64		746	1,989,050		25,717		15,771		75,014		4.3
Single-family rental loans	1,515,032		1,667,902		6.16		321	68		737	1,586,313		17,947		28,249		35,393		3.8
Seasoned performing loans	72,647		79,751		4.38		145	28		725	75,016		1,271		911		2,553		4.3
Agency eligible investor loans	53,148		68,472		3.44		335	66		757	68,244		—		—		228		0.3
Total Purchased Performing Loans	7,306,094		$	7,884,912	6.56	%	249												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	418,312	$	517,611	4.79	%	270	59	%	N/A	$	389,166	$	41,615	$	14,018	$	72,812	16.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	699,810	$	798,902	5.17	%	272	63	%	N/A	$	449,936	$	95,456	$	28,310	$	225,200	31.7	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	8,424,216	$	9,201,425	5.87	%	244												6.4	%

December 31, 2022

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,352,471	$	3,671,468	5.13	%	351	65	%	733	$	3,520,671	$	56,825	$	32,253	$	61,719	2.6	%
Transitional loans (1)	1,411,997		1,431,692		7.78		12	66		746	1,348,815		6,463		2,234		74,180		5.3	%
Single-family rental loans	1,375,297		1,485,967		5.74		324	69		737	1,442,095		8,431		7,978		27,463		2.4	%
Seasoned performing loans	82,884		90,843		3.31		151	30		714	84,514		993		937		4,399		5.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	51,094		61,816		3.44		344	68		757	61,816		—		—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	6,273,743		$	6,741,786	5.78	%	271												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	448,887	$	554,907	4.66	%	277	63	%	N/A	$	403,042	$	48,107	$	16,270	$	87,488	18.7	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	796,109	$	884,257	5.01	%	277	68	%	N/A	$	444,045	$	89,623	$	40,554	$	310,035	39.6	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	7,518,739	$	8,180,950	5.64	%	272												8.1	%

(1) As of September 30, 2023 Transitional loans includes $1.0 billion of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 15 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 64%. As of December 31, 2022, Transitional loans includes $632.3 million of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 18 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 73%.

(2)Weighted average is calculated based on the interest bearing principal balance of each loan within the related category. For loans acquired with servicing rights released by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation do not reflect loan servicing fees. For loans acquired with servicing rights retained by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation are net of servicing fees.

(3)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million and $223.2 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting, is 69% and 70% at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful. 60+ LTV has been calculated on a consistent basis.

(4)Excludes loans for which no Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score is available.

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, Agency eligible investor loans with an unpaid principal balance of $337.8 million were sold, realizing losses, before the impact of economic hedging gains and the reversal of previously recognized unrealized losses of $72.3 million. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Agency eligible investor loan securitizations were deconsolidated from the Company’s financial statements which resulted in the de-recognition of Agency eligible investor loans with an unpaid principal balance of $598.0 million. No Residential whole loans were sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents a roll-forward of the allowance for credit losses on the Company’s Residential Whole Loans, at Carrying Value:

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(Dollars In Thousands)	Non-QM Loans		Transitional Loans (1)(2)		Single-family Rental Loans		Seasoned Performing Loans		Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (3)		Totals
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022	$	7,359	$	5,223	$	1,277	$	48	$	21,407	$	35,314
Current provision/(reversal)	(214)		406		514		(2)		(389)		315
Write-offs	—		(2,003)		(451)		—		(113)		(2,567)
Allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2023	$	7,145	$	3,626	$	1,340	$	46	$	20,905	$	33,062
Current provision/(reversal)	(233)		999		(103)		(4)		(394)		265
Write-offs	(206)		(1,785)		—		—		(301)		(2,292)
Allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2023	$	6,706	$	2,840	$	1,237	$	42	$	20,210	$	31,035
Current provision/(reversal)	(2,627)		559		329		(14)		501		(1,252)
Write-offs	—		(881)		(235)		—		(110)		(1,226)
Allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2023	$	4,079	$	2,518	$	1,331	$	28	$	20,601	$	28,557

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Dollars In Thousands)	Non-QM Loans		Transitional Loans (1)(2)		Single-family Rental Loans		Seasoned Performing Loans		Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (3)		Totals
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2021	$	8,289	$	6,881	$	1,451	$	46	$	22,780	$	39,447
Current provision/(reversal)	(909)		(1,460)		(122)		(1)		(975)		(3,467)
Write-offs	(51)		(219)		(27)		—		(226)		(523)
Allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2022	$	7,329	$	5,202	$	1,302	$	45	$	21,579	$	35,457
Current provision/(reversal)	(199)		(23)		174		1		1,877		1,830
Write-offs	—		(118)		(184)		—		(58)		(360)
Allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2022	$	7,130	$	5,061	$	1,292	$	46	$	23,398	$	36,927
Current provision/(reversal)	(242)		583		83		3		120		547
Write-offs	—		(114)		(61)		—		(107)		(282)
Allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2022	$	6,888	$	5,530	$	1,314	$	49	$	23,411	$	37,192

(1)In connection with Transitional loans at carrying value, the Company had unfunded commitments of $5.4 million and $8.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with an allowance for credit losses of $38,000 and $84,000 at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Such allowance is included in “Other liabilities” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (see Note 7).

(2)Includes $28.7 million and $66.7 million of loans that were assessed for credit losses based on a collateral dependent methodology as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(3)Includes $52.6 million and $56.2 million of loans that were assessed for credit losses based on a collateral dependent methodology as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company’s estimates of expected losses that form the basis of the Allowance for Credit Losses include certain qualitative adjustments which have the effect of increasing expected loss estimates. These qualitative adjustments were determined based on a variety of factors, including differences between the Company’s loan portfolio and the loan portfolios represented by data available in regulatory filings of certain banks that are considered to have similar loan portfolios (available proxy data), and differences between current (and expected future) market conditions in comparison to market conditions that occurred in historical periods. Such differences include uncertainty with respect to any residual impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, anticipated inflation and increasing market interest rates, and heightened political uncertainty. The Company’s estimates of credit losses reflect the Company’s expectation that the performance of its portfolio will experience higher delinquencies and defaults compared to the performance in historical periods of portfolios included in the available proxy data. Estimates of credit losses under credit losses on financial instruments (“CECL”) are highly sensitive to changes in assumptions and current economic conditions have increased the difficulty of accurately forecasting future conditions.

The amortized cost basis of Purchased Performing Loans on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $221.5 million and $195.1 million, respectively. The amortized cost basis of Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $68.9 million and $80.5 million, respectively. The fair value of Purchased Non-performing Loans on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $325.0 million and $413.1 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $4.0 million and $11.5 million of interest income on loans on nonaccrual status, including $2.3 million and $7.6 million, respectively, on its portfolio of loans which were non-performing at acquisition. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were approximately $52.8 million and $71.7 million, respectively, of loans held at carrying value on nonaccrual status that did not have an associated allowance for credit losses because they were determined to be collateral dependent and the estimated fair value of the related collateral exceeded the carrying value of each loan, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted one loan modification in its carrying value loan portfolio which gave a borrower a term extension. The increase in weighted average life was twelve months. As of September 30, 2023, the carrying value of this loan was approximately $214,000. As of September 30, 2023, this loan was current. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted three loan modifications in its carrying value loan portfolio which gave borrowers term extensions. The average increase in weighted average life was twelve months. As of September 30, 2023, the carrying value of these loans were approximately $379,000. As of September 30, 2023, these loans were all current.

The following table presents certain additional credit-related information regarding our Residential whole loans, at Carrying Value:

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and LTV Bands
(Dollars In Thousands)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
Non-QM loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	44,885	$	172,296	$	407,541	$	226,678	$	851,400
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		4,481		5,044		22,391
Total Non-QM loans	$	—	$	—	$	46,281	$	183,766	$	412,022	$	231,722	$	873,791
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	25	$	110	$	206
Transitional loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	23,565	$	7,782	$	35,766
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		2,180		—		2,180
Total Transitional loans	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	25,745	$	7,782	$	37,946
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	47	$	2,970	$	1,639	$	4,670
Single-family rental loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	105,721	$	41,917	$	181,194
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		1,600		85		1,685
Total Single family rental loans	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	107,321	$	42,002	$	182,879
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	614	$	—	$	685
Seasoned performing loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	70,272	$	70,272
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		2,403		2,403
Total Seasoned performing loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	72,675	$	72,675
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Purchased credit deteriorated loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	373,572	$	373,572
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		65,341		65,341
Total Purchased credit deteriorated loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	438,913	$	438,913
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	524	$	524
Total LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	57,645	$	197,511	$	536,827	$	720,221	$	1,512,204
Total LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		8,261		72,873		94,000
Total residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	—	$	—	$	59,041	$	208,981	$	545,088	$	793,094	$	1,606,204
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Total Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	189	$	3,609	$	2,273	$	6,085

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million at September 30, 2023, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting is 69% at September 30, 2023. Certain low value loans secured by vacant lots are categorized as LTV > 80%.

The following tables present certain information regarding the LTVs of the Company’s Residential whole loans that are 60 days or more delinquent:

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	84,584	$	86,761	66.9	%
Transitional loans	86,451		90,785		65.0	%
Single-family rental loans	55,313		63,642		73.3	%
Seasoned performing loans	3,437		3,464		29.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	187		228		73.4	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	229,972	$	244,880
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,849	$	86,830	64.1	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	238,545	$	253,510	70.8	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	538,366	$	585,220

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	61,812	$	61,719	67.9	%
Transitional loans	73,266		74,180		68.1	%
Single-family rental loans	27,466		27,463		72.9	%
Seasoned performing loans	4,127		4,399		42.2	%
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	166,671	$	167,761
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,402	$	87,488	74.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	296,697	$	310,035	76.9	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	532,770	$	565,284

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful.

The following tables present the components of interest income on the Company’s Residential whole loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	12,276	$	13,646	$	39,448	$	27,012	$	51,724	$	40,658
Transitional loans	101		784		40,122		18,558		40,223		19,342
Single-family rental loans	2,739		3,658		21,348		15,340		24,087		18,998
Seasoned performing loans	1,095		1,227		—		—		1,095		1,227
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		486		7,542		486		7,542
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	16,211	$	19,315	$	101,404	$	68,452	$	117,615	$	87,767
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	7,371	$	7,916	$	—	$	—	$	7,371	$	7,916
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	15,552	$	18,732	$	15,552	$	18,732
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	23,582	$	27,231	$	116,956	$	87,184	$	140,538	$	114,415

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	36,595	$	39,041	$	104,735	$	69,080	$	141,330	$	108,121
Transitional loans	1,239		5,621		99,832		43,768		101,071		49,389
Single-family rental loans	8,598		12,134		59,945		36,603		68,543		48,737
Seasoned performing loans	3,312		3,392		—		—		3,312		3,392
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		3,860		22,731		3,860		22,731
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	49,744	$	60,188	$	268,372	$	172,182	$	318,116	$	232,370
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	22,596	$	25,597	$	—	$	—	$	22,596	$	25,597
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	47,384	$	58,268	$	47,384	$	58,268
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	72,340	$	85,785	$	315,756	$	230,450	$	388,096	$	316,235

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Securities, at Fair Value

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Securities, at Fair Value

Securities, at Fair Value

Agency MBS

Agency MBS are guaranteed as to principal and/or interest by a federally chartered corporation, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or an agency of the U.S. Government, such as Ginnie Mae.

The following table presents certain information regarding the composition of our Agency MBS portfolio as of September 30, 2023:

September 30, 2023

(Dollars in Thousands)	Current Face		Weighted Average Purchase Price		Weighted Average Market Price		Fair Value		Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)	CPR (1)
30-Year Fixed Rate:
5.00% Coupon	$	77,090	100.2	%	94.5	%	$	72,830	6	1.6	%
5.50% Coupon	282,748		100.4		96.8		273,796		8	8.6
6.00% Coupon	180,481		100.0		98.8		178,386		4	6.2
Total	$	540,319	100.3	%	97.2	%	$	525,012	6	6.8	%

(1) Reflects the average of the 1 month CPR for the number of months the security was held during the most recent 3 month period.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $92.9 million and $97.9 million, respectively, of term notes issued by SPVs that have acquired rights to receive cash flows representing the servicing fees and/or excess servicing spread associated with certain MSRs. Payment of principal and interest on these term notes is considered to be largely dependent on cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs, as this impacts the cash flows available to the SPV that issued the term notes.

At September 30, 2023, these term notes had an amortized cost of $90.4 million, gross unrealized gains of $2.6 million and gross unrealized losses of $135,000, a weighted average yield of 15.9% and a weighted average term to maturity of 0.04 years. At December 31, 2022, the term notes had an amortized cost of $86.4 million, gross unrealized gains of approximately $11.5 million, a weighted average yield of 14.3% and a weighted average term to maturity of 0.8 years. The issuer of the notes had a one-time option to extend the maturity of the notes for an additional two years, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, which was exercised in October 2023, bringing the weighted average term to maturity to 2.04 years.

CRT Securities

CRT securities are debt obligations issued by or sponsored by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The coupon payments on CRT securities are paid by the issuer and the principal payments received are dependent on the performance of loans in either a reference pool or an actual pool of loans. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $83.1 million and $79.2 million, respectively, of CRT securities. As an investor in a CRT security, the Company may incur a principal loss if the performance of the actual or reference pool loans results in either an actual or calculated loss that exceeds the credit enhancement of the security owned by the Company. The Company assesses the credit risk associated with its investments in CRT securities by assessing the current and expected future performance of the associated loan pool. The Company pledges a portion of its CRT securities as collateral against its borrowings under repurchase agreements (see Note 6).

Non-Agency MBS

Non-Agency MBS are primarily secured by pools of residential mortgages, which are not guaranteed by an agency of the U.S. Government or any federally chartered corporation. At September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company had $23.0 million and $24.6 million, respectively, of Non-Agency MBS. These securities were acquired on the de-consolidation of certain trusts that held previously securitized Agency Eligible investor loans.

The following tables present certain information about the Company’s Agency MBS and other Securities, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023

(In Thousands)	Principal/ Current Face		Purchase Premiums		Accretable Purchase Discounts		Discount Designated as Credit Reserve (1)		Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Fair  Value
Agency MBS	$	540,319	$	1,824	$	(508)	$	—	$	541,635	$	—	$	(16,623)	$	(16,623)	$	525,012
Other Securities (2)(3)(4)	213,672		22,015		(5,787)		(46,332)		183,568		16,474		(1,095)		15,379		198,947
Total residential mortgage securities (2)(3)(4)	$	753,991	$	23,839	$	(6,295)	$	(46,332)	$	725,203	$	16,474	$	(17,718)	$	(1,244)	$	723,959

December 31, 2022

(In Thousands)	Principal/ Current Face		Purchase Premiums		Accretable Purchase Discounts		Discount Designated as Credit Reserve (1)		Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value
Agency MBS	$	131,165	$	860	$	—	$	—	$	132,025	$	—	$	(325)	$	(325)	$	131,700
Other Securities (2)(3)(4)	215,649		18,344		(6,272)		(46,332)		181,389		21,473		(1,198)		20,275		201,664
Total residential mortgage securities (2)(3)(4)	$	346,814	$	19,204	$	(6,272)	$	(46,332)	$	313,414	$	21,473	$	(1,523)	$	19,950	$	333,364

(1)Discount designated as Credit Reserve is generally not expected to be accreted into interest income.

(2)Based on management’s current estimates of future principal cash flows expected to be received.

(3)Amounts disclosed at September 30, 2023 includes CRT securities with a fair value of $51.0 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had approximately $1.9 million gross unrealized gains and no gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2023. Amounts disclosed at December 31, 2022 includes CRT securities with a fair value of $48.6 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had gross unrealized gains of approximately $131,000 and gross unrealized losses of approximately $1.2 million at December 31, 2022.

(4)Amounts disclosed at September 30, 2023 include Non-Agency MBS with a fair value of $23.0 million for which the fair value option had been elected. Such securities had approximately $111,000 gross unrealized gains and $960,000 gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2023. Amounts disclosed at December 31, 2022 include Non-Agency MBS with a fair value of $24.6 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had no gross unrealized gains and no gross unrealized losses at December 31, 2022.

Sales of Residential Mortgage Securities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company did not sell any of its residential mortgage securities. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold CRT securities for approximately $15.3 million and $15.7 million, realizing gains of $70,000 and $84,000, respectively.

Unrealized Losses on Residential Mortgage Securities

Gross unrealized losses on the Company’s AFS securities (held at carrying value) at September 30, 2023 were $135,000. The Company has no plans to dispose of any securities that were in an unrealized loss position and has determined that such losses are not indicative of impairment for the securities.

There were no allowances for credit losses recorded with respect to the Company’s AFS securities for any of the periods presented. The Company did not recognize an allowance for credit losses through earnings related to its AFS securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Impact of AFS Securities on AOCI

The following table presents the impact of the Company’s AFS securities (held at carrying value) on its AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
AOCI from AFS securities:
Unrealized gain on AFS securities at beginning of period	$	13,420	$	36,919	$	21,341	$	46,833
Unrealized gain/(loss) on securities available-for-sale	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(15,765)
Change in AOCI from AFS securities	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(15,765)
Balance at end of period	$	14,353	$	31,068	$	14,353	$	31,068

Interest Income on Securities, at Fair Value

The following table presents the components of interest income on the Company’s Securities, at fair value for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Agency MBS
Coupon interest	$	6,353	$	—	12,874		—
Effective yield adjustment (1)(2)	(50)		—		(126)		—
Interest income	$	6,303	$	—	$	12,748	$	—
Other MBS
Coupon interest	$	2,082	$	1,308	$	6,019	$	3,258
Effective yield adjustment (1)(2)	(32)		699		185		2,971
Interest income	$	2,050	$	2,007	$	6,204	$	6,229
Term notes backed by MSR collateral
Coupon interest	$	2,216	$	2,015	$	6,279	$	4,591
Effective yield adjustment (2)	1,376		1,590		3,970		5,361
Interest income	$	3,592	$	3,605	$	10,249	$	9,952

(1)Includes amortization of premium paid net of accretion of purchase discount.  Interest income is recorded at an effective yield, which reflects net premium amortization/accretion based on actual prepayment activity.

(2)The effective yield adjustment is the difference between the net income calculated using the net yield less the current coupon yield. The net yield may be based on management’s estimates of the amount and timing of future cash flows or in the instrument’s contractual cash flows, depending on the relevant accounting standards.

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Other Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Other Assets

Other Assets

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Other assets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Receivable for sale of unsettled residential whole loans	$	—	$	275,656
REO	113,090		130,605
Goodwill	61,076		61,076
Intangibles, net (1)	8,800		12,200
Capital contributions made to loan origination partners	20,034		28,308
Commercial loans	76,546		61,510
Interest receivable	89,554		68,704
Other loan related receivables	30,649		23,463
Lease Right-of-Use Asset (2)	37,762		39,459
Other	65,576		65,240
Total Other Assets	$	503,087	$	766,221

(1) Net of aggregate accumulated amortization of $19.2 million and $15.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2) An estimated incremental borrowing rate of 7.5% was used in connection with the Company’s primary operating lease (see Notes 2 and 9).

(a) Real Estate Owned

At September 30, 2023, the Company had 320 REO properties with an aggregate carrying value of $113.1 million. At December 31, 2022, the Company had 388 REO properties with an aggregate carrying value of $130.6 million.

At September 30, 2023, $112.7 million of residential real estate property was held by the Company that was acquired either through a completed foreclosure proceeding or from completion of a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or similar legal agreement. In addition, formal foreclosure proceedings were in process with respect to $94.0 million of residential whole loans held at carrying value and $256.9 million of residential whole loans held at fair value at September 30, 2023.

The following table presents the activity in the Company’s REO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	119,996	$	135,847	$	130,605	$	156,223
Adjustments to record at lower of cost or fair value	(958)		(1,655)		(3,811)		(2,426)
Transfer from residential whole loans	16,991		16,658		66,171		61,875
Purchases and capital improvements, net	88		215		344		845
Disposals and other (1)	(23,027)		(18,402)		(80,219)		(83,854)
Balance at end of period	$	113,090	$	132,663	$	113,090	$	132,663
Number of properties	320		412		320		412

(1)During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 77 and 271 REO properties for consideration of $26.2 million and $91.7 million, realizing net gains of approximately $3.2 million and $12.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 74 and 333 REO properties for consideration of $23.8 million and $105.0 million, realizing net gains of approximately $5.3 million and $21.3 million, respectively. These amounts are included in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

(b) Goodwill and Intangible Assets

On July 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Lima One. In connection with the acquisition of Lima One, the Company identified and recorded goodwill of $61.1 million and finite-lived intangible assets totaling $28.0 million.

The amortization period for each of the finite lived intangible assets and the activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is summarized in the table below:

(Dollars in Thousands)	Carrying Value at December 31, 2022		Amortization Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		Carrying Value at September 30, 2023		Amortization Period (Years) (1)
Trademarks / Trade Names	$	3,400	$	(300)	$	3,100	10
Customer Relationships	6,000		(2,500)		3,500		4
Internally Developed Software	2,800		(600)		2,200		5
Total Identified Intangibles	$	12,200	$	(3,400)	$	8,800

(1) Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the amortization period, except for Customer Relationships, where amortization is calculated based on expected levels of customer attrition.

(c) Capital Contributions Made to Loan Origination Partners

The Company has made investments in several loan originators as part of its strategy to be a reliable source of capital to select partners from whom the Company sources residential mortgage loans through both flow arrangements and bulk purchases. At September 30, 2023, the carrying value of these investments (including adjustments for impairments or mark-to-market changes) was $20.0 million, including $4.9 million of common equity (including partnership interests) and $15.1 million of preferred equity.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge in earnings of $2.3 million against the carrying value of its investment in one loan origination partner. In September 2023, the Company sold a preferred equity interest in one loan origination partner, which was recorded at $6.6 million, and recorded a gain of $0.1 million.

For certain of the Company’s investments, the interests acquired to date by the Company generally do not have a readily determinable fair value. Consequently, the Company accounts for these interests (including any acquired options and warrants) in loan originators initially at cost. The carrying value of these investments will be adjusted if it is determined that an impairment has occurred or if there has been a subsequent observable transaction in either the investee company’s equity securities or a similar security that provides evidence to support an adjustment to the carrying value. In addition, for certain partners, options or warrants have also been acquired that provide the Company the ability to increase the level of its investment if certain conditions are met. At the end of each reporting period, or earlier if circumstances warrant, the Company evaluates whether the nature of its interests and other involvement with the investee entity requires the Company to apply equity method accounting or consolidate the results of the investee entity with the Company’s financial results.

(d) Commercial Mortgage Loans

The Company owns a portfolio of participations in commercial mortgage bridge loans, which are accounted for at fair value. The participations range from 49% to 75% of the total UPB of the related loans; the remaining interest in each loan was retained by the originator of such loan. The commercial mortgage loans are predominantly collateralized by multi-family properties; the collateral also includes senior living, industrial, parking, and office properties. The commercial mortgage loans are generally first liens and bear variable interest rates.

The following table presents certain additional information about the Company’s commercial mortgage loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	Fair Value / Carrying Value		UPB		Weighted Average Coupon		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	UPB 60+ Days Delinquent
Commercial Mortgage Loans - September 30, 2023	$	76,546	$	76,546	12.93	%	3	$	3,389
Commercial Mortgage Loans - December 31, 2022	$	61,510	$	61,510	11.54	%	10	$	—

(e) Derivative Instruments

Swaps

The Company’s derivative instruments include Swaps, which are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with certain borrowings. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company agreed to pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable interest rate, generally based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), on the notional amount of the Swap. At September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s Swaps were designated as hedges for accounting purposes.

The following table presents the assets pledged as collateral against the Company’s Swaps at September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Agency MBS, at fair value	$	35,565	$	—
Restricted Cash	26,985		60,764

At September 30, 2023, the Company had Swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $3.1 billion and an average maturity of approximately 36 months with a maximum term of approximately 119 months.

The following table presents information about the Company’s Swaps at September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Maturity (1)	Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate		Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (2)		Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate		Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (2)
(Dollars in Thousands)
Within 30 days to 12 months	$	—	—	%	—	%	$	—	—	%	—	%
Within 30 days	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 30 days to 3 months	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 3 months to 6 months	100,000		1.49		5.32		—		—		—
Over 6 months to 12 months	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 12 months to 24 months	1,125,010		1.27		5.32		550,010		1.01		4.30
Over 24 months to 36 months	—		—		—		775,000		1.75		4.30
Over 36 months to 48 months	1,425,000		1.53		5.32		450,000		1.12		4.30
Over 48 months to 60 months	19,100		4.22		5.32		1,075,000		1.86		4.30
Over 60 months to 72 months	310,000		2.95		5.32		—		—		—
Over 72 months to 84 months	—		—		—		310,000		2.95		4.30
Over 84 months	113,400		4.00		5.32		—		—		—
Total Swaps	$	3,092,510	1.69	%	5.32	%	$	3,160,010	1.69	%	4.30	%

(1)Each maturity category reflects contractual amortization and/or maturity of notional amounts.

(2)Reflects the benchmark variable rate due from the counterparty at the date presented. This rate adjusts daily based on SOFR. 

Impact of Derivative Instruments on Earnings

The following table present the components of Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, which is presented in Other income in the consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income on swap variable receive leg	$	41,427	$	17,273	$	113,062	$	22,580
Expense on swap fixed pay leg	(12,563)		(13,623)		(36,416)		(28,730)
Unrealized mark-to-market gain	9,433		108,918		5,704		221,437
Net price alignment expense on margin collateral received	(3,437)		(752)		(8,247)		(752)
Net gain on TBA short positions	—		—		—		39,186
Total Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	$	34,860	$	111,816	$	74,103	$	253,721

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Financing Agreements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Financing Agreements

Financing Agreements

The following tables present the components of, and certain information with respect to, the Company’s Financing agreements at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
(In Thousands)	Collateral	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value / Carrying Value (1)		Weighted Average Cost of Funding (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	$	1,753,355	$	1,752,492	7.55	%	10.4
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	608,996		608,996		5.83	%	0.3
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		2,362,351		2,361,488		7.17	%
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	1,125,773		1,124,953		7.88	%	14.3
Securitized debt	Residential Whole Loans	4,588,432		4,332,936		3.98	%	See Note 14
Convertible senior notes	Unsecured	219,589		218,596		6.94	%	8.5
Impact of net Swap carry						(1.41)	%
Total Financing agreements (2)		$	8,296,145	$	8,037,973	4.18	%

	December 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	Collateral	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value / Carrying Value (1)		Weighted Average Cost of Funding (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	$	2,111,647	$	2,111,396	5.74	%	6.9
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	111,651		111,651		5.47	%	1.5
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		2,223,298		2,223,047		5.73	%
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	1,004,260		1,003,604		6.53	%	16.8
Securitized debt	Residential Whole Loans	3,586,397		3,357,590		3.33	%	See Note 14
Convertible senior notes	Unsecured	229,989		227,845		6.94	%	17.5
Impact of net Swap carry						(0.84)	%
Total Financing agreements (2)		$	7,043,944	$	6,812,086	3.70	%

(1)The Company has both financing agreements held at fair value and financings agreements held at their carrying value (amortized cost basis). Financing agreements held at fair value are reported at estimated fair value each period as a result of the Company’s fair value option election. The fair value option was not elected for financing agreements held at carrying value. Consequently, Total financing agreements as presented reflects a summation of balances reported at fair and carrying value. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $505.7 million of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, $401.4 million of agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, and $3.5 billion of securitized debt held at fair value, with amortized cost bases of $505.7 million, $401.4 million, and $3.7 billion, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $884.5 million of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, $578.9 million of agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, and $2.4 billion of securitized debt held at fair value, with amortized cost bases of $884.5 million, $578.9 million, and $2.6 billion, respectively.

(2)Weighted average cost of funding reflects annualized quarter-to-date interest expense divided by average balance for the financing agreements. The cost of funding for the total financing agreements includes the impact of the net carry (the difference between swap interest income received and swap interest expense paid) on the Company’s Swaps. For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 141 basis points, and for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, this decreased the overall funding cost by 84 basis points. The Company does not allocate the impact of the net carry by type of financing agreement.

