mstr-10q_20190331.htm

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s class A common stock and class B common stock outstanding on April 15, 2019 was 8,204,395 and 2,035,184, respectively.

	March 31,			December 31,
	2019			2018
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	258,743		$	109,924
Restricted cash		922			862
Short-term investments		292,314			466,186
Accounts receivable, net		133,922			171,359
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		32,511			30,068
Total current assets		718,412			778,399
Property and equipment, net		54,832			51,919
Right-of-use assets		87,743			0
Deposits and other assets		8,374			8,134
Deferred tax assets, net		18,983			17,316
Total assets	$	888,344		$	855,768
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and operating lease liabilities	$	37,227		$	33,684
Accrued compensation and employee benefits		36,713			48,045
Deferred revenue and advance payments		190,070			176,540
Total current liabilities		264,010			258,269
Deferred revenue and advance payments		4,539			6,469
Operating lease liabilities		106,661			0
Other long-term liabilities		34,793			61,262
Deferred tax liabilities		35			37
Total liabilities		410,038			326,037
Commitments and Contingencies
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock undesignated, $0.001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding		0			0
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value; 330,000 shares authorized; 15,850 shares issued and 8,202 shares outstanding, and 15,837 shares issued and 8,552 shares outstanding, respectively		16			16
Class B convertible common stock, $0.001 par value; 165,000 shares authorized; 2,035 shares issued and outstanding, and 2,035 shares issued and outstanding, respectively		2			2
Additional paid-in capital		581,429			576,957
Treasury stock, at cost; 7,648 shares and 7,285 shares, respectively		(634,405	)		(586,161	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(9,964	)		(10,217	)
Retained earnings		541,228			549,134
Total stockholders' equity		478,306			529,731
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	888,344		$	855,768

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2019			2018
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Revenues:
Product licenses	$	18,291		$	17,301
Subscription services		7,144			7,662
Total product licenses and subscription services		25,435			24,963
Product support		71,450			74,415
Other services		18,481			23,589
Total revenues		115,366			122,967
Cost of revenues:
Product licenses		519			2,211
Subscription services		3,598			3,249
Total product licenses and subscription services		4,117			5,460
Product support		7,067			4,796
Other services		14,989			14,929
Total cost of revenues		26,173			25,185
Gross profit		89,193			97,782
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing		48,760			51,335
Research and development		28,215			23,560
General and administrative		22,604			22,172
Total operating expenses		99,579			97,067
(Loss) income from operations		(10,386	)		715
Interest income, net		2,566			2,034
Other expense, net		(596	)		(1,594	)
(Loss) income before income taxes		(8,416	)		1,155
Benefit from income taxes		(510	)		(518	)
Net (loss) income		(7,906	)		1,673
Basic (loss) earnings per share (1)	$	(0.77	)	$	0.15
Weighted average shares outstanding used in computing basic (loss) earnings per share		10,328			11,447
Diluted (loss) earnings per share (1)	$	(0.77	)	$	0.15
Weighted average shares outstanding used in computing diluted (loss) earnings per share		10,328			11,488

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

								Class B												Accumulated
				Class A				Convertible				Additional								Other
				Common Stock				Common Stock				Paid-in		Treasury Stock						Comprehensive			Retained
	Total			Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		Capital		Shares			Amount			Income (Loss)			Earnings
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	605,726			15,817	$	16		2,035	$	2	$	559,918		(6,405	)	$	(475,184	)	$	(5,659	)	$	526,633
Net income		1,673			0		0		0		0		0		0			0			0			1,673
Other comprehensive income		1,440			0		0		0		0		0		0			0			1,440			0
Share-based compensation expense		4,743			0		0		0		0		4,743		0			0			0			0
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	613,582			15,817	$	16		2,035	$	2	$	564,661		(6,405	)	$	(475,184	)	$	(4,219	)	$	528,306
Net income		4,828			0		0		0		0		0		0			0			0			4,828
Other comprehensive loss		(3,892	)		0		0		0		0		0		0			0			(3,892	)		0
Issuance of class A common stock under stock option plans		2,471			20		0		0		0		2,471		0			0			0			0
Share-based compensation expense		3,370			0		0		0		0		3,370		0			0			0			0
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	620,359			15,837	$	16		2,035	$	2	$	570,502		(6,405	)	$	(475,184	)	$	(8,111	)	$	533,134
Net income		12,699			0		0		0		0		0		0			0			0			12,699
Other comprehensive loss		(607	)		0		0		0		0		0		0			0			(607	)		0
Share-based compensation expense		2,972			0		0		0		0		2,972		0			0			0			0
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	635,423			15,837	$	16		2,035	$	2	$	573,474		(6,405	)	$	(475,184	)	$	(8,718	)	$	545,833
Net income		3,301			0		0		0		0		0		0			0			0			3,301
Other comprehensive loss		(1,499	)		0		0		0		0		0		0			0			(1,499	)		0
Purchases of treasury stock		(110,977	)		0		0		0		0		0		(880	)		(110,977	)		0			0
Share-based compensation expense		3,483			0		0		0		0		3,483		0			0			0			0
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	529,731			15,837	$	16		2,035	$	2	$	576,957		(7,285	)	$	(586,161	)	$	(10,217	)	$	549,134
Net loss		(7,906	)		0		0		0		0		0		0			0			0			(7,906	)
Other comprehensive income		253			0		0		0		0		0		0			0			253			0
Issuance of class A common stock under stock option plans		1,507			13		0		0		0		1,507		0			0			0			0
Purchases of treasury stock		(48,244	)		0		0		0		0		0		(363	)		(48,244	)		0			0
Share-based compensation expense		2,965			0		0		0		0		2,965		0			0			0			0
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	478,306			15,850	$	16		2,035	$	2	$	581,429		(7,648	)	$	(634,405	)	$	(9,964	)	$	541,228

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2019			2018
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(7,906	)	$	1,673
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,664			3,298
Bad debt expense		827			165
Net realized loss on short-term investments		41			0
Deferred taxes		(1,694	)		(2,662	)
Share-based compensation expense		3,017			4,743
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		10,266			422
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(3,070	)		(3,783	)
Deposits and other assets		(134	)		228
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(3,108	)		(6,016	)
Accrued compensation and employee benefits		(12,195	)		(8,085	)
Deferred revenue and advance payments		38,502			19,570
Operating lease liabilities		(2,074	)		0
Other long-term liabilities		320			9,164
Net cash provided by operating activities		26,456			18,717
Investing activities:
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments		314,403			195,820
Purchases of property and equipment		(6,011	)		(1,294	)
Purchases of short-term investments		(138,099	)		(483,440	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		170,293			(288,914	)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from sale of class A common stock under exercise of employee stock options		1,507			0
Purchases of treasury stock		(48,244	)		0
Payments on capital lease obligations and other financing arrangements prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-02		0			(7	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(46,737	)		(7	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(1,133	)		2,202
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		148,879			(268,002	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period		110,786			421,182
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	259,665		$	153,180

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements of MicroStrategy Incorporated (“MicroStrategy” or the “Company”) are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of financial position and results of operations have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature, unless otherwise disclosed. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

As discussed in Note 2, Recent Accounting Standards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and its subsequent amendments (“ASU 2016-02”) effective January 1, 2019. Comparative prior period Consolidated Financial Statements have not been restated and are not directly comparable to the current period Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are presented as required by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and do not contain certain information included in the Company’s annual financial statements and notes. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and the notes thereto filed with the SEC in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. There have been no significant changes in the Company’s accounting policies since December 31, 2018, except as discussed below with respect to the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-02.

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company is not aware of any subsequent event that would require recognition or disclosure.

ASU 2016-02 defines a lease as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to both (i) obtain economic benefits from and (ii) direct the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Under ASU 2016-02, the Company evaluates its contracts to determine if they contain a lease and classifies any lease components identified as an operating or finance lease. For each lease component, the Company recognizes a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability. ROU assets and lease liabilities are presented separately for operating and finance leases; however, the Company currently has no material finance leases. The Company’s operating leases are primarily related to office space in the United States and foreign locations.

In a contract that contains a lease, a component is an item or activity that transfers a good or service to the lessee. Such contracts may be comprised of lease components, non-lease components, and elements that are not components. Each lease component represents a lessee’s right to use an underlying asset in the contract if the lessee can benefit from the right of use of the asset either on its own or together with other readily available resources and if the right of use is neither highly dependent nor highly interrelated with other rights of use. Non-lease components include items such as common area maintenance and utilities provided by the lessor. The Company has elected the practical expedient provided in ASU 2016-02 to not separate lease components from non-lease components for office space, which is the Company’s only material underlying asset class. For each lease within this asset class, the non-lease components and related lease components are accounted for as a single lease component. Items or activities that do not transfer goods or services to the lessee, such as administrative tasks to set up the contract and reimbursement or payment of lessor costs, are not components of the contract and therefore no contract consideration is allocated to such items or activities.

Consideration in the contract is comprised of any fixed payments and variable payments that depend on an index or rate. Payments in the Company's operating lease arrangements are typically comprised of base office rent and parking fees. Costs related to the Company’s non-lease components, as described above, are generally variable and do not depend on an index or rate and are therefore excluded from the contract consideration allocated to the lease components. The Company’s operating lease arrangements generally do not contain any payments related to items or activities that are not components.

Operating lease liabilities are initially and subsequently measured at the present value of unpaid lease payments, discounted at the discount rate of the lease. Operating lease ROU assets are initially measured as the sum of the initial lease liability, any initial direct costs incurred, and any prepaid lease payments, less any lease incentives received. The ROU asset is amortized over the term of the lease. A single lease expense is recorded within operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments that are not included in the measurement of the lease liability are recognized in the period when the obligations for those payments are incurred. In the Company's lease agreements, these variable payments typically include certain taxes, utilities, and maintenance costs, and other fees.

The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for all of its leases, as the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable in any of its lease contracts. In determining the incremental borrowing rate, the Company considers its credit risk profile, the currency of the contract, the economic environment in which the lease exists, and the term of the lease.

The Company does not recognize lease liabilities or ROU assets for any short-term leases with a non-cancellable lease term of 12 months or less. Instead the lease payments for these short-term leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and any variable payments are recognized in the period when the obligations for those payments are incurred. The Company believes that, using this methodology, expense reasonably reflects the Company’s short-term lease commitments.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 effective as of January 1, 2019 and elected the transition option to apply the new lease requirements as of the adoption date without restating comparative periods presented in its financial statements. Additionally, the Company elected the package of practical expedients described in ASU 2016-02, which includes not reassessing the following: (i) lease classification of existing leases, (ii) whether expired or existing contracts contain leases, and (iii) initial direct costs for existing leases.

Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, the Company recognized additional ROU assets of $88.8 million, additional total lease liabilities of $116.9 million, reductions in total deferred rent of $28.5 million, and reductions in prepaid expenses of $0.4 million in its 2019 beginning balances. All adjustments relate to the Company’s operating leases; the Company does not have any material leases that are classified as finance leases. There was no cumulative effect adjustment to the Company's 2019 beginning retained earnings balance, as the Company did not have material unamortized initial direct costs. Beginning with the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company presents the amortization of its operating ROU assets and the change in its operating lease liabilities within the operating activities section of its consolidated statements of cash flows. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 requires customers in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow existing internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to capitalize and which costs to expense. Under this model, customers would need to determine the nature of the implementation costs and the project stage in which they are incurred to determine which costs to capitalize or expense. Customers would be required to amortize the capitalized implementation costs over the term of the hosting arrangement, which might extend beyond the noncancelable period if there are options to extend or terminate. ASU 2018-15 specifies the financial statement presentation of capitalized implementation costs and related amortization in addition to required disclosures for material capitalized implementation costs related to hosting arrangements that are service contracts. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. Entities can choose to adopt this guidance prospectively to eligible costs incurred on or after the date the guidance is first applied, or to adopt the guidance retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires the application of a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) impairment model to financial assets measured at amortized cost (including trade accounts receivable), net investments in leases, and certain off-balance-sheet credit exposures. Under the CECL model, lifetime expected credit losses on such financial assets are measured and recognized at each reporting date based on historical, current, and forecasted information. ASU 2016-13 also changes the impairment accounting for available-for-sale debt securities, requiring credit losses to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. A modified retrospective adoption method is required, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening retained earnings balance in the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and disclosures.

