bmrn-10q_20180930.htm

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 178,062,106 shares of common stock, par value $0.001, outstanding as of October 19, 2018.

Unless the context suggests otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “BioMarin,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. and, where appropriate, its wholly owned subsidiaries.

BioMarin^®, Brineura^®, Firdapse^®,Kuvan^®,Naglazyme^®, Palynziq^® and Vimizim^® are our registered trademarks. Aldurazyme^® is a registered trademark of BioMarin/Genzyme LLC. All other brand names and service marks, trademarks and other trade names appearing in this report are the property of their respective owners.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” as defined under securities laws. Many of these statements can be identified by the use of terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “could,” would,” “projects,” “continues,” “estimates,” “potential,” “opportunity” or the negative versions of these terms and other similar expressions. Our actual results or experience could differ significantly from the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed in “Risk Factors,” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as information provided elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) on February 26, 2018. You should carefully consider that information before you make an investment decision.

You should not place undue reliance on these types of forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date that they were made. These forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of the Company’s management based on information currently available to management and should be considered in connection with any written or oral forward-looking statements that the Company may issue in the future as well as other cautionary statements the Company has made and may make. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements after completion of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect later events or circumstances or the occurrence of unanticipated events.

The discussion of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017(1)
ASSETS	(unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	882,184		$	598,028
Short-term investments		561,192			797,940
Accounts receivable, net		384,343			261,365
Inventory		508,482			475,775
Other current assets		71,652			74,036
Total current assets		2,407,853			2,207,144
Noncurrent assets:
Long-term investments		204,883			385,785
Property, plant and equipment, net		924,033			896,700
Intangible assets, net		494,687			517,510
Goodwill		197,039			197,039
Deferred tax assets		429,194			399,095
Other assets		37,565			29,852
Total assets	$	4,695,254		$	4,633,125
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	378,226		$	401,921
Short-term convertible debt, net		374,230			360,949
Short-term contingent acquisition consideration		86,204			53,648
Total current liabilities		838,660			816,518
Noncurrent liabilities:
Long-term convertible debt, net		826,119			813,521
Long-term contingent acquisition consideration		58,160			135,318
Other long-term liabilities		57,370			59,105
Total liabilities		1,780,309			1,824,462
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value: 500,000,000 shares authorized; 177,902,788 and 175,843,749 shares issued and outstanding, respectively.		178			176
Additional paid-in capital		4,620,817			4,483,220
Company common stock held by Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the NQDC)		(13,415	)		(14,224	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(2,160	)		(22,961	)
Accumulated deficit		(1,690,475	)		(1,637,548	)
Total stockholders’ equity		2,914,945			2,808,663
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	4,695,254		$	4,633,125

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
REVENUES:
Net product revenues	$	386,320		$	298,752		$	1,123,205		$	916,868
Royalty and other revenues		5,386			35,396			14,793			38,473
Total revenues		391,706			334,148			1,137,998			955,341
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Cost of sales		78,893			59,480			240,245			165,791
Research and development		161,408			154,103			520,938			442,145
Selling, general and administrative		148,566			130,532			440,182			394,056
Intangible asset amortization and contingent consideration		18,580			3,760			42,009			26,096
Gain on sale of intangible assets		—			—			(20,000	)		—
Total operating expenses		407,447			347,875			1,223,374			1,028,088
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS		(15,741	)		(13,727	)		(85,376	)		(72,747	)

Equity in the loss of BioMarin/Genzyme LLC		(468	)		(253	)		(507	)		(996	)
Interest income		6,338			3,976			17,141			10,031
Interest expense		(12,131	)		(10,884	)		(35,918	)		(31,043	)
Other income, net		2,589			267			5,266			4,282
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES		(19,413	)		(20,621	)		(99,394	)		(90,473	)
Benefit from income taxes		(6,793	)		(8,094	)		(25,833	)		(24,823	)
NET LOSS	$	(12,620	)	$	(12,527	)	$	(73,561	)	$	(65,650	)
NET LOSS PER SHARE, BASIC AND DILUTED	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.42	)	$	(0.38	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		177,481			175,103			176,767			174,071

COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	$	(13,651	)	$	(19,303	)	$	(52,174	)	$	(99,900	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

							Company				Accumulated
					Additional			Common				Other							Total
	Common Stock				Paid-in		Stock Held				Comprehensive				Accumulated			Stockholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital		by the NQDC				Income (Loss)				Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017		175,844	$	176	$	4,483,220	$		(14,224	)	$		(22,961	)	$	(1,637,548	)	$		2,808,663
Impact of change in accounting principle - ASC 606		—		—		—			—				—			20,048				20,048
Impact of change in accounting principle - ASU 2018-02		—		—		—			—				(586	)		586				—
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2018		175,844	$	176	$	4,483,220	$		(14,224	)	$		(23,547	)	$	(1,616,914	)	$		2,828,711
Net loss		—		—		—			—				—			(73,561	)			(73,561	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—				21,387			—				21,387
Issuances under equity incentive plans, net of tax		2,059		2		21,461			—				—			—				21,463
Common stock held by the NQDC		—		—		—			809				—			—				809
Stock-based compensation		—		—		116,136			—				—			—				116,136
Balance at September 30, 2018		177,903	$	178	$	4,620,817	$		(13,415	)	$		(2,160	)	$	(1,690,475	)	$		2,914,945

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

	2018			2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(73,561	)	$	(65,650	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		70,955			59,197
Non-cash interest expense		26,099			23,792
Accretion of discount on investments		769			2,162
Stock-based compensation		112,261			106,678
Gain on sale of intangible assets		(20,000	)		—
Gain on the sale of equity investments		—			(3,252	)
Deferred income taxes		(32,735	)		(36,150	)
Unrealized foreign exchange gain		(11,997	)		4,348
Non-cash changes in the fair value of contingent acquisition consideration		12,836			3,382
Other		(459	)		4,657
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		(95,884	)		(21,598	)
Inventory		(10,232	)		(80,885	)
Other current assets		4,276			(20,787	)
Other assets		(3,148	)		(1,030	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(12,090	)		(1,732	)
Other long-term liabilities		3,744			3,497
Net cash used in operating activities		(29,166	)		(23,371	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(102,541	)		(159,329	)
Maturities and sales of investments		857,063			325,678
Purchases of available-for-sale securities		(439,198	)		(609,794	)
Proceeds from sale of intangible asset		20,000			—
Other		(10	)		(1,560	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		335,314			(445,005	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from exercises of awards under equity incentive plans		55,643			46,119
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards		(34,180	)		(31,863	)
Proceeds from convertible senior subordinated note offering, net		—			481,713
Payment of contingent acquisition consideration		(43,108	)		(1,894	)
Other		—			(26	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(21,645	)		494,049
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(347	)		(2,604	)
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		284,156			23,069
Cash and cash equivalents:
Beginning of period	$	598,028		$	408,330
End of period	$	882,184		$	431,399
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURES:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	15,791		$	21,744
Cash paid for interest, net of interest capitalized into fixed assets		7,521			4,287
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURES FOR NON CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities related to fixed assets	$	(7,678	)	$	(25,047	)
Conversion of convertible debt		—			22,477

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (the Company) is a global biotechnology company that develops and commercializes innovative therapies for people with serious and life-threatening rare diseases and medical conditions. The Company selects product candidates for diseases and conditions that represent a significant unmet medical need, have well-understood biology and provide an opportunity to be first-to-market or offer a significant benefit over existing products. The Company’s therapy portfolio consists of several commercial therapies and multiple clinical and pre-clinical product candidates. Palynziq (formerly known as pegvaliase) was granted marketing approval in the United States (U.S.) on May 24, 2018.

The Company expects to continue to finance future cash needs that exceed its operating activities primarily through its current cash, cash equivalents and investments and through proceeds from debt or equity offerings, commercial borrowing, or through collaborative agreements with corporate partners. If the Company elects to increase its spending on development programs significantly above current long-term plans or enters into potential licenses and other acquisitions of complementary technologies, products or companies, the Company may need additional capital.

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared pursuant to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and the rules and regulations of the SEC for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and do not include all of the information and note disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements, although the Company believes that the disclosures herein are adequate to ensure that the information presented is not misleading. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should therefore be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the requirements of Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), using the modified retrospective method as discussed in Note 3 - Significant Accounting Policies. The Company recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of Accumulated Deficit. The comparative information for the periods prior to 2018 has not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying disclosures. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may be different from those estimates. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of results for these interim periods. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018 or any other period.