The following table presents maturities with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market and non-mark-to-market collateral provisions:

	As of September 30, 2023
	Unpaid Principal Balance, Maturing In
(In Thousands)	Collateral	0-3 Months (1)		3-6 Months		6-12 Months		Greater than 12 Months (2)		Total
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans	$	819,659	$	128,124	$	465,641	$	339,931	$	1,753,355
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	608,996		—		—		—		608,996
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		1,428,655		128,124		465,641		339,931		2,362,351
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans	447,996		—		27,367		650,410		1,125,773

(1)$831.2 million of the mark-to-market agreements (included in the 0-3 months category) can be terminated by either party.

(2)Amounts presented are based on the assumed exercise of the Company’s unilateral option to extend by one year the maturity of an Agreement with mark-market collateral provisions with $339.9 million outstanding.

The following table presents information with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by residential whole loans	$	1,725,473		$	2,095,002
Fair value of residential whole loans pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	2,172,992		$	2,632,489
Weighted average haircut on residential whole loans (1)	19.18		%	18.33		%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by securities at fair value	$	608,996		$	111,651
Securities at fair value pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	678,801		$	177,111
Weighted average haircut on securities at fair value (1)	9.28		%	37.43		%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by real estate owned	$	27,018		$	16,394
Fair value of real estate owned pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	53,715		$	33,367
Weighted average haircut on real estate owned (1)	48.66		%	48.07		%

(1)Haircut represents the percentage amount by which the collateral value is contractually required to exceed the loan amount.

The following table presents information with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by residential whole loans	$	1,124,953		$	994,494
Fair value of residential whole loans pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	1,385,261		$	1,301,685
Weighted average haircut on residential whole loans	17.43		%	21.43		%
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by real estate owned	$	—		$	9,109
Fair value of real estate owned pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	—		$	22,902
Weighted average haircut on real estate owned	—		%	60.23		%

In addition, the Company had aggregate restricted cash held in connection with its financing agreements of $22.4 million and $16.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following table presents repricing information (excluding the impact of associated derivative hedging instruments, if any) about the Company’s financing agreements that have non-mark-to-market collateral provisions as well as those that have mark-to-market collateral provisions, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost Basis		Weighted Average Interest Rate		Amortized Cost Basis		Weighted Average Interest Rate
Time Until Interest Rate Reset
(Dollars in Thousands)
Within 30 days	$	3,435,884	7.38	%	$	3,060,111	6.60	%
Over 30 days to 3 months	52,240		6.63		167,447		6.19
Over 3 months to 12 months	—		—		—		—
Over 12 months	—		—		—		—
Total financing agreements	$	3,488,124	7.37	%	$	3,227,558	6.58	%

(a) Other Information on Financing Agreements

Convertible Senior Notes

On June 3, 2019, the Company issued $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its Convertible Senior Notes in an underwritten public offering, including an additional $30.0 million issued pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional Convertible Senior Notes. The total net proceeds the Company received from the offering were approximately $223.3 million, after deducting offering expenses and the underwriting discount.  The Convertible Senior Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.25% per year, paid semiannually on June 15 and December 15 of each year commencing December 15, 2019 and will mature on June 15, 2024, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms. The Convertible Senior Notes are convertible at the option of the holders at any time until the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date into shares of the Company’s common stock based on a conversion rate of 31.4346 shares (which reflects an adjustment resulting from the Company’s Reverse Stock Split) of the Company’s common stock for each $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $31.81 per share of common stock. The Convertible Senior Notes have an effective interest rate, including the impact of amortization to interest expense of debt issuance costs, of 6.94%. The Company does not have the right to redeem the Convertible Senior Notes prior to maturity, except to the extent necessary to preserve its status as a REIT, in which case the Company may redeem the Convertible Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest.

In February 2023, the Company’s Board authorized a repurchase program for its Convertible Senior Notes pursuant to which it may repurchase up to $100 million of its Convertible Senior Notes. The convertible notes repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum amount of Convertible Senior Notes. The timing and extent to which the Company may repurchase its Convertible Senior Notes will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. In September 2023, the Company repurchased $10.4 million principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes for $10.3 million and recorded a gain of $41,000 to Other, net on the consolidated statement of operations. At September 30, 2023, the aggregate principal amount of the Company’s Convertible Senior Notes outstanding was $219.6 million.

The Convertible Senior Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and are (i) effectively junior to all of the Company’s secured indebtedness, which includes the Company’s repurchase agreements and other financing arrangements, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness and (ii) equal in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future senior unsecured obligations, if any.

(b) Counterparties

The Company had financing agreements, including repurchase agreements and other forms of secured financing, with 13 and 12 counterparties at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The following table presents information with respect to each counterparty under financing agreements for which the Company had greater than 5% of stockholders’ equity at risk in the aggregate at September 30, 2023:

	September 30, 2023
	Amount  at Risk (1)		Weighted  Average Months  to Repricing for Repurchase Agreements	Percent of Stockholders’ Equity
Counterparty
(Dollars in Thousands)
Wells Fargo	$	252,562	1	13.7	%
Barclays Bank	147,493		1	8.0
Churchill Finance LLC	143,996		1	7.8
Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.	96,686		1	5.2

(1)The amount at risk reflects the difference between (a) the amount loaned to the Company through financing agreements, including interest payable, and (b) the cash and the fair value of the assets pledged by the Company as collateral, including accrued interest receivable on such assets.

(c) Pledged Collateral

The following tables present the Company’s assets (based on carrying value) pledged as collateral for its various financing arrangements as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
	Financing Agreements
(In Thousands)	Non-Mark-to-Market (1)		Mark-to-Market (1)		Securitized		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	58,487	$	346,353	$	1,193,739	$	1,598,579
Residential whole loans, at fair value	1,331,733		1,534,207		3,957,751		6,823,691
Securities, at fair value	—		678,801		—		678,801
Other assets: REO	—		46,883		32,055		78,938
Total	$	1,390,220	$	2,606,244	$	5,183,545	$	9,180,009

	December 31, 2022
	Financing Agreements
(In Thousands)	Non-Mark-to-Market (1)		Mark-to-Market (1)		Securitized		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	215,993	$	284,683	$	1,314,104	$	1,814,780
Residential whole loans, at fair value	1,095,556		2,164,158		2,720,757		5,980,471
Securities, at fair value	—		177,111		—		177,111
Other assets: REO	19,837		28,490		36,486		84,813
Total	$	1,331,386	$	2,654,442	$	4,071,347	$	8,057,175

(1)An aggregate of $34.9 million and $30.9 million of accrued interest on those assets pledged against non-mark-to-market and mark-to-market financings agreements had also been pledged as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Company pledges securities or cash as collateral to its counterparties in relation to certain of its financing arrangements. The Company exchanges collateral with its counterparties based on changes in the fair value, notional amount and term of the associated financing arrangements and Swaps, as applicable. In connection with these margining practices, either the Company or its counterparty may be required to pledge cash or securities as collateral. When the Company’s pledged collateral exceeds the required margin, the Company may initiate a reverse margin call, at which time the counterparty may either return the excess collateral or provide collateral to the Company in the form of cash or equivalent securities. The Company’s assets pledged as collateral are also described in Notes 2(e) - Restricted Cash and 5(e) - Derivative Instruments.

Certain of the Company’s financing arrangements and derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide for a right of setoff in the event of default or in the event of a bankruptcy of either party to the transaction. In the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, all balances associated with repurchase agreements are presented on a gross basis.

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Other Liabilities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Other Liabilities [Abstract]

Other Liabilities

Other Liabilities

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Other liabilities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Payable for purchase of unsettled Agency MBS	$	—	$	132,026
Dividends and dividend equivalents payable	35,789		35,769
Lease liability	43,508		45,314
Accrued interest payable	32,445		23,040
Accrued expenses and other	106,569		75,321
Total Other Liabilities	$	218,311	$	311,470

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Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”), and the corresponding provisions of state law. The Company expects to operate in a manner that will enable it to satisfy the various requirements to maintain its status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In order to maintain its status as a REIT, the Company must, among other things, distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (excluding net long-term capital gains) to stockholders in the timeframe permitted by the Code. As long as the Company maintains its status as a REIT, the Company will not be subject to regular federal income tax at the REIT level to the extent that it distributes 100% of its REIT taxable income (including net long-term capital gains) to its stockholders within the permitted timeframe. Should this not occur, the Company would be subject to federal taxes at prevailing corporate tax rates on the difference between its REIT taxable income and the amounts deemed to be distributed for that tax year. The Company’s objective is to distribute 100% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders within the permitted timeframe. If the Company fails to distribute during each calendar year, or by the end of January following the calendar year in the case of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of (i) 85% of its REIT ordinary income for such year, (ii) 95% of its REIT capital gain income for such year, and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, the Company would be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the amounts actually distributed. To the extent that the Company incurs interest, penalties or related excise taxes in connection with its tax obligations, including as a result of its assessment of uncertain tax positions, such amounts will be included in Operating and Other Expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

In addition, the Company has elected to treat certain of its subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). In general, a TRS may hold assets and engage in activities that the Company cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business. Generally, a domestic TRS is subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. Given that a portion of the Company’s business is conducted through one or more TRS, the net taxable income earned by its domestic TRS, if any, is subject to corporate income taxation. To maintain the Company’s REIT election, no more than 20% of the value of the Company’s assets at the end of each calendar quarter may consist of stock or securities in TRS. For purposes of the determination of U.S. federal and state income taxes, the Company’s subsidiaries that elected to be treated as TRS record current or deferred income taxes based on differences (both permanent and timing) between the determination of their taxable income and net income under GAAP.

Based on its analysis of any potentially uncertain tax positions, the Company concluded that it does not have any material uncertain tax positions that meet the relevant recognition or measurement criteria as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 or September 30, 2022. As of the date of this filing, the Company’s tax returns for tax years 2019 through 2022 are open to examination.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of net deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) recorded at the Company’s domestic TRS entities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the following table:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Deferred tax assets (DTAs):
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	$	107,523	$	97,655
Unrealized mark-to-market, impairments and loss provisions	15,421		12,609
Other realized / unrealized treatment differences	(46,461)		(28,620)
Total deferred tax assets	76,483		81,644
Less: valuation allowance	(76,483)		(81,644)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

Realization of the Company’s DTAs at September 30, 2023 is dependent on several factors, including generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and generating sufficient capital gains in future periods prior to the expiration of capital loss carryforwards. The Company determines the extent to which realization of the deferred assets is not expected to be more likely than not and establishes a valuation allowance accordingly.

No net deferred tax benefit was recorded by the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, related to the net taxable losses in TRS entities, since a valuation allowance for the full amount of the associated deferred tax asset at the ends of those periods was recognized as its recovery was not considered more likely than not. The related NOL carryforwards generated prior to 2018 will begin to expire in 2037; those generated in 2018 and later can be carried forward indefinitely, until fully utilized. The Company’s estimate of net DTAs could change in future periods to the extent that actual or revised estimates of future taxable income change from current expectations.

At September 30, 2023, the Company’s federal NOL carryforward from prior years was $382.6 million, which may be carried forward indefinitely. If certain substantial changes in the Company’s ownership occur, there could be an annual limitation on the amount of the carryforwards that can be utilized.

The income tax provision/(benefit) is included in Other general and administrative expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the Company’s income tax provision/(benefit) primarily recorded at the Company’s domestic TRS entities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Current provision/(benefit)
Federal	$	73	$	40	$	(346)	$	184
State	21		11		(103)		220
Total current provision/(benefit)	94		51		(449)		404
Deferred provision/(benefit)
Federal	—		183		589		453
State	—		49		155		114
Total deferred provision/(benefit)	—		232		744		567
Total provision/(benefit)	$	94	$	283	$	295	$	971

The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate at September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
Non-taxable REIT income (dividends paid deduction)	231.1	%	3.4	%
Other differences in taxable income (loss) from GAAP	(319.7)	%	(17.4)	%
State and local taxes	0.1	%	—	%
Change in valuation allowance on DTAs	64.9	%	(7.3)	%
Effective tax rate	(2.6)	%	(0.3)	%

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

(a) Lease Commitments

The Company’s primary lease commitment relates to its corporate headquarters. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an expense of approximately $1.2 million and $3.9 million, respectively, in connection with this lease. The original term specified in this lease is approximately fifteen years with a termination date of December 2036 and an option to renew for an additional five years.

At September 30, 2023, the contractual minimum rental payments (exclusive of possible rent escalation charges and normal recurring charges for maintenance, insurance and taxes) regarding the Company’s lease commitments were as follows:

Year Ending December 31,	Minimum Rental Payments
(In Thousands)
2023 (1)	$	1,438
2024	5,751
2025	4,888
2026	4,776
2027	5,055
Thereafter	46,999
Total	$	68,907

(1) Reflects contractual minimum rental payments due for the period from October 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023.

Additionally, in June 2023, Lima One executed a lease agreement on new office space in Greenville, South Carolina. The lease term specified in the agreement is thirteen years. The Company expects the average annual lease rental expense under the new lease to be approximately $3.0 million. Lima One currently expects to relocate to the space in the first fiscal quarter of 2025, but this timing, as well as when it is required to begin making payments and recognize rental and other expenses under the new lease, is dependent on when the space is actually available for use. Further, Lima One has the ability to terminate the lease agreement if vertical construction of the building is not started by April 2024.

(b) Representations and Warranties in Connection with Loan Securitization and Other Loan Sale Transactions

In connection with the loan securitization and sale transactions entered into by the Company, the Company has the obligation under certain circumstances to repurchase assets previously transferred to securitization vehicles, or otherwise sold, upon breach of certain representations and warranties. As of September 30, 2023, the Company was not aware of any material unsettled repurchase claims that would require a reserve (see Note 14).

(c) Loan Commitments

At September 30, 2023, the Company had unfunded commitments of $587.4 million in connection with its Transitional loans (see Note 3). From time to time, Lima One makes short-term commitments to originate mortgage loans; such commitments were not significant at September 30, 2023.

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Stockholders' Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders’ Equity

(a) Preferred Stock

7.50% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Stock”)

On April 15, 2013, the Company completed the issuance of 8.0 million shares of its Series B Preferred Stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, and a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, in an underwritten public offering. The Company’s Series B Preferred Stock is entitled to receive a dividend at a rate of 7.50% per year on the

$25.00 liquidation preference before the Company’s common stock is paid any dividends and is senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up. Dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on or about March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. The Series B Preferred Stock is redeemable at $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not authorized or declared), exclusively at the Company’s option.

The Series B Preferred Stock generally does not have any voting rights, subject to an exception in the event the Company fails to pay dividends on such stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive).  Under such circumstances, the Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to vote to elect two additional directors to the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set apart for payment.  In addition, certain material and adverse changes to the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its Series B Preferred Stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
August 17, 2023	September 5, 2023	September 29, 2023	$0.46875
May 22, 2023	June 5, 2023	June 30, 2023	$0.46875
February 21, 2023	March 6, 2023	March 31, 2023	$0.46875

6.50% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock”)

On February 28, 2020, the Company amended its charter through the filing of articles supplementary to reclassify 12,650,000 shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued common stock as shares of the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock. On March 2, 2020, the Company completed the issuance of 11.0 million shares of its Series C Preferred Stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, and a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, in an underwritten public offering. The total net proceeds the Company received from the offering were approximately $266.0 million, after deducting offering expenses and the underwriting discount.

The Company’s Series C Preferred Stock is entitled to receive dividends (i) from and including the original issue date to, but excluding, March 31, 2025, at a fixed rate of 6.50% per year on the $25.00 liquidation preference and (ii) from and including March 31, 2025, at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.345% per year of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference before the Company’s common stock is paid any dividends, and is senior to the Company’s common stock with respect to distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up. In light of the discontinuance of the publication of three-month LIBOR after June 2023 and pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock, the Company will, prior to March 31, 2025, appoint a calculation agent to select an industry accepted substitute or successor base rate to the three-month LIBOR rate. The calculation agent may also implement changes to the business day convention, the definition of business day, the dividend determination date, the interest rate spread and the method for obtaining the substitute or successor base rate, in a manner that is consistent with industry accepted practices. In March 2022, Congress enacted a federal statute that provides a safe harbor for those, like the calculation agent, that are contractually responsible for determining LIBOR replacements under certain circumstances, which the Company expects will apply to the Series C Preferred Stock. The Federal Reserve is required to promulgate rules under this statute which, once final, the Company expects will affect the selection of an industry accepted substitute or successor base rate under the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock. Although the Company has not yet appointed a calculation agent and a substitute or successor base rate has not yet been selected, it is the Company’s present expectation that three-month SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) would be the substitute or successor base rate to three-month LIBOR. Dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on or about March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. The Series C Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company prior to March 31, 2025, except under circumstances where it is necessary to preserve the Company’s qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and upon the occurrence of certain specified change in control transactions. On or after March 31, 2025, the Company may, at its option, subject to certain procedural requirements, redeem any or all of the shares of the Series C Preferred Stock for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon (whether or not authorized or declared) to, but excluding, the redemption date.

The Series C Preferred Stock generally does not have any voting rights, subject to an exception in the event the Company fails to pay dividends on such stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive).  Under such circumstances,

the Series C Preferred Stock will be entitled to vote to elect two additional directors to the Company’s Board, until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set apart for payment. In addition, certain material and adverse changes to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its Series C Preferred Stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
August 17, 2023	September 5, 2023	September 29, 2023	$0.40625
May 22, 2023	June 5, 2023	June 30, 2023	$0.40625
February 21, 2023	March 6, 2023	March 31, 2023	$0.40625

(b)  Dividends on Common Stock

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its common stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
September 20, 2023	October 2, 2023	October 31, 2023	$0.350	(1)
June 15, 2023	June 30, 2023	July 31, 2023	$0.350
March 10, 2023	March 31, 2023	April 28, 2023	$0.350

(1) At September 30, 2023, the Company had accrued dividends and dividend equivalents payable of $35.8 million related to the common stock dividend declared on June 15, 2023.

(c) Discount Waiver, Direct Stock Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan (“DRSPP”)

On September 27, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for the purpose of registering common stock for sale through its DRSPP.  Pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, this shelf registration statement became effective automatically upon filing with the SEC and registered an aggregate of 2.0 million shares of common stock.  The Company’s DRSPP is designed to provide existing stockholders and new investors with a convenient and economical way to purchase shares of common stock through the automatic reinvestment of dividends and/or optional cash investments.  At September 30, 2023, approximately 2.0 million shares of common stock remained available for issuance pursuant to the DRSPP shelf registration statement.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 6,666 shares of common stock through the DRSPP, raising net proceeds of approximately $74,000.  From the inception of the DRSPP in September 2003 through September 30, 2023, the Company issued 8,848,219 shares pursuant to the DRSPP, raising net proceeds of $290.8 million.

(d)  Stock Repurchase Program

On March 11, 2022, the Company’s Board authorized a stock repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $250 million of its common stock through the end of 2023. The Board’s authorization superseded and replaced the authorization under a prior stock repurchase program that had been adopted in November 2020, which also authorized the Company to repurchase up to $250 million.

The stock repurchase program does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares. The timing and extent to which the Company repurchases its shares will depend upon, among other things, market conditions, share price, liquidity, regulatory requirements and other factors, and repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time without prior notice. Acquisitions under the stock repurchase program may be made in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or block trades or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws (including, in the Company’s discretion, through the use of one or more plans adopted under Rule 10b5-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)).

The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company repurchased 6,476,746 shares of its common stock through the stock repurchase program at an average cost of $15.80 per share and a total cost of approximately $102.1 million, net of fees and commissions paid to the sales agent of approximately $161,000. As of September 30, 2023, approximately $202.5 million remained available under the current authorization for the purchase of common stock under the stock repurchase program.

(e) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

The following table presents changes in the balances of each component of the Company’s AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In Thousands)	Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total  AOCI		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total  AOCI
Balance at beginning of period	$	13,420	$	—	$	13,420	$	21,341	$	—	$	21,341
OCI before reclassifications	933		—		933		(6,988)		—		(6,988)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net OCI during the period (2)	933		—		933		(6,988)		—		(6,988)
Balance at end of period	$	14,353	$	—	$	14,353	$	14,353	$	—	$	14,353

(1)Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements at Fair Value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk.

(2) For further information regarding changes in OCI, see the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

The following table presents changes in the balances of each component of the Company’s AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In Thousands)	Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total AOCI		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total AOCI
Balance at beginning of period	$	36,919	$	—	$	36,919	$	46,833	$	(1,255)	$	45,578
OCI before reclassifications	(5,851)		—		(5,851)		(15,765)		1,255		(14,510)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net OCI during the period (2)	(5,851)		—		(5,851)		(15,765)		1,255		(14,510)
Balance at end of period	$	31,068	$	—	$	31,068	$	31,068	$	—	$	31,068

(1)  Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements at Fair Value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk.

(2)  For further information regarding changes in OCI, see the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

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EPS Calculation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

EPS Calculation

EPS Calculation

The following table presents a reconciliation of the (loss)/earnings and shares used in calculating basic and diluted (loss)/earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss	$	(56,438)	$	(55,018)	$	(9,582)	$	(238,291)
Dividends declared on preferred stock	(8,219)		(8,218)		(24,656)		(24,656)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(119)		(174)		(324)		(489)
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Basic Loss per Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	—		—		—		—
Net loss available to common stockholders - diluted	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Effect of assumed conversion of Convertible Senior Notes to common shares	—		—		—		—
Unvested and vested restricted stock units	—		—		—		—
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding (1)	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Diluted Loss per Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)

(1)At September 30, 2023, the Company had approximately 3.1 million equity instruments outstanding that were included in the calculation of diluted EPS for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.  These equity instruments reflect RSUs (based on current estimate of expected share settlement amount) with a weighted average grant date fair value of $12.41. These equity instruments may continue to have a dilutive impact on future EPS.  

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Convertible Senior Notes were determined to be anti-dilutive and were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS under the “if-converted” method. Under this method, the periodic interest expense for dilutive notes is added back to the numerator and the weighted average number of shares that the notes are entitled to (if converted, regardless of whether the conversion option is in or out of the money) are included in the denominator for the purpose of calculating diluted EPS. The Convertible Senior Notes may have a dilutive impact on future EPS.

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Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Compensation Related Costs [Abstract]

Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans

Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans

(a)  Equity Compensation Plan

In accordance with the terms of the Company’s Equity Plan, which was adopted by the Company’s stockholders on June 6, 2023 (and which amended and restated the Company’s 2020 Equity Compensation Plan), directors, officers and employees of the Company and any of its subsidiaries and other persons expected to provide significant services for the Company and any of its subsidiaries are eligible to receive grants of stock options (“Options”), restricted stock, RSUs, dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based awards under the Equity Plan.

Subject to certain exceptions, stock-based awards relating to a maximum of 8.5 million shares of common stock may be granted under the Equity Plan; forfeitures and/or awards that expire unexercised do not count toward this limit.  At September 30, 2023, approximately 5.3 million shares of common stock remained available for grant in connection with stock-based awards under the Equity Plan.  A participant may generally not receive stock-based awards in excess of 2.0 million shares of common stock in any one year and no award may be granted to any person who, assuming exercise of all Options and

payment of all awards held by such person, would own or be deemed to own more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock.  Unless previously terminated by the Board, awards may be granted under the Equity Plan until June 6, 2033.

Restricted Stock Units

Under the terms of the Equity Plan, RSUs are instruments that provide the holder with the right to receive, subject to the satisfaction of conditions set by the Compensation Committee at the time of grant, a payment of a specified value, which may be a share of the Company’s common stock, the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock, or such fair market value to the extent in excess of an established base value, on the applicable settlement date.  Although the Equity Plan permits the Company to issue RSUs that can settle in cash, all of the Company’s outstanding RSUs as of September 30, 2023 are designated to be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock.  The Company granted 1,608,063 and 677,776 RSUs during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were 100,260 and 127,673 RSUs forfeited during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. There were no RSUs forfeited during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 29,693 RSUs forfeited during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. All holders of RSUs outstanding at September 30, 2023 may be entitled to receive dividend equivalent payments depending on the terms and conditions of the award either in cash at the time dividends are paid by the Company or at the time settlement of the RSU award, or for performance-based RSU awards, as a grant of stock at the time such awards are settled.  At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had unrecognized compensation expense of $12.8 million and $11.2 million, respectively, related to RSUs.  The unrecognized compensation expense at September 30, 2023, is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.5 years.

Restricted Stock

The Company did not grant any shares of restricted common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. At September 30, 2023, the Company did not have any shares of restricted common stock outstanding.

Dividend Equivalents

A dividend equivalent is a right to receive a distribution equal to the dividend distributions that would be paid on a share of the Company’s common stock.  Dividend equivalents may be granted as a separate instrument or may be a right associated with the grant of another award (e.g., an RSU) under the Equity Plan, and they are paid typically in cash or other consideration at such times and in accordance with such rules as the Compensation Committee of the Board shall determine in its discretion.  Dividend equivalent payments are generally charged to Stockholders’ Equity when common stock dividends are declared to the extent that such equivalents are expected to vest.  The Company made dividend equivalent payments associated with RSU awards of approximately $119,000 and $324,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and approximately $174,000 and $485,000 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. In addition, no dividend equivalents rights awarded as separate instruments were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

 Expense Recognized for Equity-Based Compensation Instruments

The following table presents the Company’s expenses related to its equity-based compensation instruments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
RSUs	$	4,448	$	2,673	$	11,399	$	8,858
Total	$	4,448	$	2,673	$	11,399	$	8,858

(b)  Deferred Compensation Plans

The Company administers deferred compensation plans for its senior officers and non-employee directors (collectively, the “Deferred Plans”), pursuant to which participants may elect to defer up to 100% of certain cash compensation.  The Deferred Plans are designed to align participants’ interests with those of the Company’s stockholders.

Amounts deferred under the Deferred Plans are considered to be converted into “stock units” of the Company.  Stock units do not represent stock of the Company, but rather are a liability of the Company that changes in value as would equivalent shares of the Company’s common stock.  Deferred compensation liabilities are settled in cash at the termination of the deferral period, based on the value of the stock units at that time.  The Deferred Plans are non-qualified plans under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and, as such, are not funded.  Prior to the time that the deferred accounts are settled, participants are unsecured creditors of the Company.

The Company’s liability for stock units in the Deferred Plans is based on the market price of the Company’s common stock at the measurement date.  The following table presents the Company’s expenses related to its Deferred Plans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Non-employee directors	$	(260)	$	(483)	$	154	$	(1,601)
Total	$	(260)	$	(483)	$	154	$	(1,601)

The following table presents the aggregate amount of income deferred by participants of the Deferred Plans through September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 that had not been distributed and the Company’s associated liability for such deferrals at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	Undistributed Income Deferred (1)		Liability Under Deferred Plans		Undistributed Income Deferred (1)		Liability Under Deferred Plans
Non-employee directors	$	2,551	$	1,912	$	2,923	$	1,953
Total	$	2,551	$	1,912	$	2,923	$	1,953

(1)  Represents the cumulative amounts that were deferred by participants through September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which had not been distributed through such respective date.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GAAP requires the categorization of fair value measurements into three broad levels that form a hierarchy. A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.  The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:

Level 1 — Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3 — Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following describes the valuation methodologies used for the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Residential Whole Loans, at Fair Value

The Company determines the fair value of its residential whole loans held at fair value after considering valuations obtained from third parties that specialize in providing valuations of residential mortgage loans. The valuation approach applied generally depends on whether the loan is considered performing or non-performing at the date the valuation is performed. For performing loans, estimates of fair value are derived using a discounted cash flow approach, where estimates of cash flows are determined from the scheduled payments, adjusted using forecasted prepayment, default and loss given default rates. For non-performing loans, asset liquidation cash flows are derived based on the estimated time to liquidate the loan, the estimated value of the collateral, expected costs and estimated home price levels. Estimated cash flows for both performing and non-performing loans are discounted at yields considered appropriate to arrive at a reasonable exit price for the asset. Indications of loan value such as actual trades, bids, offers and generic market color may be used in determining the appropriate discount yield. The Company’s residential whole loans held at fair value are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy; however, the Company determined that the market inputs used in valuing its Agency eligible investor loans were sufficiently observable to be classified as Level 2.