The Company periodically invests a portion of its excess cash in short-term investment instruments. All of the Company’s short-term investments are in U.S. Treasury securities and all short-term investments have stated maturity dates between three months and one year from the purchase date. All short-term investments are included within “Short-term investments” on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the Company’s short-term investments is determined based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical securities (Level 1 inputs). As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, all short-term investments were classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value.

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale investments at March 31, 2019 were $292.3 million and $292.3 million, respectively. The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale investments at December 31, 2018 were $466.6 million and $466.2 million, respectively. The total gross unrecognized holding losses accumulated in other comprehensive loss were not material as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The total gross unrecognized holding gains accumulated in other comprehensive loss were not material as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. No other-than-temporary impairments related to these investments have been recognized as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The Company invoices its customers in accordance with billing schedules established in each contract. The Company’s rights to consideration from customers are presented separately in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets depending on whether those rights are conditional or unconditional.

The Company presents unconditional rights to consideration from customers within “Accounts receivable, net” in its Consolidated Balance Sheets. All of the Company’s contracts are generally non-cancellable and/or non-refundable and therefore an unconditional right generally exists when the customer is billed or amounts are billable per the contract.

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, which represents its best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balances. The Company evaluates specific accounts when it becomes aware that a customer may not be able to meet its financial obligations due to deterioration of the customer’s liquidity, financial viability, or credit ratings or the customer’s bankruptcy. In addition, the Company periodically adjusts this allowance based on its review and assessment of the aging of receivables. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s bad debt expense and write-offs totaled $0.8 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

In contrast, rights to consideration that are subject to a condition other than the passage of time are considered contract assets and presented within “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets since the rights to consideration are expected to become unconditional and transfer to accounts receivable within one year. Contract assets generally consist of accrued sales and usage-based royalty revenue. In these arrangements, consideration is not billed or billable until the royalty reporting is received, generally in the subsequent quarter, at which time the contract asset transfers to accounts receivable and a true-up adjustment is recorded to revenue. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no significant impairments to the Company’s contract assets, nor were there any significant changes in the timing of the Company’s contract assets being reclassified to accounts receivable. Contract assets included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of $1.2 million and $0.8 million in accrued sales and usage-based royalty revenue as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Contract liabilities are amounts received or due from customers in advance of the Company transferring the products or services to the customer. Revenue is subsequently recognized in the period(s) in which control of the products or services is transferred to the customer. The Company’s contract liabilities are presented as either current or non-current “Deferred revenue and advance payments” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, depending on whether the products or services are expected to be transferred to the customer within the next year.

Deferred revenue and advance payments (in thousands) from customers consisted of the following, as of:

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized revenues of $67.0 million and $74.6 million, respectively, from amounts included in the total deferred revenue and advance payments balances at the beginning of the respective year. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no significant changes in the timing of revenue recognition on the Company’s deferred balances.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had an aggregate transaction price of $194.6 million allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations related to product support, subscription services, other services, and product licenses contracts. The Company expects to recognize $190.1 million within the next 12 months and $4.5 million thereafter.

The Company leases office space in the United States and foreign locations under operating lease agreements. Office space is the Company’s only material underlying asset class under operating lease agreements. The Company has no material finance leases.

Under the Company’s office space lease agreements, fixed payments and variable payments that depend on an index or rate are typically comprised of base rent and parking fees. Additionally, under these agreements the Company is generally responsible for certain variable payments that typically include certain taxes, utilities and maintenance costs, and other fees. These variable lease payments are generally based on the Company’s occupation or usage percentages and are subject to adjustments by the lessor.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s ROU asset and total lease liability balances were comprised of $74.3 million and $101.6 million, respectively, for leases in the United States and $13.4 million and $14.2 million, respectively, for foreign leases. The Company’s most significant lease is for its corporate headquarters, in which it leases approximately 214,000 square feet of office space at a location in Northern Virginia. The ROU asset and total lease liability balances related to the Company’s corporate headquarters lease were $69.5 million and $96.7 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2019. The lease agreement for the Company’s corporate headquarters location is set to expire in December 2030, with an option for the Company to extend the term for an additional five or 10 consecutive years. The Company is currently not reasonably certain it will exercise this renewal option and therefore has not included the renewal option in the lease term. Several of the Company’s remaining leases also contain options for renewal or options to terminate all or a portion of the leased space. The Company continually assesses the likelihood of exercising these options and recognizes an option as part of its ROU assets and lease liabilities if and when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise the option.

The following table presents the Company’s total lease cost and other lease details for the three months ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands, except years and discount rate):

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 (in thousands):

The following table shows future minimum payments under noncancellable operating leases and purchase agreements with initial terms of greater than one year, based on the expected due dates of the various installments as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands), as previously reported in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-02:

From time to time, the Company enters into certain types of contracts that require it to indemnify parties against third-party claims. These contracts primarily relate to agreements under which the Company assumes indemnity obligations for intellectual property infringement, as well as other obligations from time to time depending on arrangements negotiated with customers and other third parties. The conditions of these obligations vary. Thus, the overall maximum amount of the Company’s indemnification obligations cannot be reasonably estimated. Historically, the Company has not been obligated to make significant payments for these obligations and does not currently expect to incur any material obligations in the future. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded an indemnification liability on its balance sheets as of March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018.

See Note 5, Leases, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s commitments that are related to lease agreements.

As a result of the U.S. government-enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), the Company recorded a tax expense of $37.2 million prior to 2019, related to the mandatory deemed repatriation transition tax (“Transition Tax”). At March 31, 2019, $28.9 million of the Transition Tax was unpaid and was included in “Other long-term liabilities” in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 8, Income Taxes, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Following an internal review, the Company believes that its Brazilian subsidiary failed or likely failed to comply with local procurement regulations in conducting business with certain Brazilian government entities. While the Company believes that it is probable that the resolution of this matter will result in a loss, the amount or range of loss is not reasonably estimable at this time. Given the stage of the matter, no assurance can be given that the outcome will not result in a material impact on the Company’s earnings and financial results for the period in which any such liability is accrued. However, the Company believes that the outcome of this matter will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position.

The Company is also involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, management does not expect the resolution of these legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

The Company has contingent liabilities that, in management’s judgment, are not probable of assertion. If such unasserted contingent liabilities were to be asserted, or become probable of assertion, the Company may be required to record significant expenses and liabilities in the period in which these liabilities are asserted or become probable of assertion.

The Board of Directors previously authorized the Company’s repurchase of up to an aggregate of $800.0 million of its class A common stock from time to time on the open market through April 29, 2023 (the “Share Repurchase Program”), although the program may be suspended or discontinued by the Company at any time. The timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by the Company’s management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The Share Repurchase Program may be funded using the Company’s working capital, as well as proceeds from any other funding arrangements that the Company may enter into in the future. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company repurchased an aggregate of 362,148 shares of its class A common stock at an average price per share of $133.21 and an aggregate cost of $48.2 million pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had repurchased an aggregate of 5,069,762 shares of its class A common stock at an average price per share of $99.51 and an aggregate cost of $504.5 million pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program. The average price per share and aggregate cost amounts disclosed above include broker commissions. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its class A common stock pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program.

The Company and its subsidiaries conduct business in the United States and various foreign countries and are subject to taxation in numerous domestic and foreign jurisdictions. As a result of its business activities, the Company files tax returns that are subject to examination by various U.S. federal, state, and local, and foreign tax authorities. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or foreign income tax examination by tax authorities for years before 2014. However, due to the Company’s use of state net operating loss (“NOL”) and federal tax credit carryovers in the United States, U.S. tax authorities may attempt to reduce or fully offset the amount of state NOL or federal tax credit carryovers from tax years ended 2007 and forward that the Company used in later tax years. The Company’s major foreign tax jurisdictions and tax years that remain subject to potential examination are Italy for tax years 2013 and forward, Poland for tax years 2014 and forward, Spain for tax years 2015 and forward, and Germany and the United Kingdom for tax years 2016 and forward. To date there have been no material audit assessments related to audits in any of the applicable foreign jurisdictions.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $5.0 million, which are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities” in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. If recognized, $4.5 million of these unrecognized tax benefits would impact the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company recognizes estimated accrued interest related to unrecognized income tax benefits in the benefit from income tax accounts. Penalties relating to income taxes, if incurred, would also be recognized as a component of the Company’s benefit from income taxes. Over the next 12 months, the amount of the Company’s liability for unrecognized tax benefits is not expected to change by a material amount. As of March 31, 2019, the amount of cumulative accrued interest expense on unrecognized income tax benefits was approximately $0.8 million.

The following table summarizes the Company’s deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities and valuation allowance (in thousands), as of:

The valuation allowance as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 related to certain foreign tax credit carryforwards that, in the Company’s present estimation, more likely than not will not be realized.

The Company has estimated its annual effective tax rate for the full fiscal year 2019 and applied that rate to its loss before income taxes in determining its benefit from income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The Company also records discrete items in each respective period as appropriate. The estimated effective tax rate is subject to fluctuation based on the level and mix of earnings and losses by tax jurisdiction, foreign tax rate differentials, and the relative impact of permanent book to tax differences (e.g., non-deductible expenses). Each quarter, a cumulative adjustment is recorded for any fluctuations in the estimated annual effective tax rate as compared to the prior quarter. As a result of these factors, and due to potential changes in the Company’s period-to-period results, fluctuations in the Company’s effective tax rate and respective tax provisions or benefits may occur.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recorded a benefit from income taxes of $0.5 million that resulted in an effective tax rate of 6.1%, as compared to a benefit from income taxes of $0.5 million that resulted in an effective tax rate of (44.8)% for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The change in the effective tax rate in 2019 is mainly due to the change in the expected proportion of U.S. versus foreign income.

In the United States, the Tax Act reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018. Additionally, the Tax Act requires certain Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) earned by controlled foreign corporations (“CFCs”) to be included in the gross income of the CFCs’ U.S. shareholder. The Company has elected the “period cost method” and treats taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred. The Tax Act allows a U.S. corporation a deduction equal to a certain percentage of its foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”). The Company estimated the impact of the GILTI tax and FDII deduction in determining its 2019 annual effective tax rate that is reflected in its benefit from income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The Tax Act also imposed a Transition Tax on previously untaxed accumulated and current earnings and profits (“E&P”) of certain foreign subsidiaries of the Company. To determine the amount of the Transition Tax, the Company must determine, among other things, the amount of post-1986 E&P of the relevant subsidiaries, as well as the amount of non-U.S. income taxes paid on such earnings. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s total provision for the Transition Tax was $37.2 million, of which $8.3 million had been paid and $28.9 million was recorded in “Other long-term liabilities” in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Transition Tax will be paid in full by 2025.

The Company earns a significant amount of its revenues outside the United States and, as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s accumulated foreign earnings and profits were $397.4 million. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the amount of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments held by the Company’s U.S. entities was $124.1 million and $173.6 million, respectively, and by the Company’s non-U.S. entities was $427.0 million and $402.5 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest at least $197.4 million of its undistributed foreign earnings. This amount takes into consideration a one-time repatriation the Company intends to make in 2019. When the Company makes such repatriation, after taking into account the Transition Tax described above, the Company expects it will generate only an immaterial U.S. tax expense related to U.S. state income taxes.

In the United Kingdom, recently enacted legislation related to offshore receipts in respect of intangible property imposes a 20% tax on payments made by multinational companies that hold intangible property in low tax jurisdictions where the income derived from such intangible property results from sales within the United Kingdom. Based on currently available information, the Company intends to treat this tax as a transactional tax included in operating expenses and will start accruing this tax as of April 6, 2019, the date of implementation of the law. Accordingly, this tax is not reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

In determining the Company’s provision for (benefit from) income taxes, net deferred tax assets, liabilities, and valuation allowances, management is required to make judgments and estimates related to projections of domestic and foreign profitability, the timing and extent of the utilization of NOL carryforwards, applicable tax rates, transfer pricing methods, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. As a multinational company, the Company is required to calculate and provide for estimated income tax liabilities for each of the tax jurisdictions in which it operates. This process involves estimating current tax obligations and exposures in each jurisdiction, as well as making judgments regarding the future recoverability of deferred tax assets. Changes in the estimated level of annual pre-tax income, changes in tax laws, particularly changes related to the utilization of NOLs in various jurisdictions, and changes resulting from tax audits can all affect the overall effective income tax rate, which, in turn, impacts the overall level of income tax expense or benefit and net income.

