10) Fair Value

Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data (for example, interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, prepayment speeds, credit risks, and default rates).

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The fair values of securities available-for sale-are determined by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1 inputs) or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs).

The fair value of interest‑only (“I/O”) strip receivable assets is based on a valuation model used by a third party. The Company is able to compare the valuation model inputs and results to widely available published industry data for reasonableness (Level 2 inputs).


			Fair Value Measurements Using
					Significant
			Quoted Prices in		Other		Significant
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
			Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	Balance		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets at June 30, 2018
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	328,505		—	$	328,505		—
U.S. Government sponsored entities		7,418		—		7,418		—
I/O strip receivables		919		—		919		—
Assets at December 31, 2017
Available-for-sale securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	374,733		—	$	374,733		—
Trust preferred securities		17,119		—		17,119		—
I/O strip receivables		968		—		968		—

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the period for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non‑Recurring Basis

The fair value of impaired loans with specific allocations of the allowance for loan losses is generally based on recent real estate appraisals. The appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Foreclosed assets are valued at the time the loan is foreclosed upon and the asset is transferred to foreclosed assets. The fair value is based primarily on third party appraisals, less costs to sell. The appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including the comparable sales and income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.


			Fair Value Measurements Using
				Significant
			Quoted Prices in	Other	Significant
			Active Markets for	Observable	Unobservable
			Identical Assets	Inputs	Inputs
	Balance		(Level 1)	(Level 2)	(Level 3)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets at June 30, 2018
Impaired loans - held-for-investment:
Commercial	$	7,152	—	—	$	7,152
	$	7,152	—	—	$	7,152

Assets at December 31, 2017
Impaired loans - held-for-investment:
Commercial	$	242	—	—	$	242
Real estate:
Land and construction		119	—	—		119
	$	361	—	—	$	361

The following table shows the detail of the impaired loans held-for-investment and the impaired loans held‑for‑investment carried at fair value for the periods indicated:


	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(Dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans held-for-investment:
Book value of impaired loans held-for-investment carried at fair value	$	14,616	$	651
Book value of impaired loans held-for-investment carried at cost		12,194		2,123
Total impaired loans held-for-investment	$	26,810	$	2,774
Impaired loans held-for-investment carried at fair value:
Book value of impaired loans held-for-investment carried at fair value	$	14,616	$	651
Specific valuation allowance		(7,464)		(290)
Impaired loans held-for-investment carried at fair value, net	$	7,152	$	361

Impaired loans held‑for‑investment which are measured primarily for impairment using the fair value of the collateral were $26,810,000 at June 30, 2018. In addition, these loans had a specific valuation allowance of $7,464,000 at June 30, 2018. Impaired loans held‑for‑investment totaling $14,616,000 at June 30, 2018, were carried at fair value as a result of the aforementioned partial charge‑offs and specific valuation allowances at period‑end. The remaining $12,194,000 of impaired loans were carried at cost at June 30, 2018, as the fair value of the collateral exceeded the cost basis of each respective loan. Partial charge‑offs and changes in specific valuation allowances during the first six months of 2018 on impaired loans held‑for‑investment carried at fair value at June 30, 2018 resulted in an additional provision for loan losses of $7,288,000.

At June 30, 2018, there were no foreclosed assets.

Impaired loans held‑for‑investment were $2,774,000 at December 31, 2017. There were no partial charge‑offs at December 31, 2017. In addition, these loans had a specific valuation allowance of $290,000 at December 31, 2017. Impaired loans held‑for‑investment totaling $651,000 at December 31, 2017 were carried at fair value as a result of the aforementioned partial charge‑offs and specific valuation allowances at year‑end. The remaining $2,123,000 of impaired loans were carried at cost at December 31, 2017, as the fair value of the collateral exceeded the cost basis of each respective loan. Partial charge‑offs and changes in specific valuation allowances during 2017 on impaired loans held‑for‑investment carried at fair value at December 31, 2017 resulted in an additional provision for loan losses of $254,000.