Securities, at Fair Value

Residential Mortgage Securities

In determining the fair value of the Company’s residential mortgage securities, management considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services and brokers as well as dialogue with market participants.  Valuations of TBA securities positions are based on executed levels for positions entered into and subsequently rolled forward, as well as prices obtained from pricing services for outstanding positions at each reporting date. These valuations are assessed for reasonableness by considering market TBA levels observed via Bloomberg for the same coupon and term to maturity. In valuing Non-Agency MBS, the Company understands that pricing services use observable inputs that include, in addition to trading activity observed in the marketplace, loan delinquency data, credit enhancement levels and vintage, which are taken into account to assign pricing factors such as spread and prepayment assumptions.  The Company collects and considers current market intelligence on all major markets, including benchmark security evaluations and bid-lists from various sources, when available.

The Company’s residential mortgage securities are valued using various market data points as described above, which management considers directly or indirectly observable parameters.  Accordingly, these securities are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

The Company’s valuation process for term notes backed by MSR collateral is similar to that used for residential mortgage securities and considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services, brokers and repurchase agreement counterparties, dialogue with market participants, as well as management’s observations of market activity. Other factors taken into consideration include estimated changes in fair value of the related underlying MSR collateral and, as applicable, the financial performance of the ultimate parent or sponsoring entity of the issuer, which has provided a guarantee that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the related underlying MSR collateral be insufficient. Based on its evaluation of the observability of the data used in its fair value estimation process, these assets are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Financing Agreements, at Fair Value

Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions

These agreements are secured and subject to margin calls and their base interest rates reset frequently to market based rates. As a result, no credit valuation adjustment is required, and the primary factor in determining their fair value is the credit spread paid over the base rate, which is a non-observable input as it is determined based on negotiations with the counterparty. The Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy if the credit spreads used to price the instrument reset frequently, which is typically the case with shorter term repurchase agreement contracts collateralized by securities. Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions that are typically longer term and are collateralized by residential whole loans where the credit spread paid over the base rate on the instrument is not reset frequently are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions

These agreements are secured, but not subject to margin calls based on changes in the fair value of the financed residential whole loans. Such agreements may experience changes in advance rates or collateral eligibility as a result of factors such as changes in the delinquency status of the financed residential whole loans. As a result, a credit valuation adjustment would only be required if there were a significant decrease in collateral value, and the primary factor in determining their fair value is the credit spread paid over the base rate, which is a non-observable input as it is determined based on negotiations with the counterparty. The Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Securitized Debt

In determining the fair value of securitized debt, management considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services and brokers as well as dialogue with market participants. Accordingly, the Company’s securitized debt is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Swaps

Variation margin payments on the Company’s Swaps are treated as a legal settlement of the exposure under the related Swap contract, the effect of which reduces what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the Swap, generally to zero.

Changes to the valuation methodologies used with respect to the Company’s financial instruments are reviewed by management to ensure any such changes result in appropriate exit price valuations.  The Company will refine its valuation methodologies as markets and products develop and pricing methodologies evolve.  The methods described above may produce fair value estimates that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values.  Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those used by market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.  The Company uses inputs that are current as of the measurement date, which may include periods of market dislocation, during which price transparency may be reduced.  The Company reviews the classification of its financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy on a quarterly basis, and management may conclude that its financial instruments should be reclassified to a different level in the future.

The following tables present the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets by the valuation hierarchy, as previously described:

Fair Value at September 30, 2023

(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	$	—	$	53,148	$	6,793,422	$	6,846,570
Securities, at fair value	—		723,959		—		723,959
Total assets carried at fair value	$	—	$	777,107	$	6,793,422	$	7,570,529
Liabilities:
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	$	—	$	—	$	401,353	$	401,353
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	—		—		505,747		505,747
Securitized debt	—		3,531,576		—		3,531,576
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	3,531,576	$	907,100	$	4,438,676

Fair Value at December 31, 2022

(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	$	—	$	51,094	$	5,676,430	$	5,727,524
Securities, at fair value	—		333,364		—		333,364
Total assets carried at fair value	$	—	$	384,458	$	5,676,430	$	6,060,888
Liabilities:
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	$	—	$	—	$	578,879	$	578,879
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	—		—		884,495		884,495
Securitized debt	—		2,435,370		—		2,435,370
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	2,435,370	$	1,463,374	$	3,898,744

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s Residential whole loans, at fair value, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Residential Whole Loans, at Fair Value
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	6,441,964	$	5,252,047	$	5,676,430	$	4,222,584
Purchases and originations	635,646		591,184		1,707,209		2,379,428
Draws	166,937		106,633		418,928		250,455
Changes in fair value recorded in Net gain/(loss) on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(129,661)		(241,093)		(131,856)		(623,012)
Repayments	(309,214)		(236,236)		(836,440)		(718,983)
Loan sales	(2,243)		—		(3,720)		(10,496)
Transfer to REO	(10,007)		(9,565)		(37,129)		(37,006)
Balance at end of period	$	6,793,422	$	5,462,970	$	6,793,422	$	5,462,970

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	440,106	$	441,883	$	578,879	$	628,280
Issuances	107,230		418,183		379,625		418,183
Payment of principal	(145,983)		(255,345)		(557,151)		(440,487)
Change in unrealized losses	—		—		—		(1,255)
Balance at end of period	$	401,353	$	604,721	$	401,353	$	604,721

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	553,162	$	1,433,857	$	884,495	$	1,322,362
Issuances	56,330		272,005		78,348		1,142,611
Payment of principal	(103,745)		(773,366)		(457,096)		(1,532,477)
Changes in unrealized losses	—		—		—		—
Balance at end of period	$	505,747	$	932,496	$	505,747	$	932,496

Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments

Residential Whole Loans, at Fair Value

The following tables present a summary of quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s residential whole loans held at fair value for which it has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (2)			Range
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	512,213	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.6		%	7.1-11.1%
				Prepayment rate	6.6		%	0.0-28.2%
				Default rate	2.7		%	0.0-38.9%
				Loss severity	9.8		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	187,098	Liquidation model	Discount rate	8.0		%	8.0-8.0%
				Annual change in home prices	3.3		%	(0.2)-12.6%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	2.0			0.1-4.5
				Current value of underlying properties (3)	$	843		$43-$4,720
Total	$	699,311

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (2)			Range
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	546,675	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.0		%	6.3-10.0%
				Prepayment rate	8.9		%	0.0-33.5%
				Default rate	3.7		%	0.0-52.4%
				Loss severity	11.3		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	249,219	Liquidation model	Discount rate	7.8		%	7.8-7.8%
				Annual change in home prices	6.9		%	(5.4)-59.7%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.9			0.1-4.5
				Current value of underlying properties (3)	$	743		$28-$4,000
Total	$	795,894

(1) Excludes approximately $499,000 and $215,000 of loans for which management considers the purchase price continues to reflect the fair value of such loans at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2) Amounts are weighted based on the fair value of the underlying loan.

(3) The simple average value of the properties underlying residential whole loans held at fair value valued via a liquidation model was approximately $498,000 and $457,000 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (1)			Range
Purchased Performing Loans	$	5,996,971	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.4		%	6.5-24.8%
				Prepayment rate	7.6		%	0.0-43.3%
				Default rate	0.5		%	0.0-27.0%
				Loss severity	10.8		%	0.0-98.4%
	$	96,641	Liquidation model	Discount rate	8.0		%	8.0-8.0%
				Annual change in home prices	2.3		%	0.0-9.8%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.6			0.1-4.0
				Current value of underlying properties	$	1,567		$40-$5,500
Total	$	6,093,612

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (1)			Range
Purchased Performing Loans	$	4,857,587	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.6		%	5.6-22.7%
				Prepayment rate	7.9		%	0.0-44.8%
				Default rate	0.8		%	0.0-19.4%
				Loss severity	7.3		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	22,734	Liquidation model	Discount rate	7.8		%	7.8%-7.8%
				Annual change in home prices	3.2		%	(1.0)%-10.7%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.9			0.8-4.2
				Current value of underlying properties	$	1,319		$50-$2,850
Total	$	4,880,321

(1) Amounts are weighted based on the fair value of the underlying loan.

Changes in market conditions, as well as changes in the assumptions or methodology used to determine fair value, could result in a significant increase or decrease in the fair value of residential whole loans. Loans valued using a discounted cash flow model are most sensitive to changes in the discount rate assumption, while loans valued using the liquidation model technique are most sensitive to changes in the current value of the underlying properties and the liquidation timeline. Increases in discount rates, default rates, loss severities, or liquidation timelines, either in isolation or collectively, would generally result in a lower fair value measurement, whereas increases in the current or expected value of the underlying properties, in isolation, would result in a higher fair value measurement. In practice, changes in valuation assumptions may not occur in isolation and the changes in any particular assumption may result in changes in other assumptions, which could offset or amplify the impact on the overall valuation.

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Level in Fair Value Hierarchy	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
(In Thousands)
Financial Assets:
Residential whole loans	3	$	8,371,068	$	8,285,799	$	7,467,645	$	7,397,421
Residential whole loans	2	53,148		53,148		51,094		51,094
Securities, at fair value	2	723,959		723,959		333,364		333,364
Cash and cash equivalents	1	300,089		300,089		334,183		334,183
Restricted cash	1	153,449		153,449		159,898		159,898
Financial Liabilities (1):
Financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	3	1,124,953		1,125,773		1,003,604		1,004,260
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	3	1,752,492		1,753,355		2,111,396		2,111,647
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	2	608,996		608,996		111,651		111,651
Securitized debt (2)	2	4,332,936		4,210,440		3,357,590		3,217,905
Convertible senior notes	2	218,596		219,589		227,845		211,015

(1)Carrying value of securitized debt, Convertible Senior Notes, Senior Notes and certain repurchase agreements is net of associated debt issuance costs.

(2)Includes securitized debt that is carried at amortized cost basis and fair value.

Other Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company holds REO at the lower of the current carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded REO with an aggregate estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell, of $66.2 million and $61.9 million, respectively, at the time of foreclosure. The Company classifies fair value measurements of REO as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities

Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities

Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities

A Special Purpose Entity (“SPE”) is an entity designed to fulfill a specific limited need of the company that organized it.  SPEs are often used to facilitate transactions that involve securitizing financial assets or re-securitizing previously securitized financial assets.  The objective of such transactions may include obtaining non-recourse financing, obtaining liquidity or refinancing the underlying financial assets on improved terms.  Securitization involves transferring assets to a SPE to convert all or a portion of those assets into cash before they would have been realized in the normal course of business, through the SPE’s issuance of debt or equity instruments.  Investors in a SPE usually have recourse only to the assets in the SPE and, depending on the overall structure of the transaction, may benefit from various forms of credit enhancement such as over-collateralization in the form of excess assets in the SPE, priority with respect to receipt of cash flows relative to holders of other debt or equity instruments issued by the SPE, or a line of credit or other form of liquidity agreement that is designed with the objective of ensuring that investors receive principal and/or interest cash flow on the investment in accordance with the terms of their investment agreement. 

The Company has entered into several financing transactions that resulted in the Company consolidating as VIEs the SPEs that were created to facilitate these transactions. See Note 2(p) for a discussion of the accounting policies applied to the consolidation of VIEs and transfers of financial assets in connection with financing transactions.

The Company has engaged in loan securitizations primarily for the purpose of obtaining improved overall financing terms as well as non-recourse financing on a portion of its residential whole loan portfolio. Notwithstanding the Company’s participation in these transactions, the risks facing the Company are largely unchanged as the Company remains economically exposed to the first loss position on the underlying assets transferred to the VIEs.

Loan Securitization Transactions

The following table summarizes the key details of the Company’s consolidated loan securitization transactions currently outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential whole loans sold	$	7,721,012			$	6,079,749
Face amount of Senior Bonds issued by the VIE and purchased by third-party investors	$	6,699,921			$	5,333,090
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at carrying value	$	801,360		(1)	$	922,220		(1)
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at fair value	$	3,531,576			$	2,435,370
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, total	$	4,332,936			$	3,357,590
Weighted average fixed rate for Senior Bonds issued	4.22		%	(2)	3.38		%	(2)
Weighted average contractual maturity of Senior Bonds	37 years			(2)	38 years			(2)
Face amount of Senior Support Certificates received by the Company (3)	$	986,585			$	715,640
Cash received	$	6,637,607			$	5,286,305

(1)Net of $1.7 million and $2.9 million of deferred financing costs at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2)At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $3.0 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of Senior Bonds sold in securitization transactions contained a contractual coupon step-up feature whereby the coupon increases by either 100, 200, or 300 basis points or more at defined dates ranging from 24 months, up to 48 months from issuance if the bond is not redeemed before such date.

(3)Provides credit support to the Senior Bonds sold to third-party investors in the securitization transactions.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued Senior Bonds with a current face of $534.8 million and $1.4 billion to third-party investors for proceeds of $533.8 million and $1.4 billion, respectively, before offering costs and accrued interest. The Senior Bonds issued by the Company during the three months ended September 30, 2023 are included in “Financing agreements, at fair value” (at carrying value) on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (see Note 6).

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as a result of the transactions described above, securitized loans of approximately $5.1 billion and $4.0 billion are included in “Residential whole loans” and REO with a carrying value of approximately $32.1 million and $36.5 million are included in “Other assets” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aggregate carrying value of Senior Bonds issued by consolidated VIEs was $4.3 billion and $3.4 billion, respectively.  These Senior Bonds are disclosed as “Securitized debt” and are included in Financing agreements on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  The holders of the securitized debt have no recourse to the general credit of the Company, but the Company does have the obligation, under certain circumstances, to repurchase assets from the VIE upon the breach of certain representations and warranties with respect to the residential whole loans sold to the VIE.  In the absence of such a breach, the Company has no obligation to provide any other explicit or implicit support to any VIE.

The Company concluded that the entities created to facilitate the loan securitization transactions are VIEs.  The Company completed an analysis of whether each VIE created to facilitate the securitization transactions should be consolidated by the Company, based on consideration of its involvement in each VIE, including the design and purpose of the SPE, and whether its involvement reflected a controlling financial interest that resulted in the Company being deemed the primary beneficiary of each VIE.  In determining whether the Company would be considered the primary beneficiary, the following factors were assessed:

•whether the Company has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE;  and

•whether the Company has a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.

Based on its evaluation of the factors discussed above, including its involvement in the purpose and design of the entity, the Company determined that it was required to consolidate each VIE created to facilitate the loan securitization transactions.

Residential Whole Loans and REO (including Residential Whole Loans and REO transferred to consolidated VIEs)

Included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are a total of $8.4 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively, of residential whole loans. These assets, excluding certain loans originated and held by Lima One, and certain of the Company’s REO assets, are directly owned by certain trusts established by the Company to acquire the loans and entities established in connection with the Company’s loan securitization transactions. The Company has assessed that these entities are required to be consolidated (see Notes 3 and 5(a)).

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Segment Reporting

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

At September 30, 2023, the Company’s reportable segments include (i) mortgage-related assets and (ii) Lima One. The Corporate column in the table below primarily consists of corporate cash and related interest income, investments in loan originators and related economics, general and administrative expenses not directly attributable to Lima One, interest expense on unsecured convertible senior notes (see Note 6), securitization issuance costs, and preferred stock dividends.

The following tables summarize segment financial information, which in total reconciles to the same data for the Company as a whole:

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Interest Income	$	94,855	$	61,101	$	3,209	$	159,165
Interest Expense	64,785		44,303		3,936		113,024
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	30,070	$	16,798	$	(727)	$	46,141
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,258		—		—		1,258
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	$	31,328	$	16,798	$	(727)	$	47,399
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(99,500)	$	(33,394)	$	—	$	(132,894)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(13,439)		—		(722)		(14,161)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,062		347		—		2,409
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	25,310		9,550		—		34,860
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	25,345		11,086		—		36,431
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		12,109		—		12,109
Other, net	515		684		655		1,854
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(59,707)	$	382	$	(67)	$	(59,392)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	12,010	$	12,041	$	24,051
General and administrative expenses	—		4,664		5,941		10,605
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	5,032		699		3,258		8,989
Amortization of intangible assets	—		800		—		800
Net (Loss)/Income	$	(33,411)	$	(993)	$	(22,034)	$	(56,438)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	8,219	$	8,219
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(33,411)	$	(993)	$	(30,253)	$	(64,657)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Interest Income	$	90,406	$	31,883	$	1,583	123,872
Interest Expense	47,780		19,856		3,943		71,579
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	42,626	$	12,027	$	(2,360)	$	52,293
Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	$	(520)	$	(68)	$	—	(588)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	$	42,106	$	11,959	$	(2,360)	$	51,705
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(226,894)	$	(64,924)	$	—	$	(291,818)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	1,620		—		(2,031)		(411)
Net gain on real estate owned	3,861		—		—		3,861
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	86,944		24,872		—		111,816
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	79,471		19,387		—		98,858
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		12,372		—		12,372
Other, net	282		35		814		1,131
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(54,716)	$	(8,258)	$	(1,217)	$	(64,191)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	11,170	$	9,893	$	21,063
General and administrative expenses	—		3,756		5,056		8,812
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	6,063		280		5,014		11,357
Amortization of intangible assets	—		1,300		—		1,300
Net Loss	$	(18,673)	$	(12,805)	$	(23,540)	$	(55,018)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	8,218	$	8,218
Net Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(18,673)	$	(12,805)	$	(31,758)	$	(63,236)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Interest Income	$	269,586	$	156,930	$	9,204	$	435,720
Interest Expense	180,802		113,050		11,853		305,705
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	88,784	$	43,880	$	(2,649)	$	130,015
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	663		314		—		977
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after (Provision)/Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses	$	89,447	$	44,194	$	(2,649)	$	130,992
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(101,449)	$	(32,974)	$	—	$	(134,423)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,205)		—		(1,594)		(15,799)
Net gain on real estate owned	8,479		25		—		8,504
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	54,130		19,973		—		74,103
Net loss on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	9,412		2,688		—		12,100
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		32,562		—		32,562
Other, net	6,535		2,131		1,856		10,522
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(37,098)	$	24,405	$	262	$	(12,431)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	32,952	$	33,500	$	66,452
General and administrative expenses	—		11,858		20,307		32,165
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	15,146		1,049		9,931		26,126
Amortization of intangible assets	—		3,400		—		3,400
Net Income/(Loss)	$	37,203	$	19,340	$	(66,125)	$	(9,582)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	24,656	$	24,656
Net Income/(Loss) Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	37,203	$	19,340	$	(90,781)	$	(34,238)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Interest Income	$	263,960	$	73,736	$	1,846	$	339,542
Interest Expense	120,678		39,128		11,811		171,617
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	143,282	$	34,608	$	(9,965)	$	167,925
Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,211		(105)		—		1,106
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets	—		—		(28,579)		(28,579)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses	$	144,493	$	34,503	$	(38,544)	$	140,452
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(657,223)	$	(140,711)	$	—	$	(797,934)
Impairment and other net gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(2,764)		—		(13,395)		(16,159)
Net gain on real estate owned	19,745		32		—		19,777
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	217,340		36,381		—		253,721
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	202,016		45,532		—		247,548
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		37,539		—		37,539
Other, net	4,198		64		3,091		7,353
Total Other Income, net	$	(216,688)	$	(21,163)	$	(10,304)	$	(248,155)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	29,650	$	30,029	$	59,679
General and administrative expenses	—		10,509		17,507		28,016
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	19,508		839		14,646		34,993
Amortization of intangible assets	—		7,900		—		7,900
Net Loss	$	(91,703)	$	(35,558)	$	(111,030)	$	(238,291)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	24,656	$	24,656
Net Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(91,703)	$	(35,558)	$	(135,686)	$	(262,947)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
September 30, 2023
Total Assets	$	6,174,062	$	3,572,079	$	358,659	$	10,104,800
December 31, 2022
Total Assets	$	6,065,557	$	2,618,695	$	428,153	$	9,112,405

Lima One Segment

On July 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Lima One Holdings, LLC, the parent company of Lima One Capital, LLC (collectively, “Lima One”), a leading originator and servicer of business purpose loans.

The Lima One segment includes the stand-alone mortgage origination and servicing business of Lima One, including related goodwill, intangible assets, and direct expenses, plus Lima One-related residential whole loans and REO (defined as both those owned by Lima One on the acquisition date and those originated by Lima One since the acquisition date) and the economics related thereto (including any related taxes and the economics of associated financing and hedging instruments), all

as recorded under GAAP. Associated financing economics are equal to the results of direct financings of Lima One-related residential whole loans and REO plus allocations of the results of financings which include Lima One related residential whole loans and REO as part of their collateral, based on the relative carrying values of the financed assets. Associated hedging economics are equal to allocations of the Company’s overall hedging results based on the relative estimated duration of each asset class hedged and the relative fair values of assets within each asset class.

Mortgage-Related Assets Segment

This segment is comprised of the remainder of the Company’s investments (including any related taxes and the economics of associated financing and hedging instruments).

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Subsequent Events	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events Subsequent to quarter end, the Company completed one additional loan securitization collateralized by $225.5 million UPB of Transitional loans.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (loss)	$ (56,438)	$ (25,928)	$ 72,784	$ (55,018)	$ (100,367)	$ (82,906)	$ (9,582)	$ (238,291)

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

On April 4, 2022, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). Accordingly, all share and per share data included in these consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively to reflect the impact of the Reverse Stock Split.

The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).  Certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with these SEC rules and regulations.  Management believes that the disclosures included in these interim unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading.  The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.  In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial condition of the Company at September 30, 2023 and results of operations for all periods presented have been made.  The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 should not be construed as indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP.  The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Although the Company’s estimates contemplate current conditions and how it expects them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could differ from those estimates, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations and its financial condition.  Management has made significant estimates in several areas: impairment, valuation allowances and loss allowances on residential whole loans (see Note 3), certain securities designated as available-for- sale (“AFS”) (see Note 4) and certain Other assets (see Note 5), valuation of Securities, at fair value (see Notes 4 and 13), income recognition and valuation of residential whole loans (see Notes 3 and 13), valuation of financing agreements (Notes 6 and 13), and valuation of derivative instruments (see Notes 5(e) and 13). In addition, estimates are used in the determination of taxable income used in the assessment of REIT compliance and contingent liabilities for related taxes, penalties and interest (see Note 8).  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. In addition, the Company consolidates entities established to facilitate transactions related to the acquisition and securitization of residential whole loans. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Residential Whole Loans (including Residential Whole Loans transferred to consolidated VIEs)

Residential Whole Loans (including Residential Whole Loans transferred to consolidated VIEs)

Residential whole loans included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are primarily comprised of pools of fixed- and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans acquired through consolidated trusts in secondary market transactions or originated by Lima One. The accounting model utilized by the Company is determined at the time each loan package is initially acquired. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, the Company typically elected the fair value option on loans that were 60 or more days delinquent at purchase (“Purchased Non-performing Loans”). Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (i.e., mortgage loans in which the underlying borrower had a delinquency status of less than 60 days at the acquisition date) acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 are typically held at carrying value. Purchased Performing Loans (as described below) acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 are also typically held at carrying value, but the accounting methods for income recognition and determination and measurement of any required credit loss reserves (as discussed below) differ from those used for Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans held at carrying value. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company began to elect the fair value option for all loans acquired, irrespective of borrower delinquency status at acquisition. The accounting model initially applied to loan acquisitions is not permitted to be subsequently changed. Consequently, the Company is not permitted to retroactively apply fair value accounting to loans held at carrying value acquired in periods prior to the second quarter of 2021.

The Company’s residential whole loans pledged as collateral against financing agreements are included in the consolidated balance sheets with amounts pledged disclosed in Note 6.  Purchases and sales of residential whole loans that are subject to an extended period of due diligence that crosses a reporting date are recorded in the Company’s balance sheet at amounts reflecting management’s current estimate of assets that will be acquired or disposed at the closing of the transaction. This estimate is subject to revision at the closing of the transaction, pending the outcome of due diligence performed prior to closing. Residential whole loans purchased under flow arrangements with loan origination partners are generally recorded at the transaction settlement date. Recorded amounts of residential whole loans for which the closing of the purchase transaction is yet to occur are not eligible to be pledged as collateral against any financing agreement until the closing of the purchase transaction. Interest income, credit related losses and changes in the fair value of loans held at fair value are recorded post settlement for acquired loans and until transaction settlement for sold loans (see Notes 3, 6, 13 and 14).

Purchased Performing Loans

Acquisitions of Purchased Performing Loans to date (which include loans purchased from third parties or loans originated by Lima One) have been primarily comprised of: (i) loans to finance (or refinance) one-to-four family residential properties that are not considered to meet the definition of a “Qualified Mortgage” in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“Non-QM loans”), (ii) short-term business purpose loans collateralized by residential and multi-family properties made to non-occupant borrowers that intend to rehabilitate and sell the properties (“Transitional loans” or “TL”) (also sometimes referred to as “Rehabilitation loans” or “Fix and Flip loans”), (iii) business purpose loans to finance (or refinance) non-owner occupied one-to-four family residential properties that are rented to one or more tenants (“Single-family rental loans”), (iv) loans on investor properties that conform to the standards for purchase by a federally chartered corporation, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (“Agency eligible investor loans”), and (v) previously originated loans secured by residential real estate that is generally owner occupied (“Seasoned performing loans”). Purchased Performing Loans are initially recorded at their purchase price (or amount funded for originated loans). Interest income on Purchased Performing Loans acquired at par is accrued based on each loan’s current interest bearing balance and current interest rate. Interest income on such loans acquired at a premium/discount to par is recorded each period based on the contractual coupon net of any amortization of premium or accretion of discount, adjusted for actual prepayment activity. For loans acquired with related servicing rights retained by the seller, interest income is reported net of related serving costs.

For Purchased Performing Loans acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021 for which the fair value option was not elected, an allowance for credit losses is recorded at acquisition, and maintained on an ongoing basis, for all losses expected over the life of the respective loan. Any required credit loss allowance would reduce the net carrying value of the loan with a corresponding charge to earnings, and may increase or decrease over time. Significant judgments are required in determining any allowance for credit loss, including assumptions regarding the loan cash flows expected to be collected, the value of the underlying collateral and the ability of the Company to collect on any other forms of security, such as a personal guaranty provided either by the borrower or an affiliate of the borrower. Income recognition is suspended, and interest accruals are reversed against income, for loans at the earlier of the date on which payments become 90 days past due or when, in the opinion of management, a full recovery of income and principal becomes doubtful (i.e., such loans are placed on nonaccrual status).

For nonaccrual loans, interest income is recorded under the cash basis method as interest payments are received. Interest accruals are resumed when the loan becomes contractually current. A loan is written off when it is no longer realizable and/or it is legally discharged. Modified loans are considered “troubled debt restructurings” if the Company grants a concession to a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty (including the interpretation of this definition set forth in OCC Bulletin 2020-35).

Charge-offs to the allowance for loan losses occur when losses are confirmed through the receipt of cash or other consideration from the completion of a sale; when a modification or restructuring takes place in which we grant a concession to a borrower or agree to a discount in full or partial satisfaction of the loan; when we take ownership and control of the underlying collateral in full satisfaction of the loan; when loans are reclassified as other investments; or when significant collection efforts have ceased and it is highly likely that a loss has been realized.