Judgments and estimates related to the Company’s projections and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Therefore, actual results could differ materially from projections. Currently, the Company expects to use its deferred tax assets, subject to Internal Revenue Code limitations, within the carryforward periods. Valuation allowances have been established where the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets are not realizable. If the Company is unable to regain or increase profitability in future periods, it may be required to increase the valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets, which could result in a charge that would materially adversely affect net income in the period in which the charge is incurred.

The Company’s 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2013 Equity Plan”) authorizes the issuance of various types of share-based awards to the Company’s employees, officers, directors, and other eligible participants. As of March 31, 2019, a total of 2,300,000 shares of the Company’s class A common stock were authorized for issuance under the 2013 Equity Plan. As of March 31, 2019, there were 573,750 shares of class A common stock reserved and available for future issuance under the 2013 Equity Plan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, stock options to purchase an aggregate of 30,000 shares of class A common stock were granted pursuant to the 2013 Equity Plan. As of March 31, 2019, there were options to purchase 1,459,983 shares of class A common stock outstanding under the 2013 Equity Plan.

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity (in thousands, except per share data and years) for the three months ended March 31, 2019:

Stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2019 are comprised of the following range of exercise prices per share (in thousands, except per share data and years):

An aggregate of 132,000 stock options with an aggregate fair value of $7.6 million vested during the three months ended March 31, 2019. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes pricing model was $54.85 and $52.44 for each share subject to a stock option granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, based on the following assumptions:

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized approximately $3.0 million and $4.7 million, respectively, in share-based compensation expense from stock options granted under the 2013 Equity Plan. As of March 31, 2019, there was approximately $30.9 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options. The Company expects to recognize this remaining share-based compensation expense over a weighted average vesting period of approximately 2.9 years.

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company did not grant any “other stock-based awards” under the 2013 Equity Plan. For each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not recognize a material amount in share-based compensation expense from other stock-based awards. As of March 31, 2019, there was approximately $0.5 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to other stock-based awards. The Company expects to recognize this remaining share-based compensation expense over a weighted average vesting period of approximately 3.2 years, subject to additional fair value adjustments through the earlier of settlement or expiration.

The Company has two classes of common stock: class A common stock and class B common stock. Holders of class A common stock generally have the same rights, including rights to dividends, as holders of class B common stock, except that holders of class A common stock have one vote per share while holders of class B common stock have 10 votes per share. Each share of class B common stock is convertible at any time, at the option of the holder, into one share of class A common stock. As such, basic and fully diluted earnings per share for class A common stock and for class B common stock are the same. The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on either class A or class B common stock. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding.

Potential shares of common stock are included in the diluted earnings per share calculation when dilutive. Potential shares of common stock, consisting of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, are calculated using the treasury stock method.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, stock options issued under the 2013 Equity Plan to purchase a weighted average of approximately 1,471,000 and 721,000 shares of class A common stock, respectively, were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because their impact would have been anti-dilutive.

The Company manages its business in one reportable operating segment. The Company’s one reportable operating segment is engaged in the design, development, marketing, and sales of its software platform through licensing arrangements and cloud-based subscriptions and related services. The following table presents total revenues, gross profit, and long-lived assets, excluding long-term deferred tax assets, (in thousands) according to geographic region:

The domestic region consists of the United States and Canada. The EMEA region includes operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The other regions include all other foreign countries, generally comprising Latin America and the Asia Pacific region. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, no individual foreign country accounted for 10% or more of total consolidated revenues.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, no individual customer accounted for 10% or more of total consolidated revenues.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, no individual foreign country accounted for 10% or more of total consolidated assets.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). For this purpose, any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact, including without limitation, certain statements regarding industry prospects and our results of operations or financial position, may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The important factors discussed under “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors,” among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements made herein and presented elsewhere by management from time to time. Such forward-looking statements represent management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Investors are warned that actual results may differ from management’s expectations.

MicroStrategy® is a leading worldwide provider of enterprise analytics and mobility software. We are one of the largest independent, publicly-traded analytics vendors as measured by annual revenue. Our customers include leading companies from a wide range of industries, including retail, consulting, technology, manufacturing, finance, banking, insurance, healthcare, education, and telecommunications, as well as the public sector.

The analytics market is highly competitive. Our success depends on the effectiveness with which we can differentiate our products from those offered by large software vendors that provide products across multiple lines of business, including one or more products that directly compete with our products, and other analytics vendors across large, mid-sized, and small opportunities. We believe a key differentiator of MicroStrategy is our offering of a single, comprehensive enterprise platform that uniquely features Federated Analytics, Transformational Mobility, and HyperIntelligence™, which can be deployed on-premises or on multiple private and public cloud platforms.

We continue to innovate our platform by focusing on making it more usable, powerful, scalable, flexible, and secure. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, these innovations included:

The following table sets forth certain operating highlights (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

As part of our efforts to take greater advantage of the opportunities in the market and grow our market share, we expect to continue research and development expenditures at the current pace.

As of March 31, 2019, we had a total of 2,494 employees, of whom 1,198 were based in the United States and 1,296 were based internationally. Of our 2,494 total employees, 675 were engaged in sales and marketing, 733 in research and development, 757 in subscription services, product support, consulting, and education, and 329 in finance, administration, and corporate operations. The following table summarizes employee headcount as of the dates indicated:

As discussed in Note 9, Share-based Compensation, to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we have outstanding stock options to purchase shares of our class A common stock and certain other stock-based awards under our 2013 Equity Plan. Share-based compensation expense (in thousands) from these awards was recognized in the following operating expense line items in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the periods indicated:

As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that approximately $31.4 million of additional share-based compensation expense for awards granted under the 2013 Equity Plan will be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.9 years.

We base our internal operating expense forecasts on expected revenue trends and strategic objectives. Many of our expenses, such as office leases and certain personnel costs, are relatively fixed. Accordingly, any shortfall in revenue may cause significant variation in our operating results. We therefore believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results may not be a good indication of our future performance.

We are providing a supplemental financial measure for (loss) income from operations that excludes the impact of our share-based compensation arrangements. This supplemental financial measure is not a measurement of financial performance under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and, as a result, this supplemental financial measure may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Management uses this non-GAAP financial measure internally to help understand, manage, and evaluate our business performance and to help make operating decisions. We believe that this non-GAAP financial measure is also useful to investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes a significant non-cash expense that we believe is not reflective of our general business performance. In addition, accounting for share-based compensation arrangements requires significant management judgment and the resulting expense could vary significantly in comparison to other companies. Therefore, we believe the use of this non-GAAP financial measure can also facilitate comparison of our operating results to those of our competitors.

Non-GAAP financial measures are subject to material limitations as they are not in accordance with, or a substitute for, measurements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For example, we expect that share-based compensation expense, which is excluded from our non-GAAP financial measure, will continue to be a significant recurring expense over the coming years and is an important part of the compensation provided to certain employees, officers, and directors. Our non-GAAP financial measure is not meant to be considered in isolation and should be read only in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We rely primarily on such Consolidated Financial Statements to understand, manage, and evaluate our business performance and use the non-GAAP financial measure only supplementally.

The following is a reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measure to its most directly comparable GAAP measure (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and equity, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates, particularly estimates relating to revenue recognition, have a material impact on our financial statements. In some cases, changes in accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Actual results and outcomes could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

The section “Critical Accounting Policies” included in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 provides a more detailed explanation of the judgments made and a discussion of our accounting estimates and policies. There have been no significant changes in such estimates and policies since December 31, 2018.

We conduct a significant portion of our business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the currency in which we report our Consolidated Financial Statements. As currency rates change from quarter over quarter and year over year, our results of operations may be impacted. The table below summarizes the impact (in thousands) of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on certain components of our Consolidated Statements of Operations by showing the increase (decrease) in international revenues or expenses, as applicable, from the same period in the prior year. The term “international” refers to operations outside of the United States and Canada.

For example, if there had been no change to foreign currency exchange rates from 2018 to 2019, international product licenses revenues would have been $10.4 million rather than $9.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. If there had been no change to foreign currency exchange rates from 2018 to 2019, international product support revenues would have been $32.1 million rather than $29.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. If there had been no change to foreign currency exchange rates from 2018 to 2019, sales and marketing expenses would have been $50.4 million rather than $48.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Except as otherwise indicated herein, the term “domestic” refers to operations in the United States and Canada and the term “international” refers to operations outside of the United States and Canada.

Product licenses and subscription services revenues. The following table sets forth product licenses and subscription services revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

The following table sets forth a summary, grouped by size, of the number of recognized product licenses transactions for the periods indicated:

The following table sets forth the recognized revenue (in thousands) attributable to product licenses transactions, grouped by size, and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,				%
	2019		2018		Change
Product Licenses Revenue Recognized in the Applicable Period:
More than $1.0 million in licenses revenue recognized	$	2,402	$	1,055		127.7	%
Between $0.5 million and $1.0 million in licenses revenue recognized		2,061		2,567		-19.7	%
Less than $0.5 million in licenses revenue recognized		13,828		13,679		1.1	%
Total		18,291		17,301		5.7	%
Domestic:
More than $1.0 million in licenses revenue recognized		1,128		1,055		6.9	%
Between $0.5 million and $1.0 million in licenses revenue recognized		549		2,010		-72.7	%
Less than $0.5 million in licenses revenue recognized		7,517		8,131		-7.6	%
Total		9,194		11,196		-17.9	%
International:
More than $1.0 million in licenses revenue recognized		1,274		0	n/a
Between $0.5 million and $1.0 million in licenses revenue recognized		1,512		557		171.5	%
Less than $0.5 million in licenses revenue recognized		6,311		5,548		13.8	%
Total	$	9,097	$	6,105		49.0	%

Product licenses revenues increased $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, product licenses transactions with more than $0.5 million in recognized revenue represented 24.4% and 20.9%, respectively, of our product licenses revenues. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, our top three product licenses transactions totaled $3.4 million in recognized revenue, or 18.6% of total product licenses revenues, compared to $2.5 million, or 14.6% of total product licenses revenues, for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Domestic product licenses revenues. Domestic product licenses revenues decreased $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in the number and average deal size of transactions with less than $1.0 million in recognized revenue.

International product licenses revenues. International product licenses revenues increased $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an overall increase in the number of transactions, partially offset by a $1.3 million unfavorable foreign currency exchange impact.

Subscription services revenues. Subscription services revenues are derived primarily from our cloud services offerings that are recognized on a subscription basis over the service period of the contract. Subscription services revenues decreased $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in the use of subscription services by existing customers.

Product support revenues. The following table sets forth product support revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

Product support revenues are derived from providing technical software support and software updates and upgrades to customers. Product support revenues are recognized ratably over the term of the contract, which is generally one year. Product support revenues decreased $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $2.7 million unfavorable foreign currency exchange impact.

Other services revenues. The following table sets forth other services revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes in these revenues for the periods indicated:

Consulting revenues. Consulting revenues are derived from helping customers plan and execute the deployment of our software. Consulting revenues decreased $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in billable hours worldwide and a $0.7 million unfavorable foreign currency exchange impact.

Education revenues. Education revenues are derived from the education and training that we provide to our customers to enhance their ability to fully utilize the features and functionality of our software. These offerings include self-tutorials, custom course development, joint training with customers’ internal staff, and standard course offerings, with pricing dependent on the specific offering delivered. Education revenues decreased $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in overall contract values.

Cost of revenues. The following table sets forth cost of revenues (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

Cost of product licenses revenues. Cost of product licenses revenues consists of amortization of capitalized software development costs, referral fees paid to channel partners, the costs of product manuals and media, and royalties paid to third-party software vendors. Capitalized software development costs are generally amortized over a useful life of three years.

