The following table presents the Company’s regulatory assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):


				Receiving Regulatory Treatment						2023				2022
	Remaining Amortization Period			(1) Earning A Return		Not Earning A Return		(2) Expected Recovery or Refund		Current		Non- current		Current		Non- current
Regulatory Assets:
Deferred income tax	(3) (16)			$	—	$	244,303	$	—	$	—	$	244,303	$	—	$	240,325
Pensions and other postretirement benefit plans		(4	)		—		117,658		—		—		117,658		—		135,337
Climate Commitment Act		(14	)		46,022		—		—		—		46,022		—		—
Energy commodity derivatives		(5	)		—		69,139		—		51,419		17,720		112,090		18,185
Unamortized debt repurchase costs		(6	)		5,701		—		—		—		5,701		—		6,177
Settlement with Coeur d’Alene Tribe	2059				36,692		—		—		—		36,692		—		37,809
Demand side management programs		(3	)		—		10,033		—		—		10,033		—		3,683
Decoupling surcharge	2025				10,107		—		—		4,638		5,469		6,250		5,449
Utility plant abandoned		(7	)		34,852		3,422		—		—		38,274		—		24,389
Interest rate swaps		(8	)		178,898		—		591		—		179,489		—		185,919
Deferred power costs		(3	)		49,844		—		—		29,190		20,654		23,356		24,043
Deferred natural gas costs		(3	)		60,667		—		—		60,667		—		52,091		—
AFUDC above FERC allowed rate		(11	)		49,985		—		—		—		49,985		—		51,649
COVID-19 deferrals		(12	)		—		—		12,142		—		12,142		—		9,793
Advanced meter infrastructure		(13	)		29,345		—		—		—		29,345		—		32,381
Other regulatory assets		(3	)		41,072		35,793		4,229		413		80,681		—		58,189
Total regulatory assets				$	543,185	$	480,348	$	16,962	$	146,327	$	894,168	$	193,787	$	833,328
Regulatory Liabilities:
Deferred natural gas costs		(3	)	$	9,296	$	—	$	—	$	9,296	$	—	$	—	$	—
Deferred power costs		(3	)	$	4,000	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,000	$	—	$	—
Utility plant retirement costs		(9	)		417,027		—		—		—		417,027		—		376,817
Excess deferred income taxes		(10	)		307,539		—		—		14,510		293,029		15,310		314,096
Other income tax related liabilities	(3) (15)				—		81,711		—		25,129		56,582		57,957		76,638
Climate Commitment Act		(14	)		37,231		—		—		—		37,231		—		—
Interest rate swaps		(8	)		12,216		—		11,536		—		23,752		—		24,204
Decoupling rebate	2025				25,024		—		—		18,680		6,344		9,469		20,476
COVID-19 deferrals		(12	)		—		8		10,164		—		10,172		—		11,874
Other regulatory liabilities		(3	)		4,298		12,623		—		8,392		8,529		12,929		16,732
Total regulatory liabilities				$	816,631	$	94,342	$	21,700	$	76,007	$	856,666	$	95,665	$	840,837

(1)

Earning a return includes either interest on the regulatory asset/liability or a return on the investment as a component of rate base at the allowed rate of return.

(2)

Expected recovery is pending regulatory treatment including regulatory assets and liabilities with prior regulatory precedence.

(3)

Remaining amortization period varies depending on timing of underlying transactions.

(4)

As the Company has historically recovered and currently recovers its pension and other postretirement benefit costs related to its regulated operations in retail rates, the Company records a regulatory asset for that portion of its pension and other postretirement benefit funding deficiency.

(5)

The WUTC and the IPUC issued accounting orders authorizing Avista Corp. to offset energy commodity derivative assets or liabilities with a regulatory asset or liability. This accounting treatment is intended to defer the recognition of mark-to-market gains and losses on energy commodity transactions until the period of delivery. Realized benefits and losses result in adjustments to retail rates through PGAs, the ERM in Washington, the PCA mechanism in Idaho and periodic general rates cases. The resulting regulatory assets associated with energy commodity derivative instruments have been concluded to be probable of recovery through future rates.