Management performed an evaluation of the Company’s activities through the date of filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and has concluded that, except for the maturity and settlement of our convertible debt and execution of a new credit facility, as discussed in Note 10 – Debt, there were no subsequent events or transactions that occurred subsequent to the balance sheet date prior to filing this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that would require recognition or disclosure in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Except as detailed below, there have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the significant accounting policies disclosed in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the provisions of ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. For contracts that were modified before the effective date, the Company reflected the aggregate effect of all modifications when identifying performance obligations and allocating transaction price in accordance with available practical expedients. The reported results for 2018 reflect the application of ASC 606 guidance, while the reported results for 2017 were prepared under the guidance of ASC 605, Revenue Recognition (ASC 605), which is also referred to herein as "previous guidance."

Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps:

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

In the U.S., the Company’s commercial products are generally sold to specialty pharmacies or end-users, such as hospitals, which act as retailers. Palynziq is distributed in the U.S. through certain qualified pharmacies under the Palynziq Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS). Outside the U.S., the Company’s commercial products are sold to its authorized distributors or directly to government purchasers or hospitals, which act as the end-users. Revenues from product sales are recognized when the customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time, typically upon shipment to the customer. Amounts collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities, which primarily consist of value-added taxes related to product sales in foreign jurisdictions, are presented on a net basis in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, in that taxes billed to customers are not included as a component of Net Product Revenues.

For Aldurazyme revenues, the Company receives a payment ranging from 39.5% to 50% on worldwide net Aldurazyme sales by Genzyme Corporation (Genzyme) depending on sales volume, which is included in Net Product Revenues in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Under the previous guidance the Company only recognized a portion of this amount as product transfer revenue when the product was released to Genzyme because all of the Company’s performance obligations were fulfilled at that point, the prices were substantially fixed or determinable and title to, and risk of loss for, the product had transferred to Genzyme. The product transfer revenue only represented the fixed amount per unit of Aldurazyme that Genzyme was required to pay the Company if the product was unsold by Genzyme. The amount of product transfer revenue was eventually deducted from the calculated royalty recognized when the product was subsequently sold by Genzyme. The Company recorded the Aldurazyme revenues based on net sales information provided by Genzyme and recorded product transfer revenues based on the fulfillment of Genzyme purchase orders in accordance with the terms of the related agreements with Genzyme.

Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes its best estimate of the entire revenue that it expects to receive when the product is released and control is transferred to Genzyme. The Company records Aldurazyme net product revenues based on the estimated variable consideration payable when the product is sold through by Genzyme. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the Company’s estimates, however the Company does not expect any such difference to be material. If actual results in the future vary from the Company’s estimates, the Company will make adjustments, which would affect Net Product Revenues and earnings in the period such variances become known. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have an impact on the timing or amount of revenues from other sources.

Revenues from product sales are recorded at the net sales price (transaction price), which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established and which result from government rebates, sales returns, and other incentives that are offered within contracts between the Company and its customers, such as specialty pharmacies, hospitals, authorized distributors and government purchasers. These reserves are based on the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales and are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to the customer) or a current liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than a customer). Where appropriate, these estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes which are probability-weighted for relevant factors such as the Company’s historical experience, current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company’s best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the contract. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the Company’s estimates, however the Company does not expect any such difference to be material. If actual results in the future vary from the Company’s estimates, the Company will adjust its estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known.

Government Rebates: The Company records reserves for rebates payable under Medicaid and other government programs as a reduction of revenue at the time product revenues are recorded. The Company’s reserve calculations require estimates, including estimates of customer mix, to determine which sales will be subject to rebates and the amount of such rebates. The Company updates its estimates and assumptions on a quarterly basis and records any necessary adjustments to its reserves.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

Sales Returns: The Company records allowances for product returns, if appropriate, as a reduction of revenue at the time product sales are recorded. Several factors are considered in determining whether an allowance for product returns is required, including market exclusivity of the products based on their orphan drug status, the patient population, the customers’ limited return rights and the Company’s historical experience with returns. Because of the pricing of the Company’s commercial products, the limited number of patients and the customers’ limited return rights, most customers and retailers carry a limited inventory. The Company relies on historical return rates to estimate returns. Based on these factors and the fact that the Company has not experienced significant product returns to date, management has concluded that product returns will be minimal. In the future, if any of these factors and/or the history of product returns change, an allowance for product returns may be required.

Other Incentives: Other incentives include fees paid to the Company’s distributors, discounts for prompt payment and the estimated costs of the Company’s patient co-payment assistance programs. Beginning in 2018, the Company also offers a branded co-pay assistance program for eligible patients with commercial insurance in the U.S. who are on Brineura, Kuvan or Palynziq therapy. The branded co-pay assistance programs assist commercially insured patients who have coverage for Brineura, Kuvan or Palynziq and are intended to reduce each participating patient’s portion of the financial responsibility for Brineura’s, Kuvan’s or Palynziq’s purchase price up to a specified dollar amount of assistance. The Company records fees paid to distributors, cash discounts and amounts paid under the branded specific co-pay assistance program for each patient as a reduction of revenue.

Royalties: For arrangements that include the receipt of sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales when the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (a) when the related sales occur, or (b) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Licenses of intellectual property: If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenues from non-refundable, up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the customer and the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, the Company uses judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, up-front fees. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes developmental, regulatory or commercial milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether achieving the milestones is considered probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the value of the associated milestone (such as a regulatory submission by the Company) is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company, such as approvals from regulators or where attainment of the specified event is dependent on the development activities of a third party, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received or the specified event occurs. Revenue is recognized from the satisfaction of performance obligations in the amount billable to the customer.

Except as described below, there have been no new accounting pronouncements or changes to accounting pronouncements during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the recent accounting pronouncements described in Note 4 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, that the Company believes are of significance or potential significance to the Company.

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company will adopt the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 842, Leases (ASC Topic 842). The amended guidance requires balance sheet recognition of lease right-of-use (ROU) assets and liabilities by lessees for leases classified as operating leases, with an option to not recognize lease ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. The amendments also require new disclosures providing additional qualitative and quantitative information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Lessor accounting is largely unchanged. ASC Topic 842 is effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, but the Company has not made the election to do so. The Company plans to adopt ASC Topic 842 using the modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of adoption recognized to retained earnings on January 1, 2019.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company’s task force formed in connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-02 was in the process of analyzing the Company’s lease contracts and the potential impact the standard may have on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. Concurrently, management continues to assess the required changes to the Company’s accounting policies, systems and internal control over financial reporting. Based on management’s preliminary analysis, the Company

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

anticipates the standard may have a material impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets due to the requirement to recognize lease ROU assets and corresponding liabilities related to leases on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, however it is not anticipated to have a material impact on the Company’s other Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC 606, which provides principles for recognizing revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted ASC 606 on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative adjustment to Accumulated Deficit. See Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies and Note 15 – Revenue, Credit Concentrations and Geographic Information for additional disclosures related to the adoption of ASC 606.

The cumulative effect of applying the new guidance of ASC 606 to all contracts with customers that were not completed as of January 1, 2018 was recorded as an adjustment to Accumulated Deficit as of the adoption date. As a result of applying the modified retrospective method to adopt the new revenue guidance, the following adjustments were made to accounts on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January 1, 2018:

	As Reported								Adjusted
	December 31, 2017			Aldurazyme ⁽¹⁾		Tax Provision ⁽²⁾			January 1, 2018
Balance Sheet
Assets:
Accounts receivable, net	$	261,365		$	26,012	$	—		$	287,377
Deferred tax assets	$	399,095		$	—	$	(5,964	)	$	393,131
Total assets	$	4,633,125		$	26,012	$	(5,964	)	$	4,653,173
Equity:
Accumulated deficit	$	(1,637,548	)	$	26,012	$	(5,964	)	$	(1,617,500	)
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	4,633,125		$	26,012	$	(5,964	)	$	4,653,173

The impact of adoption on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was as follows:

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The impact of adoption on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was as follows:

							Balance without
							Adoption of
	As Reported			Adjustments ⁽¹⁾			ASC 606
Net loss	$	(73,561	)	$	(21,756	)	$	(95,317	)
Deferred income taxes	$	(32,735	)	$	(6,473	)	$	(39,208	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	$	(95,884	)	$	28,229		$	(67,655	)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(29,166	)	$	—		$	(29,166	)

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02). The amendments allow a reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCI) to Accumulated Deficit for stranded tax effects resulting from the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on the gross deferred tax amounts at the date of enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the 2017 Tax Act). ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2018-02 using the modified retrospective approach on an aggregate portfolio basis on January 1, 2018. As a result of adoption ASU 2018-02, the Company reclassified $0.6 million from AOCI to Accumulated Deficit in the first quarter of 2018.