At December 31, 2017, there were no foreclosed assets

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non‑recurring basis at the periods indicated:


	June 30, 2018
			Valuation	Unobservable	Range
	Fair Value		Techniques	Inputs	(Weighted Average)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans - held-for-investment:
Commercial	$	7,152	Market Approach	Discount adjustment for differences between comparable sales	Less than 1 %


	December 31, 2017
			Valuation	Unobservable	Range
	Fair Value		Techniques	Inputs	(Weighted Average)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans - held-for-investment:
Commercial	$	242	Market Approach	Discount adjustment for differences between comparable sales	Less than 1%
Real estate:
Land and construction		119	Market Approach	Discount adjustment for differences between comparable sales	Less than 1%

The Company obtains third party appraisals on its impaired loans held-for-investment and foreclosed assets to determine fair value. Generally, the third party appraisals apply the “market approach,” which is a valuation technique that uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable (that is, similar) assets, liabilities, or a group of assets and liabilities, such as a business. Adjustments are then made based on the type of property, age of appraisal, current status of property and other related factors to estimate the current value of collateral.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments at June 30, 2018 are as follows:


			Estimated Fair Value
					Significant
			Quoted Prices in		Other		Significant
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	Amounts		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	223,788	$	223,788	$	—	$	—	$	223,788
Securities available-for-sale		335,923		—		335,923		—		335,923
Securities held-to-maturity		388,603		—		375,320		—		375,320
Loans (including loans held-for-sale), net		1,935,714		—		5,745		1,894,251		1,899,996
FHLB stock, FRB stock, and other investments		22,865		—		—		—		N/A
Accrued interest receivable		8,951		—		2,321		6,630		8,951
I/O strips receivables		919		—		919		—		919
Liabilities:
Time deposits	$	157,025	$	—	$	157,352	$	—	$	157,352
Other deposits		2,526,594		—		2,526,594		—		2,526,594
Subordinated debt		39,275		—		39,875		—		39,875
Accrued interest payable		428		—		428		—		428

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2017:


			Estimated Fair Value
					Significant
			Quoted Prices in		Other		Significant
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	Amounts		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	316,222	$	316,222	$	—	$	—	$	316,222
Securities available-for-sale		391,852		—		391,852		—		391,852
Securities held-to-maturity		398,341		—		394,292		—		394,292
Loans (including loans held-for-sale), net		1,566,428		—		3,419		1,507,967		1,511,386
FHLB stock, FRB stock, and other investments		17,911		—		—		—		N/A
Accrued interest receivable		7,985		—		2,423		5,562		7,985
I/O strips receivables		968		—		968		—		968
Liabilities:
Time deposits	$	194,561	$	—	$	194,844	$	—	$	194,844
Other deposits		2,288,428		—		2,288,428		—		2,288,428
Subordinated debt		39,183		—		40,384		—		40,384
Accrued interest payable		389		—		389		—		389

The methods and assumptions, not previously discussed, used to estimate the fair value of loans, including loans held-for-sale, are described as follows:

The fair value of loans held‑for‑sale is estimated based upon binding contracts and quotes from third parties resulting in a Level 2 classification.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01, effective January 1, 2018. Adoption of the standard resulted in the use of an exit price rather than an entrance price to determine the fair value of loans, excluding loans held-for-sale, using discounted cash flow analyses as of June 30, 2018. The discount rates used to determine fair value use interest rate spreads that reflect factors such as liquidity, credit, and nonperformance risk of the loans, resulting in a level 3 classification.

Fair values of loans, excluding loans held-for-sale, were estimated as follows as of December 31, 2017: For variable rate loans that reprice frequently and with no significant change in credit risk, fair values are based on carrying values resulting in a Level 3 classification. Fair values for other loans are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality resulting in a Level 3 classification. The methods utilized to estimate the fair value of loans as of December 31, 2017 do not necessarily represent an exit price.

Impaired loans as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are valued at the lower of cost or fair value as described previously.