Cost of product licenses revenues decreased $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $1.5 million decrease in amortization of capitalized software development costs related to MicroStrategy 10, which became fully amortized in May 2018, and a $0.2 million decrease in royalties paid to third-party software vendors. As of March 31, 2019, all previously capitalized software development costs have been fully amortized.

Cost of subscription services revenues. Cost of subscription services revenues consists of equipment, facility and other related support costs, and personnel and related overhead costs. Cost of subscription services revenues increased $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in third-party hosting service provider fees. Subscription services headcount decreased 5.3% to 54 at March 31, 2019 from 57 at March 31, 2018.

Cost of product support revenues. Cost of product support revenues consists of personnel and related overhead costs. Cost of product support revenues increased $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $2.0 million increase in compensation and related costs due to an increase in staffing levels. Product support headcount increased 23.1% to 224 at March 31, 2019 from 182 at March 31, 2018.

As a result of the grant of awards under the 2013 Equity Plan, we expect that share-based compensation expense, a portion of which is recognized as cost of product support revenues, will continue to be a recurring expense. As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that approximately $0.9 million of additional share-based compensation expense will be recognized as cost of product support revenues over a remaining weighted average period of 2.9 years.

Cost of consulting revenues. Cost of consulting revenues consists of personnel and related overhead costs. Cost of consulting revenues decreased $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $0.7 million decrease in compensation and related costs, partially offset by a $0.3 million increase in travel and entertainment expenditures. Included in cost of consulting revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is an aggregate $0.7 million favorable foreign currency exchange impact. Consulting headcount decreased 2.7% to 429 at March 31, 2019 from 441 at March 31, 2018.

As a result of the grant of awards under the 2013 Equity Plan, we expect that share-based compensation expense, a portion of which is recognized as cost of consulting revenues, will continue to be a recurring expense. As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that approximately $0.7 million of additional share-based compensation expense will be recognized as cost of consulting revenues over a remaining weighted average period of 3.7 years.

Cost of education revenues. Cost of education revenues consists of personnel and related overhead costs. Cost of education revenues increased $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $0.2 million increase in compensation and related costs due to an increase in staffing levels and a $0.2 million increase in subcontractor costs. Education headcount increased 19.0% to 50 at March 31, 2019 from 42 at March 31, 2018.

As a result of the grant of awards under the 2013 Equity Plan, we expect that share-based compensation expense, a portion of which is recognized as cost of education revenues, will continue to be a recurring expense. As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that approximately $0.6 million of additional share-based compensation expense will be recognized as cost of education revenues over a remaining weighted average period of 2.9 years.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses consist of personnel costs, commissions, office facilities, travel, advertising, public relations programs, and promotional events, such as trade shows, seminars, and technical conferences. The following table sets forth sales and marketing expenses (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

Sales and marketing expenses decreased $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $3.2 million decrease in marketing and advertising costs, a $1.0 million decrease in travel and entertainment expenditures, a $0.3 million decrease in recruiting costs, and a $0.2 million net decrease in share-based compensation expense, partially offset by $0.7 million increase in compensation and related costs due to an increase in staffing levels, a $0.7 million increase in facility and other related support costs, a $0.5 million increase in subcontractor costs, and a $0.2 million increase in the amortization of capitalized variable compensation. The $0.2 million net decrease in share-based compensation expense is primarily due to reversals of previously recorded share-based compensation expenses due to pre-vesting forfeitures of certain stock options, partially offset by the grant of additional awards under the 2013 Equity Plan. Included in sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is an aggregate $1.7 million favorable foreign currency exchange impact. Sales and marketing headcount increased 1.2% to 675 at March 31, 2019 from 667 at March 31, 2018.

As a result of the grant of awards under the 2013 Equity Plan, we expect that share-based compensation expense, a significant portion of which is recognized as sales and marketing expense, will continue to be a significant recurring expense. As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that approximately $12.9 million of additional share-based compensation expense will be recognized as sales and marketing expense over a remaining weighted average period of 3.2 years.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses consist of the personnel costs for our software engineering personnel, depreciation of equipment, and other related costs. The following table summarizes research and development expenses and amortization of capitalized software development costs (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

Research and development expenses increased $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $4.2 million increase in compensation and related costs due to an increase in staffing levels and a $0.6 million increase in facility and other related support costs. The increase in research and development expenses reflects our previously announced strategy to seek to take greater advantage of the opportunities in the market by increasing our research and development expenditures as we invest in our technology products and personnel. Research and development headcount increased 21.4% to 733 at March 31, 2019 from 604 at March 31, 2018. We expect research and development expenses to continue at the current pace in future periods as disclosed in the “Overview” section above. We have significantly accelerated the pace of our software development efforts and increased the frequency of our software releases subsequent to the release of MicroStrategy 10, which has resulted in our software development costs in recent periods being expensed as incurred. We do not expect to capitalize material software development costs in the near term.

As a result of the grant of awards under the 2013 Equity Plan, we expect that share-based compensation expense, a significant portion of which is recognized as research and development expense, will continue to be a significant recurring expense. As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that approximately $5.3 million of additional share-based compensation expense will be recognized as research and development expense over a remaining weighted average period of 2.6 years.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses consist of personnel and related overhead costs, and other costs of our executive, finance, human resources, information systems, and administrative departments, as well as third-party consulting, legal, and other professional fees. The following table sets forth general and administrative expenses (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

General and administrative expenses increased $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to a $1.2 million increase in compensation and related costs due to an increase in staffing levels, a $0.9 million increase in bad debt expense, and a $0.7 million increase in facility and other related support costs, partially offset by a $1.7 million net decrease in share-based compensation expense, a $0.3 million decrease in recruiting costs, a $0.2 million decrease in subcontractor costs, and a $0.2 million decrease in travel and entertainment expenditures. The $1.7 million net decrease in share-based compensation expense is primarily due to certain awards becoming fully vested in the second quarter of 2018, partially offset by the grant of additional awards under the 2013 Equity Plan. General and administrative headcount increased 5.1% to 329 at March 31, 2019 from 313 at March 31, 2018.

As a result of the grant of awards under the 2013 Equity Plan, we expect that share-based compensation expense, a significant portion of which is recognized as general and administrative expense, will continue to be a significant recurring expense. As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that approximately $11.0 million of additional share-based compensation expense will be recognized as general and administrative expense over a remaining weighted average period of 2.6 years.

Other expense, net is comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction gains and losses. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, other expense, net, of $0.6 and $1.6 million, respectively, was comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction net losses arising mainly from the revaluation of U.S. dollar-denominated cash balances held at international locations.

We have estimated an annual effective tax rate for the full fiscal year 2019 and applied that rate to the losses before income taxes in determining the benefit from income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2019. We also record discrete items in each respective period as appropriate. The estimated effective tax rate is subject to fluctuation based on the level and mix of earnings and losses by tax jurisdiction, foreign tax rate differentials, and the relative impact of permanent book to tax differences (e.g., non-deductible expenses). Each quarter, a cumulative adjustment is recorded for any fluctuations in the estimated annual effective tax rate as compared to the prior quarter. As a result of these factors, and due to potential changes in our period-to-period results, fluctuations in our effective tax rate and respective tax provisions or benefits may occur.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we recorded a benefit from income taxes of $0.5 million that resulted in an effective tax rate of 6.1%, as compared to a benefit from income taxes of $0.5 million that resulted in an effective tax rate of (44.8)% for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The change in the effective tax rate in 2019 is mainly due to the change in the expected proportion of U.S. versus foreign income and certain discrete tax items.

As of March 31, 2019, we had no U.S. federal NOL carryforwards and estimated that we had $3.6 million of foreign NOL carryforwards. As of March 31, 2019, we estimated that we had foreign NOL carryforwards, other temporary differences and carryforwards, and credits that resulted in deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances and deferred tax liabilities, of $18.9 million. As of March 31, 2019, we had a valuation allowance of $1.5 million related to certain foreign tax credit carryforwards that, in our present estimation, more likely than not will not be realized.

If we are unable to regain or increase profitability in future periods, we may be required to increase the valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, which could result in a charge that would materially adversely affect net income in the period in which the charge is incurred. We will continue to regularly assess the realizability of deferred tax assets.

Deferred revenue and advance payments represent amounts received or due from our customers in advance of our transferring our products or services to the customer. Revenue is subsequently recognized in the period(s) in which control of the products or services are transferred to the customer.

The following table summarizes deferred revenue and advance payments (in thousands), as of:

	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,
	2019		2018		2018
Current:
Deferred product licenses revenue	$	555	$	1,768	$	3,064
Deferred subscription services revenue		15,641		13,508		16,742
Deferred product support revenue		166,306		152,501		173,156
Deferred other services revenue		7,568		8,763		8,756
Total current deferred revenue and advance payments	$	190,070	$	176,540	$	201,718
Non-current:
Deferred product licenses revenue	$	479	$	542	$	843
Deferred subscription services revenue		247		2,384		385
Deferred product support revenue		3,231		3,091		3,854
Deferred other services revenue		582		452		586
Total non-current deferred revenue and advance payments	$	4,539	$	6,469	$	5,668
Total current and non-current:
Deferred product licenses revenue	$	1,034	$	2,310	$	3,907
Deferred subscription services revenue		15,888		15,892		17,127
Deferred product support revenue		169,537		155,592		177,010
Deferred other services revenue		8,150		9,215		9,342
Total current and non-current deferred revenue and advance payments	$	194,609	$	183,009	$	207,386

Total deferred revenue and advance payments increased $11.6 million as of March 31, 2019, as compared to December 31, 2018, primarily due to an increase in deferred revenue from product support contract renewals that were delayed from the fourth quarter of 2018. Total deferred revenue and advance payments decreased $12.8 million as of March 31, 2019, as compared to March 31, 2018, primarily due to the decrease in our international deferred revenue balances from the general strengthening of the U.S. dollar and differences in the timing and length of certain product support contract renewals.

We expect to recognize approximately $190.1 million of deferred revenue and advance payments over the next 12 months. However, the timing and ultimate recognition of our deferred revenue and advance payments depend on our satisfaction of various performance obligations, and the amount of deferred revenue and advance payments at any date should not be considered indicative of revenues for any succeeding period.

Liquidity. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and on-going collection of our accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents may include holdings in bank demand deposits, money market instruments, certificates of deposit, and U.S. Treasury securities. We also periodically invest a portion of our excess cash in short-term investments with stated maturity dates between three months and one year from the purchase date.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the amount of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments held by our U.S. entities was $124.1 million and $173.6 million, respectively, and by our non-U.S. entities was $427.0 million and $402.5 million, respectively. We earn a significant amount of our revenues outside the United States and our accumulated foreign earnings and profits as of December 31, 2018 were $397.4 million. As of March 31, 2019, we intend to indefinitely reinvest at least $197.4 million of our undistributed foreign earnings. This amount takes into consideration a one-time repatriation we intend to make in 2019. When we make such repatriation, after taking into account the Transition Tax, we expect it will generate only an immaterial U.S. tax expense related to U.S. state income taxes. We do not anticipate needing to repatriate additional cash or cash equivalents held by non-U.S. entities to the United States to finance our U.S. operations.

We believe that existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments held by us and cash and cash equivalents anticipated to be generated by us are sufficient to meet working capital requirements, anticipated capital expenditures, and contractual obligations for at least the next 12 months.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows (in thousands) and related percentage changes for the periods indicated:

Net cash provided by operating activities. The primary source of our cash provided by operating activities is cash collections of our accounts receivable from customers following the sales and renewals of our software licenses, technical software support, software updates and upgrades, as well as consulting, education, and subscription services. Our primary uses of cash in operating activities are for personnel-related expenditures for software development, personnel-related expenditures for providing consulting, education, and subscription services, and for sales and marketing costs, general and administrative costs, and income taxes.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $26.5 million and $18.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, was due to a $17.0 million increase from changes in operating assets and liabilities and a $0.3 million increase from changes in non-cash items, offset by a $9.6 million decrease in net income. Non-cash items consist primarily of depreciation and amortization, bad debt expense, deferred taxes, and share-based compensation expense.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities. The changes in net cash provided by (used in) investing activities relate to purchases and redemptions of short-term investments and expenditures on property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities was $170.3 million and net cash used in investing activities was $288.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, was due to a $345.3 million decrease in purchases of short-term investments and a $118.6 million increase in proceeds from the redemption of short-term investments, offset by a $4.7 million increase in purchases of property and equipment.