Potentially issuable shares of common stock include shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding employee stock option awards, common stock issuable under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), unvested restricted stock units (RSUs), common stock held by the NQDC and contingent issuances of common stock related to convertible debt.

The table below presents potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share as they were anti-dilutive using the if-converted or treasury stock method (in thousands of common shares):

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

In connection with the issuance of the Company’s 0.75% senior subordinated convertible notes due in 2018 (the 2018 Notes) and the Company’s 1.50% senior subordinated convertible notes due in 2020 (the 2020 Notes), the Company entered into capped call transactions with respect to 50% of the principal amount of the 2018 Notes and 50% of the principal amount of the 2020 Notes with certain hedge counterparties with conversion price of $94.15 per share. Although the Company’s stock price on September 30, 2018 exceeded the conversion price, the potential effect of the capped call transactions and potential shares issuable under the 2018 Notes and the 2020 Notes were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as they were anti-dilutive using the if-converted method. The potential effect of the capped call transactions with respect to the 2018 Notes and the 2020 Notes was excluded from the diluted net loss per share in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 as the Company’s closing stock price on September 30, 2017 did not exceed the conversion price.

All marketable securities were classified as available-for-sale at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The following tables show the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities by significant investment category as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Marketable Securities ⁽¹⁾		Long-term Marketable Securities ⁽²⁾
Level 1:
Cash	$	208,562	$	—	$	—		$	208,562	$	208,562	$	—	$	—

Level 2:
Money market instruments		657,334		—		—			657,334		657,334		—		—
Corporate debt securities		506,054		133		(2,498	)		503,689		—		350,109		153,580
Commercial paper		70,784		—		—			70,784		16,288		54,496		—
U.S. government agency securities		201,706		—		(1,087	)		200,619		—		149,512		51,107
Foreign and other		7,126		146		(1	)		7,271		—		7,075		196
Subtotal		1,443,004		279		(3,586	)		1,439,697		673,622		561,192		204,883

Total	$	1,651,566	$	279	$	(3,586	)	$	1,648,259	$	882,184	$	561,192	$	204,883

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Marketable Securities ⁽¹⁾		Long-term Marketable Securities ⁽²⁾
Level 1:
Cash	$	340,253	$	—	$	—		$	340,253	$	340,253	$	—	$	—

Level 2:
Money market instruments		215,441		—		—			215,441		215,441		—		—
Corporate debt securities		707,652		150		(2,553	)		705,249		3,096		406,188		295,965
Commercial paper		24,566		—		—			24,566		2,751		21,815	—
U.S. government agency securities		472,593		—		(1,975	)		470,618		35,497		345,501		89,620
Foreign and other		25,540		150		(64	)		25,626	990			24,436		200
Subtotal		1,445,792		300		(4,592	)		1,441,500		257,775		797,940		385,785

Total	$	1,786,045	$	300	$	(4,592	)	$	1,781,753	$	598,028	$	797,940	$	385,785

(2) The Company’s long-term marketable securities mature between one and five years.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using third-party pricing sources and remeasured on a recurring basis. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark securities, prepayment/default projections based on historical data and other observable inputs. The Company validates the prices provided by its third-party pricing services by understanding the models used, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming those securities traded in active markets. See Note 12 – Fair Value Measurements for additional information related to the Company’s fair value measurements.

Impairment assessments are made at the individual security level each reporting period. When the fair value of an investment is less than its cost at the balance sheet date, a determination is made as to whether the impairment is other-than-temporary and, if it is other-than-temporary, an impairment loss is recognized in earnings equal to the difference between the investment’s amortized cost and fair value at such date. As of September 30, 2018, the Company’s investments in an unrealized loss position were not significant and were considered to be temporary in nature. The Company has the ability and intent to hold all investments that have been in a continuous loss position until maturity or recovery, thus no other-than-temporary impairment is deemed to have occurred.

Intangible assets related to in-process research and development assets are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development (R&D) efforts. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, no amounts have been reclassified to definite-lived and no impairment charges were recorded.

During the second quarter of 2018, the Company received $20.0 million due to the achievement by a third party of regulatory milestones related to a previously sold intangible asset, which the Company recorded as a gain on the sale in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Building and improvements	$	686,939		$	663,347
Manufacturing and laboratory equipment		333,756			294,521
Computer hardware and software		154,632			144,268
Leasehold improvements		44,086			42,572
Furniture and equipment		32,215			31,515
Land improvements		6,535			5,331
Land		74,185			62,369
Construction-in-progress		52,684			59,511
		1,385,032			1,303,434
Accumulated depreciation		(460,999	)		(406,734	)
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	924,033		$	896,700

The construction-in-process balance primarily includes costs related to the Company’s significant in-process projects at its facilities in Marin County, California, and in Shanbally, Ireland.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

Depreciation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $26.6 million and $66.7 million, respectively, of which $8.1 million and $18.6 million, respectively, was capitalized into inventory. Depreciation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $19.4 million and $54.8 million, respectively, of which $6.1 million and $17.9 million, respectively, was capitalized into inventory. Capitalized interest related to the Company’s property, plant and equipment purchases for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was insignificant.

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Accounts payable and accrued operating expenses	$	177,396	$	166,616
Accrued compensation expense		114,536		140,781
Accrued rebates payable		42,354		36,472
Accrued royalties payable		19,255		18,820
Value added taxes payable		8,612		9,740
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts		6,438		14,464
Accrued income taxes		—		5,528
Other		9,635		9,500
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	378,226	$	401,921

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had outstanding fixed-rate notes with varying maturities for an aggregate principal amount of $1.2 billion (collectively the Notes). The Notes are senior subordinated convertible obligations, and interest is payable in arrears, quarterly. The following table summarizes information regarding the Company’s convertible debt:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
0.75% senior subordinated convertible notes due October 2018 (the 2018 Notes)	$	374,980		$	374,980
Unamortized discount		(669	)		(12,488	)
Unamortized deferred offering costs		(81	)		(1,543	)
Convertible Notes due in 2018, net		374,230			360,949

1.50% senior subordinated convertible notes due in October 2020		374,993			374,993
Unamortized discount		(30,080	)		(40,287	)
Unamortized deferred offering costs		(2,659	)		(3,631	)
Convertible Notes due in 2020, net		342,254			331,075

0.599% senior subordinated convertible notes due in August 2024		495,000			495,000
Unamortized discount		(8,299	)		(9,355	)
Unamortized deferred offering costs		(2,836	)		(3,199	)
Convertible Notes due in 2024, net		483,865			482,446

Total convertible debt, net	$	1,200,349		$	1,174,470

Fair value of fixed rate convertible debt
Convertible Notes due October 2018 ⁽¹⁾	$	387,459		$	403,955
Convertible Notes due in October 2020 ⁽¹⁾		447,577			446,470
Convertible Notes due in August 2024 ⁽¹⁾		521,953			493,894
Total	$	1,356,989		$	1,344,319

Interest expense on the Company’s convertible debt consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Coupon interest expense	$	3,331	$	2,692	$	9,819	$	7,250
Amortization of debt issuance costs		1,008		1,138		3,018		2,910
Accretion of discount on convertible notes		7,792		7,054		23,081		20,883
Total interest expense on convertible debt	$	12,131	$	10,884	$	35,918	$	31,043

See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for additional information related to the Company’s convertible debt.

The Company’s 2018 Notes matured on October 15, 2018, subsequent to quarter-end. Substantially all holders of the 2018 Notes converted at maturity and the 2018 Notes were settled with a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, consisting of approximately $375.0 million in cash and 190,220 in shares. The shares issued represented the value of the 2018 Notes in excess of the conversion price of $94.15, as measured over a 25-day averaging period. The cash payment was comprised of the principal, the value of fractional shares and the value of unconverted 2018 Notes. Subsequent to quarter-end and pursuant to a capped call transaction, which was entered into concurrently with the issuance of the 2018 Notes, the Company received from the capped call counterparties 95,127 shares of the Company’s common stock, which were accounted for as treasury shares and subsequently retired. The Company incurred no gain or loss upon the extinguishment of the 2018 Notes.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

In November 2016, the Company entered into a senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the 2016 Credit Facility) that provided revolving credit of up to $100.0 million in revolving loans, a $10.0 million letter of credit subfacility and a $15.0 million swingline loan subfacility. The maturity date of the 2016 Credit Facility would have occurred on November 29, 2018, but the Company terminated the 2016 Credit Facility before maturity as described below. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no outstanding amounts due on nor any usage of the 2016 Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2018, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries that served as guarantors were in compliance with all covenants.