The aggregate allowance for credit losses is equal to the sum of the losses expected over the life of each respective loan. Expected losses are generally calculated based on the estimated probability of default and loss severity of loans in the portfolio, which involves projecting each loan’s expected cash flows based on their contractual terms, expected prepayments, and estimated default and loss severity rates. The results were not discounted. The default and severity rates were estimated based on the following steps: (i) obtained the Company’s historical experience through an entire economic cycle for each loan type or, to the extent the Company did not have sufficient historical loss experience for a given loan type, publicly available data derived from the historical loss experience of certain banks, which data the Company believes is generally representative of its portfolio, (ii) obtained historical economic data (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) over the same period, and (iii) estimated default and severity rates during three distinct future periods based on historical default and severity rates during periods when economic conditions similar to those forecasted were experienced. The default and severity rates were applied to the estimated amount of loans outstanding during each future period, based on contractual terms and expected prepayments. Expected prepayments are estimated based on historical experience and current and expected future economic conditions, including market interest rates. The three periods were as follows: (i) a one-year forecast of economic conditions based on U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation, followed by (ii) a two-year “reversion” period during which economic conditions (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) are projected to revert to historical averages on a straight line basis, followed by (iii) the remaining life of each loan, during which period economic conditions (U.S. unemployment rates and home price appreciation) are projected to equal historical averages. In addition, a liability is established (and recorded in Other Liabilities) each period using a similar methodology for committed but undrawn loan amounts. The Company forecasts future economic conditions based on forecasts provided by an external preparer of economic forecasts, as well as its own knowledge of the market and its portfolio. The Company may consider multiple scenarios and select the one that it believes results in the most reasonable estimate of expected losses. The Company may apply qualitative adjustments to these results as further described in Note 3. For certain loans where foreclosure has been deemed to be probable, loss estimates are based on whether the value of the underlying collateral is sufficient to recover the carrying value of the loan. This methodology has not changed significantly from the calculation of the allowance for credit losses in prior periods.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans

The Company has elected to account for these loans as credit deteriorated, as they have experienced a deterioration in credit quality since origination and prior to our purchase and were acquired at discounted prices that reflect, in part, the impaired credit history of the borrower. Substantially all of these loans have previously experienced payment delinquencies and the amount owed may exceed the value of the property pledged as collateral. Consequently, these loans generally have a higher likelihood of default than newly originated mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios (“LTVs”) of 80% or less to creditworthy borrowers. The Company believes that amounts paid to acquire these loans represent fair market value at the date of acquisition. Loans considered credit deteriorated are initially recorded at their purchase price on a net basis, after establishing an initial allowance for credit losses (their initial cost basis is equal to their purchase price plus the initial allowance for credit losses). Subsequent to acquisition, the gross recorded amount for these loans reflects the initial cost basis, plus accretion of interest income, less principal and interest cash flows received. Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans acquired prior to the second quarter of 2021, or where the fair value option was not otherwise elected, are presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at carrying value, which reflects the recorded cost basis reduced by any allowance for credit losses. Interest income on such loans purchased is recorded each period based on the contractual coupon net of amortization of the difference between their cost basis and unpaid principal balance (“UPB”), subject to the Company’s nonaccrual policy.

Residential Whole Loans at Fair Value

Certain of the Company’s residential whole loans are presented at fair value on its consolidated balance sheets as a result of a fair value election made at the time of acquisition. Prior to the second quarter of 2021, this accounting election was made primarily on Purchased Non-performing Loans. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, the Company made the fair value election on all loan acquisitions, which, to date, have been comprised exclusively of Purchased Performing Loans (including loans originated by Lima One since its consolidation). The Company generally considers accounting for these loans at fair value to be more reflective of the expected pattern of returns from these loans under current economic conditions. The Company determines the fair value of its residential whole loans held at fair value after considering portfolio valuations obtained from third-parties that specialize in providing valuations of residential mortgage loans and trading activity observed in the marketplace. Subsequent changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings and presented in Net (loss)/gain on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Interest income is recorded on these loans based on their yield and is presented as part of interest income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Cash outflows associated with loan-related advances made by the Company on behalf of the borrower are included in the basis of the loan and are reflected in unrealized gains or losses reported each period. Income and costs associated with originating loans on which the fair value option was elected are recorded in other income and expense respectively in the period in which they are earned or incurred.

Securities, at Fair Value

Securities, at Fair Value

Residential Mortgage Securities

The Company has invested in residential MBS that are issued or guaranteed as to principal and/or interest by a federally chartered corporation, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or an agency of the U.S. Government, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) (collectively, “Agency MBS”), and residential MBS that are not guaranteed by any agency of the U.S. Government or any federally chartered corporation (“Non-Agency MBS”). In addition, the Company has investments in CRT securities that are issued by or sponsored by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The coupon payments on CRT securities are paid by the issuer and the principal payments received are dependent on the performance of loans in either a reference pool or an actual pool of loans. As the loans in the underlying pool are paid, the principal balance of the CRT securities is paid. As an investor in a CRT security, the Company may incur a principal loss if the performance of the actual or reference pool loans results in either an actual or calculated loss that exceeds the credit enhancement of the security owned by the Company.

Term Notes Backed by MSR Collateral

The Company has invested in term notes that are issued by special purpose vehicles (“SPV”) that have acquired rights to receive cash flows representing the servicing fees and/or excess servicing spread associated with certain MSRs. The Company considers payment of principal and interest on these term notes to be largely dependent on the cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs as this impacts the cash flows available to the SPV that issued the term notes. Credit risk borne by the holders of the term notes is also mitigated by structural credit support in the form of over-collateralization. Credit support is also provided by a corporate guarantee from the ultimate parent or sponsor of the SPV that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the underlying MSRs be insufficient.

Designation

Securities that the Company generally intends to hold until maturity, but that it may sell from time to time as part of the overall management of its business, are designated as AFS. Such securities, which include term notes backed by MSR collateral and certain CRT securities, are carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings (except when an allowance for loan losses is recognized, as discussed below) and reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), a component of Stockholders’ Equity.

Upon the sale of an AFS security, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified out of AOCI to earnings as a realized gain or loss using the specific identification method.

The Company has elected the fair value option for its Agency and Non-Agency MBS and certain of its CRT securities. These securities are carried at their fair value with changes in fair value included in earnings for the period and reported in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue Recognition, Premium Amortization and Discount Accretion

Interest income on securities is accrued based on their outstanding principal balance and their contractual terms. Premiums and discounts associated with MBS assessed as high credit quality at the time of purchase are amortized into interest income over the life of such securities using the effective yield method. Adjustments to premium amortization are made for actual prepayment activity.

Determination of Fair Value for Securities

In determining the fair value of the Company’s securities, management considers a number of observable market data points, including prices obtained from pricing services, brokers and repurchase agreement counterparties, dialogue with market participants, as well as management’s observations of market activity (see Note 13). For term notes backed by MSR collateral, other factors taken into consideration include estimated changes in fair value of the related underlying MSR collateral, as applicable, and the financial performance of the ultimate parent or sponsoring entity of the issuer, which has provided a guarantee that is intended to provide for payment of interest and principal to the holders of the term notes should cash flows generated by the related underlying MSR collateral be insufficient.

Allowance for credit losses

When the fair value of an AFS security is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date, the security is considered impaired.  The Company assesses its impaired securities, as well as securities for which a credit loss allowance had been previously recorded, on at least a quarterly basis and determines whether any changes to the allowance for credit losses are required.  If the Company intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the impaired security before its anticipated recovery, then the Company must recognize a write-down through charges to earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date.  If the Company does not expect to sell an impaired security, only the portion of the impairment related to credit losses is recognized through a loss allowance charged to earnings with the remainder recognized through AOCI on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  Impairments recognized through other comprehensive income/(loss) (“OCI”) do not impact earnings.  Credit loss allowances are subject to reversal through earnings resulting from improvements in expected cash flows. The determination as to whether to record (or reverse) a credit loss allowance is subjective, as such determinations are based on factual information available at the time of assessment as well as the Company’s estimates of future performance and cash flow projections.  As a result, the timing and amount of losses constitute material estimates that are susceptible to significant change (see Note 4).

Balance Sheet Presentation

The Company’s securities pledged as collateral against financing agreements are included on the consolidated balance sheets with the fair value of the securities pledged disclosed in Note 6.  Purchases and sales of securities are recorded on the trade date.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents  Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit with financial institutions and investments in money market funds, all of which have original maturities of three months or less.  Cash and cash equivalents may also include cash pledged as collateral to the Company by its financing counterparties as a result of reverse margin calls (i.e., margin calls made by the Company).  The Company did not hold any cash pledged by its counterparties at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash  Restricted cash primarily represents the Company’s cash collections held in connection with certain of the Company’s financing agreements, interest rate swap agreements (“Swaps”) and/or loan servicing activities that are not available to the Company for general corporate purposes. Restricted cash may be applied against amounts due to financing agreements and/or Swap counterparties, or may be returned to the Company when the related collateral requirements are exceeded or at the maturity of financing agreements and/or Swaps.

Goodwill & Intangible Assets

Goodwill & Intangible Assets

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had goodwill of $61.1 million, which represents the excess of the fair value of consideration paid over the fair value of net assets acquired in connection with the acquisition of Lima One, and other intangible assets of $8.8 million and $12.2 million, respectively (net of amortization), primarily comprised of customer relationships, non-competition agreements (fully amortized as of June 30, 2022), trademarks and trade names, and internally developed software recognized as part of the acquisition of Lima One (see Note 5(b)). The intangible assets are amortized over their expected useful lives, which ranged from one to ten years at acquisition. Goodwill, which is not subject to amortization, and intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently under certain circumstances that could reduce the fair value of the Lima One reporting unit (a component of the Lima One segment) below its carrying amount. Through September 30, 2023, the Company had not recognized any impairment against its goodwill or intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets are included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Real Estate Owned ("REO")

Real Estate Owned (“REO”) REO represents real estate acquired by the Company, including through foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, or purchased in connection with the acquisition of residential whole loans. REO acquired through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs. REO acquired in connection with the acquisition of residential whole loans is initially recorded at its purchase price. Subsequent to acquisition, REO is reported, at each reporting date, at the lower of the current carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs and for presentation purposes is included in Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value that result in an adjustment to the reported amount of an REO property that has a fair value at or below its carrying amount are reported in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations

Leases

LeasesThe Company records its operating lease liabilities and operating lease right-of-use assets on its consolidated balance sheets. The operating lease liabilities are equal to the present value of the remaining fixed lease payments (excluding real estate tax and operating expense escalations) discounted at the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate at the date of lease commencement, and the operating lease right-of-use assets are equal to the operating lease liabilities adjusted for lease incentives and initial direct costs. As lease payments are made, the operating lease liabilities are reduced to the present value of the remaining lease payments and the operating lease right-of-use assets are reduced by the difference between the lease expense (straight-lined over the lease term) and the theoretical interest expense amount (calculated using the incremental borrowing rate at the date of lease commencement).

Leasehold Improvements, Real estate and Other Depreciable Assets

Leasehold Improvements, Real estate and Other Depreciable Assets

Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related assets or, in the case of leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the useful life or the lease term.  Furniture, fixtures, computers and related hardware have estimated useful lives ranging from five to fifteen years at the time of purchase. The building component of real estate held-for-investment is depreciated over 27.5 years.

Loan Securitization and Other Debt Issuance Costs

Loan Securitization and Other Debt Issuance Costs

Loan securitization related costs are costs associated with the issuance of beneficial interests by consolidated VIEs and incurred by the Company in connection with various financing transactions completed by the Company.  These costs may include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting and other fees.  Such costs, which reflect deferred charges (unless the debt is recorded at fair value, as discussed below), are included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the corresponding debt liability. These deferred charges are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method. For certain financing agreements, such costs are amortized over the shorter of the period to the expected or stated legal maturity of the debt instruments. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of these deferred costs and, in the event an impairment charge is required, such amount will be included in Operating and Other Expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. To the extent that the Company has elected the fair value option for the related debt liability, these costs are expensed at the closing of the transaction.

Financing Arrangements

Financing Agreements

The Company finances the majority of its residential mortgage assets with financing agreements that include securitized debt, repurchase agreements and other forms of collateralized financing.  Under repurchase agreements, the Company sells assets to a lender and agrees to repurchase the same assets in the future for a price that is higher than the original sale price.  The difference between the sale price that the Company receives and the repurchase price that the Company pays represents interest paid to the lender.  Although legally structured as sale and repurchase transactions, the Company accounts for repurchase agreements as secured borrowings. Under its repurchase agreements and other forms of collateralized financing, the Company pledges its assets as collateral to secure the borrowing, in an amount which is equal to a specified percentage of the fair value of the pledged collateral, while the Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral.  At the maturity of a repurchase financing, unless the repurchase financing is renewed with the same counterparty, the Company is required to repay the loan including any accrued interest and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender.  With the consent of the lender, the Company may renew a repurchase financing at the then prevailing financing terms.  Margin calls, whereby a lender requires that the Company pledge additional assets or cash as collateral to secure borrowings under its repurchase financing with such lender, are routinely experienced by the Company when the value of the assets pledged as collateral declines as a result of principal amortization and prepayments or due to changes in market interest rates, spreads or other market conditions.  The Company also may make margin calls on counterparties when collateral values increase.

Should a counterparty decide not to renew a financing arrangement at maturity, the Company must either refinance elsewhere or be in a position to satisfy the obligation.  If, during the term of a financing, a lender should default on its obligation, the Company might experience difficulty recovering its pledged assets which could result in an unsecured claim against the lender for the difference between the amount loaned to the Company plus interest due to the counterparty and the fair value of the collateral pledged by the Company to such lender, including accrued interest receivable on such collateral (see Notes 6 and 13).

The Company has elected the fair value option on certain of its financing agreements. These agreements are reported at their fair value, with changes in fair value being recorded in earnings each period (or other comprehensive income, to the extent the change results from a change in instrument specific credit risk), as further detailed in Note 6. Interest expense on such financing agreements is recorded based on the current stated interest rate and outstanding principal balance in effect for the related agreement.

Equity-Based Compensation

Equity-Based Compensation

Compensation expense for equity-based awards that are subject to vesting conditions, is recognized ratably over the vesting period of such awards, based upon the fair value of such awards at the grant date. 

The Company has made annual grants of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) under the Company’s Equity Compensation Plan (the “Equity Plan”), certain of which cliff vest after a three-year period, subject only to continued employment, and others of which cliff vest after a three-year period, subject to both continued employment and the achievement of certain performance criteria based on a formula tied to the Company’s achievement of average total shareholder return (“TSR”) during that three-year period, as well as the TSR of the Company relative to the TSR of a group of peer companies (over the three-year period) selected by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”) at the date of grant. The features in these awards related to the attainment of TSR over a specified period constitute a “market condition,”

which impacts the amount of compensation expense recognized for these awards.  Specifically, the uncertainty regarding the achievement of the market condition was reflected in the grant date fair valuation of the RSUs, which is recognized as compensation expense over the relevant vesting period.  The amount of compensation expense recognized is not dependent on whether the market condition was or will be achieved.

Earnings per Common Share (“EPS”)

Earnings per Common Share (“EPS”)  Basic EPS is computed using the two-class method, which includes the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period and an estimate of other securities that participate in dividends, to arrive at total common equivalent shares.  In applying the two-class method, earnings are allocated to both shares of common stock and estimated securities that participate in dividends based on their respective weighted-average shares outstanding for the period.  For the diluted EPS calculation, common equivalent shares are further adjusted for the effect of RSUs outstanding that are unvested and have dividends that are subject to forfeiture, using the treasury stock method.  Under the treasury stock method, common equivalent shares are calculated assuming that all dilutive common stock equivalents are exercised and the proceeds, along with future compensation expenses associated with such instruments (if any), are used to repurchase shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock at the average market price during the reported period.  In addition, the Company’s 6.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Convertible Senior Notes”) are included in the calculation of diluted EPS if the assumed conversion into common shares is dilutive, using the “if-converted” method. This calculation involves adding back the periodic interest expense associated with the Convertible Senior Notes to the numerator and by adding the shares that would be issued in an assumed conversion (regardless of whether the conversion option is in or out of the money) to the denominator for the purposes of calculating diluted EPS

Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

The Company’s comprehensive income/(loss) available to common stock and participating securities includes net income, the change in net unrealized gains/(losses) on its AFS securities and derivative hedging instruments (to the extent that such changes are not recorded in earnings), adjusted by realized net gains/(losses) reclassified out of AOCI for sold AFS securities and terminated hedging relationships, as well as the portion of unrealized gains/(losses) on its financing agreements held at fair value related to instrument-specific credit risk, and is reduced by dividends declared on the Company’s preferred stock and issuance costs of redeemed preferred stock.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may use derivative instruments to economically hedge a portion of its exposure to market risks, including interest rate risk and prepayment risk. The objective of the Company’s risk management strategy is to reduce fluctuations in net book value over a range of interest rate scenarios.

Swaps

The Company has entered into Swaps that are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Changes in the fair value of the Company’s Swaps not designated in hedging transactions are recorded in Other income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (see Note 5(e)).

To Be Announced (“TBA”) Securities

During 2021 and 2022, the Company entered into transactions to take short positions in TBA securities in connection with the management of interest rate and other market risks associated with purchases of Agency eligible investor loans. As the Company did not intend to physically settle its transactions in TBA securities, they were required to be accounted for as derivative financial instruments. The Company did not apply hedge accounting to its TBA securities. Accordingly, TBA securities were recorded on the Company’s balance sheets at fair value, with realized and unrealized changes in fair value each period recorded in Other income, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Fair Value Measurements and the Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Fair Value Measurements and the Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

The Company’s presentation of fair value for its financial assets and liabilities is determined within a framework that stipulates that the fair value of a financial asset or liability is an exchange price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability in the market in which the reporting entity would transact for the asset or liability, that is, the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability.  The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability.  This definition of fair value focuses on exit price and prioritizes the use of market-based inputs over entity-specific inputs when determining fair value.  In addition, the framework for measuring fair value establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the observability of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. 

In addition to the financial instruments that it is required to report at fair value, the Company has elected the fair value option for certain of its financial assets and liabilities at the time of acquisition or issuance. Subsequent changes in the fair value of these financial instruments are generally reported in Other income, net, in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. A decision to elect the fair value option for an eligible financial instrument, which may be made on an instrument by instrument basis, is irrevocable

Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities

An entity is referred to as a VIE if it meets at least one of the following criteria:  (i) the entity has equity that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without the additional subordinated financial support of other parties; or (ii) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (a) the power to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; (b) the obligation to absorb the expected losses; or (c) the right to receive the expected residual returns; or (iii) the holders of the equity investment at risk have disproportional voting rights and the entity’s activities are conducted on behalf of the investor that has disproportionately few voting rights.

The Company consolidates a VIE when it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and a right to receive benefits or absorb losses of the entity that could be potentially significant to the VIE.  The Company is required to reconsider its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE each reporting period, based upon changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.

The Company has entered into several financing transactions which resulted in the Company forming entities to facilitate these transactions.  In determining the accounting treatment to be applied to these transactions, the Company concluded that the entities used to facilitate these transactions are VIEs and that they should be consolidated.  If the Company had determined that consolidation was not required, it would have then assessed whether the transfers of the underlying assets would qualify as sales or should be accounted for as secured financings under GAAP (see Note 14).

The Company also includes on its consolidated balance sheets certain financial assets and liabilities that are acquired/issued by trusts and/or other special purpose entities that have been evaluated as being required to be consolidated by the Company under the applicable accounting guidance.

Offering Costs Related to Issuance and Redemption of Preferred Stock

Offering Costs Related to Issuance and Redemption of Preferred Stock Offering costs related to the issuance of preferred stock are recorded as a reduction in Additional paid-in capital, a component of Stockholders’ Equity, at the time such preferred stock is issued. On redemption of preferred stock, any excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the preferred stock over the carrying amount of the preferred stock in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is included in the determination of Net Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities in the calculation of EPS.

New Accounting Standards and Interpretations

New Accounting Standards and Interpretations As of September 30, 2023, there were no new accounting standards or interpretations adopted by the Company that had a material effect on its consolidated financial statements in 2023.

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Residential Whole Loans (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of residential whole loans, at carrying and fair value

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Residential whole loans, and the accounting model designated at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	873,790	$	987,282	$	2,700,473	$	2,372,548	$	3,574,263	$	3,359,830
Transitional loans (1)	37,946		75,188		2,059,655		1,342,032		2,097,601		1,417,220
Single-family rental loans	182,879		210,833		1,333,484		1,165,741		1,516,363		1,376,574
Seasoned performing loans	72,675		82,932		—		—		72,675		82,932
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		53,148		51,094		53,148		51,094
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	1,167,290	$	1,356,235	$	6,146,760	$	4,931,415	$	7,314,050	$	6,287,650
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	438,913	$	470,294	$	—	$	—	$	438,913	$	470,294
Allowance for Credit Losses	$	(28,557)	$	(35,314)	$	—	$	—	$	(28,557)	$	(35,314)
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	699,810	$	796,109	$	699,810	$	796,109
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	1,577,646	$	1,791,215	$	6,846,570	$	5,727,524	$	8,424,216	$	7,518,739
Number of loans	6,493		7,126		18,639		16,717		25,132		23,843

(1)As of September 30, 2023 includes $1.1 billion of loans collateralized by one-to-four family residential properties, including $415.9 million of loans collateralized by new construction projects at origination, and $1.0 billion of Transitional loans collateralized by multi-family properties. As of December 31, 2022 includes $784.9 million of loans collateralized by one-to-four family residential properties, including $283.1 million of loans collateralized by new construction projects at origination, and $632.3 million of Transitional loans collateralized by multi-family properties.

Schedule of financing receivable credit quality indicators

The following table presents additional information regarding the Company’s Residential whole loans at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,570,184	$	3,963,235	5.60	%	346	65	%	735	$	3,808,303	$	68,171	$	23,230	$	63,531	2.2	%
Transitional loans (1)	2,095,083		2,105,552		8.89		11	64		746	1,989,050		25,717		15,771		75,014		4.3
Single-family rental loans	1,515,032		1,667,902		6.16		321	68		737	1,586,313		17,947		28,249		35,393		3.8
Seasoned performing loans	72,647		79,751		4.38		145	28		725	75,016		1,271		911		2,553		4.3
Agency eligible investor loans	53,148		68,472		3.44		335	66		757	68,244		—		—		228		0.3
Total Purchased Performing Loans	7,306,094		$	7,884,912	6.56	%	249												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	418,312	$	517,611	4.79	%	270	59	%	N/A	$	389,166	$	41,615	$	14,018	$	72,812	16.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	699,810	$	798,902	5.17	%	272	63	%	N/A	$	449,936	$	95,456	$	28,310	$	225,200	31.7	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	8,424,216	$	9,201,425	5.87	%	244												6.4	%

December 31, 2022

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,352,471	$	3,671,468	5.13	%	351	65	%	733	$	3,520,671	$	56,825	$	32,253	$	61,719	2.6	%
Transitional loans (1)	1,411,997		1,431,692		7.78		12	66		746	1,348,815		6,463		2,234		74,180		5.3	%
Single-family rental loans	1,375,297		1,485,967		5.74		324	69		737	1,442,095		8,431		7,978		27,463		2.4	%
Seasoned performing loans	82,884		90,843		3.31		151	30		714	84,514		993		937		4,399		5.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	51,094		61,816		3.44		344	68		757	61,816		—		—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	6,273,743		$	6,741,786	5.78	%	271												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	448,887	$	554,907	4.66	%	277	63	%	N/A	$	403,042	$	48,107	$	16,270	$	87,488	18.7	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	796,109	$	884,257	5.01	%	277	68	%	N/A	$	444,045	$	89,623	$	40,554	$	310,035	39.6	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	7,518,739	$	8,180,950	5.64	%	272												8.1	%

(1) As of September 30, 2023 Transitional loans includes $1.0 billion of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 15 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 64%. As of December 31, 2022, Transitional loans includes $632.3 million of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 18 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 73%.

(2)Weighted average is calculated based on the interest bearing principal balance of each loan within the related category. For loans acquired with servicing rights released by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation do not reflect loan servicing fees. For loans acquired with servicing rights retained by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation are net of servicing fees.

(3)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million and $223.2 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting, is 69% and 70% at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful. 60+ LTV has been calculated on a consistent basis. (4)Excludes loans for which no Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score is available.

The following table presents certain additional credit-related information regarding our Residential whole loans, at Carrying Value:

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and LTV Bands
(Dollars In Thousands)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
Non-QM loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	44,885	$	172,296	$	407,541	$	226,678	$	851,400
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		4,481		5,044		22,391
Total Non-QM loans	$	—	$	—	$	46,281	$	183,766	$	412,022	$	231,722	$	873,791
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	25	$	110	$	206
Transitional loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	23,565	$	7,782	$	35,766
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		2,180		—		2,180
Total Transitional loans	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	25,745	$	7,782	$	37,946
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	47	$	2,970	$	1,639	$	4,670
Single-family rental loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	105,721	$	41,917	$	181,194
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		1,600		85		1,685
Total Single family rental loans	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	107,321	$	42,002	$	182,879
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	614	$	—	$	685
Seasoned performing loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	70,272	$	70,272
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		2,403		2,403
Total Seasoned performing loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	72,675	$	72,675
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Purchased credit deteriorated loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	373,572	$	373,572
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		65,341		65,341
Total Purchased credit deteriorated loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	438,913	$	438,913
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	524	$	524
Total LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	57,645	$	197,511	$	536,827	$	720,221	$	1,512,204
Total LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		8,261		72,873		94,000
Total residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	—	$	—	$	59,041	$	208,981	$	545,088	$	793,094	$	1,606,204
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Total Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	189	$	3,609	$	2,273	$	6,085

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million at September 30, 2023, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting is 69% at September 30, 2023. Certain low value loans secured by vacant lots are categorized as LTV > 80%.

The following tables present certain information regarding the LTVs of the Company’s Residential whole loans that are 60 days or more delinquent:

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	84,584	$	86,761	66.9	%
Transitional loans	86,451		90,785		65.0	%
Single-family rental loans	55,313		63,642		73.3	%
Seasoned performing loans	3,437		3,464		29.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	187		228		73.4	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	229,972	$	244,880
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,849	$	86,830	64.1	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	238,545	$	253,510	70.8	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	538,366	$	585,220

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	61,812	$	61,719	67.9	%
Transitional loans	73,266		74,180		68.1	%
Single-family rental loans	27,466		27,463		72.9	%
Seasoned performing loans	4,127		4,399		42.2	%
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	166,671	$	167,761
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,402	$	87,488	74.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	296,697	$	310,035	76.9	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	532,770	$	565,284

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful.

The following table presents certain additional information about the Company’s commercial mortgage loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	Fair Value / Carrying Value		UPB		Weighted Average Coupon		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	UPB 60+ Days Delinquent
Commercial Mortgage Loans - September 30, 2023	$	76,546	$	76,546	12.93	%	3	$	3,389
Commercial Mortgage Loans - December 31, 2022	$	61,510	$	61,510	11.54	%	10	$	—

Schedule of financing receivable, allowance for credit loss

The following table presents a roll-forward of the allowance for credit losses on the Company’s Residential Whole Loans, at Carrying Value:

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(Dollars In Thousands)	Non-QM Loans		Transitional Loans (1)(2)		Single-family Rental Loans		Seasoned Performing Loans		Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (3)		Totals
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022	$	7,359	$	5,223	$	1,277	$	48	$	21,407	$	35,314
Current provision/(reversal)	(214)		406		514		(2)		(389)		315
Write-offs	—		(2,003)		(451)		—		(113)		(2,567)
Allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2023	$	7,145	$	3,626	$	1,340	$	46	$	20,905	$	33,062
Current provision/(reversal)	(233)		999		(103)		(4)		(394)		265
Write-offs	(206)		(1,785)		—		—		(301)		(2,292)
Allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2023	$	6,706	$	2,840	$	1,237	$	42	$	20,210	$	31,035
Current provision/(reversal)	(2,627)		559		329		(14)		501		(1,252)
Write-offs	—		(881)		(235)		—		(110)		(1,226)
Allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2023	$	4,079	$	2,518	$	1,331	$	28	$	20,601	$	28,557

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Dollars In Thousands)	Non-QM Loans		Transitional Loans (1)(2)		Single-family Rental Loans		Seasoned Performing Loans		Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans (3)		Totals
Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2021	$	8,289	$	6,881	$	1,451	$	46	$	22,780	$	39,447
Current provision/(reversal)	(909)		(1,460)		(122)		(1)		(975)		(3,467)
Write-offs	(51)		(219)		(27)		—		(226)		(523)
Allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2022	$	7,329	$	5,202	$	1,302	$	45	$	21,579	$	35,457
Current provision/(reversal)	(199)		(23)		174		1		1,877		1,830
Write-offs	—		(118)		(184)		—		(58)		(360)
Allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2022	$	7,130	$	5,061	$	1,292	$	46	$	23,398	$	36,927
Current provision/(reversal)	(242)		583		83		3		120		547
Write-offs	—		(114)		(61)		—		(107)		(282)
Allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2022	$	6,888	$	5,530	$	1,314	$	49	$	23,411	$	37,192

(1)In connection with Transitional loans at carrying value, the Company had unfunded commitments of $5.4 million and $8.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with an allowance for credit losses of $38,000 and $84,000 at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Such allowance is included in “Other liabilities” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (see Note 7).