Net cash used in financing activities. The changes in net cash used in financing activities primarily relate to the purchase of treasury stock and the exercise of stock options under the 2013 Equity Plan. Net cash used in financing activities was $46.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Net cash used in financing activities was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The increase in net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period in the prior year, was due to a $48.2 million increase in purchases of treasury stock, offset by a $1.5 million increase in proceeds from the exercise of stock options under the 2013 Equity Plan.

The following table shows future minimum payments under noncancellable operating leases and purchase agreements with initial terms of greater than one year and anticipated payments related to the Transition Tax resulting from the Tax Act, based on the expected due dates of the various installments as of March 31, 2019 (in thousands):

Unrecognized tax benefits. As of March 31, 2019, we had $5.0 million of total gross unrecognized tax benefits, including penalty and interest accrued, recorded in other long-term liabilities. The timing of any payments that could result from these unrecognized tax benefits will depend on a number of factors, and accordingly the amount and period of any future payments cannot be estimated. We do not expect a significant tax payment related to these obligations during 2019.

Off-balance sheet arrangements. As of March 31, 2019, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that had a material impact on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

See Note 2, Recent Accounting Standards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

The following discussion about our market risk exposures involves forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements.

We are exposed to the impact of both interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations.

Interest Rate Risk. We face exposure to changes in interest rates primarily relating to our investments. We generally invest our excess cash in short-term, highly-rated, fixed-rate financial instruments. These fixed-rate instruments are subject to interest rate risk and may fall in value if interest rates increase. We do not hold or invest in these fixed-rate instruments for trading purposes or speculation. As of March 31, 2019, we held approximately $292.3 million of investments in U.S. Treasury securities with stated maturity dates between three months and one year from the purchase date.

Foreign Currency Risk. We conduct a significant portion of our business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the currency in which we report our Consolidated Financial Statements. International revenues accounted for 43.8% and 41.4% of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We anticipate that international revenues will continue to account for a significant portion of our total revenues. The functional currency of each of our foreign subsidiaries is generally the local currency.

Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect as of the applicable balance sheet date and any resulting translation adjustments are included as an adjustment to stockholders’ equity. Revenues and expenses generated from these subsidiaries are translated at average monthly exchange rates during the quarter in which the transactions occur. Gains and losses from transactions in local currencies are included in net (loss) income.

As a result of transacting in multiple currencies and reporting our financial statements in U.S. dollars, our operating results may be adversely impacted by currency exchange rate fluctuations in the future. The impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on current and comparable periods is described in “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

We cannot predict the effect of exchange rate fluctuations upon our future results. We attempt to minimize our foreign currency risk by converting our excess foreign currency held in foreign jurisdictions to U.S. dollar-denominated cash and investment accounts.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, a 10% adverse change in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar would have decreased our aggregate reported cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments by 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively. If average exchange rates during the three months ended March 31, 2019 had changed unfavorably by 10%, our revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019 would have decreased by 3.9%. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, our revenues were lower by 4.1% as a result of a 7.9% unfavorable change in weighted average exchange rates, as compared to the same period in the prior year.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level due to the material weaknesses in our internal controls disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

As described in Part II, Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, we have begun implementing a remediation plan to address the material weaknesses disclosed in such Annual Report. These material weaknesses will not be considered fully remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management concludes, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We expect to complete the remediation of these material weaknesses prior to the end of the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019.

Changes in Internal Controls. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, we implemented new internal controls to facilitate our adoption of ASU 2016-02 and help ensure the proper identification, accounting, and reporting of material lease arrangements. Other than as disclosed above under “Material Weaknesses and Status of Remediation” and the new internal controls related to our adoption of ASU 2016-02, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

We are involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, we do not expect the resolution of these legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.

If any of the following risks occurs, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case, the market price of our class A common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Our quarterly operating results, revenues, and expenses may fluctuate significantly, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of our stock

For many reasons, including those described below, our operating results, revenues, and expenses have varied in the past and may vary significantly in the future from quarter to quarter. These fluctuations could have an adverse effect on the market price of our class A common stock.

Fluctuations in Quarterly Operating Results. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate, in part, as a result of:

Limited Ability to Adjust Expenses. We base our operating expense budgets on expected revenue trends and strategic objectives. Many of our expenses, such as office leases and certain personnel costs, are relatively fixed. We may be unable to adjust spending quickly enough to offset any unexpected revenue shortfall. Accordingly, any shortfall in revenue may cause significant variation in operating results in any quarter. For example, if our revenues in the future are not sufficient to offset our operating expenses, or we are unable to adjust our operating expenses in a timely manner in response to any shortfall in anticipated revenue, we may incur operating losses.

Based on the above factors, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance. It is possible that in one or more future quarters, our operating results may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors. In that event, the market price of our class A common stock may fall.

The market price of our class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile

The market price of our class A common stock historically has been volatile and may continue to be volatile. The market price of our class A common stock may fluctuate widely in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to:

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies in those markets. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

We generated a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019; and, we may not be able to regain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. If our revenues are not sufficient to offset our operating expenses, or we are unable to adjust our operating expenses in a timely manner in response to any shortfall in anticipated revenue, we may incur operating losses in future periods. As a result, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

As of March 31, 2019, we had $19.0 million of deferred tax assets, net of a $1.5 million valuation allowance. If we are unable to regain or increase profitability in the future, we may be required to increase the valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets, which could result in a charge that would materially adversely affect net income in the period in which the charge is incurred.

Economic uncertainty and increased competition for our customers, particularly in the retail industry, could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations

The U.S. and other significant markets have experienced cyclical downturns, and worldwide economic conditions remain uncertain. Economic uncertainty and associated macroeconomic conditions make it extremely difficult for our customers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities and could cause our customers to slow spending on our products and services, which could delay and lengthen sales cycles. Furthermore, during uncertain economic times, our customers may face issues gaining timely access to sufficient credit, which could result in an impairment of their ability to make timely payments to us. If that were to occur, we may be required to increase our allowance for doubtful accounts and our results would be negatively impacted.

Furthermore, we have a significant number of customers in the retail industry, which has experienced intense competition and structural changes. A significant downturn or the intensification of competition in this industry may cause organizations to reduce their capital expenditures in general or specifically reduce their spending on information technology (“IT”). In addition, customers in this industry may delay or cancel IT projects or seek to lower their costs by renegotiating vendor contracts. Customers with excess IT resources may choose to develop in-house software solutions rather than obtain those solutions from us. Consumers have increasingly migrated toward large e-commerce platforms and other online applications. As a result, the retail industry has experienced consolidation and other ownership changes. In the future, retailers may further consolidate, undergo restructurings or reorganizations, or realign their affiliations, any of which could decrease the number of competitors within the retail industry, reducing the number of potential customers for our offerings. Moreover, our competitors may respond to challenging market conditions by lowering prices and attempting to lure away our customers.

We cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown, or any subsequent recovery generally, or competitive and structural changes in the retail industry. If the conditions in the general economy and the markets in which we operate worsen from present levels, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to income taxes and non-income taxes in a variety of domestic and foreign jurisdictions. Our future income taxes could be materially adversely affected by earnings that are lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates, earnings that are higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits, or changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles, or interpretations thereof.

In the United States, the Tax Act was enacted in December 2017, bringing about broad changes in the existing corporate tax system. Over time, the Tax Act may result in material impacts to our results of operations and may affect customer behavior and our ability to forecast our effective tax rate. Many aspects of the Tax Act are unclear at this time and remain subject to pending regulatory and accounting guidance. As a result, we have not yet been able to determine the full impact of the Tax Act on our business, operating results, and financial condition. As additional regulatory guidance is issued by the Internal Revenue Service, accounting treatment is clarified, and we perform additional analysis on the application of the Tax Act, our tax obligations and effective tax rate could be materially affected.

In the United Kingdom, legislation imposing a tax related to offshore receipts in respect of intangible property held in low tax jurisdictions became effective in April 2019. Certain aspects of this legislation and its implementation remain unclear at this time, and, as a result, we have not yet been able to determine the full impact of the legislation on our business, operating results, or financial condition. We expect that additional regulations or guidance may be issued and the accounting treatment of the new tax may be clarified. This legislation may materially increase our tax obligations with respect to the applicable receipts, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Further changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could arise, including as a result of the project undertaken by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) to combat base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”). The OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries, has issued recommendations that, in some cases, make substantial changes to numerous long-standing tax positions and principles. These changes, many of which have been adopted or are under active consideration by OECD members and/or other countries, could increase tax uncertainty and may adversely affect our provision for income taxes.

Our determination of our tax liability is subject to review by applicable domestic and foreign tax authorities. Any adverse outcome of such reviews could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment and, in the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Moreover, as a multinational business, we have subsidiaries that engage in many intercompany transactions in a variety of tax jurisdictions where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain.

We also have contingent tax liabilities that, in management’s judgment, are not probable of assertion. If such unasserted contingent liabilities were to be asserted, or become probable of assertion, we may be required to record significant expenses and liabilities in the period in which these liabilities are asserted or become probable of assertion.

As a result of these and other factors, the ultimate amount of tax obligations owed may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and any such difference may materially affect our financial results in future periods in which we change our estimates of our tax obligations or in which the ultimate tax outcome is determined.

If the market for analytics products fails to grow as we expect or if businesses fail to adopt our offerings, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected

Nearly all of our revenues to date have come from sales of analytics products and related technical support, consulting, and education services. We expect these sales to account for a large portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Although demand for analytics products has grown in recent years, the market for analytics offerings continues to evolve. Resistance from consumer and privacy groups to commercial collection, use, and sharing of data on spending patterns and other personal behavior (including individuals’ online or offline activities, mobile data, sensor data, social data, web log data, Internet of Things data, and other personal data) has grown in recent years and our customers, potential customers or the public in general may perceive that use of our analytics products could violate individual privacy rights. In addition, increasing government restrictions on the collection, use, and transfer of personal data could impair the further growth of the market for analytics products. We cannot be sure that this market will continue to grow or, even if it does grow, that businesses will adopt our solutions.

We have spent, and intend to keep spending, considerable resources to educate potential customers about analytics offerings in general and our offerings in particular. However, we cannot be sure that these expenditures will help any of our offerings achieve any additional market acceptance. If the market fails to grow or grows more slowly than we currently expect or businesses fail to adopt our offerings, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Our products face intense competition, which may lead to lower prices for our products and services, reduced gross margins, loss of market share, and reduced revenue

The analytics market is highly competitive and subject to rapidly changing technology paradigms. Within the analytics space, we compete with many different types of vendors, including large software vendors, such as IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and SAP, that provide one or more products that directly compete with our products. We also compete with other analytics software providers, such as Qlik, Tableau Software, and the SAS Institute. Our future success depends on the effectiveness with which we can differentiate our offerings and compete with these vendors and other potential competitors across analytics implementation projects of varying sizes. Our ability to compete successfully in our markets depends on a number of factors, both within and outside of our control. Some of these factors include product deployment options; analytical, mobility, data discovery, and visualization capabilities; performance and scalability; the quality and reliability of our customer service and support; licensing model; and brand recognition. Failure to compete successfully in any one of these or other areas may reduce the demand for our products, as well as materially adversely affect our revenue from both existing and prospective customers.

Some of our competitors have longer operating histories and significantly greater financial, technical, and marketing resources than we do. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements or devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale, and marketing of their offerings than we can, such as offering certain analytics products free of charge when bundled with other software offerings. In addition, many of our competitors have strong relationships with current and potential customers, extensive industry and specialized business knowledge, as well as corresponding proprietary technologies that they can leverage, such as multidimensional databases and enterprise resource planning repositories. As a result, they may be able to prevent us from penetrating new accounts or expanding within existing accounts.