On October 19, 2018, subsequent to quarter end, the Company entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility of $200.0 million (the 2018 Credit Facility) and terminated the 2016 Credit Facility. The 2018 Credit Facility includes a letter of credit subfacility and a swingline loan subfacility and is also intended to finance ongoing working capital needs and for other general corporate purposes. Borrowings under the 2018 Credit Facility bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a rate equal to either (a) the LIBOR rate, or LIBOR successor rate, plus an applicable margin ranging from 1.00% to 1.95% per annum, based upon the Company’s net leverage ratio and EBITDA for each of the two most recently ended four-quarter measurement periods, or (b) the Base Rate, generally the prime lending rate, plus an applicable margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.95%, based upon the Company’s net leverage ratio and EBITDA for each of the two most recently ended four-quarter measurement periods. Commitment fees payable on the undrawn amount range from 0.15% to 0.35% per annum based upon the Company’s net leverage ratio and EBITDA for each of the two most recently ended four-quarter measurement periods. The 2018 Credit Facility matures on October 19, 2021 at which time all outstanding amounts become due and payable, except that if at least $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes remain outstanding on August 1, 2020 and certain other conditions have not been met, the Company may be required to repay all amounts borrowed under the 2018 Credit Facility on August 1, 2020. The Company incurred approximately $1.0 million of issuance costs, which will be amortized to Interest Expense over the term of the 2018 Credit Facility. The Company incurred no gain or loss upon the termination of the 2016 Credit facility. The 2018 Credit Facility contains financial covenants requiring the Company to maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio and a minimum liquidity requirement.

The Company uses forward foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge certain operational exposures resulting from potential changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Such exposures result from portions of the Company’s monetary assets and liabilities and forecasted revenues and operating expenses being denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar (USD), primarily the Euro.

The Company designates certain of these forward foreign currency exchange contracts as cash flow hedges and expects them to be highly effective in offsetting fluctuations in operating expenses denominated in Euros and revenues denominated in currencies other than the USD related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company also enters into some forward foreign currency exchange contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments. Whether designated or undesignated, these forward foreign currency exchange contracts protect against the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flows resulting from product revenues, royalty revenues, operating expenses and asset or liability positions designated in currencies other than the USD. The fair values of forward foreign currency exchange contracts are estimated using current exchange rates and interest rates, and take into consideration the current creditworthiness of the counterparties or the Company, as applicable. Information regarding the specific instruments used by the Company to hedge its exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations is provided below.

The following table summarizes the Company’s designated forward foreign currency exchange contracts outstanding as of September 30, 2018 (notional amounts in millions):

The maximum length of time over which the Company is hedging its exposure to the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency revenues through forward foreign currency exchange contracts is through June 2021. Over the next twelve months, the Company expects to reclassify unrealized losses of $1.1 million from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to earnings as the forecasted revenue and operating expense transactions occur.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-designated forward foreign currency exchange contracts outstanding as of September 30, 2018 (notional amounts in millions):

The fair value carrying amounts of the Company’s derivative instruments, as classified within the fair value hierarchy, were as follows:

	Asset Derivatives			Liability Derivatives
	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2018
	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Level 2⁽¹⁾
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts	Other current assets	$	8,022	Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	5,414
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts	Other assets		6,902	Other long-term liabilities		4,070
Total			14,924			9,484
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Level 2⁽¹⁾
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts	Other current assets		—	Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		1,024
Total			—			1,024
Total value of derivative contracts		$	14,924		$	10,508

	Asset Derivatives			Liability Derivatives
	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2017
	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Level 2⁽¹⁾
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts	Other current assets	$	4,015	Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	14,420
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts	Other assets		4,973	Other long-term liabilities		12,686
Total			8,988			27,106
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Level 2⁽¹⁾
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts	Other current assets		675	Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		44
Total			675			44
Total value of derivative contracts		$	9,663		$	27,150

(1) See Note 12 to these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the Company’s fair value measurements.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The effect of the Company’s derivative instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:

Net gain (loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss ⁽¹⁾	$	3,355		$	(10,569	)	$	17,711		$	(33,933	)
Net gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings⁽²⁾		5,523			(3,700	)		(2,921	)		(489	)
Net gain recognized in net loss ⁽³⁾		2,224			689			4,545			2,395
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:

Net gain (loss) recognized in net loss⁽⁴⁾		(381	)		1,655			(3,366	)		7,286

The Company is exposed to counterparty credit risk on all of its derivative financial instruments. The Company has established and maintains strict counterparty credit guidelines and enters into hedges only with financial institutions that are investment grade or better to minimize the Company’s exposure to potential defaults. The Company does not require collateral to be pledged under these agreements.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition to available-for-sale debt securities, debt and foreign currency derivatives, which are disclosed in Notes 6, 10 and 11, respectively, the following tables below present the classification within fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities not disclosed elsewhere.

	Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018
	Quoted Price in Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Other current assets:
NQDC Plan assets	$	—	$	426	$	—	$	426
Restricted investments ⁽¹⁾		—		11,217		—		11,217
Total other current assets		—		11,643		—		11,643
Other assets:
NQDC Plan assets		—		13,928		—		13,928
Restricted investments ⁽¹⁾		—		2,336		—		2,336
Strategic investments⁽²⁾		2,934		—		—		2,934
Total other assets		2,934		16,264		—		19,198
Total assets	$	2,934	$	27,907	$	—	$	30,841
Liabilities:
Current liabilities:
NQDC Plan liability	$	1,219	$	426	$	—	$	1,645
Contingent acquisition consideration		—		—		86,204		86,204
Total current liabilities		1,219		426		86,204		87,849
Other long-term liabilities:
NQDC Plan liability	$	19,020	$	13,928		—		32,948
Contingent acquisition consideration		—		—		58,160		58,160
Total other long-term liabilities		19,020		13,928		58,160		91,108
Total liabilities	$	20,239	$	14,354	$	144,364	$	178,957

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
	Quoted Price in Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Other current assets:
NQDC Plan assets	$	—	$	967	$	—	$	967
Restricted investments ⁽¹⁾		—		15,647		—		15,647
Total other current assets		—		16,614		—		16,614
Other assets:
NQDC Plan assets	—			11,859		—		11,859
Total other assets		—		11,859		—		11,859
Total assets	$	—	$	28,473	$	—	$	28,473
Liabilities:
Current liabilities:
NQDC Plan liability	$	1,356	$	967	$	—	$	2,323
Contingent acquisition consideration	—		—			53,648		53,648
Total current liabilities		1,356		967		53,648		55,971
Other long-term liabilities:
NQDC Plan liability		18,272		11,859	—			30,131
Contingent acquisition consideration	—		—			135,318		135,318
Total other long-term liabilities		18,272		11,859		135,318		165,449
Total liabilities	$	19,628	$	12,826	$	188,966	$	221,420

There were no transfers between levels during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The Company’s Level 2 instruments are valued using third-party pricing sources. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark securities, prepayment/default projections based on historical data and other observable inputs. The Company validates the prices provided by its third-party pricing services by understanding the models used, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming those securities traded in active markets.

Liabilities measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs consisted of contingent acquisition consideration and asset retirement obligations. The following tables represent a roll-forward of contingent acquisition consideration.

Under certain of the Company’s lease agreements, the Company is contractually obligated to return leased space to its original condition upon termination of the applicable lease agreement. The Company records an asset retirement obligation liability and a corresponding capital asset in an amount equal to the estimated fair value of the obligation, when estimable. In subsequent periods, for each such lease, the Company records interest expense to accrete the asset retirement obligation liability to full value and depreciates each capitalized asset retirement obligation asset, both over the term of the associated lease agreement. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the balance of the asset retirement obligation liability was $4.4 million and $4.2 million, respectively.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The Company acquired intangible assets as a result of various business acquisitions. The estimated fair value of these long-lived assets was measured using Level 3 inputs as of the acquisition date. Refer to Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for details on valuation.

Compensation expense included in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for all stock-based compensation arrangements was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Cost of sales	$	3,974	$	3,007	$	10,360	$	7,803
R&D		14,257		13,832		43,099		39,973
Selling, general and administrative		18,815		19,064		58,802		58,902
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	37,046	$	35,903	$	112,261	$	106,678

Stock-based compensation expense of $5.3 million and $14.3 million was capitalized into inventory for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to stock-based compensation expense of $4.5 million and $12.1 million that was capitalized into inventory for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Capitalized stock-based compensation is recognized as cost of sales when the related product is sold.

The assumptions used to estimate the per share fair value of stock options granted under the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan and the Company’s Amended and Restated 2006 Share Incentive Plan were as follows:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted options to purchase 782,240 shares of common stock with a weighted-average fair value of $33.40 per share.