(2)Includes $28.7 million and $66.7 million of loans that were assessed for credit losses based on a collateral dependent methodology as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.(3)Includes $52.6 million and $56.2 million of loans that were assessed for credit losses based on a collateral dependent methodology as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Schedule of interest income components

The following tables present the components of interest income on the Company’s Residential whole loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	12,276	$	13,646	$	39,448	$	27,012	$	51,724	$	40,658
Transitional loans	101		784		40,122		18,558		40,223		19,342
Single-family rental loans	2,739		3,658		21,348		15,340		24,087		18,998
Seasoned performing loans	1,095		1,227		—		—		1,095		1,227
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		486		7,542		486		7,542
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	16,211	$	19,315	$	101,404	$	68,452	$	117,615	$	87,767
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	7,371	$	7,916	$	—	$	—	$	7,371	$	7,916
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	15,552	$	18,732	$	15,552	$	18,732
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	23,582	$	27,231	$	116,956	$	87,184	$	140,538	$	114,415

	Held at Carrying Value				Held at Fair Value				Total
	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	36,595	$	39,041	$	104,735	$	69,080	$	141,330	$	108,121
Transitional loans	1,239		5,621		99,832		43,768		101,071		49,389
Single-family rental loans	8,598		12,134		59,945		36,603		68,543		48,737
Seasoned performing loans	3,312		3,392		—		—		3,312		3,392
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		3,860		22,731		3,860		22,731
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	49,744	$	60,188	$	268,372	$	172,182	$	318,116	$	232,370
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	22,596	$	25,597	$	—	$	—	$	22,596	$	25,597
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	—	$	—	$	47,384	$	58,268	$	47,384	$	58,268
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	72,340	$	85,785	$	315,756	$	230,450	$	388,096	$	316,235

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Securities, at Fair Value (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of agency MBS portfolio

The following table presents certain information regarding the composition of our Agency MBS portfolio as of September 30, 2023:

September 30, 2023

(Dollars in Thousands)	Current Face		Weighted Average Purchase Price		Weighted Average Market Price		Fair Value		Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)	CPR (1)
30-Year Fixed Rate:
5.00% Coupon	$	77,090	100.2	%	94.5	%	$	72,830	6	1.6	%
5.50% Coupon	282,748		100.4		96.8		273,796		8	8.6
6.00% Coupon	180,481		100.0		98.8		178,386		4	6.2
Total	$	540,319	100.3	%	97.2	%	$	525,012	6	6.8	%

(1) Reflects the average of the 1 month CPR for the number of months the security was held during the most recent 3 month period.

Schedule of information about MBS and CRT securities

The following tables present certain information about the Company’s Agency MBS and other Securities, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023

(In Thousands)	Principal/ Current Face		Purchase Premiums		Accretable Purchase Discounts		Discount Designated as Credit Reserve (1)		Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Fair  Value
Agency MBS	$	540,319	$	1,824	$	(508)	$	—	$	541,635	$	—	$	(16,623)	$	(16,623)	$	525,012
Other Securities (2)(3)(4)	213,672		22,015		(5,787)		(46,332)		183,568		16,474		(1,095)		15,379		198,947
Total residential mortgage securities (2)(3)(4)	$	753,991	$	23,839	$	(6,295)	$	(46,332)	$	725,203	$	16,474	$	(17,718)	$	(1,244)	$	723,959

December 31, 2022

(In Thousands)	Principal/ Current Face		Purchase Premiums		Accretable Purchase Discounts		Discount Designated as Credit Reserve (1)		Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Fair Value
Agency MBS	$	131,165	$	860	$	—	$	—	$	132,025	$	—	$	(325)	$	(325)	$	131,700
Other Securities (2)(3)(4)	215,649		18,344		(6,272)		(46,332)		181,389		21,473		(1,198)		20,275		201,664
Total residential mortgage securities (2)(3)(4)	$	346,814	$	19,204	$	(6,272)	$	(46,332)	$	313,414	$	21,473	$	(1,523)	$	19,950	$	333,364

(1)Discount designated as Credit Reserve is generally not expected to be accreted into interest income.

(2)Based on management’s current estimates of future principal cash flows expected to be received.

(3)Amounts disclosed at September 30, 2023 includes CRT securities with a fair value of $51.0 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had approximately $1.9 million gross unrealized gains and no gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2023. Amounts disclosed at December 31, 2022 includes CRT securities with a fair value of $48.6 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had gross unrealized gains of approximately $131,000 and gross unrealized losses of approximately $1.2 million at December 31, 2022.

(4)Amounts disclosed at September 30, 2023 include Non-Agency MBS with a fair value of $23.0 million for which the fair value option had been elected. Such securities had approximately $111,000 gross unrealized gains and $960,000 gross unrealized losses at September 30, 2023. Amounts disclosed at December 31, 2022 include Non-Agency MBS with a fair value of $24.6 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities had no gross unrealized gains and no gross unrealized losses at December 31, 2022.

Schedule of impact of AFS on AOCI

The following table presents the impact of the Company’s AFS securities (held at carrying value) on its AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
AOCI from AFS securities:
Unrealized gain on AFS securities at beginning of period	$	13,420	$	36,919	$	21,341	$	46,833
Unrealized gain/(loss) on securities available-for-sale	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(15,765)
Change in AOCI from AFS securities	933		(5,851)		(6,988)		(15,765)
Balance at end of period	$	14,353	$	31,068	$	14,353	$	31,068

Schedule of interest income on MBS, CRT securities and MSR related assets

The following table presents the components of interest income on the Company’s Securities, at fair value for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022: 

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Agency MBS
Coupon interest	$	6,353	$	—	12,874		—
Effective yield adjustment (1)(2)	(50)		—		(126)		—
Interest income	$	6,303	$	—	$	12,748	$	—
Other MBS
Coupon interest	$	2,082	$	1,308	$	6,019	$	3,258
Effective yield adjustment (1)(2)	(32)		699		185		2,971
Interest income	$	2,050	$	2,007	$	6,204	$	6,229
Term notes backed by MSR collateral
Coupon interest	$	2,216	$	2,015	$	6,279	$	4,591
Effective yield adjustment (2)	1,376		1,590		3,970		5,361
Interest income	$	3,592	$	3,605	$	10,249	$	9,952

(1)Includes amortization of premium paid net of accretion of purchase discount.  Interest income is recorded at an effective yield, which reflects net premium amortization/accretion based on actual prepayment activity.

(2)The effective yield adjustment is the difference between the net income calculated using the net yield less the current coupon yield. The net yield may be based on management’s estimates of the amount and timing of future cash flows or in the instrument’s contractual cash flows, depending on the relevant accounting standards.

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Other Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of other assets

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Other assets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Receivable for sale of unsettled residential whole loans	$	—	$	275,656
REO	113,090		130,605
Goodwill	61,076		61,076
Intangibles, net (1)	8,800		12,200
Capital contributions made to loan origination partners	20,034		28,308
Commercial loans	76,546		61,510
Interest receivable	89,554		68,704
Other loan related receivables	30,649		23,463
Lease Right-of-Use Asset (2)	37,762		39,459
Other	65,576		65,240
Total Other Assets	$	503,087	$	766,221

(1) Net of aggregate accumulated amortization of $19.2 million and $15.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2) An estimated incremental borrowing rate of 7.5% was used in connection with the Company’s primary operating lease (see Notes 2 and 9).

Schedule of activity for real estate owned

The following table presents the activity in the Company’s REO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	119,996	$	135,847	$	130,605	$	156,223
Adjustments to record at lower of cost or fair value	(958)		(1,655)		(3,811)		(2,426)
Transfer from residential whole loans	16,991		16,658		66,171		61,875
Purchases and capital improvements, net	88		215		344		845
Disposals and other (1)	(23,027)		(18,402)		(80,219)		(83,854)
Balance at end of period	$	113,090	$	132,663	$	113,090	$	132,663
Number of properties	320		412		320		412

(1)During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 77 and 271 REO properties for consideration of $26.2 million and $91.7 million, realizing net gains of approximately $3.2 million and $12.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 74 and 333 REO properties for consideration of $23.8 million and $105.0 million, realizing net gains of approximately $5.3 million and $21.3 million, respectively. These amounts are included in Other Income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Schedule of finite-lived intangible assets amortization expense

The amortization period for each of the finite lived intangible assets and the activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is summarized in the table below:

(Dollars in Thousands)	Carrying Value at December 31, 2022		Amortization Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		Carrying Value at September 30, 2023		Amortization Period (Years) (1)
Trademarks / Trade Names	$	3,400	$	(300)	$	3,100	10
Customer Relationships	6,000		(2,500)		3,500		4
Internally Developed Software	2,800		(600)		2,200		5
Total Identified Intangibles	$	12,200	$	(3,400)	$	8,800

(1) Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the amortization period, except for Customer Relationships, where amortization is calculated based on expected levels of customer attrition.

Schedule of financing receivable credit quality indicators

The following table presents additional information regarding the Company’s Residential whole loans at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

September 30, 2023

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,570,184	$	3,963,235	5.60	%	346	65	%	735	$	3,808,303	$	68,171	$	23,230	$	63,531	2.2	%
Transitional loans (1)	2,095,083		2,105,552		8.89		11	64		746	1,989,050		25,717		15,771		75,014		4.3
Single-family rental loans	1,515,032		1,667,902		6.16		321	68		737	1,586,313		17,947		28,249		35,393		3.8
Seasoned performing loans	72,647		79,751		4.38		145	28		725	75,016		1,271		911		2,553		4.3
Agency eligible investor loans	53,148		68,472		3.44		335	66		757	68,244		—		—		228		0.3
Total Purchased Performing Loans	7,306,094		$	7,884,912	6.56	%	249												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	418,312	$	517,611	4.79	%	270	59	%	N/A	$	389,166	$	41,615	$	14,018	$	72,812	16.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	699,810	$	798,902	5.17	%	272	63	%	N/A	$	449,936	$	95,456	$	28,310	$	225,200	31.7	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	8,424,216	$	9,201,425	5.87	%	244												6.4	%

December 31, 2022

	Fair Value / Carrying Value		Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)		Weighted Average Coupon (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	Weighted Average LTV Ratio (3)		Weighted Average Original FICO (4)	Aging by UPB								60+ Delinquency %
													Past Due Days
(Dollars In Thousands)											Current		30-59		60-89		90+
Purchased Performing Loans:
Non-QM loans	$	3,352,471	$	3,671,468	5.13	%	351	65	%	733	$	3,520,671	$	56,825	$	32,253	$	61,719	2.6	%
Transitional loans (1)	1,411,997		1,431,692		7.78		12	66		746	1,348,815		6,463		2,234		74,180		5.3	%
Single-family rental loans	1,375,297		1,485,967		5.74		324	69		737	1,442,095		8,431		7,978		27,463		2.4	%
Seasoned performing loans	82,884		90,843		3.31		151	30		714	84,514		993		937		4,399		5.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	51,094		61,816		3.44		344	68		757	61,816		—		—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	6,273,743		$	6,741,786	5.78	%	271												3.1	%
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	448,887	$	554,907	4.66	%	277	63	%	N/A	$	403,042	$	48,107	$	16,270	$	87,488	18.7	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	796,109	$	884,257	5.01	%	277	68	%	N/A	$	444,045	$	89,623	$	40,554	$	310,035	39.6	%
Residential whole loans, total or weighted average	$	7,518,739	$	8,180,950	5.64	%	272												8.1	%

(1) As of September 30, 2023 Transitional loans includes $1.0 billion of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 15 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 64%. As of December 31, 2022, Transitional loans includes $632.3 million of loans collateralized by multi-family properties with a weighted average term to maturity of 18 months and a weighted average LTV ratio of 73%.

(2)Weighted average is calculated based on the interest bearing principal balance of each loan within the related category. For loans acquired with servicing rights released by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation do not reflect loan servicing fees. For loans acquired with servicing rights retained by the seller, interest rates included in the calculation are net of servicing fees.

(3)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million and $223.2 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting, is 69% and 70% at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful. 60+ LTV has been calculated on a consistent basis. (4)Excludes loans for which no Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score is available.

The following table presents certain additional credit-related information regarding our Residential whole loans, at Carrying Value:

	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and LTV Bands
(Dollars In Thousands)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
Non-QM loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	44,885	$	172,296	$	407,541	$	226,678	$	851,400
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		4,481		5,044		22,391
Total Non-QM loans	$	—	$	—	$	46,281	$	183,766	$	412,022	$	231,722	$	873,791
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	25	$	110	$	206
Transitional loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	23,565	$	7,782	$	35,766
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		2,180		—		2,180
Total Transitional loans	$	—	$	—	$	504	$	3,915	$	25,745	$	7,782	$	37,946
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	47	$	2,970	$	1,639	$	4,670
Single-family rental loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	105,721	$	41,917	$	181,194
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		1,600		85		1,685
Total Single family rental loans	$	—	$	—	$	12,256	$	21,300	$	107,321	$	42,002	$	182,879
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	614	$	—	$	685
Seasoned performing loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	70,272	$	70,272
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		2,403		2,403
Total Seasoned performing loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	72,675	$	72,675
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Purchased credit deteriorated loans
LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	373,572	$	373,572
LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		—		—		—		65,341		65,341
Total Purchased credit deteriorated loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	438,913	$	438,913
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	524	$	524
Total LTV <= 80% (1)	$	—	$	—	$	57,645	$	197,511	$	536,827	$	720,221	$	1,512,204
Total LTV > 80% (1)	—		—		1,396		11,470		8,261		72,873		94,000
Total residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	—	$	—	$	59,041	$	208,981	$	545,088	$	793,094	$	1,606,204
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Total Gross write-offs	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	189	$	3,609	$	2,273	$	6,085

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, totaling $423.6 million at September 30, 2023, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. The weighted average LTV of these loans based on the current unpaid principal balance and the valuation obtained during underwriting is 69% at September 30, 2023. Certain low value loans secured by vacant lots are categorized as LTV > 80%.

The following tables present certain information regarding the LTVs of the Company’s Residential whole loans that are 60 days or more delinquent:

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	84,584	$	86,761	66.9	%
Transitional loans	86,451		90,785		65.0	%
Single-family rental loans	55,313		63,642		73.3	%
Seasoned performing loans	3,437		3,464		29.9	%
Agency eligible investor loans	187		228		73.4	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	229,972	$	244,880
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,849	$	86,830	64.1	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	238,545	$	253,510	70.8	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	538,366	$	585,220

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars In Thousands)	Carrying Value / Fair Value		UPB		LTV (1)
Purchased Performing Loans
Non-QM loans	$	61,812	$	61,719	67.9	%
Transitional loans	73,266		74,180		68.1	%
Single-family rental loans	27,466		27,463		72.9	%
Seasoned performing loans	4,127		4,399		42.2	%
Agency eligible investor loans	—		—		—	%
Total Purchased Performing Loans	$	166,671	$	167,761
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans	$	69,402	$	87,488	74.8	%
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	296,697	$	310,035	76.9	%
Total Residential Whole Loans	$	532,770	$	565,284

(1)LTV represents the ratio of the total unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated value of the collateral securing the related loan as of the most recent date available, which may be the origination date. For Transitional loans, the LTV presented is the ratio of the maximum unpaid principal balance of the loan, including unfunded commitments, to the estimated “after repaired” value of the collateral securing the related loan, where available. For certain Transitional loans, an after repaired valuation was not obtained and the loan was underwritten based on an “as is” valuation. Excluded from the calculation of weighted average LTV are certain low value loans secured by vacant lots, for which the LTV ratio is not meaningful.

The following table presents certain additional information about the Company’s commercial mortgage loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	Fair Value / Carrying Value		UPB		Weighted Average Coupon		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	UPB 60+ Days Delinquent
Commercial Mortgage Loans - September 30, 2023	$	76,546	$	76,546	12.93	%	3	$	3,389
Commercial Mortgage Loans - December 31, 2022	$	61,510	$	61,510	11.54	%	10	$	—

Schedule of assets pledged as collateral against derivative contracts

The following table presents the assets pledged as collateral against the Company’s Swaps at September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Agency MBS, at fair value	$	35,565	$	—
Restricted Cash	26,985		60,764

Schedule of information about swaps

The following table presents information about the Company’s Swaps at September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Maturity (1)	Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate		Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (2)		Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate		Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (2)
(Dollars in Thousands)
Within 30 days to 12 months	$	—	—	%	—	%	$	—	—	%	—	%
Within 30 days	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 30 days to 3 months	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 3 months to 6 months	100,000		1.49		5.32		—		—		—
Over 6 months to 12 months	—		—		—		—		—		—
Over 12 months to 24 months	1,125,010		1.27		5.32		550,010		1.01		4.30
Over 24 months to 36 months	—		—		—		775,000		1.75		4.30
Over 36 months to 48 months	1,425,000		1.53		5.32		450,000		1.12		4.30
Over 48 months to 60 months	19,100		4.22		5.32		1,075,000		1.86		4.30
Over 60 months to 72 months	310,000		2.95		5.32		—		—		—
Over 72 months to 84 months	—		—		—		310,000		2.95		4.30
Over 84 months	113,400		4.00		5.32		—		—		—
Total Swaps	$	3,092,510	1.69	%	5.32	%	$	3,160,010	1.69	%	4.30	%

(1)Each maturity category reflects contractual amortization and/or maturity of notional amounts.

(2)Reflects the benchmark variable rate due from the counterparty at the date presented. This rate adjusts daily based on SOFR.

Schedule of derivative earnings

The following table present the components of Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, which is presented in Other income in the consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income on swap variable receive leg	$	41,427	$	17,273	$	113,062	$	22,580
Expense on swap fixed pay leg	(12,563)		(13,623)		(36,416)		(28,730)
Unrealized mark-to-market gain	9,433		108,918		5,704		221,437
Net price alignment expense on margin collateral received	(3,437)		(752)		(8,247)		(752)
Net gain on TBA short positions	—		—		—		39,186
Total Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	$	34,860	$	111,816	$	74,103	$	253,721

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Financing Agreements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Schedule of financing agreements

The following tables present the components of, and certain information with respect to, the Company’s Financing agreements at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
(In Thousands)	Collateral	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value / Carrying Value (1)		Weighted Average Cost of Funding (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	$	1,753,355	$	1,752,492	7.55	%	10.4
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	608,996		608,996		5.83	%	0.3
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		2,362,351		2,361,488		7.17	%
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	1,125,773		1,124,953		7.88	%	14.3
Securitized debt	Residential Whole Loans	4,588,432		4,332,936		3.98	%	See Note 14
Convertible senior notes	Unsecured	219,589		218,596		6.94	%	8.5
Impact of net Swap carry						(1.41)	%
Total Financing agreements (2)		$	8,296,145	$	8,037,973	4.18	%

	December 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	Collateral	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value / Carrying Value (1)		Weighted Average Cost of Funding (2)		Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	$	2,111,647	$	2,111,396	5.74	%	6.9
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	111,651		111,651		5.47	%	1.5
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		2,223,298		2,223,047		5.73	%
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans and REO	1,004,260		1,003,604		6.53	%	16.8
Securitized debt	Residential Whole Loans	3,586,397		3,357,590		3.33	%	See Note 14
Convertible senior notes	Unsecured	229,989		227,845		6.94	%	17.5
Impact of net Swap carry						(0.84)	%
Total Financing agreements (2)		$	7,043,944	$	6,812,086	3.70	%

(1)The Company has both financing agreements held at fair value and financings agreements held at their carrying value (amortized cost basis). Financing agreements held at fair value are reported at estimated fair value each period as a result of the Company’s fair value option election. The fair value option was not elected for financing agreements held at carrying value. Consequently, Total financing agreements as presented reflects a summation of balances reported at fair and carrying value. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $505.7 million of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, $401.4 million of agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, and $3.5 billion of securitized debt held at fair value, with amortized cost bases of $505.7 million, $401.4 million, and $3.7 billion, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $884.5 million of agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, $578.9 million of agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions held at fair value, and $2.4 billion of securitized debt held at fair value, with amortized cost bases of $884.5 million, $578.9 million, and $2.6 billion, respectively.

(2)Weighted average cost of funding reflects annualized quarter-to-date interest expense divided by average balance for the financing agreements. The cost of funding for the total financing agreements includes the impact of the net carry (the difference between swap interest income received and swap interest expense paid) on the Company’s Swaps. For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, this decreased the overall funding cost by 141 basis points, and for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, this decreased the overall funding cost by 84 basis points. The Company does not allocate the impact of the net carry by type of financing agreement.

The following table presents maturities with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market and non-mark-to-market collateral provisions:

	As of September 30, 2023
	Unpaid Principal Balance, Maturing In
(In Thousands)	Collateral	0-3 Months (1)		3-6 Months		6-12 Months		Greater than 12 Months (2)		Total
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans	$	819,659	$	128,124	$	465,641	$	339,931	$	1,753,355
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	Securities	608,996		—		—		—		608,996
Total Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		1,428,655		128,124		465,641		339,931		2,362,351
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	Residential Whole Loans	447,996		—		27,367		650,410		1,125,773

(1)$831.2 million of the mark-to-market agreements (included in the 0-3 months category) can be terminated by either party.

(2)Amounts presented are based on the assumed exercise of the Company’s unilateral option to extend by one year the maturity of an Agreement with mark-market collateral provisions with $339.9 million outstanding.

Schedule of financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral

The following table presents information with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by residential whole loans	$	1,725,473		$	2,095,002
Fair value of residential whole loans pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	2,172,992		$	2,632,489
Weighted average haircut on residential whole loans (1)	19.18		%	18.33		%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by securities at fair value	$	608,996		$	111,651
Securities at fair value pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	678,801		$	177,111
Weighted average haircut on securities at fair value (1)	9.28		%	37.43		%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by real estate owned	$	27,018		$	16,394
Fair value of real estate owned pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	53,715		$	33,367
Weighted average haircut on real estate owned (1)	48.66		%	48.07		%

(1)Haircut represents the percentage amount by which the collateral value is contractually required to exceed the loan amount.

Schedule of financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral

The following table presents information with respect to the Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions and associated assets pledged as collateral at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by residential whole loans	$	1,124,953		$	994,494
Fair value of residential whole loans pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	1,385,261		$	1,301,685
Weighted average haircut on residential whole loans	17.43		%	21.43		%
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by real estate owned	$	—		$	9,109
Fair value of real estate owned pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$	—		$	22,902
Weighted average haircut on real estate owned	—		%	60.23		%

Schedule of repricing information about borrowings under financing agreements

The following table presents repricing information (excluding the impact of associated derivative hedging instruments, if any) about the Company’s financing agreements that have non-mark-to-market collateral provisions as well as those that have mark-to-market collateral provisions, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost Basis		Weighted Average Interest Rate		Amortized Cost Basis		Weighted Average Interest Rate
Time Until Interest Rate Reset
(Dollars in Thousands)
Within 30 days	$	3,435,884	7.38	%	$	3,060,111	6.60	%
Over 30 days to 3 months	52,240		6.63		167,447		6.19
Over 3 months to 12 months	—		—		—		—
Over 12 months	—		—		—		—
Total financing agreements	$	3,488,124	7.37	%	$	3,227,558	6.58	%

Schedule of information about counterparty for financing agreements for which entity had greater than 5% of stockholders' equity at risk

The following table presents information with respect to each counterparty under financing agreements for which the Company had greater than 5% of stockholders’ equity at risk in the aggregate at September 30, 2023:

	September 30, 2023
	Amount  at Risk (1)		Weighted  Average Months  to Repricing for Repurchase Agreements	Percent of Stockholders’ Equity
Counterparty
(Dollars in Thousands)
Wells Fargo	$	252,562	1	13.7	%
Barclays Bank	147,493		1	8.0
Churchill Finance LLC	143,996		1	7.8
Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.	96,686		1	5.2

(1)The amount at risk reflects the difference between (a) the amount loaned to the Company through financing agreements, including interest payable, and (b) the cash and the fair value of the assets pledged by the Company as collateral, including accrued interest receivable on such assets.

Schedule of company's assets (based on carrying value) pledged as collateral for various financing arrangements

The following tables present the Company’s assets (based on carrying value) pledged as collateral for its various financing arrangements as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
	Financing Agreements
(In Thousands)	Non-Mark-to-Market (1)		Mark-to-Market (1)		Securitized		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	58,487	$	346,353	$	1,193,739	$	1,598,579
Residential whole loans, at fair value	1,331,733		1,534,207		3,957,751		6,823,691
Securities, at fair value	—		678,801		—		678,801
Other assets: REO	—		46,883		32,055		78,938
Total	$	1,390,220	$	2,606,244	$	5,183,545	$	9,180,009

	December 31, 2022
	Financing Agreements
(In Thousands)	Non-Mark-to-Market (1)		Mark-to-Market (1)		Securitized		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at carrying value	$	215,993	$	284,683	$	1,314,104	$	1,814,780
Residential whole loans, at fair value	1,095,556		2,164,158		2,720,757		5,980,471
Securities, at fair value	—		177,111		—		177,111
Other assets: REO	19,837		28,490		36,486		84,813
Total	$	1,331,386	$	2,654,442	$	4,071,347	$	8,057,175

(1)An aggregate of $34.9 million and $30.9 million of accrued interest on those assets pledged against non-mark-to-market and mark-to-market financings agreements had also been pledged as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Other Liabilities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Other Liabilities [Abstract]

Schedule of other liabilities

The following table presents the components of the Company’s Other liabilities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Payable for purchase of unsettled Agency MBS	$	—	$	132,026
Dividends and dividend equivalents payable	35,789		35,769
Lease liability	43,508		45,314
Accrued interest payable	32,445		23,040
Accrued expenses and other	106,569		75,321
Total Other Liabilities	$	218,311	$	311,470

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Income Taxes (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of net deferred tax assets

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of net deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) recorded at the Company’s domestic TRS entities at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the following table:

(In Thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Deferred tax assets (DTAs):
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	$	107,523	$	97,655
Unrealized mark-to-market, impairments and loss provisions	15,421		12,609
Other realized / unrealized treatment differences	(46,461)		(28,620)
Total deferred tax assets	76,483		81,644
Less: valuation allowance	(76,483)		(81,644)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

Schedule of income tax provision (benefit)

The following table summarizes the Company’s income tax provision/(benefit) primarily recorded at the Company’s domestic TRS entities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Current provision/(benefit)
Federal	$	73	$	40	$	(346)	$	184
State	21		11		(103)		220
Total current provision/(benefit)	94		51		(449)		404
Deferred provision/(benefit)
Federal	—		183		589		453
State	—		49		155		114
Total deferred provision/(benefit)	—		232		744		567
Total provision/(benefit)	$	94	$	283	$	295	$	971

Schedule of statutory federal tax rate to our effective tax rate

The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate at September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Federal statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
Non-taxable REIT income (dividends paid deduction)	231.1	%	3.4	%
Other differences in taxable income (loss) from GAAP	(319.7)	%	(17.4)	%
State and local taxes	0.1	%	—	%
Change in valuation allowance on DTAs	64.9	%	(7.3)	%
Effective tax rate	(2.6)	%	(0.3)	%

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of lessee, operating lease, liability, maturity

At September 30, 2023, the contractual minimum rental payments (exclusive of possible rent escalation charges and normal recurring charges for maintenance, insurance and taxes) regarding the Company’s lease commitments were as follows:

Year Ending December 31,	Minimum Rental Payments
(In Thousands)
2023 (1)	$	1,438
2024	5,751
2025	4,888
2026	4,776
2027	5,055
Thereafter	46,999
Total	$	68,907

(1) Reflects contractual minimum rental payments due for the period from October 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023.

