The effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 28, 2019 were 21.8% and 23.0%, respectively. The effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 were 15.0% and 9.8%, respectively. For the nine months ended September 28, 2019, the primary difference between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and the Company’s consolidated effective tax rate was due to $3,242 of tax expense related to income earned in foreign jurisdictions, $2,998 of tax expense related to global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) and $2,257 of higher state income tax expense versus the prior year period. The effective tax rate was partially offset by a $4,200 tax benefit related to foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”), a $1,375 tax benefit related to the reversal of tax reserves no longer needed, and a $746 tax benefit related to the cessation of certain publishing operations. For the nine months ended September 29, 2018, the primary difference between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and the Company’s consolidated effective tax rate was due to the $24,632 tax benefit related to tax windfalls from stock compensation, a $3,811 reversal of tax reserves resulting from the closure of various tax audits, a $3,697 tax benefit related to favorable tax return adjustments and a $1,859 tax benefit related to the cessation of operations of the Company’s Mexican subsidiary.

The differences between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and the Company’s consolidated effective tax rate were as follows:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 28,			September 29,			September 28,			September 29,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
U.S. federal statutory tax rate		21.0	%		21.0	%		21.0	%		21.0	%
State income taxes (net of federal benefit)		0.8	%		(0.6	%)		1.9	%		1.1	%
Cessation of operations		0.0	%		0.0	%		(0.6	%)		(0.9	%)
Research and development credit		(1.2	%)		(0.3	%)		(1.1	%)		(0.3	%)
Tax windfall on share-based awards		(0.3	%)		(3.0	%)		(0.1	%)		(12.4	%)
Tax return adjustments related to the 2017 Tax Act		(1.7	%)		(3.3	%)		(0.9	%)		(1.3	%)
Reserve for uncertain tax positions		0.0	%		(4.6	%)		(1.2	%)		(1.8	%)
GILTI		2.0	%		0.0	%		2.6	%		0.0	%
FDII		(4.9	%)		0.0	%		(3.6	%)		0.0	%
Impact of foreign operations		3.7	%		4.2	%		2.8	%		3.2	%
Other		2.4	%		1.6	%		2.2	%		1.2	%
Total effective tax rate		21.8	%		15.0	%		23.0	%		9.8	%