The Company did not issue any new stock purchase rights under the ESPP during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 1,596,820 RSUs with service-based vesting conditions with a weighted-average fair value of $84.97 per share.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The Compensation Committee of the Board (with respect to awards to certain executive officers other than the Chief Executive Officer) and the Board (with respect to awards to the Chief Executive Officer) may grant RSUs with performance-based vesting conditions to certain executive officers. In March 2018, the Compensation Committee and Board approved the grant of 129,680 RSUs (base RSUs) with performance-based vesting conditions. This award is contingent upon the achievement of a 2018 revenue target and the awarded RSUs, if any, vest ratably over a three-year service period. The number of shares that may be earned range between 50% and 200% of the base RSUs, dependent on the percentage of 2018 “managed revenues” (defined as the Company’s net product revenues, excluding net revenues attributable to Aldurazyme, and determined using fixed foreign currency exchange rates) achieved against the target managed revenues, with a threshold achievement level of 70% of target and a ceiling achievement level of 125% of target. RSUs with performance-based vesting conditions with similar performance conditions were granted in 2017, 2016 and 2015. The following table details the base RSUs granted, RSUs earned and expected to vest and the performance multiplier achieved for the RSUs with performance-based vesting conditions for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, as well as the base RSUs granted in March 2018:

The following table summarizes amounts reclassified out of AOCI and their effect on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,						Condensed Consolidated Statement of
Details about AOCI Components	2018		2017			2018			2017			Comprehensive Loss Classification
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges:
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts	$	5,025	$	(4,643	)	$	(6,683	)	$	18		Net product revenues
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts		498		943			3,762			(507	)	Operating expenses
Total gain (loss) on cash flow hedges		5,523		(3,700	)		(2,921	)		(489	)
Gain (loss) on sale of available-for-sale debt securities		—		—			—			3,252		Other income
Income tax effect of the above		—		—			—			(1,176	)	Benefit from income taxes
Total gain (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities		—		—			—			2,076
	$	5,523	$	(3,700	)	$	(2,921	)	$	1,587		Net loss

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The following tables summarize changes in the accumulated balances for each component of AOCI, including current period other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassifications out of AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Debt Securities			Foreign Currency Items			Total
AOCI balance at June 30, 2018	$	2,568		$	(3,686	)	$	(11	)	$	(1,129	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		3,355			1,475			—			4,830
Less: net gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI		5,523			—			—			5,523
Tax effect		—			(338	)		—			(338	)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)		(2,168	)		1,137			—			(1,031	)
AOCI balance at September 30, 2018	$	400		$	(2,549	)	$	(11	)	$	(2,160	)

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Debt Securities			Foreign Currency Items			Total
AOCI balance at June 30, 2017	$	(13,569	)	$	(1,080	)	$	(9	)	$	(14,658	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(10,569	)		147			2			(10,420	)
Less: gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI		(3,700	)		—			—			(3,700	)
Tax effect		—			(56	)		—			(56	)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)		(6,869	)		91			2			(6,776	)
AOCI balance at September 30, 2017	$	(20,438	)	$	(989	)	$	(7	)	$	(21,434	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Securities			Foreign Currency Items			Total
AOCI balance at December 31, 2017	$	(20,232	)	$	(2,722	)	$	(7	)	$	(22,961	)
Impact of change in accounting principle ⁽¹⁾		—		$	(586	)		—		$	(586	)
AOCI balance at January 1, 2018	$	(20,232	)	$	(3,308	)	$	(7	)	$	(23,547	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		17,711			985			(4	)		18,692
Less: gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI		(2,921	)		—			—			(2,921	)
Tax effect		—			(226	)		—			(226	)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)		20,632			759			(4	)		21,387
AOCI balance at September 30, 2018	$	400		$	(2,549	)	$	(11	)	$	(2,160	)

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
	Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Securities			Foreign Currency Items			Total
AOCI balance at December 31, 2016	$	13,006		$	(178	)	$	(12	)	$	12,816
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(33,933	)		1,981			5			(31,947	)
Less: gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI		(489	)		3,252			—			2,763
Tax effect		—			460			—			460
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)		(33,444	)		(811	)		5			(34,250	)
AOCI balance at September 30, 2017	$	(20,438	)	$	(989	)	$	(7	)	$	(21,434	)

The Company operates in one business segment, which primarily focuses on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies for people with serious and life-threatening rare diseases and medical conditions. The Company considers there to be revenue concentration risks for regions where net product revenues exceed 10% of consolidated net product revenues. The concentration of the Company’s net product revenues within the regions below may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s revenues and results of operations if sales in the respective regions experience difficulties.

The Company adopted the requirements of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method, therefore there is a lack of comparability to the prior periods presented. See Note 4 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements for additional discussion.

The following table disaggregates Total Revenues from external customers and collaborative partners by geographic region. Net product revenues by geographic region are based on patient location for the Company’s commercial products, except for Aldurazyme. Although Genzyme sells Aldurazyme worldwide, the revenues earned by the Company based on Genzyme’s net sales are included in the U.S. region, as the transactions are with Genzyme whose headquarters is located in the U.S.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Total revenues by geographic region:
United States	$	174,722	$	151,012	$	528,082	$	425,107
Europe		111,069		121,268		323,940		292,845
Latin America		55,322		9,546		151,955		121,581
Rest of world		50,593		52,322		134,021		115,808
Total revenues	$	391,706	$	334,148	$	1,137,998	$	955,341

The following table disaggregates total Net Product Revenues from external customers by product.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Net product revenues by product:
Aldurazyme	$	27,593	$	22,341	$	117,652	$	61,681
Brineura		9,936		3,107		27,743		3,361
Firdapse		4,977		5,086		15,080		14,051
Kuvan		113,254		105,837		321,414		300,127
Naglazyme		103,089		72,083		269,171		238,392
Palynziq		4,129		—		4,129		—
Vimizim		123,342		90,298		368,016		299,256
Total net product revenues	$	386,320	$	298,752	$	1,123,205	$	916,868

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

The table below disaggregates total Net Product Revenues based on patient location for products sold directly by the Company, and global sales of Aldurazyme, which is marketed by Genzyme. Genzyme is the Company’s sole customer for Aldurazyme and is responsible for marketing and selling Aldurazyme to third-parties.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
United States	$	146,742	$	127,302	$	409,294	$	361,264
Europe		107,851		88,646		315,270		260,223
Latin America		55,322		9,549		151,955		121,581
Rest of world		48,812		50,914		129,034		112,119
Total net product revenue marketed by the Company		358,727		276,411		1,005,553		855,187
Aldurazyme net product revenues marketed by Genzyme		27,593		22,341		117,652		61,681
Total net product revenues	$	386,320	$	298,752	$	1,123,205	$	916,868

The following table illustrates the percentage of the Company’s total Net Product Revenues attributed to the Company’s largest customers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Customer A		16	%		20	%		17	%		18	%
Customer B		13	%		2	%		6	%		6	%
Customer C		12	%		16	%		12	%		14	%
Customer D		10	%		11	%		10	%		10	%
Customer E		7	%		8	%		11	%		7	%
Total		58	%		57	%		56	%		55	%

On a consolidated basis, the Company’s three largest customer accounts receivable balances accounted for 29%, 13% and 13% of the September 30, 2018 total accounts receivable balance, respectively, compared to December 31, 2017, when the two largest customer accounts receivable balances accounted for 21% and 18% of the total accounts receivable balance, respectively. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the accounts receivable balance for Genzyme included $86.9 million and $18.1 million, respectively, of unbilled accounts receivable, which become payable to the Company when the product is sold through by Genzyme. The Company does not require collateral from its customers, but does perform periodic credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and requires immediate payment in certain circumstances.

The Company sells its products in countries that face economic volatility and weakness. Although the Company has historically collected receivables from customers in such countries, sustained weakness or further deterioration of the local economies and currencies may cause customers in those countries to be unable to pay for the Company’s products. The Company has not historically experienced a significant level of uncollected receivables and has received continued payments from its more aged accounts in these countries. The Company believes that the allowances for doubtful accounts related to these countries, if any, is adequate based on its analysis of the specific business circumstances and expectations of collection for each of the underlying accounts in these countries.

From time to time the Company is involved in legal actions arising in the normal course of its business. The process of resolving matters through litigation or other means is inherently uncertain and it is possible that an unfavorable resolution of these matters could adversely affect the Company, its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The Company’s general practice is to expense legal fees as services are rendered in connection with legal matters, and to accrue for liabilities when losses are probable and reasonably estimable.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company is subject to contingent payments totaling approximately $494.4 million upon achievement of certain development and regulatory activities and commercial sales and licensing milestones if they occur before certain dates in the future. Of this amount, $156.7 million relates to the acquisition of certain rights and other assets with respect to Kuvan and Palynziq from Merck Serono and $80.6 million relates to programs that are no longer being developed.