Increased competition may lead to price cuts, reduced gross margins, and loss of market share. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors, and the failure to meet the competitive pressures we face may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Current and future competitors may also make strategic acquisitions or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with others. By doing so, these competitors may increase their ability to meet the needs of our potential customers by their expanded offerings. Our current or prospective channel partners may establish cooperative relationships with our current or future competitors. These relationships may limit our ability to sell our analytics offerings through specific distribution channels. Accordingly, new competitors or alliances among current and future competitors may emerge and rapidly gain significant market share. These developments could limit our ability to obtain revenues from new customers and to sustain software maintenance revenues from our installed customer base. In addition, basic office productivity software suites, such as Microsoft Office, could evolve to offer advanced analysis and reporting capabilities that may reduce the demand for our analytics offerings.

We depend on revenue from a single suite of products and related services as well as revenue from our installed customer base

Our platform and related services account for a substantial portion of our revenue. Because of this revenue concentration, our business could be harmed by a decline in demand for, or in the adoption or prices of, these products and related services as a result of, among other factors, any change in our pricing or packaging model, increased competition, maturation in the markets for these products, or other risks described in this Quarterly Report.

We also depend on our installed customer base for a substantial portion of our revenue. We have contracts with our license customers for ongoing support and maintenance, as well as contracts for cloud-based subscription services that provide recurring revenues to us. In addition, our installed customer base has historically generated additional new license and services revenues for us. If our existing customers cancel or fail to renew their service contracts or fail to purchase additional products or services, our revenue could decrease and our operating results could be materially adversely affected.

If we are unable to develop and release product enhancements and new offerings to respond to rapid technological change in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected

The market for our offerings is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, changing customer demands, and evolving industry standards. The introduction of offerings embodying new technologies can quickly make existing offerings obsolete and unmarketable. We believe that our future success depends largely on our ability to:

Analytics applications are inherently complex, and it can take a long time and require significant research and development expenditures to develop and test new offerings and product enhancements. In addition, customers may delay their purchasing decisions because they anticipate that new or enhanced versions of our offerings will soon become available. We cannot be sure that we will succeed in developing, marketing, and delivering, on a timely and cost-effective basis, new or enhanced offerings that respond to technological change or new customer requirements, nor can we be sure that any new or enhanced offerings will achieve market acceptance. Moreover, even if we introduce a new offering, we may experience a decline in revenues of our existing offerings that is not fully matched by the new offering’s revenue. For example, customers may delay making purchases of a new offering to permit them to make a more thorough evaluation of the offering or until industry and marketplace reviews become widely available. Some customers may hesitate migrating to a new offering due to concerns regarding the complexity of migration or performance issues that may occur in product infancy. In addition, we may lose existing customers who choose a competitor’s offering rather than migrate to our new offering. This could result in a temporary or permanent revenue shortfall and materially adversely affect our business.

A substantial customer shift in the deployment of MicroStrategy Analytics from a perpetual software license model to our cloud services model could affect the timing of revenue recognition and materially adversely affect our operating results

We offer our analytics platform in the form of a perpetual software license and a cloud-based subscription. The payment streams and revenue recognition timing for our perpetual software licenses are different from those for our cloud-based subscriptions. For perpetual software licenses, customers typically pay us a lump sum soon after entering into a software license agreement and revenue is typically recognized upon delivery of the software to the customer. For cloud-based subscriptions, customers typically make periodic payments over the subscription period and revenue is typically recognized ratably over the subscription period. As a result, if a substantial number of current customers shift to subscribing, or new customers subscribe, to our cloud services offerings instead of purchasing perpetual software licenses for MicroStrategy Analytics, the resulting change in payment terms and revenue recognition may materially adversely affect our operating results and cash flows for the periods during which such a shift occurs.

Our investment in new business strategies and initiatives could disrupt the operations of our ongoing business and present risks that we have not adequately anticipated

We have invested, and in the future may invest, in new business strategies and initiatives. For example, in recent years we have introduced a number of innovative technologies designed to enable companies to capitalize on Big Data, mobile applications, cloud-based services, security, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence trends in the marketplace. These endeavors may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including distraction of management from other business operations, the dedication of significant research and development, sales and marketing, and other resources to these new initiatives at the expense of our other business operations, generation of insufficient revenue to offset expenses associated with new initiatives, incompatibility of our new technologies with third-party platforms, inadequate return of capital, and other risks that we may not have adequately anticipated. Because new strategies and initiatives are inherently risky, these strategies and initiatives may not be successful and could materially adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

Business disruptions, including interruptions, delays, or failures of our systems, third-party data center hosting facility or other third-party services, could materially adversely affect our operating results or result in a material weakness in our internal controls that could adversely affect the market price of our stock

A significant portion of our research and development activities or certain other critical business operations are concentrated in facilities in Northern Virginia, China, and Poland. In addition, we serve our customers and manage certain critical internal processes using a third-party data center hosting facility located in the United States and other third-party services, including AWS, Microsoft Azure, and other cloud services. We could experience a disruption or failure of our systems or the third-party hosting facility or other services that we use. Such disruptions or failures could include a natural disaster, fire, cyber-attack, act of terrorism, geopolitical conflict, or other catastrophic event, as well as power outages or telecommunications infrastructure outages, or a decision by one of our third-party service providers to close facilities that we use without adequate notice or to materially change the pricing or terms of their services, or other unanticipated problems with the third-party services that we use, including a failure to meet service standards.

We are a highly automated business and any such disruptions or failures could (i) result in the destruction or disruption of any of our critical business operations, controls or procedures, or IT systems, (ii) severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations, including delaying completion of sales and provision of services, (iii) result in a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, (iv) cause our customers to terminate their subscriptions, (v) result in our issuing credits to customers or paying penalties or fines, (vi) harm our reputation, (vii) adversely affect our attrition rates or our ability to attract new customers, or (viii) cause our offerings to be perceived as not being secure, any of which could materially adversely affect our future operating results.

For example, as described in “Part I. Item 4. Controls and Procedures,” our internal control over financial reporting is not effective because of certain material weaknesses in our internal controls previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. We are implementing remedial measures and, while there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful, we expect to complete the remediation of these material weaknesses prior to the end of the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses with respect to future periods or are otherwise unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, management may need to devote significant resources to improving internal controls, our ability to meet reporting obligations could be adversely affected, and investors’ confidence in our financial statements may be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and the market price of our stock.

We use channel partners and if we are unable to maintain successful relationships with them, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected

In addition to our direct sales force, we use channel partners such as resellers, value-added resellers, system integrators, consulting firms, OEMs, and technology partners to license and support our products. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, transactions by channel partners for which we recognized revenues accounted for 34.0% of our total product licenses revenues. Our channel partners may offer customers the products and services of several different companies, including offerings that compete with ours. Because our channel partners generally do not have exclusive relationships with us, we cannot be certain that they will prioritize or devote adequate resources to selling our products. Moreover, divergence in strategy or contract defaults by any of these channel partners may materially adversely affect our ability to develop, market, sell, or support our offerings.

Although we believe that direct sales will continue to account for a majority of our product licenses revenues, we seek to maintain a significant level of sales activities through our channel partners. There can be no assurance that our channel partners will continue to cooperate with us. In addition, actions taken or not taken by such parties may materially adversely affect us. Our ability to achieve revenue growth in the future will depend in part on our ability to maintain successful relationships with our channel partners. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with these channel partners, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, we rely on our channel partners to operate in accordance with the terms of their contractual agreements with us. For example, some of our agreements with our channel partners prescribe the terms and conditions pursuant to which they are authorized to resell or distribute our software and offer technical support and related services. If our channel partners do not comply with their contractual obligations to us, our business, operating results, and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. We also rely on our channel partners to operate in accordance with applicable laws and regulatory requirements. If they fail to do so, we may need to incur significant costs in responding to investigations or enforcement actions or paying penalties assessed by the applicable authorities.

Our recognition of deferred revenue and advance payments is subject to future performance obligations and may not be representative of revenues for succeeding periods

Our current and non-current deferred revenue and advance payments totaled $194.6 million as of March 31, 2019. The timing and ultimate recognition of our deferred revenue and advance payments depend on various factors, including our performance of various service obligations.

Because of the possibility of customer changes or delays in customer development or implementation schedules or budgets, and the need for us to satisfactorily perform product support and other services, deferred revenue and advance payments at any particular date may not be representative of actual revenue for any succeeding period.

Our international operations are complex and expose us to risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition

We receive a significant portion of our total revenues from international sales and conduct our business activities in various foreign countries, including some emerging markets where we have limited experience, where the challenges of conducting our business can be significantly different from those we have faced in more developed markets, and where business practices may create internal control risks. International revenues accounted for 43.8% and 41.4% of our total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our international operations require significant management attention and financial resources.

There are certain risks inherent in our international business activities, including:

Disruptions to trade, weakening of economic conditions, economic and legal uncertainties, or changes in currency rates may adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. For example, we may face heightened risks in connection with our international operations as a result of the impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit.” The future effects of Brexit are uncertain and will depend on any agreements the United Kingdom makes to retain access to E.U. markets either during a transitional period or more permanently. Brexit could, among other outcomes, disrupt the free movement of goods, services, and people between the United Kingdom and the European Union and significantly disrupt trade between the United Kingdom and the European Union. Brexit could also lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations, including tax laws and regulations, as the United Kingdom determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate. In addition, the Trump administration has called for substantial changes to U.S. foreign trade policy, including the imposition of greater restrictions on international trade and significant increases in tariffs on goods imported into the United States, and has increased tariffs on certain goods imported into the United States from a number of foreign markets, following which retaliatory tariffs have been imposed on exports of certain U.S. goods to those markets. These tariffs and any further escalation of protectionist trade measures could adversely affect the markets in which we sell our products and services and, in turn, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Changes to the U.S. taxation of our international income, or changes in foreign tax laws, could have a material effect on our future operating results. For example, the Tax Act brought about, among other items, corporate income tax rate changes, the modification or elimination of certain tax incentives, changes to the existing regime for taxing overseas earnings, and measures to prevent BEPS, and the United Kingdom adopted legislation imposing a tax related to offshore receipts in respect of intangible property held in low tax jurisdictions.

In addition, from time to time, we may undertake various potential intercompany transactions and legal entity restructurings that involve our international subsidiaries. We consider various factors in evaluating these potential transactions and restructurings, including the alignment of our corporate structure with our organizational objectives, the operational and tax efficiency of our corporate structure, and the long-term cash flows and cash needs of our business. Such transactions and restructurings could negatively impact our overall tax rate and result in additional tax liabilities.

Moreover, compliance with foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that are applicable to our international operations is complex and may increase our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions, and our international operations could expose us to fines and penalties if we fail to comply with these regulations. These laws and regulations include anti-bribery laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials, and local laws relating to procurement, contracting, and antitrust. These laws and regulations also include import and export requirements and economic and trade sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control and the U.S. Department of Commerce based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign states, organizations, and individuals. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to help ensure compliance with these laws, there can be no assurance that our employees, channel partners, and other persons with whom we do business will not take actions in violation of our policies or these laws. Any violations of these laws could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, including substantial fines or prohibitions on our ability to offer our products and services to one or more countries, and could also materially damage our reputation and our brand.

These factors may have a material adverse effect on our future sales and, consequently, on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We may lose sales, or sales may be delayed, due to the long sales and implementation cycles of certain of our products and services, which could reduce our revenues

To date, our customers have typically invested substantial time, money, and other resources, and involved many people in the decision to license our software products and purchase our related services. As a result, we may wait nine months or more after the first contact with a customer for that customer to place an order while it seeks internal approval for the purchase of our products or services. During this long sales cycle, events may occur that affect the size and/or timing of the order or even cause it to be canceled. For example, our competitors may introduce new offerings, or the customer’s own budget and purchasing priorities may change.

Even after an order is placed, the time it takes to deploy our products and complete services engagements can vary widely. Implementing some of our offerings can take several months, depending on the customer’s needs, and may begin only with a pilot program. It may be difficult to deploy our products if the customer has complicated deployment requirements, such as deployments that involve integrating databases, hardware, and software from different vendors. If a customer hires a third party to deploy our products, we cannot be sure that our products will be deployed successfully.