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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Schedule of preferred stock dividend declaration and payment

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its Series B Preferred Stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
August 17, 2023	September 5, 2023	September 29, 2023	$0.46875
May 22, 2023	June 5, 2023	June 30, 2023	$0.46875
February 21, 2023	March 6, 2023	March 31, 2023	$0.46875

Schedule of cash dividends on its preferred stock and common stock

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its Series C Preferred Stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
August 17, 2023	September 5, 2023	September 29, 2023	$0.40625
May 22, 2023	June 5, 2023	June 30, 2023	$0.40625
February 21, 2023	March 6, 2023	March 31, 2023	$0.40625

The following table presents cash dividends declared by the Company on its common stock from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2023:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
September 20, 2023	October 2, 2023	October 31, 2023	$0.350	(1)
June 15, 2023	June 30, 2023	July 31, 2023	$0.350
March 10, 2023	March 31, 2023	April 28, 2023	$0.350

(1) At September 30, 2023, the Company had accrued dividends and dividend equivalents payable of $35.8 million related to the common stock dividend declared on June 15, 2023.

Schedule of changes in balances of each component of the entity's AOCI

The following table presents changes in the balances of each component of the Company’s AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(In Thousands)	Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total  AOCI		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total  AOCI
Balance at beginning of period	$	13,420	$	—	$	13,420	$	21,341	$	—	$	21,341
OCI before reclassifications	933		—		933		(6,988)		—		(6,988)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net OCI during the period (2)	933		—		933		(6,988)		—		(6,988)
Balance at end of period	$	14,353	$	—	$	14,353	$	14,353	$	—	$	14,353

(1)Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements at Fair Value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk.

(2) For further information regarding changes in OCI, see the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

The following table presents changes in the balances of each component of the Company’s AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(In Thousands)	Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total AOCI		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities		Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements (1)		Total AOCI
Balance at beginning of period	$	36,919	$	—	$	36,919	$	46,833	$	(1,255)	$	45,578
OCI before reclassifications	(5,851)		—		(5,851)		(15,765)		1,255		(14,510)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—		—		—		—		—		—
Net OCI during the period (2)	(5,851)		—		(5,851)		(15,765)		1,255		(14,510)
Balance at end of period	$	31,068	$	—	$	31,068	$	31,068	$	—	$	31,068

(1)  Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements at Fair Value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk.

(2)  For further information regarding changes in OCI, see the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

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EPS Calculation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of reconciliation of the (loss)/earnings and shares used in calculating basic and diluted EPS

The following table presents a reconciliation of the (loss)/earnings and shares used in calculating basic and diluted (loss)/earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss	$	(56,438)	$	(55,018)	$	(9,582)	$	(238,291)
Dividends declared on preferred stock	(8,219)		(8,218)		(24,656)		(24,656)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(119)		(174)		(324)		(489)
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Basic Loss per Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	—		—		—		—
Net loss available to common stockholders - diluted	$	(64,776)	$	(63,410)	$	(34,562)	$	(263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Effect of assumed conversion of Convertible Senior Notes to common shares	—		—		—		—
Unvested and vested restricted stock units	—		—		—		—
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding (1)	101,916		101,795		101,910		103,609
Diluted Loss per Share	$	(0.64)	$	(0.62)	$	(0.34)	$	(2.54)

(1)At September 30, 2023, the Company had approximately 3.1 million equity instruments outstanding that were included in the calculation of diluted EPS for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.  These equity instruments reflect RSUs (based on current estimate of expected share settlement amount) with a weighted average grant date fair value of $12.41. These equity instruments may continue to have a dilutive impact on future EPS.

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Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Compensation Related Costs [Abstract]

Schedule of expenses related to equity-based compensation

The following table presents the Company’s expenses related to its equity-based compensation instruments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
RSUs	$	4,448	$	2,673	$	11,399	$	8,858
Total	$	4,448	$	2,673	$	11,399	$	8,858

Schedule of expenses related to deferred compensation plans

The following table presents the Company’s expenses related to its Deferred Plans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Non-employee directors	$	(260)	$	(483)	$	154	$	(1,601)
Total	$	(260)	$	(483)	$	154	$	(1,601)

Schedule of aggregate income deferred by participants and associated liability under deferred compensation plans

The following table presents the aggregate amount of income deferred by participants of the Deferred Plans through September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 that had not been distributed and the Company’s associated liability for such deferrals at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	Undistributed Income Deferred (1)		Liability Under Deferred Plans		Undistributed Income Deferred (1)		Liability Under Deferred Plans
Non-employee directors	$	2,551	$	1,912	$	2,923	$	1,953
Total	$	2,551	$	1,912	$	2,923	$	1,953

(1)  Represents the cumulative amounts that were deferred by participants through September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, which had not been distributed through such respective date.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of fair value measurement inputs and valuation techniques

The following tables present the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets by the valuation hierarchy, as previously described:

Fair Value at September 30, 2023

(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	$	—	$	53,148	$	6,793,422	$	6,846,570
Securities, at fair value	—		723,959		—		723,959
Total assets carried at fair value	$	—	$	777,107	$	6,793,422	$	7,570,529
Liabilities:
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	$	—	$	—	$	401,353	$	401,353
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	—		—		505,747		505,747
Securitized debt	—		3,531,576		—		3,531,576
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	3,531,576	$	907,100	$	4,438,676

Fair Value at December 31, 2022

(In Thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	$	—	$	51,094	$	5,676,430	$	5,727,524
Securities, at fair value	—		333,364		—		333,364
Total assets carried at fair value	$	—	$	384,458	$	5,676,430	$	6,060,888
Liabilities:
Agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	$	—	$	—	$	578,879	$	578,879
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	—		—		884,495		884,495
Securitized debt	—		2,435,370		—		2,435,370
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	2,435,370	$	1,463,374	$	3,898,744

The following tables present a summary of quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s residential whole loans held at fair value for which it has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (2)			Range
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	512,213	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.6		%	7.1-11.1%
				Prepayment rate	6.6		%	0.0-28.2%
				Default rate	2.7		%	0.0-38.9%
				Loss severity	9.8		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	187,098	Liquidation model	Discount rate	8.0		%	8.0-8.0%
				Annual change in home prices	3.3		%	(0.2)-12.6%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	2.0			0.1-4.5
				Current value of underlying properties (3)	$	843		$43-$4,720
Total	$	699,311

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (2)			Range
Purchased Non-Performing Loans	$	546,675	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.0		%	6.3-10.0%
				Prepayment rate	8.9		%	0.0-33.5%
				Default rate	3.7		%	0.0-52.4%
				Loss severity	11.3		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	249,219	Liquidation model	Discount rate	7.8		%	7.8-7.8%
				Annual change in home prices	6.9		%	(5.4)-59.7%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.9			0.1-4.5
				Current value of underlying properties (3)	$	743		$28-$4,000
Total	$	795,894

(1) Excludes approximately $499,000 and $215,000 of loans for which management considers the purchase price continues to reflect the fair value of such loans at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2) Amounts are weighted based on the fair value of the underlying loan.

(3) The simple average value of the properties underlying residential whole loans held at fair value valued via a liquidation model was approximately $498,000 and $457,000 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

	September 30, 2023
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value (1)		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (1)			Range
Purchased Performing Loans	$	5,996,971	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	8.4		%	6.5-24.8%
				Prepayment rate	7.6		%	0.0-43.3%
				Default rate	0.5		%	0.0-27.0%
				Loss severity	10.8		%	0.0-98.4%
	$	96,641	Liquidation model	Discount rate	8.0		%	8.0-8.0%
				Annual change in home prices	2.3		%	0.0-9.8%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.6			0.1-4.0
				Current value of underlying properties	$	1,567		$40-$5,500
Total	$	6,093,612

	December 31, 2022
(Dollars in Thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average (1)			Range
Purchased Performing Loans	$	4,857,587	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7.6		%	5.6-22.7%
				Prepayment rate	7.9		%	0.0-44.8%
				Default rate	0.8		%	0.0-19.4%
				Loss severity	7.3		%	0.0-100.0%
	$	22,734	Liquidation model	Discount rate	7.8		%	7.8%-7.8%
				Annual change in home prices	3.2		%	(1.0)%-10.7%
				Liquidation timeline (in years)	1.9			0.8-4.2
				Current value of underlying properties	$	1,319		$50-$2,850
Total	$	4,880,321

(1) Amounts are weighted based on the fair value of the underlying loan.

Schedule of significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement of residential whole loans

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s Residential whole loans, at fair value, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Residential Whole Loans, at Fair Value
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	6,441,964	$	5,252,047	$	5,676,430	$	4,222,584
Purchases and originations	635,646		591,184		1,707,209		2,379,428
Draws	166,937		106,633		418,928		250,455
Changes in fair value recorded in Net gain/(loss) on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(129,661)		(241,093)		(131,856)		(623,012)
Repayments	(309,214)		(236,236)		(836,440)		(718,983)
Loan sales	(2,243)		—		(3,720)		(10,496)
Transfer to REO	(10,007)		(9,565)		(37,129)		(37,006)
Balance at end of period	$	6,793,422	$	5,462,970	$	6,793,422	$	5,462,970

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	440,106	$	441,883	$	578,879	$	628,280
Issuances	107,230		418,183		379,625		418,183
Payment of principal	(145,983)		(255,345)		(557,151)		(440,487)
Change in unrealized losses	—		—		—		(1,255)
Balance at end of period	$	401,353	$	604,721	$	401,353	$	604,721

The following table presents additional information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 about the Company’s financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions, which are classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	553,162	$	1,433,857	$	884,495	$	1,322,362
Issuances	56,330		272,005		78,348		1,142,611
Payment of principal	(103,745)		(773,366)		(457,096)		(1,532,477)
Changes in unrealized losses	—		—		—		—
Balance at end of period	$	505,747	$	932,496	$	505,747	$	932,496

Schedule of carrying value and fair value of financial instruments

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Level in Fair Value Hierarchy	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
(In Thousands)
Financial Assets:
Residential whole loans	3	$	8,371,068	$	8,285,799	$	7,467,645	$	7,397,421
Residential whole loans	2	53,148		53,148		51,094		51,094
Securities, at fair value	2	723,959		723,959		333,364		333,364
Cash and cash equivalents	1	300,089		300,089		334,183		334,183
Restricted cash	1	153,449		153,449		159,898		159,898
Financial Liabilities (1):
Financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions	3	1,124,953		1,125,773		1,003,604		1,004,260
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	3	1,752,492		1,753,355		2,111,396		2,111,647
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions	2	608,996		608,996		111,651		111,651
Securitized debt (2)	2	4,332,936		4,210,440		3,357,590		3,217,905
Convertible senior notes	2	218,596		219,589		227,845		211,015

(1)Carrying value of securitized debt, Convertible Senior Notes, Senior Notes and certain repurchase agreements is net of associated debt issuance costs.

(2)Includes securitized debt that is carried at amortized cost basis and fair value.

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Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities

Schedule of loan securitization transaction

The following table summarizes the key details of the Company’s consolidated loan securitization transactions currently outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in Thousands)	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential whole loans sold	$	7,721,012			$	6,079,749
Face amount of Senior Bonds issued by the VIE and purchased by third-party investors	$	6,699,921			$	5,333,090
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at carrying value	$	801,360		(1)	$	922,220		(1)
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at fair value	$	3,531,576			$	2,435,370
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, total	$	4,332,936			$	3,357,590
Weighted average fixed rate for Senior Bonds issued	4.22		%	(2)	3.38		%	(2)
Weighted average contractual maturity of Senior Bonds	37 years			(2)	38 years			(2)
Face amount of Senior Support Certificates received by the Company (3)	$	986,585			$	715,640
Cash received	$	6,637,607			$	5,286,305

(1)Net of $1.7 million and $2.9 million of deferred financing costs at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(2)At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $3.0 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of Senior Bonds sold in securitization transactions contained a contractual coupon step-up feature whereby the coupon increases by either 100, 200, or 300 basis points or more at defined dates ranging from 24 months, up to 48 months from issuance if the bond is not redeemed before such date.

(3)Provides credit support to the Senior Bonds sold to third-party investors in the securitization transactions.

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of segment reporting information, by segment

The following tables summarize segment financial information, which in total reconciles to the same data for the Company as a whole:

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Interest Income	$	94,855	$	61,101	$	3,209	$	159,165
Interest Expense	64,785		44,303		3,936		113,024
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	30,070	$	16,798	$	(727)	$	46,141
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,258		—		—		1,258
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	$	31,328	$	16,798	$	(727)	$	47,399
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(99,500)	$	(33,394)	$	—	$	(132,894)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(13,439)		—		(722)		(14,161)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,062		347		—		2,409
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	25,310		9,550		—		34,860
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	25,345		11,086		—		36,431
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		12,109		—		12,109
Other, net	515		684		655		1,854
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(59,707)	$	382	$	(67)	$	(59,392)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	12,010	$	12,041	$	24,051
General and administrative expenses	—		4,664		5,941		10,605
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	5,032		699		3,258		8,989
Amortization of intangible assets	—		800		—		800
Net (Loss)/Income	$	(33,411)	$	(993)	$	(22,034)	$	(56,438)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	8,219	$	8,219
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(33,411)	$	(993)	$	(30,253)	$	(64,657)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Interest Income	$	90,406	$	31,883	$	1,583	123,872
Interest Expense	47,780		19,856		3,943		71,579
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	42,626	$	12,027	$	(2,360)	$	52,293
Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	$	(520)	$	(68)	$	—	(588)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	$	42,106	$	11,959	$	(2,360)	$	51,705
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(226,894)	$	(64,924)	$	—	$	(291,818)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	1,620		—		(2,031)		(411)
Net gain on real estate owned	3,861		—		—		3,861
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	86,944		24,872		—		111,816
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	79,471		19,387		—		98,858
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		12,372		—		12,372
Other, net	282		35		814		1,131
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(54,716)	$	(8,258)	$	(1,217)	$	(64,191)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	11,170	$	9,893	$	21,063
General and administrative expenses	—		3,756		5,056		8,812
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	6,063		280		5,014		11,357
Amortization of intangible assets	—		1,300		—		1,300
Net Loss	$	(18,673)	$	(12,805)	$	(23,540)	$	(55,018)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	8,218	$	8,218
Net Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(18,673)	$	(12,805)	$	(31,758)	$	(63,236)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Interest Income	$	269,586	$	156,930	$	9,204	$	435,720
Interest Expense	180,802		113,050		11,853		305,705
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	88,784	$	43,880	$	(2,649)	$	130,015
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	663		314		—		977
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after (Provision)/Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses	$	89,447	$	44,194	$	(2,649)	$	130,992
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(101,449)	$	(32,974)	$	—	$	(134,423)
Impairment and other net loss on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,205)		—		(1,594)		(15,799)
Net gain on real estate owned	8,479		25		—		8,504
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	54,130		19,973		—		74,103
Net loss on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	9,412		2,688		—		12,100
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		32,562		—		32,562
Other, net	6,535		2,131		1,856		10,522
Total Other (Loss)/Income, net	$	(37,098)	$	24,405	$	262	$	(12,431)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	32,952	$	33,500	$	66,452
General and administrative expenses	—		11,858		20,307		32,165
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	15,146		1,049		9,931		26,126
Amortization of intangible assets	—		3,400		—		3,400
Net Income/(Loss)	$	37,203	$	19,340	$	(66,125)	$	(9,582)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	24,656	$	24,656
Net Income/(Loss) Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	37,203	$	19,340	$	(90,781)	$	(34,238)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Interest Income	$	263,960	$	73,736	$	1,846	$	339,542
Interest Expense	120,678		39,128		11,811		171,617
Net Interest Income/(Expense)	$	143,282	$	34,608	$	(9,965)	$	167,925
Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,211		(105)		—		1,106
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets	—		—		(28,579)		(28,579)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Reversal of Provision/(Provision) for Credit Losses	$	144,493	$	34,503	$	(38,544)	$	140,452
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	$	(657,223)	$	(140,711)	$	—	$	(797,934)
Impairment and other net gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(2,764)		—		(13,395)		(16,159)
Net gain on real estate owned	19,745		32		—		19,777
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	217,340		36,381		—		253,721
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	202,016		45,532		—		247,548
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	—		37,539		—		37,539
Other, net	4,198		64		3,091		7,353
Total Other Income, net	$	(216,688)	$	(21,163)	$	(10,304)	$	(248,155)
Compensation and benefits	$	—	$	29,650	$	30,029	$	59,679
General and administrative expenses	—		10,509		17,507		28,016
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	19,508		839		14,646		34,993
Amortization of intangible assets	—		7,900		—		7,900
Net Loss	$	(91,703)	$	(35,558)	$	(111,030)	$	(238,291)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	$	—	$	—	$	24,656	$	24,656
Net Loss Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	$	(91,703)	$	(35,558)	$	(135,686)	$	(262,947)

(Dollars in Thousands)	Mortgage-Related Assets		Lima One		Corporate		Total
September 30, 2023
Total Assets	$	6,174,062	$	3,572,079	$	358,659	$	10,104,800
December 31, 2022
Total Assets	$	6,065,557	$	2,618,695	$	428,153	$	9,112,405

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Residential Whole Loans (Details)		9 Months Ended
	Apr. 04, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Number of days considered to classify loans delinquent		60 days
LTV ratio (as a percent)		80.00%
Stock split ratio, common stock	0.25

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 300,089	$ 334,183
Overnight money market funds	160,900	267,100
Restricted cash	$ 153,449	$ 159,898

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Goodwill & Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jul. 01, 2021
Business Combination, Separately Recognized Transactions [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 61,076	$ 61,076
Intangible assets, net	$ 8,800	12,200
Minimum
Business Combination, Separately Recognized Transactions [Line Items]
Expected useful lives (in years)	1 year
Maximum
Business Combination, Separately Recognized Transactions [Line Items]
Expected useful lives (in years)	10 years
Lima One
Business Combination, Separately Recognized Transactions [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 61,100	$ 61,100	$ 61,100

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Leases and Depreciation (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023
Furniture, fixtures, computers and related hardwares | Minimum
Estimated useful life of long-lived assets
Estimated useful life	5 years
Furniture, fixtures, computers and related hardwares | Maximum
Estimated useful life of long-lived assets
Estimated useful life	15 years
Building
Estimated useful life of long-lived assets
Estimated useful life	27 years 6 months

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Equity-based Compensation (Details) - RSUs	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Share based compensation
Vesting period of restricted share units (RSUs)	3 years
Period for measuring market condition of award	3 years

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Earnings per Common Share (“EPS”) (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 03, 2019
6.25% Convertible Senior Notes | Convertible Debt
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Stated interest rate (as a percent)	6.25%	6.25%

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Contingencies (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Commitment, Period	10 years

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Residential Whole Loans - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) loan	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total residential whole loans	$ 8,400,000	$ 7,500,000	$ 8,400,000
Interest income	$ 4,000		$ 11,500
Number of loan modifications | loan	1		3
Average increase in weighted life	12 months		12 months
Change in carrying value of the loan	$ 214
Loan carrying value	379		$ 379
Nonperforming
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loss on sale of financing receivable		72,300
Financing receivable, nonaccrual	325,000	413,100	325,000
Interest income	2,300		7,600
Agency eligible investor loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing receivable, sale		337,800
Agency eligible investor loans | Nonperforming
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing receivable, sale		598,000
Purchased Performing Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing receivable, nonaccrual	221,500	195,100	221,500
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing receivable, nonaccrual	68,900	80,500	68,900
Without Associated Credit Losses
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing receivable, nonaccrual	$ 52,800	$ 71,700	$ 52,800

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Residential Whole Loans - Residential Whole Loans, at Carrying and Fair Value (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) loan	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 1,606,204
Allowance for Credit Losses	(28,557)	$ (35,314)
Total Residential Whole Loans	$ 8,424,216	$ 7,518,739
Number of loans | loan	25,132	23,843
Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Allowance for Credit Losses	$ (28,557)	$ (35,314)
Total Residential Whole Loans	$ 1,577,646	$ 1,791,215
Number of loans | loan	6,493	7,126
Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Allowance for Credit Losses	$ 0	$ 0
Total Residential Whole Loans	$ 6,846,570	$ 5,727,524
Number of loans | loan	18,639	16,717
Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 7,314,050	$ 6,287,650
Performing | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	1,167,290	1,356,235
Performing | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	6,146,760	4,931,415
Nonperforming
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	699,810	796,109
Nonperforming | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	0	0
Nonperforming | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	699,810	796,109
Non-QM loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	873,791
Non-QM loans | Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	3,574,263	3,359,830
Non-QM loans | Performing | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	873,790	987,282
Non-QM loans | Performing | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	2,700,473	2,372,548
Transitional loans | Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	2,097,601	1,417,220
Transitional loans | Performing | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	37,946	75,188
Transitional loans | Performing | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	2,059,655	1,342,032
Single-family rental loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	182,879
Single-family rental loans | Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	1,516,363	1,376,574
Single-family rental loans | Performing | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	182,879	210,833
Single-family rental loans | Performing | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	1,333,484	1,165,741
Seasoned performing loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	72,675
Seasoned performing loans | Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	72,675	82,932
Seasoned performing loans | Performing | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	72,675	82,932
Seasoned performing loans | Performing | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	0	0
Agency eligible investor loans | Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	53,148	51,094
Agency eligible investor loans | Performing | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	0	0
Agency eligible investor loans | Performing | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	53,148	51,094
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	438,913	470,294
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans | Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	438,913	470,294
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans | Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	0	0
Single Family Residential Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	1,100,000	784,900
Multi-Family Transitional Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	1,000,000	632,300
New Construction Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 415,900	$ 283,100

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Residential Whole Loans - Residential Whole Loans, at Carrying Value, Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
LTV ratio (as a percent)	80.00%
Loans	$ 1,606,204
Non-QM loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	873,791
Transitional loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	37,946
Single-family rental loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	182,879
Seasoned performing loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 72,675
Multi-Family Transitional Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
LTV ratio (as a percent)	64.00%	73.00%
Loans	$ 1,000,000	$ 632,300
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	15 months	18 months
Settled Whole Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	$ 7,306,094	$ 6,273,743
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 7,884,912	$ 6,741,786
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	6.56%	5.78%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	249 months	271 months
60+ Delinquency %	3.10%	3.10%
Settled Whole Loans | Non-QM loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	$ 3,570,184	$ 3,352,471
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 3,963,235	$ 3,671,468
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	5.60%	5.13%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	346 months	351 months
LTV ratio (as a percent)	65.00%	65.00%
Weighted Average Original FICO	735	733
60+ Delinquency %	2.20%	2.60%
Settled Whole Loans | Non-QM loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	$ 3,808,303	$ 3,520,671
Settled Whole Loans | Non-QM loans | 30-59
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	68,171	56,825
Settled Whole Loans | Non-QM loans | 60-89
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	23,230	32,253
Settled Whole Loans | Non-QM loans | 90 or more
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	63,531	61,719
Settled Whole Loans | Transitional loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	2,095,083	1,411,997
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 2,105,552	$ 1,431,692
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	8.89%	7.78%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	11 months	12 months
LTV ratio (as a percent)	64.00%	66.00%
Weighted Average Original FICO	746	746
60+ Delinquency %	4.30%	5.30%
Settled Whole Loans | Transitional loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	$ 1,989,050	$ 1,348,815
Settled Whole Loans | Transitional loans | 30-59
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	25,717	6,463
Settled Whole Loans | Transitional loans | 60-89
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	15,771	2,234
Settled Whole Loans | Transitional loans | 90 or more
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	75,014	74,180
Settled Whole Loans | Single-family rental loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	1,515,032	1,375,297
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 1,667,902	$ 1,485,967
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	6.16%	5.74%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	321 months	324 months
LTV ratio (as a percent)	68.00%	69.00%
Weighted Average Original FICO	737	737
60+ Delinquency %	3.80%	2.40%
Settled Whole Loans | Single-family rental loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	$ 1,586,313	$ 1,442,095
Settled Whole Loans | Single-family rental loans | 30-59
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	17,947	8,431
Settled Whole Loans | Single-family rental loans | 60-89
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	28,249	7,978
Settled Whole Loans | Single-family rental loans | 90 or more
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	35,393	27,463
Settled Whole Loans | Seasoned performing loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	72,647	82,884
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 79,751	$ 90,843
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	4.38%	3.31%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	145 months	151 months
LTV ratio (as a percent)	28.00%	30.00%
Weighted Average Original FICO	725	714
60+ Delinquency %	4.30%	5.90%
Settled Whole Loans | Seasoned performing loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	$ 75,016	$ 84,514
Settled Whole Loans | Seasoned performing loans | 30-59
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	1,271	993
Settled Whole Loans | Seasoned performing loans | 60-89
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	911	937
Settled Whole Loans | Seasoned performing loans | 90 or more
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	2,553	4,399
Settled Whole Loans | Agency eligible investor loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	53,148	51,094
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 68,472	$ 61,816
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	3.44%	3.44%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	335 months	344 months
LTV ratio (as a percent)	66.00%	68.00%
Weighted Average Original FICO	757	757
60+ Delinquency %	0.30%	0.00%
Settled Whole Loans | Agency eligible investor loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	$ 68,244	$ 61,816
Settled Whole Loans | Agency eligible investor loans | 30-59
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	0	0
Settled Whole Loans | Agency eligible investor loans | 60-89
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	0	0
Settled Whole Loans | Agency eligible investor loans | 90 or more
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	228	0
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	418,312	448,887
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 517,611	$ 554,907
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	4.79%	4.66%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	270 months	277 months
LTV ratio (as a percent)	59.00%	63.00%
60+ Delinquency %	16.80%	18.70%
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	$ 389,166	$ 403,042
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans | 30-59
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	41,615	48,107
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans | 60-89
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	14,018	16,270
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans | 90 or more
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	72,812	87,488
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Non-Performing Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	699,810	796,109
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 798,902	$ 884,257
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	5.17%	5.01%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	272 months	277 months
LTV ratio (as a percent)	63.00%	68.00%
60+ Delinquency %	31.70%	39.60%
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Non-Performing Loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	$ 449,936	$ 444,045
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Non-Performing Loans | 30-59
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	95,456	89,623
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Non-Performing Loans | 60-89
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	28,310	40,554
Settled Whole Loans | Purchased Non-Performing Loans | 90 or more
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Aging by UPB	225,200	310,035
Settled Whole Loans | Residential whole loans, total or weighted average
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	8,424,216	7,518,739
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”)	$ 9,201,425	$ 8,180,950
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	5.87%	5.64%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	244 months	272 months
60+ Delinquency %	6.40%	8.10%
Settled Whole Loans | Certain rehabilitation loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
LTV ratio (as a percent)	69.00%	70.00%
Transitional loans | Certain rehabilitation loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Securitization of eligible investor loans	$ 423,600	$ 223,200

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Residential Whole Loans - Allowance for Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 31,035	$ 33,062	$ 35,314	$ 36,927	$ 35,457	$ 39,447	$ 35,314
Current provision/(reversal)	(1,252)	265	315	547	1,830	(3,467)
Write-offs	(1,226)	(2,292)	(2,567)	(282)	(360)	(523)	(6,085)
Ending balance	28,557	31,035	33,062	37,192	36,927	35,457	28,557
Fair Value / Carrying Value	28,557	31,035	33,062	37,192	36,927	35,457	28,557
Loans	1,606,204						1,606,204
Non-QM loans
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	6,706	7,145	7,359	7,130	7,329	8,289	7,359
Current provision/(reversal)	(2,627)	(233)	(214)	(242)	(199)	(909)
Write-offs	0	(206)	0	0	0	(51)
Ending balance	4,079	6,706	7,145	6,888	7,130	7,329	4,079
Fair Value / Carrying Value	4,079	6,706	7,145	6,888	7,130	7,329	4,079
Transitional loans
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	2,840	3,626	5,223	5,061	5,202	6,881	5,223
Current provision/(reversal)	559	999	406	583	(23)	(1,460)
Write-offs	(881)	(1,785)	(2,003)	(114)	(118)	(219)
Ending balance	2,518	2,840	3,626	5,530	5,061	5,202	2,518
Fair Value / Carrying Value	2,518	2,840	3,626	5,530	5,061	5,202	2,518
Loans	28,700			66,700			28,700
Single-family rental loans
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	1,237	1,340	1,277	1,292	1,302	1,451	1,277
Current provision/(reversal)	329	(103)	514	83	174	(122)
Write-offs	(235)	0	(451)	(61)	(184)	(27)
Ending balance	1,331	1,237	1,340	1,314	1,292	1,302	1,331
Fair Value / Carrying Value	1,331	1,237	1,340	1,314	1,292	1,302	1,331
Seasoned performing loans
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	42	46	48	46	45	46	48
Current provision/(reversal)	(14)	(4)	(2)	3	1	(1)
Write-offs	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ending balance	28	42	46	49	46	45	28
Fair Value / Carrying Value	28	42	46	49	46	45	28
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	20,210	20,905	21,407	23,398	21,579	22,780	21,407
Current provision/(reversal)	501	(394)	(389)	120	1,877	(975)
Write-offs	(110)	(301)	(113)	(107)	(58)	(226)
Ending balance	20,601	20,210	20,905	23,411	23,398	21,579	20,601
Fair Value / Carrying Value	20,601	$ 20,210	$ 20,905	23,411	$ 23,398	$ 21,579	20,601
Loans	52,600			56,200			52,600
Unfunded Loan Commitment
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Ending balance	38			84			38
Commitment to lend, unfunded	5,400			8,400			5,400
Fair Value / Carrying Value	$ 38			$ 84			$ 38