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share amounts or as otherwise disclosed)

As of September 30, 2018, the Company has recorded a total of $144.4 million of contingent acquisition consideration on its Condensed Consolidated Balances Sheet.

See Note 12 to these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Company’s contingent acquisition consideration.

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various firm purchase commitments primarily related to active pharmaceutical ingredients and certain other inventory-related items. As of September 30, 2018, such commitments and other minimum contractual obligations for clinical and post-marketing services were estimated at approximately $84.0 million.

The 2017 Tax Act, which became effective on January 1, 2018, resulted in significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system including a federal statutory rate reduction from 35% to 21% and the elimination or reduction of certain domestic deductions and credits. The 2017 Tax Act changed U.S. international taxation from a worldwide basis to a modified territorial system that includes base erosion prevention measures on foreign earnings. This will result in the Company’s foreign subsidiaries being subject to U.S. taxation in the future.

U.S. and foreign tax expense was computed using a forecasted annual effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Prior to the 2017 Tax Act, the Company’s effective tax rate was highly sensitive to minor fluctuations in U.S. forecasted income, as such, the Company computed the U.S. component of the consolidated benefit from income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 using an actual year-to-date tax calculation. Foreign tax expense was computed using a forecasted annual effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

The Company included a provisional estimate of the impact of the 2017 Tax Act in its 2017 tax provision in accordance with its interpretation of the 2017 Tax Act and Staff Accounting Bulletin 118. During the first quarter of 2018, the Company refined its estimates for certain provisional amounts and recorded a tax benefit of $4.6 million associated with the remeasurement of its deferred taxes. The Company may refine its estimates of provisional amounts as further guidance is issued from the U.S. Treasury Department, the SEC and the FASB. The Company has not yet elected an accounting method regarding whether to record deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected amounts of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income inclusions or whether to treat such amounts as a period cost.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that could impact our business. In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ significantly from those projected in forward-looking statements contained in this report or implied by past results and trends. Forward-looking statements are statements that attempt to forecast or anticipate future developments in our business, financial condition or results of operations. See the section titled “Forward-Looking Statements” that appears at the beginning of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These statements, like all statements in this report, speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (unless another date is indicated), and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements in light of future developments.

We are a global biotechnology company that develops and commercializes innovative therapies for people with serious and life-threatening rare diseases and medical conditions. We select product candidates for diseases and conditions that represent a significant unmet medical need, have well-understood biology and provide an opportunity to be first-to-market or offer a significant benefit over existing products.

Our portfolio consists of several commercial therapies and multiple clinical and pre-clinical product candidates. A summary of our major commercial products, including key metrics as of September 30, 2018, is provided below:

A summary of our ongoing major development programs, including key metrics as of September 30, 2018, is provided below:

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

We continued to grow our commercial business and advance our product candidate pipeline during 2018. We believe that the combination of our internal research programs, acquisitions and partnerships will allow us to continue to develop and commercialize innovative therapies for people with serious and life-threatening rare diseases and medical conditions. Below is a summary of key business developments in 2018 to date:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Total revenues	$	391.7		$	334.1		$	1,138.0		$	955.3
Cost of sales		78.9			59.5			240.2			165.8
Research and development (R&D) expense		161.4			154.1			520.9			442.1
Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense		148.6			130.5			440.2			394.1
Gain on sale of intangible assets		-			—			(20.0	)		—
Total operating expenses		407.4			347.9			1,223.4			1,028.1
Net loss		(12.6	)		(12.5	)		(73.6	)		(65.7	)

The increase in net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily attributed to the following:

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

The increase in net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily attributed to the following:

On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. See Note 4 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Our cash, cash equivalents and investments totaled approximately $1.6 billion as of September 30, 2018, compared to $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2017. We have historically financed our operations primarily through our cash flows from operating activities and the issuance of common stock and convertible debt. We will be highly dependent on our net product revenues to supplement our current liquidity and fund our operations for the foreseeable future. We may in the future elect to supplement this with further debt or equity offerings or commercial borrowing. Further, depending on market conditions, our financial position and performance and other factors, we may in the future choose to use a portion of our cash, cash equivalents or investments to repurchase our convertible debt or other securities. See “Financial Position, Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for a further discussion of our liquidity and capital resources.

In preparing our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that can have a significant impact on our net income/loss and affect the reported amounts of certain assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Except as described in Note 3 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements with respect to changes in our revenue recognition policy related to our adoption of the requirements of ASC 606, there have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

See Note 4 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of recent accounting pronouncements and our expectation of their impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

	Three Months Ended September 30,							Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Change			2018		2017		Change
Aldurazyme	$	27.6	$	22.4	$	5.2		$	117.7	$	61.7	$	56.0
Brineura		9.9		3.1		6.8			27.7		3.4		24.3
Firdapse		5.0		5.1		(0.1	)		15.1		14.0		1.1
Kuvan		113.3		105.8		7.5			321.4		300.1		21.3
Naglazyme		103.1		72.1		31.0			269.2		238.4		30.8
Palynziq		4.1		—		4.1			4.1		—		4.1
Vimizim		123.3		90.3		33.0			368.0		299.3		68.7
Total net product revenues	$	386.3	$	298.8	$	87.5		$	1,123.2	$	916.9	$	206.3

Total Revenues include Net Product Revenues and Royalty and Other Revenues. Net Product Revenues include revenues generated from our approved products. In the U.S., our commercial products are generally sold to specialty pharmacies or end-users, such as hospitals, which act as retailers. Outside the U.S., our commercial products are sold to our authorized distributors or directly to government purchasers or hospitals, which act as intermediaries between us and end-users and generally do not stock significant quantities of our products. However, in certain countries, such as in Latin America, governments place large periodic orders for Naglazyme and Vimizim. The timing of these large government orders can be inconsistent and can create significant quarter to quarter variation in our revenues. Genzyme Corporation (Genzyme) is our sole customer for Aldurazyme and is responsible for marketing and selling Aldurazyme to third parties. Royalty and Other Revenues include royalties on net sales of products to licensees or sublicensees, collaborative agreement revenues and rental income associated with the tenants in our San Rafael, California facility.

The following is additional discussion of our Net Product Revenue results for our major products:

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

We face exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily the Euro. We use foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge a percentage of our foreign currency exposure. The following table shows our Net Product Revenues denominated in USD and foreign currencies:

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Change		2018		2017		Change
Sales denominated in USD	$	243.3	$	178.4	$	64.9	$	698.6	$	544.9	$	153.7
Sales denominated in foreign currencies		143.0		120.4		22.6		424.6		372.0		52.6
Total net product revenues	$	386.3	$	298.8	$	87.5	$	1,123.2	$	916.9	$	206.3

The net impact of foreign currency exchange rates on product sales denominated in currencies other than USD during the three months ended September 30, 2018 was negative by $10.2 million, which was driven by the Brazilian Real. The net impact of foreign currency exchange rates on product sales denominated in currencies other than USD during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was positive by $2.6 million, which was primarily driven by the Euro, partially offset by the Brazilian Real. The net impact of foreign currency exchange rates on product sales denominated in currencies other than USD was positive by $0.2 million and $1.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

Royalty and Other Revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 included recognition of a $31.5 million net upfront license revenue from Sarepta Therapeutics (Sarepta). We expect to continue to earn royalties based on Sarepta’s net sales in future quarters.

Cost of Sales includes raw materials, personnel and facility and other costs associated with manufacturing our commercial products. These costs include production materials, production costs at our manufacturing facilities, third-party manufacturing costs, and internal and external final formulation and packaging costs. Cost of Sales also includes royalties payable to third parties based on sales of our products.

	For the Three Months Ended September 30,									For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			Change			2018			2017			Change
Total net product revenues	$	386.3		$	298.8		$	87.5		$	1,123.2		$	916.9		$	206.3
Cost of sales		78.9			59.5			19.4			240.2			165.8			74.4
Product gross margin		80	%		80	%		0.0	%		79	%		82	%		(3.0	)%

Our Cost of Sales increased for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher Naglazyme and Vimizim product sales, while gross margin was flat. Cost of Sales increased and gross margin decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher volume of Aldurazyme and Vimizim product sales and increased Vimizim manufacturing costs. Adopting ASC 606 also decreased gross margin, as we now recognize the full amount of expected Aldurazyme revenue in the same period as related costs. We expect total product gross margin to remain near 80 percent over the next 12 months.