(6)

Premiums paid or discounts received to repurchase debt are amortized over the remaining life of the original debt repurchased or, if new debt is issued in connection with the repurchase, these costs are amortized over the life of the new debt. These costs are recovered through retail rates as a component of interest expense.

(7)

The WUTC approved recovery of AMI project costs through the 2020 general rate case settlements, including amortization of retired meters replaced through the project through 2033. The IPUC approved deferral accounting treatment for the Idaho AMI project, which will be included in a future rate case. In addition, the IPUC approved the depreciation of Colstrip through 2027, and as such the remaining depreciation after our exit of Colstrip in 2025 is included in this balance. There are additional smaller projects included in the balance the Company expects to fully recover, which have not yet been through the regulatory process.

(8)

For interest rate swap derivatives, Avista Corp. records all mark-to-market gains and losses in each accounting period as assets and liabilities, as well as offsetting regulatory assets and liabilities, such that there is no income statement impact. The interest rate swap derivatives are risk management tools similar to energy commodity derivatives. Upon settlement of interest rate swap derivatives, the regulatory asset or liability is amortized as a component of interest expense over the term of the associated debt. The Company records an offset of interest rate swap derivative assets and liabilities with regulatory assets and liabilities, based on the prior practice of the commissions to provide recovery through the ratemaking process. Settled interest rate swap derivatives which have been through a general rate case proceeding are classified as earning a return in the table above, whereas all unsettled interest rate swap derivatives and settled interest rate swap derivatives which have not been included in a general rate case are classified as expected recovery.

(9)

This amount is dependent upon the cost of removal of underlying utility plant assets and the life of utility plant.

(10)

This balance represents amounts due back to customers and resulted from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act signed into law in December 2017, which changed the federal income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent. The Company revalued all deferred income taxes as of December 31, 2017. The Company expects the amounts for utility plant items for Avista Utilities to be returned to customers over a period of approximately 33 years. The Company expects the AEL&P amounts to be returned to customers over a period of approximately 22 years. Prior to 2022, for depreciation-related temporary differences under the normalized tax accounting method, the Company utilized the average rate assumption method to compute the amounts returned to customers. Beginning in 2022, the Company changed to the alternative method, to comply with revenue procedures and private letter rulings.

(11)

This amount is being amortized based on the underlying utility plant assets and the life of utility plant.

(12)

The WUTC, IPUC and OPUC issued accounting orders allowing the Company to defer certain costs, net of benefits, related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company has recorded all benefits on a gross basis as a regulatory liability to customers and all additional allowed costs are a regulatory asset. The ratemaking treatment will be determined in future general rate cases in each jurisdiction.

(13)

This amount represents the deferral of the depreciation expense of the Company’s AMI project in Washington state. Recovery of these amounts was approved by WUTC in the 2021 general rate case order, and the asset will be amortized through 2033.

(14)

Regulatory assets related to the Climate Commitment Act represent costs incurred to comply with the program. Regulatory liabilities related to the Climate Commitment Act represent proceeds from the required sale of allowances, which will be returned to customers. The Company will submit filings periodically to receive approval to include these items in customer rates.

(15)

The majority of this amount represents the remaining tax customer credits being returned to customers and the tax gross-up on tax customer credits and investment tax credits, which have a corresponding deferred tax asset within Note 13.

(16)

The majority of this balance represents flow-through income tax accounting differences and the related tax gross-up which have a corresponding deferred tax liability within Note 13.

Deferred power supply costs are recorded as a deferred charge or liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for future prudence review and recovery or rebate through retail rates. The power supply costs deferred include certain differences between actual net power supply costs incurred by Avista Utilities and the costs included in base retail rates. This difference in net power supply costs primarily results from changes in:

In Washington, the ERM allows Avista Utilities to periodically increase or decrease electric rates with WUTC approval to reflect changes in power supply costs. The ERM is an accounting method used to track certain differences between actual power supply costs, net of wholesale sales and sales of fuel, and the amount included in base retail rates for Washington customers. Under the ERM, the Company defers these differences (over the $4.0 million deadband and sharing bands) for future surcharge or rebate to customers.