XML

Residential Whole Loans - Additional Credit Related Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	$ 0						$ 0
2022	0						0
2021	59,041						59,041
2020	208,981						208,981
2019	545,088						545,088
Prior	793,094						793,094
Total	1,606,204						1,606,204
Gross write-offs, 2023							0
Gross write-offs, 2022							0
Gross write-offs, 2021							14
Gross write-offs, 2020							189
Gross write-offs, 2019							3,609
Gross write-offs, prior							2,273
Gross write-offs	1,226	$ 2,292	$ 2,567	$ 282	$ 360	$ 523	$ 6,085
Ratio loan- to-value (as a percent)							80.00%
Debt-to-Value Ratio, Less Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						$ 0
2022	0						0
2021	57,645						57,645
2020	197,511						197,511
2019	536,827						536,827
Prior	720,221						720,221
Total	1,512,204						1,512,204
Debt-to-Value Ratio, Greater Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	1,396						1,396
2020	11,470						11,470
2019	8,261						8,261
Prior	72,873						72,873
Total	94,000						94,000
Non-QM loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	46,281						46,281
2020	183,766						183,766
2019	412,022						412,022
Prior	231,722						231,722
Total	873,791						873,791
Gross write-offs, 2023							0
Gross write-offs, 2022							0
Gross write-offs, 2021							0
Gross write-offs, 2020							71
Gross write-offs, 2019							25
Gross write-offs, prior							110
Gross write-offs							$ 206
Non-QM loans | Settled Whole Loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Ratio loan- to-value (as a percent)							65.00%	65.00%
Non-QM loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Less Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						$ 0
2022	0						0
2021	44,885						44,885
2020	172,296						172,296
2019	407,541						407,541
Prior	226,678						226,678
Total	851,400						851,400
Non-QM loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Greater Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	1,396						1,396
2020	11,470						11,470
2019	4,481						4,481
Prior	5,044						5,044
Total	22,391						22,391
Transitional loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	504						504
2020	3,915						3,915
2019	25,745						25,745
Prior	7,782						7,782
Total	37,946						37,946
Gross write-offs, 2023							0
Gross write-offs, 2022							0
Gross write-offs, 2021							14
Gross write-offs, 2020							47
Gross write-offs, 2019							2,970
Gross write-offs, prior							1,639
Gross write-offs							$ 4,670
Transitional loans | Settled Whole Loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Ratio loan- to-value (as a percent)							64.00%	66.00%
Transitional loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Less Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						$ 0
2022	0						0
2021	504						504
2020	3,915						3,915
2019	23,565						23,565
Prior	7,782						7,782
Total	35,766						35,766
Transitional loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Greater Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	2,180						2,180
Prior	0						0
Total	2,180						2,180
Single-family rental loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	12,256						12,256
2020	21,300						21,300
2019	107,321						107,321
Prior	42,002						42,002
Total	182,879						182,879
Gross write-offs, 2023							0
Gross write-offs, 2022							0
Gross write-offs, 2021							0
Gross write-offs, 2020							71
Gross write-offs, 2019							614
Gross write-offs, prior							0
Gross write-offs							$ 685
Single-family rental loans | Settled Whole Loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Ratio loan- to-value (as a percent)							68.00%	69.00%
Single-family rental loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Less Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						$ 0
2022	0						0
2021	12,256						12,256
2020	21,300						21,300
2019	105,721						105,721
Prior	41,917						41,917
Total	181,194						181,194
Single-family rental loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Greater Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	1,600						1,600
Prior	85						85
Total	1,685						1,685
Seasoned performing loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	0						0
Prior	72,675						72,675
Total	72,675						72,675
Gross write-offs, 2023							0
Gross write-offs, 2022							0
Gross write-offs, 2021							0
Gross write-offs, 2020							0
Gross write-offs, 2019							0
Gross write-offs, prior							0
Gross write-offs							$ 0
Seasoned performing loans | Settled Whole Loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Ratio loan- to-value (as a percent)							28.00%	30.00%
Seasoned performing loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Less Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						$ 0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	0						0
Prior	70,272						70,272
Total	70,272						70,272
Seasoned performing loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Greater Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	0						0
Prior	2,403						2,403
Total	2,403						2,403
Purchased credit deteriorated loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	0						0
Prior	438,913						438,913
Total	438,913						438,913	$ 470,294
Gross write-offs, 2023							0
Gross write-offs, 2022							0
Gross write-offs, 2021							0
Gross write-offs, 2020							0
Gross write-offs, 2019							0
Gross write-offs, prior							524
Gross write-offs							524
Purchased credit deteriorated loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Less Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	0						0
Prior	373,572						373,572
Total	373,572						373,572
Purchased credit deteriorated loans | Debt-to-Value Ratio, Greater Than 80 Percent
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
2023	0						0
2022	0						0
2021	0						0
2020	0						0
2019	0						0
Prior	65,341						65,341
Total	65,341						65,341
Certain rehabilitation loans | Transitional loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Purchased performing loans	$ 423,600						$ 423,600	$ 223,200
Certain rehabilitation loans | Settled Whole Loans
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Ratio loan- to-value (as a percent)							69.00%	70.00%

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Residential Whole Loans - LTV on Loans (Details) - Financial Asset, Equal to or Greater than 60 Days Past Due $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	$ 229,972	$ 166,671
UPB	244,880	167,761
Carrying Value | Non-QM loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	84,584	61,812
UPB	$ 86,761	$ 61,719
LTV (as a percent)	0.669	0.679
Carrying Value | Transitional loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	$ 86,451	$ 73,266
UPB	$ 90,785	$ 74,180
LTV (as a percent)	0.650	0.681
Carrying Value | Single-family rental loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	$ 55,313	$ 27,466
UPB	$ 63,642	$ 27,463
LTV (as a percent)	0.733	0.729
Carrying Value | Seasoned performing loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	$ 3,437	$ 4,127
UPB	$ 3,464	$ 4,399
LTV (as a percent)	0.299	0.422
Carrying Value | Agency eligible investor loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	$ 187	$ 0
UPB	$ 228	$ 0
LTV (as a percent)	0.734	0
Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	$ 538,366	$ 532,770
UPB	585,220	565,284
Fair Value | Nonperforming
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	238,545	296,697
UPB	$ 253,510	$ 310,035
LTV (as a percent)	0.708	0.769
Fair Value | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Carrying Value / Fair Value	$ 69,849	$ 69,402
UPB	$ 86,830	$ 87,488
LTV (as a percent)	0.641	0.748

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Residential Whole Loans - Interest Income Components (Details) - Residential whole loans, total or weighted average - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 140,538	$ 114,415	$ 388,096	$ 316,235
Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	7,371	7,916	22,596	25,597
Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	117,615	87,767	318,116	232,370
Performing | Non-QM loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	51,724	40,658	141,330	108,121
Performing | Transitional loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	40,223	19,342	101,071	49,389
Performing | Single-family rental loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	24,087	18,998	68,543	48,737
Performing | Seasoned performing loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	1,095	1,227	3,312	3,392
Performing | Agency eligible investor loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	486	7,542	3,860	22,731
Nonperforming
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	15,552	18,732	47,384	58,268
Held at Carrying Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	23,582	27,231	72,340	85,785
Held at Carrying Value | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	7,371	7,916	22,596	25,597
Held at Carrying Value | Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	16,211	19,315	49,744	60,188
Held at Carrying Value | Performing | Non-QM loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	12,276	13,646	36,595	39,041
Held at Carrying Value | Performing | Transitional loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	101	784	1,239	5,621
Held at Carrying Value | Performing | Single-family rental loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	2,739	3,658	8,598	12,134
Held at Carrying Value | Performing | Seasoned performing loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	1,095	1,227	3,312	3,392
Held at Carrying Value | Performing | Agency eligible investor loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	0	0	0	0
Held at Carrying Value | Nonperforming
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	0	0	0	0
Held at Fair Value
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	116,956	87,184	315,756	230,450
Held at Fair Value | Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	0	0	0	0
Held at Fair Value | Performing
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	101,404	68,452	268,372	172,182
Held at Fair Value | Performing | Non-QM loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	39,448	27,012	104,735	69,080
Held at Fair Value | Performing | Transitional loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	40,122	18,558	99,832	43,768
Held at Fair Value | Performing | Single-family rental loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	21,348	15,340	59,945	36,603
Held at Fair Value | Performing | Seasoned performing loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	0	0	0	0
Held at Fair Value | Performing | Agency eligible investor loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	486	7,542	3,860	22,731
Held at Fair Value | Nonperforming
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 15,552	$ 18,732	$ 47,384	$ 58,268

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Securities, at Fair Value - Composition of Agency MBS Portfolio (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fair Value	[1]	$ 723,959	$ 333,364
5.00% Coupon
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Coupon rate (in percent)		5.00%
Current Face		$ 77,090
Weighted Average Purchase Price (in percent)		100.20%
Weighted Average Market Price (in percent)		94.50%
Fair Value		$ 72,830
Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)		6 months
CPR (in percent)		1.60%
5.50% Coupon
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Coupon rate (in percent)		5.50%
Current Face		$ 282,748
Weighted Average Purchase Price (in percent)		100.40%
Weighted Average Market Price (in percent)		96.80%
Fair Value		$ 273,796
Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)		8 months
CPR (in percent)		8.60%
6.00% Coupon
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Coupon rate (in percent)		6.00%
Current Face		$ 180,481
Weighted Average Purchase Price (in percent)		100.00%
Weighted Average Market Price (in percent)		98.80%
Fair Value		$ 178,386
Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)		4 months
CPR (in percent)		6.20%
Agency MBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Current Face		$ 540,319	131,165
Weighted Average Purchase Price (in percent)		100.30%
Weighted Average Market Price (in percent)		97.20%
Fair Value		$ 525,012	$ 131,700
Weighted Average Loan Age (Months)		6 months
CPR (in percent)		6.80%

[1] See Note 6 for information regarding the Company’s pledged assets.

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Securities, at Fair Value - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Securities, at fair value	[1]		$ 723,959,000		$ 333,364,000
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 37,192,000	28,557,000	$ 37,192,000	35,314,000	$ 31,035,000	$ 33,062,000	$ 36,927,000	$ 35,457,000	$ 39,447,000
Securities, at fair value
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Securities, at fair value			92,900,000		97,900,000
Amortized costs			90,400,000		86,400,000
Gross unrealized gains			2,600,000		$ 11,500,000
Gross unrealized losses			$ (135,000)
Weighted average yield (in percent)			15.90%		14.30%
Weighted average to maturity			14 days		9 months 18 days
Optional extension period			2 years
Optional extension weighted average term			2 years 14 days
CRT securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
CRT securities			$ 83,100,000		$ 79,200,000
Non-Agency MBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Securities, at fair value			23,000,000		24,600,000
Gross unrealized losses			960,000		0
CRT, Fair Value Option
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Securities, at fair value			51,000,000		48,600,000
Debt securities, sold		15,300,000	0	15,700,000
Realized gain		70,000		84,000
Gross unrealized losses			0		$ 1,200,000
AFS securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Gross unrealized losses			135,000
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

[1] See Note 6 for information regarding the Company’s pledged assets.

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Securities, at Fair Value - Residential Mortgage Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Fair Value	[1]	$ 723,959	$ 333,364
Agency MBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Principal/ Current Face		540,319	131,165
Purchase Premiums		1,824	860
Accretable Purchase Discounts		(508)	0
Discount Designated as Credit Reserve		0	0
Gross Amortized Cost		541,635	132,025
Gross Unrealized Gains		0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses		(16,623)	(325)
Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		(16,623)	(325)
Fair Value		525,012	131,700
Other Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Principal/ Current Face		213,672	215,649
Purchase Premiums		22,015	18,344
Accretable Purchase Discounts		(5,787)	(6,272)
Discount Designated as Credit Reserve		(46,332)	(46,332)
Gross Amortized Cost		183,568	181,389
Gross Unrealized Gains		16,474	21,473
Gross Unrealized Losses		(1,095)	(1,198)
Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		15,379	20,275
Fair Value		198,947	201,664
Total residential mortgage securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Principal/ Current Face		753,991	346,814
Purchase Premiums		23,839	19,204
Accretable Purchase Discounts		(6,295)	(6,272)
Discount Designated as Credit Reserve		(46,332)	(46,332)
Gross Amortized Cost		725,203	313,414
Gross Unrealized Gains		16,474	21,473
Gross Unrealized Losses		(17,718)	(1,523)
Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		(1,244)	19,950
Fair Value		723,959	333,364
CRT, Fair Value Option
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Gross Unrealized Gains		1,900	131
Gross Unrealized Losses		0	(1,200)
Fair Value		51,000	48,600
Non-Agency MBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Gross Unrealized Gains		111	0
Gross Unrealized Losses		(960)	0
Fair Value		$ 23,000	$ 24,600

[1] See Note 6 for information regarding the Company’s pledged assets.

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Securities, at Fair Value - Impact of AFS Securities on AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
AOCI from AFS Securities:
Unrealized gain on AFS securities at beginning of period	$ 13,420	$ 36,919	$ 21,341	$ 46,833
Unrealized gain/(loss) on securities available-for-sale	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(15,765)
Change in AOCI from AFS securities	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(15,765)
Balance at end of period	$ 14,353	$ 31,068	$ 14,353	$ 31,068

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Securities, at Fair Value - Interest Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 11,945	$ 5,612	$ 29,201	$ 16,181
Agency MBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Coupon interest	6,353	0	12,874	0
Effective yield adjustment	(50)	0	(126)	0
Interest income	6,303	0	12,748	0
Other MBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Coupon interest	2,082	1,308	6,019	3,258
Effective yield adjustment	(32)	699	185	2,971
Interest income	2,050	2,007	6,204	6,229
Term notes backed by MSR collateral
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Coupon interest	2,216	2,015	6,279	4,591
Effective yield adjustment	1,376	1,590	3,970	5,361
Interest income	$ 3,592	$ 3,605	$ 10,249	$ 9,952

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Other Assets - Schedule of Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Receivable for sale of unsettled residential whole loans		$ 0		$ 275,656
REO		113,090	$ 119,996	130,605	$ 132,663	$ 135,847	$ 156,223
Goodwill		61,076		61,076
Intangibles, net		8,800		12,200
Capital contributions made to loan origination partners		20,034		28,308
Commercial loans		76,546		61,510
Interest receivable		89,554		68,704
Other loan related receivables		30,649		23,463
Lease Right-of-Use Asset		37,762		39,459
Other		65,576		65,240
Total Other Assets	[1]	$ 503,087		$ 766,221
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]		Total Other Assets		Total Other Assets
Accumulated amortization		$ 19,200		$ 15,800
Borrowing rate (as a percent)		7.50%

[1] See Note 6 for information regarding the Company’s pledged assets.

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Other Assets - Real Estate Owned (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) property	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) property	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) property	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Number of real estate owned properties | property	320		388	412
Real estate owned	$ 113,090	$ 119,996	$ 130,605	$ 132,663	$ 135,847	$ 156,223
Residential whole loans acquired through foreclosure ordered in lieu	112,700
Carrying Value
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Mortgage loans in process of foreclosure	94,000
Estimated Fair Value
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Mortgage loans in process of foreclosure	$ 256,900

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Other Assets - Real Estate Owned - Activity (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) property	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) property	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) property	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) property	Dec. 31, 2022 property
Real Estate Owned [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 119,996	$ 135,847	$ 130,605	$ 156,223
Adjustments to record at lower of cost or fair value	(958)	(1,655)	(3,811)	(2,426)
Transfer from residential whole loans	16,991	16,658	66,171	61,875
Purchases and capital improvements, net	88	215	344	845
Disposals and other	(23,027)	(18,402)	(80,219)	(83,854)
Balance at end of period	$ 113,090	$ 132,663	$ 113,090	$ 132,663
Number of properties | property	320	412	320	412	388
Properties sold during period | property	77	74	271	333
Proceeds from sale of real estate	$ 26,200	$ 23,800	$ 91,700	$ 105,000
Gain on sales of real estate owned	$ 3,200	$ 5,300	$ 12,200	$ 21,300

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Other Assets - Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jul. 01, 2021
Business Combination, Separately Recognized Transactions [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 61,076	$ 61,076
Lima One
Business Combination, Separately Recognized Transactions [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 61,100	$ 61,100	$ 61,100
Finite-lived intangible assets			$ 28,000

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Other Assets - Finite-Lived Intangible Assets Amortization Expense (Details) - Lima One - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangibles	$ 8,800	$ 12,200
Amortization	(3,400)
Trademarks / Trade Names
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangibles	3,100	3,400
Amortization	$ (300)
Amortization Period	10 years
Customer Relationships
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangibles	$ 3,500	6,000
Amortization	$ (2,500)
Amortization Period	4 years
Internally Developed Software
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-Lived Intangibles	$ 2,200	$ 2,800
Amortization	$ (600)
Amortization Period	5 years

XML

Other Assets - Capital Contributions Made to Loan Origination Partners (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	241 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Other Assets [Line Items]
Equity method investments	$ 20.0	$ 20.0
Loan Origination Partners
Other Assets [Line Items]
Impairment on investment	2.3
Common Stock | Loan Origination Partners
Other Assets [Line Items]
Equity method investments	4.9	4.9
Preferred Stock | Loan Origination Partners
Other Assets [Line Items]
Equity method investments	15.1	15.1
Equity method investment, amount sold	$ 6.6
Gain from sale of preferred equity interest		$ 0.1

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Other Assets - Information on Commercial Mortgage Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Other Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	$ 1,606,204
Commercial Mortgage Bridge Loan
Other Assets [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value	76,546	$ 61,510
UPB	$ 76,546	$ 61,510
Weighted Average Coupon ( as a percent)	12.93%	11.54%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	3 months	10 months
Commercial Mortgage Bridge Loan | UPB 60+ Days Delinquent
Other Assets [Line Items]
UPB	$ 3,389	$ 0
Commercial Mortgage Bridge Loan | Minimum
Other Assets [Line Items]
Participation range to total UPB (as a percent)	49.00%
Commercial Mortgage Bridge Loan | Maximum
Other Assets [Line Items]
Participation range to total UPB (as a percent)	75.00%

XML

Other Assets - Collateral Pledged Against Derivative Contracts (Details) - Swaps - Asset Pledged as Collateral without Right - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Restricted Cash	$ 26,985	$ 60,764
Agency MBS
Derivative [Line Items]
Agency MBS, at fair value	$ 35,565	$ 0

XML

Other Assets - Derivative Instruments - Narrative (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Average maturity term of swaps (in months)	36 months
Maximum maturity term of swaps (in months)	119 months

XML

Other Assets - Derivative Instruments (Details) - Swaps, at fair value - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 3,092,510	$ 3,160,010
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	1.69%	1.69%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	5.32%	4.30%
Within 30 days to 12 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 0	$ 0
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%
Within 30 days
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 0	$ 0
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%
Over 30 days to 3 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 0	$ 0
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%
Over 3 months to 6 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 100,000	$ 0
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	1.49%	0.00%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	5.32%	0.00%
Over 6 months to 12 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 0	$ 0
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	0.00%	0.00%
Over 12 months to 24 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 1,125,010	$ 550,010
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	1.27%	1.01%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	5.32%	4.30%
Over 24 months to 36 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 0	$ 775,000
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	0.00%	1.75%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	0.00%	4.30%
Over 36 months to 48 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 1,425,000	$ 450,000
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	1.53%	1.12%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	5.32%	4.30%
Over 48 months to 60 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 19,100	$ 1,075,000
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	4.22%	1.86%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	5.32%	4.30%
Over 60 months to 72 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 310,000	$ 0
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	2.95%	0.00%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	5.32%	0.00%
Over 72 months to 84 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 0	$ 310,000
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	0.00%	2.95%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	0.00%	4.30%
Over 84 months
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 113,400	$ 0
Weighted Average Fixed-Pay Interest Rate	4.00%	0.00%
Weighted Average Variable Interest Rate (as a percent)	5.32%	0.00%

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Other Assets - Impact of Derivative Instruments on Earnings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Income on swap variable receive leg	$ 41,427	$ 17,273	$ 113,062	$ 22,580
Expense on swap fixed pay leg	(12,563)	(13,623)	(36,416)	(28,730)
Unrealized mark-to-market gain	9,433	108,918	5,704	221,437
Net price alignment expense on margin collateral received	(3,437)	(752)	(8,247)	(752)
Net gain on TBA short positions	0	0	0	39,186
Total Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	$ 34,860	$ 111,816	$ 74,103	$ 253,721

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Financing Agreements - Financing Agreements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		$ 8,296,145	$ 7,043,944
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 8,037,973	$ 6,812,086
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		4.18%	3.70%
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		$ 2,362,351	$ 2,223,298
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 2,361,488	$ 2,223,047
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		7.17%	5.73%
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | 0-3 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		$ 1,428,655
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | 3-6 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		128,124
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | 6-12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		465,641
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 339,900
Extension period		1 year
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Greater than 12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		$ 339,931
Fair Value / Carrying Value		831,200
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Estimated Fair Value
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Financing agreements, amortized cost		505,700	$ 578,900
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Estimated Fair Value | Held at Fair Value
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value			578,900
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		1,753,355	2,111,647
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 1,752,492	$ 2,111,396
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		7.55%	5.74%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	6 months 27 days	10 months 12 days
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | 0-3 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		$ 819,659
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | 3-6 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		128,124
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | 6-12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		465,641
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | Greater than 12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		339,931
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | Not Held at Fair Value
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value		505,700
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Securities
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		608,996	$ 111,651
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 608,996	$ 111,651
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		5.83%	5.47%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	1 month 15 days	9 days
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Securities | 0-3 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		$ 608,996
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Securities | 3-6 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		0
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Securities | 6-12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		0
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Securities | Greater than 12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		0
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions | Estimated Fair Value
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value			$ 884,500
Financing agreements, amortized cost		401,400	884,500
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		1,125,773	1,004,260
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 1,124,953	$ 1,003,604
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		7.88%	6.53%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	16 months 24 days	14 months 9 days
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | 0-3 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		$ 447,996
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | 3-6 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		0
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | 6-12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		27,367
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | Greater than 12 Months
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		650,410
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions | Residential Whole Loans and REO | Held at Fair Value
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 401,400
Securities | Estimated Fair Value
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value			$ 2,400,000
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		(1.41%)	(0.84%)
Financing agreements, amortized cost		$ 3,700,000	$ 2,600,000
Securities | Residential Whole Loans and REO
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance		4,588,432	3,586,397
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 4,332,936	$ 3,357,590
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		3.98%	3.33%
Securities | Residential Whole Loans and REO | Held at Fair Value
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 3,500,000
Convertible senior notes | Unsecured
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance			$ 229,989
Fair Value / Carrying Value		$ 218,596	$ 227,845
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		6.94%	6.94%
Weighted Average Term to Maturity (Months)	17 months 15 days	8 months 15 days
Impact of net Swap carry | Unsecured
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Unpaid Principal Balance
Fair Value / Carrying Value
Weighted Average Cost of Funding (in Percent)		(1.41%)	(0.84%)

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Financing Agreements - Borrowings Under Repurchase Agreement And Associated Assets Pledged as Collateral (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$ 9,180,009	$ 8,057,175
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by residential whole loans | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	1,598,579	1,814,780
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by residential whole loans | Held at Fair Value
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 1,725,473	$ 2,095,002
Weighted average haircut (percent)	19.18%	18.33%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by residential whole loans | Held at Fair Value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$ 2,172,992	$ 2,632,489
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by securities at fair value | Held at Fair Value
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 608,996	$ 111,651
Weighted average haircut (percent)	9.28%	37.43%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by securities at fair value | Held at Fair Value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$ 678,801	$ 177,111
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by real estate owned | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	78,938	84,813
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by real estate owned | Held at Fair Value
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 27,018	$ 16,394
Weighted average haircut (percent)	48.66%	48.07%
Mark-to-market financing agreements secured by real estate owned | Held at Fair Value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$ 53,715	$ 33,367
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by residential whole loans | Held at Fair Value
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 1,124,953	$ 994,494
Weighted average haircut (percent)	17.43%	21.43%
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by residential whole loans | Held at Fair Value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$ 1,385,261	$ 1,301,685
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by real estate owned | Held at Fair Value
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 0	$ 9,109
Weighted average haircut (percent)	0.00%	60.23%
Non-mark-to-market financing secured by real estate owned | Held at Fair Value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$ 0	$ 22,902

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Financing Agreements - Financing Agreements, at Fair Values - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financing Agreement
Financing Agreements [Line Items]
Cash pledged as collateral	$ 22.4	$ 16.0

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Financing Agreements - Borrowings Under Repurchase Agreement (Details) - Repurchase Agreement Borrowings - Held at Fair Value - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost Basis	$ 3,488,124	$ 3,227,558
Weighted Average Interest Rate	7.37%	6.58%
Within 30 days
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost Basis	$ 3,435,884	$ 3,060,111
Weighted Average Interest Rate	7.38%	6.60%
Over 30 days to 3 months
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost Basis	$ 52,240	$ 167,447
Weighted Average Interest Rate	6.63%	6.19%
Over 3 months to 12 months
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost Basis	$ 0	$ 0
Weighted Average Interest Rate	0.00%	0.00%
Over 12 months
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost Basis	$ 0	$ 0
Weighted Average Interest Rate	0.00%	0.00%

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Financing Agreements - Convertible Senior Notes (Details) - Convertible Debt		1 Months Ended
	Jun. 03, 2019 USD ($) $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($)
6.25% Convertible Senior Notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of Series C Preferred Stock	$ 230,000,000
Proceed from debt net of offering expenses and underwriting discount	$ 223,300,000
Stated interest rate (as a percent)	6.25%	6.25%
Conversion ratio	31.4346
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 1,000
Conversion price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 31.81
Effective interest rate	6.94%
Authorized repurchase amount			$ 100,000,000
Principal amount of debt repurchased		$ 10,400,000
Debt instrument, repurchase amount		10,300,000
Gain (loss) on repurchase of debt instrument		41,000
Outstanding amount of debt		$ 219,589,000
Additional Convertible Senior Notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of Series C Preferred Stock	$ 30,000,000

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Financing Agreements - Counterparty for Repurchase Agreement (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) counterparty	Dec. 31, 2022 counterparty
Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]
Number of counterparties | counterparty	13	12
Threshold of stockholders' equity at risk with single counterparty to financing agreements or linked transactions (greater than) (percent)	5.00%
Wells Fargo
Repurchase agreements counterparty risk
Amount at Risk	$ 252,562
Weighted  Average Months  to Repricing for Repurchase Agreements	1 month
Percent of Stockholders’ Equity	13.70%
Barclays Bank
Repurchase agreements counterparty risk
Amount at Risk	$ 147,493
Weighted  Average Months  to Repricing for Repurchase Agreements	1 month
Percent of Stockholders’ Equity	8.00%
Churchill Finance LLC
Repurchase agreements counterparty risk
Amount at Risk	$ 143,996
Weighted  Average Months  to Repricing for Repurchase Agreements	1 month
Percent of Stockholders’ Equity	7.80%
Atlas Securitized Products, L.P.
Repurchase agreements counterparty risk
Amount at Risk	$ 96,686
Weighted  Average Months  to Repricing for Repurchase Agreements	1 month
Percent of Stockholders’ Equity	5.20%