R&D expense includes costs associated with the research and development of product candidates and post-marketing research commitments related to our approved products. R&D expense primarily includes costs for preclinical and clinical studies, costs to manufacture our product candidates and related personnel, facility and regulatory costs.

We manage our R&D expense by identifying the R&D activities we anticipate will be performed during a given period and then prioritizing efforts based on scientific data, probability of successful development, market potential, available human and capital resources and other similar considerations. We continually review our product pipeline and the development status of product candidates and, as necessary, reallocate resources among the research and development portfolio that we believe will best support the future growth of our business.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

R&D expense increased to $161.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $154.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. R&D expense increased to $520.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $442.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. R&D expense consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,							Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Change			2018		2017		Change
Palynziq	$	20.3	$	28.7	$	(8.4	)	$	77.2	$	85.1	$	(7.9	)
Valoctocogene roxaparvovec		35.7		29.7		6.0			107.9		83.6		24.3
Vosoritide		19.4		13.3		6.1			59.8		39.2		20.6
Tralesinidase alfa		14.3		17.0		(2.7	)		68.6		37.9		30.7
Brineura		10.7		10.8		(0.1	)		34.9		39.5		(4.6	)
Other approved products		16.1		17.4		(1.3	)		51.7		54.7		(3.0	)
Early stage programs		16.7		16.3		0.4			49.3		47.7		1.6
Other and non-allocated		28.2		20.9		7.3			71.5		54.4		17.1
Total	$	161.4	$	154.1	$	7.3		$	520.9	$	442.1	$	78.8

For the remainder of 2018, we expect our R&D spending to increase over 2017 levels due to our valoctocogene roxaparvovec, vosoritide, tralesinidase alfa and BMN 290 programs progressing in their development. We also expect increased spending on pre-clinical activities for our early stage programs and we expect to continue incurring R&D expense for the foreseeable future due to long-term clinical activities related to post-approval regulatory commitments for our approved products.

We continuously evaluate the recoverability of costs associated with pre-launch or pre-qualification manufacturing activities, and if it is determined that recoverability is highly likely and therefore future revenues are expected, the costs subsequently incurred related to pre-launch or pre-qualification manufacturing activities for purposes of commercial sales will likely be capitalized. When regulatory approval and the likelihood of future revenues for a product candidate are less certain, the related manufacturing costs are recorded as R&D expense.

SG&A expense increased to $148.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $130.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. SG&A expense increased to $440.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $394.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in SG&A expense was primarily a result of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Change		2018		2017		Change
Selling & Marketing expense	$	81.2	$	67.0	$	14.2	$	238.4	$	201.9	$	36.5
General & Administrative expense		67.4		63.5		3.9		201.8		192.2		9.6
Total SG&A expense	$	148.6	$	130.5	$	18.1	$	440.2	$	394.1	$	46.1

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

	Three Months Ended September 30,							Nine Months Ended September 30,
Selling & Marketing expense by product	2018		2017		Change			2018		2017		Change
Brineura	$	10.7	$	8.3	$	2.4		$	31.8	$	20.7	$	11.1
Palynziq		8.2		2.8		5.4			20.6		5.1		15.5
Other approved products		50.7		50.8		(0.1	)		156.7		156.9		(0.2	)
Other and not allocated		11.6		5.1		6.5			29.3		19.2		10.1
Total Selling & Marketing expense	$	81.2	$	67.0	$	14.2		$	238.4	$	201.9	$	36.5

The increase in Selling & Marketing expense was primarily a result of the following:

The increase in General & Administrative expense was primarily due to increased personnel-related costs mainly due to increased headcount.

We expect SG&A expense to increase in future periods as a result of the continued U.S. commercial launch of Palynziq, pre-commercialization efforts related to product candidates, and the continued international expansion of Vimizim and the PKU franchise.

Changes in the fair value of contingent acquisition consideration result from updates to the estimated probability of achievement or assumed timing of milestones and adjustments to the discount periods and rates. Intangible Asset Amortization and Contingent Consideration expense consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,							Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017			Change		2018		2017		Change
Changes in the fair value of contingent acquisition consideration	$	11.0	$	(3.8	)	$	14.8	$	19.3	$	3.4	$	15.9
Amortization of intangible assets		7.6		7.6			—		22.7		22.7		—
Total intangible asset amortization and contingent consideration	$	18.6	$	3.8		$	14.8	$	42.0	$	26.1	$	15.9

The changes in the fair value of the contingent acquisition consideration were attributable to changes in the estimated probability of achieving development milestones based on the current status of the related development programs, which primarily related to our Palynziq program to support the filing and progress toward approval of the European MAA, as well as the passage of time.

We recognized a gain of $20.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to a third party’s achievement of regulatory milestones related to a previously sold intangible asset. See Note 7 to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

We invest our cash and investments in U.S. government securities and other high credit quality debt securities in order to limit default and market risk. Interest Income totaled $6.3 million and $17.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, compared to $4.0 million and $10.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The increase in Interest Income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to higher investment balances during the period and higher average interest rate on investments. We expect Interest Income to decrease moderately over the next 12 months due to the maturity of our 0.75% senior subordinated convertible notes, which matured on October 15, 2018 (the 2018 Notes).

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

We incur interest expense on our convertible debt. Interest expense consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,							Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		Change			2018		2017		Change
Coupon interest expense	$	3.3	$	2.7	$	0.6		$	9.8	$	7.2	$	2.6
Amortization of issuance costs		1.0		1.1		(0.1	)		3.0		2.9		0.1
Accretion of discount on convertible notes		7.8		7.1		0.7			23.1		20.9		2.2
Total interest expense	$	12.1	$	10.9	$	1.2		$	35.9	$	31.0	$	4.9

The increase in Interest Expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to the issuance of the 2024 Notes in August 2017. We expect Interest Expense to decrease moderately over the next 12 months due to the maturity of the 2018 Notes. See Note 10 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our debt obligations.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized a benefit from income taxes of $6.8 million and $25.8 million, respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 when we recognized a benefit from income taxes of $8.1 million and $24.8 million, respectively. U.S. and foreign tax expense was computed using a forecasted annual effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Prior to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, we computed the U.S. component of the consolidated benefit from income taxes using an actual year-to-date tax calculation because our effective tax rate was highly sensitive to minor fluctuations in U.S. forecasted income. Foreign tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was computed using a forecasted annual effective tax rate.

The Benefit from Income Taxes for all periods presented also consisted of state, federal and foreign current tax expense, offset by deferred tax benefits from federal orphan drug and R&D credits and the tax benefit for stock options exercised during these periods, which resulted in a net tax benefit in all periods presented. Additionally, the nine months ended September 30, 2018 included the tax benefit of $4.6 million associated with the remeasurement of deferred taxes resulting from the refinement of certain provisional amounts included in our 2017 tax provision. See Note 17 to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.

See Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for additional discussion of the components of our benefit from income taxes.

As of September 30, 2018, we had approximately $1.6 billion in cash, cash equivalents and investments. We expect to fund our operations with our net product revenues from our commercial products, cash, cash equivalents and investments, supplemented as may become necessary by proceeds from equity or debt financings and loans, or collaborative agreements with corporate partners. We may require additional financing to fund the repayment of our convertible debt, future milestone payments and our future operations, including the commercialization of our products and product candidates currently under development, preclinical studies and clinical trials, and potential licenses and acquisitions. We will need to raise additional funds from equity or debt securities, loans or collaborative agreements if we are unable to satisfy our liquidity requirements. The timing and mix of our funding options could change depending on many factors, including how much we elect to spend on our development programs, potential licenses and acquisitions of complementary technologies, products and companies or if we elect to settle all or a portion of our convertible debt in cash.

In managing our liquidity needs in the U.S., we do not rely on unrepatriated earnings as a source of funds and we have not provided for U.S. federal or state income taxes on these undistributed foreign earnings. We do not record U.S. tax expense on the undistributed earnings of our controlled foreign subsidiaries as these earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested offshore. Currently, we are not subject to the repatriation tax on foreign earnings due to the net deficit in these foreign jurisdictions. As of September 30, 2018, $133.8 million of our $1.6 billion balance of cash, cash equivalents, and investments was held in foreign subsidiaries, a significant portion of which is required to fund the liquidity needs of these foreign subsidiaries. For additional discussion regarding income taxes, see Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

We are mindful that conditions in the current macroeconomic environment could affect our ability to achieve our goals. We sell our products in countries that face economic volatility and weakness. Although we have historically collected receivables from customers in such countries, sustained weakness or further deterioration of the local economies and currencies may cause customers in those countries to be unable to pay for our products. We will continue to monitor these conditions and will attempt to adjust our business processes, as appropriate, to mitigate macroeconomic risks to our business.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Our liquidity and capital resources as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		Change
Cash and cash equivalents	$	882.2	$	598.0	$	284.2
Short-term investments		561.2		797.9		(236.7	)
Long-term investments		204.9		385.8		(180.9	)
Cash, cash equivalents and investments	$	1,648.3	$	1,781.7	$	(133.4	)

Convertible debt	$	1,200.3	$	1,174.5	$	25.8

Our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			Change
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	$	598.0		$	408.3		$	189.7
Net cash used in operating activities		(29.2	)		(23.4	)		(5.8	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		335.3			(445.0	)		780.3
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(21.6	)		494.0			(515.6	)
Foreign exchange impact		(0.3	)		(2.5	)		2.2
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$	882.2		$	431.4		$	450.8
Short-term and long-term investments		766.1			1,242.0			(475.9	)
Cash, cash equivalents and investments	$	1,648.3		$	1,673.4		$	(25.1	)

Cash used in operating activities increased by $5.8 million to $29.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $23.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase is primarily attributed to the timing of cash receipts from customers, payments to vendors and higher inventory levels.