Total net deferred power costs under the ERM were assets of $37.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and $30.5 million as of December 31, 2022. The deferred power cost assets represent amounts due from customers, and deferred power cost liabilities represent amounts due to customers.

Pursuant to WUTC requirements, should the cumulative deferral balance exceed $30 million in the rebate or surcharge direction, the Company must make a filing with the WUTC to adjust customer rates to either return the balance to customers or recover the balance from customers. Avista Utilities makes an annual filing on, or before, April 1 of each year to provide the opportunity for the WUTC staff and other interested parties to review the prudence of, and audit, the ERM deferred power cost transactions for the prior calendar year. In June 2023, the Company received approval from the WUTC for a rate surcharge to customers over a two-year period, effective July 1, 2023.

In the 2024 Washington general rate case, the Company proposed changing the ERM so the entire mechanism would result in a 95 percent customer, 5 percent company sharing basis. This request is pending WUTC approval.

Avista Utilities has a PCA mechanism in Idaho allowing for the modification of electric rates on October 1 of each year with IPUC approval. Under the PCA mechanism, Avista Utilities defers 90 percent of the difference between certain actual net power supply expenses and the amount included in base retail rates for its Idaho customers. The October 1 rate adjustments recover or rebate power costs deferred during the preceding July-June twelve-month period. Total net power supply costs deferred under the PCA mechanism were assets of $7.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and $16.3 million as of December 31, 2022. Deferred power cost assets represent amounts due from customers and liabilities represent amounts due to customers.

Avista Utilities files a PGA in all three states it serves to adjust natural gas rates for: 1) estimated commodity and pipeline transportation costs to serve natural gas customers for the coming year, and 2) the difference between actual and estimated commodity and transportation costs for the prior year. In Oregon, the Company absorbs (cost or benefit) 10 percent of the difference between actual and projected natural gas costs included in base retail rates for supply that is not hedged. Total net deferred natural gas costs were an asset of $51.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and $52.1 million as of December 31, 2022. Asset balances represent amounts due from customers and liabilities represent amounts due to customers.

Decoupling (also known as an FCA in Idaho) is a mechanism designed to sever the link between a utility's revenues and consumers' energy usage. In each of Avista Utilities' jurisdictions, Avista Utilities' electric and natural gas revenues are adjusted so as to be based on the number of customers in certain customer rate classes and assumed “normal” kilowatt hour and therm sales, rather than being based on actual kilowatt hour and therm sales. The difference between revenues based on the number of customers and “normal” sales and revenues based on actual usage is deferred and either surcharged or rebated to customers beginning in the following year. Only residential and certain commercial customer classes are included in decoupling mechanisms.

In Washington, the WUTC approved the Company's decoupling mechanisms for electric and natural gas through March 31, 2025. In the Company's 2024 Washington general rate cases, it requested the mechanisms be extended through December 2026. That request is pending before the WUTC.

Electric and natural gas decoupling surcharge rate adjustments to customers are limited to a 3 percent increase on an annual basis, with remaining surcharge balance carried forward for recovery in a future period. There is no limit on the level of rebate rate adjustments. New customers added after a test period are not decoupled until included in a future test period.

The decoupling mechanisms each include an after-the-fact earnings test. At the end of each calendar year, separate electric and natural gas earnings calculations are made for the calendar year just ended. These earnings tests reflect actual decoupled revenues, normalized power supply costs and other normalizing adjustments. Through the 2022 general rate cases, the Company modified its earnings test so that if the Company earns more than 0.5 percent higher than the ROR authorized by the WUTC in the multi-year rate plan, the Company would defer these excess revenues and later return them to customers.

In Idaho, the IPUC approved the implementation of FCAs for electric and natural gas through March 31, 2025.

In Oregon, the Company has a decoupling mechanism for natural gas. An earnings review is conducted on an annual basis. In the annual earnings review, if the Company earns more than 100 basis points above its allowed ROE, one-third of the earnings above the 100 basis points would be deferred and later returned to customers. The earnings review is separate from the decoupling mechanism and was in place prior to decoupling.