Our results in any particular period may depend on the number and volume of large transactions in that period and these transactions may involve lengthier, more complex, and more unpredictable sales cycles than other transactions

As existing and potential customers seek to standardize on a single analytics vendor or require greater vendor capacity to meet their growing analytics needs, our business may experience larger transactions at the enterprise level and larger transactions may account for a greater proportion of our business. The presence or absence of one or more large transactions in a particular period may have a material positive or negative effect on our revenue and operating results for that period. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, our top three product licenses transactions with recognized revenue totaled $3.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, or 18.6% and 14.6% of total product licenses revenues, respectively. These transactions represent significant business and financial decisions for our customers, require considerable effort on the part of customers to assess alternative products, and often require additional levels of management approval. In addition, large transactions are often more complex than smaller transactions. These factors generally lengthen the typical sales cycle and increase the risk that customers may postpone or delay purchasing decisions from one period to a subsequent period or that customers will alter their purchasing requirements. We may also encounter greater competition and pricing pressure in larger transactions, and the sales effort and service delivery scope for larger transactions may require us to use additional resources to execute the transactions. These factors could result in lower than anticipated revenue and earnings for a particular period or lower estimated revenue and earnings in future periods.

We face a variety of risks in doing business with U.S. and foreign federal, state, and local governments and government agencies, including risks related to the procurement process, budget constraints and cycles, termination of contracts, and compliance with government contracting requirements

Our customers include the U.S. government and a number of state and local governments and government agencies. There are a variety of risks in doing business with government entities, including:

Procurement. Contracting with public sector customers is highly competitive and can be time-consuming and expensive, requiring us to incur significant up-front time and expense without any assurance that we will win a contract.

Budgetary Constraints and Cycles. Demand and payment for our products and services are impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding availability, with funding reductions or delays adversely impacting public sector demand for our products and services.

Termination of Contracts. Public sector customers often have contractual or other legal rights to terminate contracts for convenience or due to a default. If a contract is terminated for convenience, which can occur if the customer’s needs change, we may only be able to collect fees for products or services delivered prior to termination and settlement expenses. If a contract is terminated due to a default, we may not recover even those amounts, and we may be liable for excess costs incurred by the customer for procuring alternative products or services.

Compliance with Government Contracting Requirements. Government contractors are required to comply with a variety of complex laws, regulations, and contractual provisions relating to the formation, administration, or performance of government contracts that give public sector customers substantial rights and remedies, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts. These may include rights with respect to price protection, the accuracy of information provided to the government, contractor compliance with socio-economic policies, and other terms that are particular to government contracts. Federal, state, and local governments and government agencies routinely investigate and audit contractors for compliance with these requirements. If, as a result of an audit or review, it is determined that we have failed to comply with these requirements, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, costs associated with the triggering of price reduction clauses, fines, and suspensions or debarment from future government business and we may suffer harm to our reputation.

Our customers also include a number of foreign governments and government agencies. Similar procurement, budgetary, contract, and audit risks also apply to our doing business with these entities. In addition, compliance with complex regulations and contracting provisions in a variety of jurisdictions can be expensive and consume significant management resources. In certain jurisdictions, our ability to win business may be constrained by political and other factors unrelated to our competitive position in the market. Each of these difficulties could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We depend on technology licensed to us by third parties, and the loss of this technology could impair our software, delay implementation of our offerings, or force us to pay higher license fees

We license third-party technologies that are incorporated into or utilized by our existing offerings. There can be no assurance that the licenses for such third-party technologies will not be terminated or that we will be able to license third-party software for future offerings. In addition, we may be unable to renegotiate acceptable third-party license terms, or we may be subject to infringement liability if third-party software that we license is found to infringe intellectual property rights of others. Changes in or the loss of third-party licenses could lead to a material increase in our costs or to our software offerings becoming inoperable or their performance being materially reduced. As a result, we may need to incur additional development costs to help ensure continued performance of our offerings, and we may experience a decreased demand for our offerings.

If we are unable to recruit or retain skilled personnel, or if we lose the services of our Chairman of the Board of Directors, President & Chief Executive Officer, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected

Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, train, assimilate, and retain highly skilled personnel. Competition for these employees is intense, and competition may be amplified by evolving restrictions on immigration, travel, or availability of visas for skilled technology workers. We may not be able to retain our current key employees or attract, train, assimilate, and retain other highly skilled personnel in the future. Competition for qualified employees in the technology industry has historically been high, particularly for software engineers and other technical positions. Our future success also depends in large part on the continued service of Michael J. Saylor, our Chairman of the Board of Directors, President & Chief Executive Officer. If we lose the services of Mr. Saylor, or if we are unable to attract, train, assimilate, and retain the highly skilled personnel we need, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The emergence of new industry standards may materially adversely affect the demand for our existing offerings

The emergence of new industry standards in related fields may materially adversely affect the demand for our existing offerings. This could happen if new web standards and technologies or new standards in the field of operating system support emerge that are incompatible with customer deployments of our software offerings. For example, if we are unable to adapt our software offerings on a timely basis to new standards in database access technology, the ability of our software offerings to access customer databases could be impaired.

The nature of our software offerings makes them particularly susceptible to undetected errors, bugs, or security vulnerabilities, which could cause problems with how the offerings perform and, in turn, reduce demand for our offerings, reduce our revenue, and lead to litigation claims against us

Software as complex as ours may contain undetected errors, bugs, or security vulnerabilities. Although we test our software offerings extensively, we have in the past discovered software errors, bugs, or security vulnerabilities in our offerings after their introduction. Despite testing by us and our current and potential customers, errors, bugs, or security vulnerabilities may be found in new offerings or releases after commercial shipments begin. This could result in lost revenue, damage to our reputation, or delays in market acceptance, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. We may also need to expend resources and capital to correct these defects if they occur.

Our agreements with customers typically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to product liability, warranty, and other claims. It is possible, however, that these provisions may not be effective under the laws of certain domestic or international jurisdictions and we may be exposed to product liability, warranty, and other claims. A successful product liability claim against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy or the collection, processing, disclosure, storage, localization, or transmission of personal data, or any actual or perceived failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with such laws and regulations, contractual obligations, or applicable privacy policies, could materially adversely affect our business

Aspects of our business, including our cloud services and digital identity offerings, involve collecting, processing, disclosing, storing, and transmitting personal data, which are subject to certain privacy policies, contractual obligations, and U.S. federal, U.S. state, and foreign laws, regulations, and directives relating to privacy and data protection. The amount of customer and employee data that we store through our cloud services offerings, networks, and other systems, including personal data, is increasing. In addition, the types of data subject to protection as personal data in the European Union, the United States, and elsewhere, including Asia and Latin America, have been expanding. In recent years, the collection and use of personal data by companies have come under increased regulatory and public scrutiny, especially in relation to the collection and processing of sensitive data, such as healthcare, biometric, genetic, financial services, and government data, children’s data, precise location data, and data regarding a person’s race or ethnic origins, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade union membership, or sex life or sexual orientation. For example, in the United States, protected health information is subject to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”). HIPAA has been supplemented by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act with the result of increased civil and criminal penalties for noncompliance. Entities performing certain functions that engage in creating, receiving, maintaining, or transmitting protected health information provided by covered entities and other business associates are directly subject to enforcement under HIPAA. Our access to protected health information through our cloud services offerings triggers obligations to comply with certain privacy rules and data security requirements under HIPAA.

Any systems failure or security breach that results in the release of, or unauthorized access to, personal data, or any failure or perceived failure by us or our third-party service providers to comply with applicable privacy policies, contractual obligations, or any applicable laws or regulations relating to privacy or data protection, could result in proceedings against us by domestic or foreign government entities or others, including private plaintiffs in litigation. Such proceedings could result in the imposition of sanctions, fines, penalties, liabilities, and/or government orders requiring that we change our data practices, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, reputation, and financial condition.

Various U.S. federal, U.S. state, and foreign legislative, regulatory, or other government bodies may enact new or additional laws or regulations, or issue rulings that invalidate prior laws or regulations, concerning privacy, data storage, data protection, and cross-border transfer of data that could materially adversely impact our business. For example, in October 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued a ruling that declared the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework invalid. Following this ruling, U.S. and European authorities agreed to, and in July 2016 the European Commission formally adopted, a new mechanism for lawfully transferring personal data from the European Union to the United States, referred to as the “Privacy Shield.” In addition, in April 2016, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union formally adopted a comprehensive general data protection regulation (“GDPR”), which took effect in May 2018. GDPR governs data practices and privacy, establishes new requirements regarding the

handling and security of personal data, requires disclosure of data breaches to individuals, customers, and data protection authorities in certain circumstances, requires companies to honor data subjects’ requests relating to their personal data, permits regulators to impose fines of up to 4% of global annual revenue, and establishes a private right of action. Furthermore, a new ePrivacy Regulation, regulating electronic communications, was proposed in 2017 and is under consideration by the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the European Council.

In addition, we may be subject to a cybersecurity law that went into effect in China in June 2017 that has uncertain but broad application and imposes a number of new privacy and data security obligations, including a data localization requirement for certain types of data.

The state of California has also adopted a new comprehensive privacy law, the California Consumer Protection Act (“CCPA”), modeled largely on GDPR, that is scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2020 and become enforceable no later than July 1, 2020. The final scope of the CCPA remains unclear at this time since the California Attorney General is engaged in rulemaking proceedings pursuant to the CCPA and there are several bills pending in the California legislature to potentially amend the CCPA. While the final scope of the CCPA remains unclear, it is likely that we will be required to devote substantial resources to implement and maintain compliance with the CCPA, and noncompliance could carry the threat of regulatory investigations and fines or private litigation. In addition, several states are also now considering bills similar to the CCPA.

Furthermore, the U.S. Congress is considering comprehensive privacy legislation. At this time, it is unclear whether it will in fact pass such a law and if so, when and what it will require and prohibit. Moreover, it is not clear whether any such legislation would give the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) any new authority to impose civil penalties for violations of the Federal Trade Commission Act in the first instance, or whether the U.S. Congress will grant the FTC rulemaking authority over privacy and information security.

Complying with these and other changing requirements could cause us or our customers to incur substantial costs or pay substantial fines or penalties, require us to change our business practices, require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, or limit our ability to provide certain products and services in certain jurisdictions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, the Privacy Shield, as well as other mechanisms for lawfully transferring personal data from the European Union to the United States and certain other countries, are being challenged in European courts, which could lead to uncertainty about the legality of such transfers, or burdensome or inconsistent legal requirements. The Privacy Shield is also subject to annual review by the European Commission and the U.S. Department of Commerce, which could result in modifications to the Privacy Shield or its enforcement, or even its invalidation. New laws or regulations restricting or limiting the collection or use of mobile data could also reduce demand for certain of our services or require changes to our business practices, which could materially adversely affect our business and operating results.

If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach and unauthorized parties obtain access to our customers’, prospects’, vendors’, or channel partners’ data, our data, or our cloud services offerings, networks, or other systems, our offerings may be perceived as not being secure, our reputation may be harmed, demand for our offerings may be reduced, our operations may be disrupted, we may incur significant legal and financial liabilities, and our business could be materially adversely affected

As part of our business, we process, store, and transmit our customers’, prospects’, vendors’, and channel partners’ information and data as well as our own, including in our cloud services offerings, networks, and other systems. There can be no assurance that any security measures that we or our third-party service providers have implemented will be effective against all current or future security threats. For example, security measures may be breached as a result of technological error, computer viruses, or third-party action, including intentional misconduct by computer hackers, physical break-ins, the actions of state actors, industrial espionage, fraudulent inducement of employees, customers, or channel partners to disclose sensitive information such as user names or passwords, and employee, customer, or channel partner error or malfeasance. We have experienced attempts by third parties to identify and exploit product and service vulnerabilities, penetrate or bypass our security measures, and gain unauthorized access to our or our customers’ or service providers’ cloud offerings, networks, and other systems.