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Financing Agreements - Pledged Collateral (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Accrued interest on assets	$ 34,900	$ 30,900
Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	9,180,009	8,057,175
Non-Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	1,390,220	1,331,386
Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	2,606,244	2,654,442
Securitized | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	5,183,545	4,071,347
Residential whole loans, at carrying value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	1,598,579	1,814,780
Residential whole loans, at carrying value | Non-Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	58,487	215,993
Residential whole loans, at carrying value | Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	346,353	284,683
Residential whole loans, at carrying value | Securitized | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	1,193,739	1,314,104
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	6,823,691	5,980,471
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Non-Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	1,331,733	1,095,556
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	1,534,207	2,164,158
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Securitized | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	3,957,751	2,720,757
Securities, at fair value | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	678,801	177,111
Securities, at fair value | Non-Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	0	0
Securities, at fair value | Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	678,801	177,111
Securities, at fair value | Securitized | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	0	0
Other assets: REO | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	78,938	84,813
Other assets: REO | Non-Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	0	19,837
Other assets: REO | Mark-to-Market | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	46,883	28,490
Other assets: REO | Securitized | Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fair value of securities pledged as collateral under financing agreements	$ 32,055	$ 36,486

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Other Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Other Liabilities [Abstract]
Payable for purchase of unsettled Agency MBS	$ 0	$ 132,026
Dividends and dividend equivalents payable	35,789	35,769
Lease liability	43,508	45,314
Accrued interest payable	32,445	23,040
Accrued expenses and other	106,569	75,321
Total Other Liabilities	$ 218,311	$ 311,470
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Total Other Liabilities	Total Other Liabilities

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Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Percentage of REIT taxable income that is the Company's objective to distribute within the permitted timeframe	100.00%
Federal net operating loss carryforward	$ 382.6

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Income Taxes - Net Deferred Tax Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred tax assets (DTAs):
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards	$ 107,523	$ 97,655
Unrealized mark-to-market, impairments and loss provisions	15,421	12,609
Other realized / unrealized treatment differences	(46,461)	(28,620)
Total deferred tax assets	76,483	81,644
Less: valuation allowance	(76,483)	(81,644)
Net deferred tax assets	$ 0	$ 0

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Income Taxes - Income Tax Provision (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Current provision/(benefit)
Federal	$ 73	$ 40	$ (346)	$ 184
State	21	11	(103)	220
Total current provision/(benefit)	94	51	(449)	404
Deferred provision/(benefit)
Federal	0	183	589	453
State	0	49	155	114
Total deferred provision/(benefit)	0	232	744	567
Total provision/(benefit)	$ 94	$ 283	$ 295	$ 971

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Income Taxes - Statutory Federal Tax Rate to our Effective Tax Rate (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Federal statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%
Non-taxable REIT income (dividends paid deduction)	231.10%	3.40%
Other differences in taxable income (loss) from GAAP	(319.70%)	(17.40%)
State and local taxes	0.10%	0.00%
Change in valuation allowance on DTAs	64.90%	(7.30%)
Effective tax rate	(2.60%)	(0.30%)

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Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Commitments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Lima One | Greenville, South Carolina
Lease Commitments
Lease term	13 years
Lima One | Greenville, South Carolina | Weighted Average
Lease Commitments
Annual lease rental expense	$ 3.0
Corporate Headquarters
Lease Commitments
Lease cost		$ 1.2	$ 3.9
New Corporate Headquarters Location
Lease Commitments
Lease term		15 years	15 years
Renewal term		5 years	5 years

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Commitments and Contingencies - Minimum Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 1,438
2024	5,751
2025	4,888
2026	4,776
2027	5,055
Thereafter	46,999
Total	$ 68,907

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Commitments and Contingencies - Loan Commitments (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Unfunded Loan Commitment | Transitional loans
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Other commitment	$ 587.4

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Stockholders' Equity - Series B (Details) shares in Thousands			9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2020 director quarter $ / shares	Apr. 15, 2013 $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 quarter director $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2022 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares	Mar. 02, 2020 $ / shares shares
Series B Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)			7.50%		7.50%
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares			8,000		8,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)			$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Series B Preferred Stock | Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)		7.50%	7.50%	7.50%
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares		8,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.01
Preferred stock, liquidation preference (in dollars per share)		25.00	$ 25.00	$ 25.00
Preferred stock, redemption price (in dollars per share)		$ 25.00
Maximum quarters without dividends to get voting rights, in quarters | quarter			6
Number of additional directors that can be elected by preferred stock holders | director			2
Affirmative vote of shareholders as a percentage of outstanding shares	66.67%
Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)			6.50%		6.50%
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares			11,000		11,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)			$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Series C Preferred Stock | Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)	6.50%		6.50%	6.50%
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares						11,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)						$ 0.01
Preferred stock, liquidation preference (in dollars per share)	$ 25.00		$ 25.00	$ 25.00		$ 25.00
Preferred stock, redemption price (in dollars per share)	$ 25.00
Maximum quarters without dividends to get voting rights, in quarters | quarter	6
Number of additional directors that can be elected by preferred stock holders | director	2
Affirmative vote of shareholders as a percentage of outstanding shares	66.67%

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Stockholders' Equity - Dividends on Series B and Series C (Details) - $ / shares				3 Months Ended
	Aug. 17, 2023	May 22, 2023	Feb. 21, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Series B Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Dividend declared per share, preferred stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875	$ 0.46875
Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Dividend declared per share, preferred stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625	$ 0.40625

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Stockholders' Equity - Series C (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions							3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 20, 2023 $ / shares	Jun. 15, 2023 $ / shares	Mar. 10, 2023 $ / shares	Mar. 02, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 28, 2020 director quarter $ / shares shares	Apr. 15, 2013 $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2022 $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2022 $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2022 $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023 quarter director $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2022 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Dividend declared per share, common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.350	$ 0.350	$ 0.350				$ 0.35	$ 0.35	$ 0.35	$ 0.44	$ 0.44	$ 0.440
Series B Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)													7.50%		7.50%
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares							8,000,000						8,000,000		8,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)							$ 0.01						$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)													6.50%		6.50%
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares							11,000,000						11,000,000		11,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)							$ 0.01						$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Preferred Stock | Series B Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)						7.50%							7.50%	7.50%
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares						8,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)						$ 0.01
Preferred stock, liquidation preference (in dollars per share)						25.00	25.00			25.00			$ 25.00	$ 25.00
Preferred stock, redemption price (in dollars per share)						$ 25.00
Maximum quarters without dividends to get voting rights, in quarters | quarter													6
Number of additional directors that can be elected by preferred stock holders | director													2
Preferred Stock | Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate (as a percent)					6.50%								6.50%	6.50%
Shares reclassified to redeemable capital stock (in shares) | shares					12,650,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares) | shares				11,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)				$ 0.01
Preferred stock, liquidation preference (in dollars per share)				$ 25.00	$ 25.00		$ 25.00			$ 25.00			$ 25.00	$ 25.00
Proceeds from issuance of redeemable preferred stock | $				$ 266.0
Preferred stock, redemption price (in dollars per share)					$ 25.00
Maximum quarters without dividends to get voting rights, in quarters | quarter					6
Number of additional directors that can be elected by preferred stock holders | director					2
Preferred Stock | Series C Preferred Stock | LIBOR
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (in percent)					5.345%

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Stockholders' Equity - Dividends on Common Stock (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands				3 Months Ended
	Sep. 20, 2023	Jun. 15, 2023	Mar. 10, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]
Common stock, cash dividends declared (in dollars per share)	$ 0.350	$ 0.350	$ 0.350	$ 0.35	$ 0.35	$ 0.35	$ 0.44	$ 0.44	$ 0.440
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared and unpaid				$ 35,789			$ 44,964

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Stockholders' Equity - DRSPP (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	241 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 27, 2022
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	874,300,000	874,300,000	874,300,000
DRSPP
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)				2,000,000
Shares of common stock authorized and available for issuance (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000
Common shares issued through DRSPP (in shares)	6,666	8,848,219
Value of shares issued net of expenses	$ 74	$ 290,800

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Stockholders' Equity - Stock Repurchase Program (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Mar. 11, 2022	Nov. 30, 2020
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount	$ 202,500,000		$ 250,000,000	$ 250,000,000
Shares repurchased (in shares)	0	6,476,746
Average cost per share (in dollars per share)		$ 15.80
Cost for shares repurchased		$ 102,100,000
Payments for fees and commissions paid to the sales agent		$ 161,000

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Stockholders' Equity - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Components of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Beginning balance	$ 1,944,769	$ 2,146,388	$ 1,988,849	$ 2,542,848
OCI before reclassifications	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(14,510)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	0	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(14,510)
Ending balance	1,848,516	2,033,931	1,848,516	2,033,931
Total  AOCI
Components of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Beginning balance	13,420	36,919	21,341	45,578
Ending balance	14,353	31,068	14,353	31,068
Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on AFS Securities
Components of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Beginning balance	13,420	36,919	21,341	46,833
OCI before reclassifications	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(15,765)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	0	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	933	(5,851)	(6,988)	(15,765)
Ending balance	14,353	31,068	14,353	31,068
Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Financing Agreements
Components of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Beginning balance	0	0	0	(1,255)
OCI before reclassifications	0	0	0	1,255
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	0	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	0	0	0	1,255
Ending balance	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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EPS Calculation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Basic (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss	$ (56,438)	$ (25,928)	$ 72,784	$ (55,018)	$ (100,367)	$ (82,906)	$ (9,582)	$ (238,291)
Dividends declared on preferred stock	(8,219)			(8,218)			(24,656)	(24,656)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(119)			(174)			(324)	(489)
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$ (64,776)			$ (63,410)			$ (34,562)	$ (263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding (in shares)	101,916			101,795			101,910	103,609
Basic Loss per Share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.64)			$ (0.62)			$ (0.34)	$ (2.54)
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Net loss available to common stockholders - basic	$ (64,776)			$ (63,410)			$ (34,562)	$ (263,436)
Dividends, dividend equivalents and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	0			0			0	0
Net loss available to common stockholders - diluted	$ (64,776)			$ (63,410)			$ (34,562)	$ (263,436)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding (in shares)	101,916			101,795			101,910	103,609
Effect of assumed conversion of Convertible Senior Notes to common shares (in shares)	0			0			0	0
Unvested and vested restricted stock units (in shares)	0			0			0	0
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding (in shares)	101,916			101,795			101,910	103,609
Diluted Loss per Share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.64)			$ (0.62)			$ (0.34)	$ (2.54)
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted earnings per share calculations (in shares)							3,100
RSUs
Diluted (Loss)/Earnings per Share:
Weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 12.41						$ 12.41

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Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Share based compensation
Maximum shares authorized for grant (in shares)	8,500,000		8,500,000
Shares available for grant (in shares)	5,300,000		5,300,000
RSUs
Share based compensation
Granted (in shares)			1,608,063	677,776
Forfeitures (in shares)	100,260	0	127,673	29,693
Unrecognized compensation cost	$ 12,800		$ 12,800		$ 11,200
Period for recognizing unrecognized compensation cost			1 year 6 months
Restricted Stock
Share based compensation
Granted (in shares)			0	0
Share-based awards outstanding (in shares)	0		0
Dividend Equivalent Rights
Share based compensation
Granted (in shares)			0	0
Equivalent rights payment	$ 119	$ 174	$ 324	$ 485
Equity Compensation Plan
Share based compensation
Maximum number of common shares that can be granted to participant in any one year			2,000,000
Period during which a participant can be awarded the maximum number of shares allowable under the Plan			1 year
Maximum percentage of common shares that can be owned or deemed to be owned by a participant (more than)			9.80%

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Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans - Allocated Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Share based compensation
Allocated expense	$ 4,448	$ 2,673	$ 11,399	$ 8,858
RSUs
Share based compensation
Allocated expense	$ 4,448	$ 2,673	$ 11,399	$ 8,858

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Equity Compensation and Other Benefit Plans - Deferred Compensation Plans (Details) - Deferred Compensation Plans - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Compensation Activity
Deferrable compensation by the employee, maximum (in percent)			100.00%
Deferred Plans Expenses	$ (260)	$ (483)	$ 154	$ (1,601)
Undistributed Income Deferred	2,551		2,551		$ 2,923
Liability Under Deferred Plans	1,912		1,912		1,953
Non-employee directors
Deferred Compensation Activity
Deferred Plans Expenses	(260)	$ (483)	154	$ (1,601)
Undistributed Income Deferred	2,551		2,551		2,923
Liability Under Deferred Plans	$ 1,912		$ 1,912		$ 1,953

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Fair Value Hierarchy (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets:
Total assets carried at fair value	$ 7,570,529	$ 6,060,888
Liabilities:
Securitized debt	3,531,576	2,435,370
Residential whole loans, at fair value
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	6,846,570	5,727,524
Liabilities:
Total liabilities carried at fair value	4,438,676	3,898,744
Securities, at fair value
Assets:
Securities, at fair value	723,959	333,364
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	401,353	884,495
Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	505,747	578,879
Level 1
Assets:
Total assets carried at fair value	0	0
Liabilities:
Securitized debt	0	0
Level 1 | Residential whole loans, at fair value
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	0	0
Liabilities:
Total liabilities carried at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Securities, at fair value
Assets:
Securities, at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	0	0
Level 2
Assets:
Total assets carried at fair value	777,107	384,458
Liabilities:
Securitized debt	3,531,576	2,435,370
Level 2 | Residential whole loans, at fair value
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	53,148	51,094
Liabilities:
Total liabilities carried at fair value	3,531,576	2,435,370
Level 2 | Securities, at fair value
Assets:
Securities, at fair value	723,959	333,364
Level 2 | Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	0	0
Level 3
Assets:
Total assets carried at fair value	6,793,422	5,676,430
Liabilities:
Securitized debt	0	0
Level 3 | Residential whole loans, at fair value
Assets:
Residential whole loans, at fair value	6,793,422	5,676,430
Liabilities:
Total liabilities carried at fair value	907,100	1,463,374
Level 3 | Securities, at fair value
Assets:
Securities, at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	401,353	884,495
Level 3 | Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Liabilities:
Liabilities carried at fair value	$ 505,747	$ 578,879

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Level 3 Assets (Details) - Recurring basis - Level 3 - Residential whole loans, at fair value - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 6,441,964	$ 5,252,047	$ 5,676,430	$ 4,222,584
Purchases and originations	635,646	591,184	1,707,209	2,379,428
Draws	166,937	106,633	418,928	250,455
Changes in fair value recorded in Net gain/(loss) on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(129,661)	(241,093)	(131,856)	(623,012)
Repayments	(309,214)	(236,236)	(836,440)	(718,983)
Loan sales	(2,243)	0	(3,720)	(10,496)
Transfer to REO	(10,007)	(9,565)	(37,129)	(37,006)
Balance at end of period	$ 6,793,422	$ 5,462,970	$ 6,793,422	$ 5,462,970

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Level 3 Liabilities (Details) - Level 3 - Recurring basis - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Agreements with Non-mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 440,106	$ 441,883	$ 578,879	$ 628,280
Issuances	107,230	418,183	379,625	418,183
Payment of principal	(145,983)	(255,345)	(557,151)	(440,487)
Change in unrealized losses	0	0	0	(1,255)
Balance at end of period	401,353	604,721	401,353	604,721
Agreements with Mark-to-market Collateral Provisions
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	553,162	1,433,857	884,495	1,322,362
Issuances	56,330	272,005	78,348	1,142,611
Payment of principal	(103,745)	(773,366)	(457,096)	(1,532,477)
Change in unrealized losses	0	0	0	0
Balance at end of period	$ 505,747	$ 932,496	$ 505,747	$ 932,496

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Fair Value Methodology (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Nonperforming
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Purchased performing loans, fair value	$ 699,311	$ 795,894
Purchases excluded from level 2 fair value	499	215
Nonperforming | Discounted cash flow
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Purchased performing loans, fair value	512,213	546,675
Nonperforming | Liquidation model
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Purchased performing loans, fair value	187,098	249,219
Simple average amount	$ 498	$ 457
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.076	0.070
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.071	0.063
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.111	0.100
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.066	0.089
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.000	0.000
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.282	0.335
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Default rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.027	0.037
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Default rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.000	0.000
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Default rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.389	0.524
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Loss severity | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.098	0.113
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Loss severity | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.000	0.000
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Loss severity | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	1.000	1.000
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Discount rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.080	0.078
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Discount rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.080	0.078
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Discount rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.080	0.078
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Annual change in home prices | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Annual change in home prices	3.30%	6.90%
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Annual change in home prices | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Annual change in home prices	(0.20%)	(5.40%)
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Annual change in home prices | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Annual change in home prices	12.60%	59.70%
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Liquidation timeline (in years) | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liquidation timeline (in years)	2 years	1 year 10 months 24 days
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Liquidation timeline (in years) | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liquidation timeline (in years)	1 month 6 days	1 month 6 days
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Liquidation timeline (in years) | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liquidation timeline (in years)	4 years 6 months	4 years 6 months
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Current value of underlying properties | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Current value of underlying properties	$ 843	$ 743
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Current value of underlying properties | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Current value of underlying properties	43	28
Nonperforming | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Current value of underlying properties | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Current value of underlying properties	4,720	4,000
Performing
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Purchased performing loans, fair value	6,093,612	4,880,321
Performing | Discounted cash flow
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Purchased performing loans, fair value	5,996,971	4,857,587
Performing | Liquidation model
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Purchased performing loans, fair value	$ 96,641	$ 22,734
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.084	0.076
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.065	0.056
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Discount rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.248	0.227
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.076	0.079
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.000	0.000
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Prepayment rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.433	0.448
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Default rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.005	0.008
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Default rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.000	0.000
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Default rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.270	0.194
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Loss severity | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.108	0.073
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Loss severity | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.000	0.000
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Discounted cash flow | Loss severity | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.984	1.000
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Discount rate | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.080	0.078
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Discount rate | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.080	0.078
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Discount rate | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement input	0.080	0.078
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Annual change in home prices | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Annual change in home prices	2.30%	3.20%
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Annual change in home prices | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Annual change in home prices	0.00%	(1.00%)
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Annual change in home prices | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Annual change in home prices	9.80%	10.70%
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Liquidation timeline (in years) | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liquidation timeline (in years)	1 year 7 months 6 days	1 year 10 months 24 days
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Liquidation timeline (in years) | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liquidation timeline (in years)	1 month 6 days	9 months 18 days
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Liquidation timeline (in years) | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Liquidation timeline (in years)	4 years	4 years 2 months 12 days
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Current value of underlying properties | Weighted Average
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Current value of underlying properties	$ 1,567	$ 1,319
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Current value of underlying properties | Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Current value of underlying properties	40	50
Performing | Residential whole loans, at fair value | Level 3 | Liquidation model | Current value of underlying properties | Maximum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Current value of underlying properties	$ 5,500	$ 2,850

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Carrying Value vs Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financial Assets:
Securities, at fair value	[1]	$ 723,959	$ 333,364
Restricted cash		153,449	159,898
Carrying Value | Level 2
Financial Assets:
Securities, at fair value		723,959	333,364
Financial Liabilities:
Securitized debt		4,332,936	3,357,590
Convertible senior notes		218,596	227,845
Carrying Value | Level 1
Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		300,089	334,183
Restricted cash		153,449	159,898
Estimated Fair Value | Level 2
Financial Assets:
Securities, at fair value		723,959	333,364
Financial Liabilities:
Securitized debt		4,210,440	3,217,905
Convertible senior notes		219,589	211,015
Estimated Fair Value | Level 1
Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		300,089	334,183
Restricted cash		153,449	159,898
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Carrying Value | Level 3
Financial Assets:
Residential whole loans		8,371,068	7,467,645
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Carrying Value | Level 2
Financial Assets:
Residential whole loans		53,148	51,094
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Estimated Fair Value | Level 3
Financial Assets:
Residential whole loans		8,285,799	7,397,421
Residential whole loans, at fair value | Estimated Fair Value | Level 2
Financial Assets:
Residential whole loans		53,148	51,094
Financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions | Carrying Value | Level 3
Financial Liabilities:
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		1,124,953	1,003,604
Financing agreements with non-mark-to-market collateral provisions | Estimated Fair Value | Level 3
Financial Liabilities:
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		1,125,773	1,004,260
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Carrying Value | Level 3
Financial Liabilities:
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		1,752,492	2,111,396
Agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Estimated Fair Value | Level 3
Financial Liabilities:
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		1,753,355	2,111,647
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Carrying Value | Level 2
Financial Liabilities:
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		608,996	111,651
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions | Estimated Fair Value | Level 2
Financial Liabilities:
Financing agreements with mark-to-market collateral provisions		$ 608,996	$ 111,651

[1] See Note 6 for information regarding the Company’s pledged assets.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Other real estate, fair value	$ 66.2	$ 61.9

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Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities - Loan Securitization Transaction (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Weighted average fixed rate for Senior Bonds issued	4.18%	4.18%	3.70%
Senior Notes
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Cash received	$ 534,800	$ 1,400,000
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential whole loans sold	7,721,012	7,721,012	$ 6,079,749
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at carrying value	801,360	801,360	922,220
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, at fair value	3,531,576	3,531,576	2,435,370
Outstanding amount of Senior Bonds, total	$ 4,332,936	$ 4,332,936	$ 3,357,590
Weighted average fixed rate for Senior Bonds issued	4.22%	4.22%	3.38%
Weighted average contractual maturity of Senior Bonds		37 years	38 years
Cash received		$ 6,637,607	$ 5,286,305
Debt issuance cost	$ 1,700	1,700	2,900
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables | Senior Notes
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	6,699,921	6,699,921	5,333,090
Proceeds from Senior bond sold with Step up feature		$ 3,000,000	1,900,000
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables | Senior Notes | Minimum
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (in percent)		1.00%
Debt instrument, coupon step-up period		24 months
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables | Senior Notes | Median
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (in percent)		2.00%
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables | Senior Notes | Maximum
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (in percent)		3.00%
Debt instrument, coupon step-up period		48 months
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables | Senior Support Certificates
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 986,585	$ 986,585	$ 715,640

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Use of Special Purpose Entities and Variable Interest Entities - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Total residential whole loans	$ 8,400,000	$ 8,400,000	$ 7,500,000
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of debt		6,637,607	5,286,305
Residential whole loans transferred to consolidated VIEs	5,100,000	5,100,000	4,000,000
Securitized debt	4,300,000	4,300,000	3,400,000
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables | Other Assets
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Real estate owned at fair value	32,100	32,100	$ 36,500
Senior Bonds
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of debt	534,800	1,400,000
Proceed from debt net of offering expenses and underwriting discount	$ 533,800	$ 1,400,000

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Segment Reporting (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest Income	$ 159,165			$ 123,872			$ 435,720	$ 339,542
Interest Expense	113,024			71,579			305,705	171,617
Net Interest Income	46,141			52,293			130,015	167,925
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,258			(588)			977	1,106
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets	0			0			0	(28,579)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	47,399			51,705			130,992	140,452
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(132,894)			(291,818)			(134,423)	(797,934)
Impairment and other net loss/gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(14,161)			(411)			(15,799)	(16,159)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,409			3,861			8,504	19,777
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	34,860			111,816			74,103	253,721
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	36,431			98,858			12,100	247,548
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	12,109			12,372			32,562	37,539
Other, net	1,854			1,131			10,522	7,353
Other Loss, net	(59,392)			(64,191)			(12,431)	(248,155)
Compensation and benefits	24,051			21,063			66,452	59,679
General and administrative expenses	10,605			8,812			32,165	28,016
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	8,989			11,357			26,126	34,993
Amortization of intangible assets	800			1,300			3,400	7,900
Net (Loss)/Income	(56,438)	$ (25,928)	$ 72,784	(55,018)	$ (100,367)	$ (82,906)	(9,582)	(238,291)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	8,219			8,218			24,656	24,656
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	(64,657)			(63,236)			(34,238)	(262,947)
Total Assets	10,104,800						10,104,800		$ 9,112,405
Operating Segments | Mortgage-Related Assets
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest Income	94,855			90,406			269,586	263,960
Interest Expense	64,785			47,780			180,802	120,678
Net Interest Income	30,070			42,626			88,784	143,282
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	1,258			(520)			663	1,211
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets								0
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	31,328			42,106			89,447	144,493
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(99,500)			(226,894)			(101,449)	(657,223)
Impairment and other net loss/gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(13,439)			1,620			(14,205)	(2,764)
Net gain on real estate owned	2,062			3,861			8,479	19,745
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	25,310			86,944			54,130	217,340
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	25,345			79,471			9,412	202,016
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	0			0			0	0
Other, net	515			282			6,535	4,198
Other Loss, net	(59,707)			(54,716)			(37,098)	(216,688)
Compensation and benefits	0			0			0	0
General and administrative expenses	0			0			0	0
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	5,032			6,063			15,146	19,508
Amortization of intangible assets	0			0			0	0
Net (Loss)/Income	(33,411)			(18,673)			37,203	(91,703)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	0			0			0	0
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	(33,411)			(18,673)			37,203	(91,703)
Total Assets	6,174,062						6,174,062		6,065,557
Operating Segments | Lima One
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest Income	61,101			31,883			156,930	73,736
Interest Expense	44,303			19,856			113,050	39,128
Net Interest Income	16,798			12,027			43,880	34,608
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	0			(68)			314	(105)
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets								0
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	16,798			11,959			44,194	34,503
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	(33,394)			(64,924)			(32,974)	(140,711)
Impairment and other net loss/gain on securities and other portfolio investments	0			0			0	0
Net gain on real estate owned	347			0			25	32
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	9,550			24,872			19,973	36,381
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	11,086			19,387			2,688	45,532
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	12,109			12,372			32,562	37,539
Other, net	684			35			2,131	64
Other Loss, net	382			(8,258)			24,405	(21,163)
Compensation and benefits	12,010			11,170			32,952	29,650
General and administrative expenses	4,664			3,756			11,858	10,509
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	699			280			1,049	839
Amortization of intangible assets	800			1,300			3,400	7,900
Net (Loss)/Income	(993)			(12,805)			19,340	(35,558)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	0			0			0	0
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	(993)			(12,805)			19,340	(35,558)
Total Assets	3,572,079						3,572,079		2,618,695
Corporate
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest Income	3,209			1,583			9,204	1,846
Interest Expense	3,936			3,943			11,853	11,811
Net Interest Income	(727)			(2,360)			(2,649)	(9,965)
Reversal of Provision for Credit Losses on Residential Whole Loans	0			0			0	0
Provision for Credit Losses on Other Assets								(28,579)
Net Interest Income/(Expense) after Provision for Credit Losses	(727)			(2,360)			(2,649)	(38,544)
Net loss on residential whole loans measured at fair value through earnings	0			0			0	0
Impairment and other net loss/gain on securities and other portfolio investments	(722)			(2,031)			(1,594)	(13,395)
Net gain on real estate owned	0			0			0	0
Net gain on derivatives used for risk management purposes	0			0			0	0
Net gain on securitized debt measured at fair value through earnings	0			0			0	0
Lima One - origination, servicing and other fee income	0			0			0	0
Other, net	655			814			1,856	3,091
Other Loss, net	(67)			(1,217)			262	(10,304)
Compensation and benefits	12,041			9,893			33,500	30,029
General and administrative expenses	5,941			5,056			20,307	17,507
Loan servicing, financing, and other related costs	3,258			5,014			9,931	14,646
Amortization of intangible assets	0			0			0	0
Net (Loss)/Income	(22,034)			(23,540)			(66,125)	(111,030)
Less Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement	8,219			8,218			24,656	24,656
Net (Loss)/Income Available to Common Stock and Participating Securities	(30,253)			$ (31,758)			(90,781)	$ (135,686)
Total Assets	$ 358,659						$ 358,659		$ 428,153

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Subsequent Events (Details) - Subsequent Event - Transitional loans $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Nov. 07, 2023 USD ($) loan_securitization
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Number of loan securitizations | loan_securitization	1
Unpaid Principal Balance (“UPB”) | $	$ 225.5