A security breach could result in unauthorized access to or disclosure, modification, misuse, loss, or destruction of our customers’, prospects’, vendors’, or channel partners’ data, our data (including our proprietary information, intellectual property, or trade secrets), or our cloud services offerings, networks, or other systems. Because there are many different security breach techniques and such techniques continue to evolve, we may be unable to anticipate, detect, or mitigate attempted security breaches and implement adequate preventative measures. Third parties may also conduct attacks designed to prevent access to critical data or systems through ransomware or temporarily deny customers access to our cloud services.

Any security breach or successful denial of service attack could result in a loss of customer confidence in the security of our offerings and damage to our brand, reduce the demand for our offerings, disrupt our normal business operations, require us to spend material resources to investigate or correct the breach, require us to notify affected customers or individuals and/or applicable regulators and others, and provide identity theft protection services to individuals under applicable laws, expose us to legal liabilities, including litigation, regulatory enforcement, and indemnity obligations, and materially adversely affect our revenue and operating results. These risks will increase as we continue to grow the number and scale of our cloud-based offerings, and process, store, and transmit increasingly large amounts of our customers’, prospects’, vendors’, channel partners’, and our own information and data, which may include proprietary or confidential data or personal or identifying information. Moreover, if a high-profile security breach occurs with respect to an industry peer, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of business intelligence or analytics platforms generally, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing customers or attract new ones.

Our intellectual property is valuable, and any inability to protect it could reduce the value of our products, services, and brand

We rely on a combination of copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures, and contractual commitments to protect our intellectual property worldwide. Despite our efforts, these measures can only provide limited protection. Unauthorized third parties may try to copy or reverse engineer portions of our products or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property. Any intellectual property owned by us may be invalidated, circumvented, or challenged. Any of our pending or future intellectual property applications, whether or not currently being challenged, may not be issued with the scope we seek, if at all. Moreover, amendments to and developing jurisprudence regarding U.S. and international law may affect our ability to protect our intellectual property and defend against claims of infringement. In addition, although we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and contractors, our former employees and contractors may seek employment with our business partners, customers, or competitors, and there can be no assurance that the confidential nature of our intellectual property will be maintained. Furthermore, the laws of some countries do not provide the same level of protection of our intellectual property as do the laws of the United States. If we cannot protect our intellectual property against unauthorized copying or use, we may not remain competitive.

We periodically receive notices from third parties claiming we are infringing their intellectual property rights, principally patent and trademark rights. We expect the number of such claims will increase as we continue to expand our offerings and branding, the number of offerings and level of competition in our industry segments grow, the functionality of offerings overlaps, and the volume of issued patents, patent applications, and trademark registrations continues to increase. Responding to any infringement claim, regardless of its validity, could:

Additionally, while we monitor our use of third-party software, including open source software, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling such use in our products will be effective. If we inadvertently embed certain types of open source software into one or more of our products, fail to comply with the terms and conditions associated with the use of various open source software, or if third-party software that we license is found to infringe intellectual property rights of others, we could subject ourselves to infringement liability and be required to re-engineer our products, discontinue the sale of our products if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely or cost-effective basis, or make available to certain third parties or generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

If a successful infringement claim is made against us and we fail to develop or license a substitute technology or brand name, as applicable, our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Because of the rights of our two classes of common stock and because we are controlled by Michael J. Saylor, who beneficially owns the majority of our class B common stock, Mr. Saylor could transfer control of MicroStrategy to a third party without the approval of our Board of Directors or our other stockholders, prevent a third party from acquiring us, or limit the ability of our other stockholders to influence corporate matters

We have two classes of common stock: class A common stock and class B common stock. Holders of our class A common stock generally have the same rights as holders of our class B common stock, except that holders of class A common stock have one vote per share while holders of class B common stock have ten votes per share. As of April 15, 2019, holders of our class B common stock owned 2,035,184 shares of class B common stock, or 71.3% of the total voting power. As of April 15, 2019, Mr. Saylor, our Chairman of the Board of Directors, President & Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owned 2,011,668 shares of class B common stock, or 70.4% of the total voting power. Accordingly, Mr. Saylor can control MicroStrategy through his ability to determine the outcome of elections of our directors, amend our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, and take other actions requiring the vote or consent of stockholders, including mergers, going-private transactions, and other extraordinary transactions and their terms.

Our certificate of incorporation allows holders of class B common stock to transfer shares of class B common stock, subject to the approval of stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding class B common stock. Mr. Saylor or a group of stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding class B common stock could, without the approval of our Board of Directors or our other stockholders, transfer voting control of MicroStrategy to a third party. Such a transfer of control could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Mr. Saylor or a group of stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding class B common stock could also prevent a change of control of MicroStrategy, regardless of whether holders of class A common stock might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then current market price. In addition, this concentrated control limits stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters and, as a result, we may take actions that our non-controlling stockholders do not view as beneficial or that conflict with their interests. As a result, the market price of our class A common stock could be materially adversely affected.

Our status as a “controlled company” could make our class A common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise materially adversely affect our stock price

Because we qualify as a “controlled company” under the corporate governance rules for Nasdaq-listed companies, we are not required to have independent directors comprise a majority of our Board of Directors. Additionally, our Board of Directors is not required to have an independent compensation or nominating committee, or to have the independent directors exercise the nominating function. We are also not required to have the compensation of our executive officers be determined by a compensation committee of independent directors. In addition, we are not required to empower our Compensation Committee with the authority to engage the services of any compensation consultants, legal counsel, or other advisors, or to have the Compensation Committee assess the independence of compensation consultants, legal counsel, and other advisors that it engages.

In light of our status as a controlled company, our Board of Directors has determined not to establish an independent nominating committee or have its independent directors exercise the nominating function and has elected instead to have the Board of Directors be directly responsible for nominating members of the Board. A majority of our Board of Directors is currently comprised of independent directors, and our Board of Directors has established a Compensation Committee comprised entirely of independent directors. The Compensation Committee determines the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer. However, our Board of Directors has authorized our Chief Executive Officer to determine the compensation of executive officers other than himself, rather than having such compensation determined by the Compensation Committee, except that certain performance-based executive officer compensation is determined by the Compensation Committee. Awards under our 2013 Equity Plan are also approved by the Compensation Committee. Additionally, while our Compensation Committee is empowered with the authority to retain and terminate outside counsel, compensation consultants, and other experts or consultants, it is not required to assess their independence.

Although currently a majority of our Board of Directors is comprised of independent directors and the Compensation Committee is comprised entirely of independent directors, we may elect in the future not to have independent directors constitute a majority of the Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee, our Chief Executive Officer’s compensation determined by a compensation committee of independent directors, or a compensation committee of the Board of Directors at all.

Accordingly, should the interests of our controlling stockholder differ from those of other stockholders, the other stockholders may not have the same protections that are afforded to stockholders of companies that are required to follow all of the corporate governance rules for Nasdaq-listed companies. Our status as a controlled company could make our class A common stock less attractive to some investors or otherwise materially adversely affect our stock price.

The following table provides information about our repurchases of equity securities that are registered by us pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act during the periods indicated:

On April 30, 2019, we issued a press release announcing the Company’s financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2019. A copy of this press release is attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this Quarterly Report. The information in this Item 5 (including Exhibit 99.1) shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	1

	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018	1

	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	2

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	3

	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity as of March 31, 2019	4

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	5

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	6

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	17

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	30

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	31

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	31

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	44

Item 5.	Other Information	44

Item 6.	Exhibits	44

Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$	3,769
Short-term lease cost		814
Variable lease cost		311
Total lease cost	$	4,894
Other information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	3,861
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	1,017
Weighted-average remaining lease term in years – operating leases		10.6
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases		6.0	%

For the period ended March 31,
2020	$	15,684
2021		15,439
2022		14,909
2023		14,717
2024		14,089
Thereafter		83,327
Total lease payments		158,165
Less: imputed interest		(42,402	)
Total	$	115,763

Reported as:
Current operating lease liabilities	$	9,102
Non-current operating lease liabilities		106,661
Total	$	115,763

	Operating Leases
Year	Amount
2019	$	27,768
2020		25,583
2021		18,573
2022		15,694
2023		15,607
Thereafter		92,347
	$	195,572

	March 31,			December 31,
	2019			2018
Deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities	$	20,455		$	18,786
Valuation allowance		(1,507	)		(1,507	)
Deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities and valuation allowance	$	18,948		$	17,279

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

	Stock Options Outstanding
				Weighted Average		Aggregate		Weighted Average
				Exercise Price		Intrinsic		Remaining Contractual
	Shares			Per Share		Value		Term (Years)
Balance as of January 1, 2019		1,480		$	137.16
Granted		30		$	145.41
Exercised		(13	)	$	120.59	$	245
Forfeited/Expired		(37	)	$	140.98
Balance as of March 31, 2019		1,460		$	137.38
Exercisable as of March 31, 2019		814		$	137.00	$	12,929		5.9
Expected to vest as of March 31, 2019		646		$	137.85	$	7,628		8.9
Total		1,460		$	137.38	$	20,557		7.2

	Stock Options Outstanding at March 31, 2019
			Weighted Average		Weighted Average
			Exercise Price		Remaining Contractual
Range of Exercise Prices per Share	Shares		Per Share		Term (Years)
$119.02 - $140.00		1,154	$	126.44		7.3
$140.01 - $160.00		30	$	145.41		9.9
$160.01 - $180.00		113	$	167.75		5.9
$180.01 - $201.25		163	$	192.40		7.1
Total		1,460	$	137.38		7.2

Geographic regions:	Domestic		EMEA		Other Regions		Consolidated
Three months ended March 31, 2019
Total revenues	$	64,881	$	37,675	$	12,810	$	115,366
Gross profit	$	49,534	$	29,528	$	10,131	$	89,193
Three months ended March 31, 2018
Total revenues	$	72,079	$	38,198	$	12,690	$	122,967
Gross profit	$	57,051	$	30,515	$	10,216	$	97,782
As of March 31, 2019
Long-lived assets	$	126,956	$	10,476	$	13,517	$	150,949
As of December 31, 2018
Long-lived assets	$	49,611	$	5,931	$	4,511	$	60,053

	Payments due by period ended March 31,
	Total		2020		2021-2022		2023-2024		Thereafter
Contractual Obligations:
Operating leases	$	166,264	$	16,392	$	31,884	$	30,149	$	87,839
Purchase obligations		22,113	$	8,769	$	10,254	$	1,360	$	1,730
Transition Tax		28,935		0		3,848		8,485		16,602
Total	$	217,312	$	25,161	$	45,986	$	39,994	$	106,171

	(a)		(b)		(c)		(d)
Period	Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) (1)		Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)		Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
January 1, 2019 – January 31, 2019		238,292	$	133.09		238,292	$	312,016,671
February 1, 2019 – February 28, 2019		123,856	$	133.45		123,856	$	295,487,864
March 1, 2019 – March 31, 2019		0	N/A			0	$	295,487,864
Total:		362,148	$	133.21		362,148	$	295,487,864

Exhibit Number		Description

3.1		Second Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2003 (File No. 000-24435)).

3.2		Amended and Restated By-Laws of the registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 30, 2015 (File No. 000-24435)).

4.1		Form of Certificate of Class A Common Stock of the registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2003 (File No. 000-24435)).

10.1†		2019 Senior Executive Vice President, Worldwide Sales Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 22, 2019 (File No. 000-24435)).

10.2†		2019 Senior Executive Vice President, Worldwide Services Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 22, 2019 (File No. 000-24435)).

10.3†		Summary of Salary Determinations for Certain Executive Officers (incorporated herein by reference to Item 5.02 of the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 22, 2019 (File No. 000-24435)).

31.1		Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Chairman of the Board of Directors, President & Chief Executive Officer.

31.2		Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer & Chief Financial Officer.

32.1		Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

99.1		Press release, dated April 30, 2019, regarding the Company’s financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.

MICROSTRATEGY INCORPORATED

By:	/s/ Michael J. Saylor
	Michael J. Saylor
	Chairman of the Board of Directors,
	President & Chief Executive Officer

By:	/s/ Phong Le
	Phong Le
	Senior Executive Vice President,
	Chief Operating Officer & Chief Financial Officer