Net cash provided by investing activities increased by $780.3 million to $335.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from cash used in investing activities of $445.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily attributable to a $702.0 million increase in net maturities of available-for-sale debt securities, a $56.8 million decrease in capital purchases and the receipt of $20.0 million in milestone payments related to a previously sold intangible asset. While we had net cash provided by investing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we have made and expect to continue to make significant capital investments in our manufacturing facilities to facilitate planned product line expansion and our corporate headquarters to accommodate anticipated headcount growth.

Net cash used in financing activities increased by $515.6 million to $21.6 million used in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from cash provided by financing activities of $494.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily related to the $43.1 million payment of contingent acquisition consideration. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily related to the receipt of $481.7 million in net proceeds from a convertible senior subordinated note offering. As discussed further below, subsequent to quarter-end, we repaid $375.0 million of our convertible debt balance in cash during October 2018.

Our $1.2 billion (undiscounted) of total convertible debt as of September 30, 2018 will impact our liquidity due to the semi-annual cash interest payments. As of September 30, 2018, our indebtedness consisted primarily of the 2018 Notes, our 1.50% senior subordinated convertible notes due in 2020 (the 2020 Notes) and our 0.599% senior subordinated convertible notes due in 2024 (the 2024 Notes and, together with the 2018 Notes and the 2020 Notes, the Notes), which, if not converted, will be required to be repaid in cash at maturity in 2018, 2020 and 2024, respectively.

Our 2018 Notes matured on October 15, 2018, subsequent to quarter-end. Substantially all holders of the 2018 Notes converted at maturity and the 2018 Notes were settled with a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, consisting of approximately $375.0 million in cash and 190,220 in shares. The shares issued represented the value of the 2018 Notes in excess of the conversion price of $94.15, as measured over a 25-day averaging period. The cash payment was comprised of the principal, the value of fractional

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

shares and the value of unconverted 2018 Notes. Subsequent to quarter-end and pursuant to a capped call transaction, which was entered into concurrently with the issuance of the 2018 Notes, we received from the capped call counterparties 95,127 shares of our common stock, which was accounted for as treasury shares and subsequently retired. No gain or loss was incurred upon the extinguishment of the 2018 Notes. See Note 10 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion.

In the event the conditional conversion feature of the 2020 Notes is triggered, holders of the 2020 Notes will be entitled to convert the 2020 Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. In addition, the 2020 Notes will be freely convertible on or after July 15, 2020. We intend to use the remaining balance of the net proceeds we received from the issuance of the 2024 Notes to repay, repurchase or settle in cash some or all of the 2020 Notes. We may elect to settle conversions of the 2020 Notes in cash, in whole or in part, which could further affect our liquidity. While we could seek to obtain additional third-party financing to pay for any amounts due in cash upon such events, we cannot be sure that such third-party financing will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Even if holders of the 2020 Notes do not elect to convert their 2020 Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of such Notes as a current liability rather than long-term liability (for example, when there are 12 months or less remaining until maturity), which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

In November 2016, we entered into a credit agreement providing for up to $100.0 million in revolving loans (the 2016 Credit Facility), which would have matured on November 29, 2018, but we terminated the 2016 Credit Facility before maturity as described below. As of September 30, 2018, we had not drawn on the 2016 Credit Facility.

On October 19, 2018, subsequent to quarter end, we entered into an unsecured revolving credit facility of $200.0 million (the 2018 Credit Facility) and terminated the 2016 Credit Facility. The 2018 Credit Facility includes a letter of credit subfacility and a swingline loan subfacility and is also intended to finance ongoing working capital needs and for other general corporate purposes. Borrowings under the 2018 Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to either (a) the LIBOR rate, or LIBOR successor rate, plus an applicable margin ranging from 1.00% to 1.95% per annum, based upon our net leverage ratio and EBITDA for each of the two most recently ended four-quarter measurement periods, or (b) the Base Rate, generally the prime lending rate, plus an applicable margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.95%, based upon our net leverage ratio and EBITDA for each of the two most recently ended four-quarter measurement periods. Commitment fees payable on the undrawn amount range from 0.15% to 0.35% per annum based upon our net leverage ratio and EBITDA for each of the two most recently ended four-quarter measurement periods. The 2018 Credit Facility matures on October 19, 2021 at which time all outstanding amounts become due and payable, except that if at least $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes remain outstanding on August 1, 2020 and certain other conditions have not been met, we may be required to repay all amounts borrowed under the 2018 Credit Facility on August 1, 2020. We incurred approximately $1.0 million of issuance costs, which will be amortized to Interest expense over the term of the 2018 Credit Facility. We incurred no gain or loss upon the termination of the 2016 Credit facility. The 2018 Credit Facility contains financial covenants requiring us to maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio and a minimum liquidity requirement.

See Note 10 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion about our debt.

We cannot estimate with certainty the cost to complete any of our product development programs. Additionally, we cannot precisely estimate the time to complete any of our product development programs or when we expect to receive net cash inflows from any of our product development programs. Please see “Risk Factors” included in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for a discussion of the reasons we are unable to estimate such information, and in particular the following risk factors:

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Our investment in our product development programs and continued development of our existing commercial products has a major impact on our operating performance. The R&D expenses of our major development programs from inception to September 30, 2018 were as follows:

We may need or elect to increase our spending above our current long-term plans to be able to achieve our long-term goals. This may increase our capital requirements, including: costs associated with the commercialization of our products; additional clinical trials; investments in the manufacturing of our commercial products; pre-clinical studies and clinical trials for our other product candidates; potential licenses and other acquisitions of complementary technologies, products and companies; and general corporate purposes.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that are currently material or reasonably likely to be material to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

We have contractual and commercial obligations under our convertible debt, operating leases and other obligations related to R&D activities, purchase commitments, licenses and sales royalties with annual minimums. Our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2018 are presented in the table below.

	Payments Due Within
							More
			>1 -3		> 3 - 5		Than 5
	2018		Years		Years		Years		Total
2018 Notes and related interest	$	376.4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	376.4
2020 Notes and related interest		2.8		386.2		—		—		389.0
2024 Notes and related interest		—		5.9		5.9		500.9		512.7
Operating leases		3.3		25.8		21.8		26.8		77.7
R&D and purchase commitments		57.4		26.6		—		—		84.0
Total	$	439.9	$	444.5	$	27.7	$	527.7	$	1,439.8

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

We are also subject to contingent payments related to certain development and regulatory activities and commercial sales and licensing milestones totaling approximately $494.4 million as of September 30, 2018, which are due upon achievement of certain development and commercial milestones, and if they occur before certain dates in the future. Of this amount, $156.7 million relates to our acquisition of certain rights and other assets with respect to Kuvan and Palynziq from Ares Trading S.A. (Merck Serono) and its affiliates and $80.6 million relates to programs that are no longer being developed.

As of September 30, 2018, we have recorded $144.4 million of total contingent acquisition consideration on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

See Note 16 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion on our commitments.

As of September 30, 2018, there was no outstanding balance under the 2016 Credit Facility, which has since been terminated subsequent to quarter-end. Any outstanding amounts due under the 2018 Credit Facility, executed in October 2018, will be due in full in October 2021, except that if at least $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes remain outstanding on August 1, 2020 and certain other conditions have not been met, we may be required to repay all amounts borrowed under the 2018 Credit Facility on August 1, 2020.

Our 2018 Notes matured on October 15, 2018 and, as discussed in “Other Information,” above, the entirety of our obligation was settled in a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. See Note 10 to our accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion on our debt.

Our market risks during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 have not materially changed from those discussed in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which was filed with the SEC on February 26, 2018.

An evaluation was carried out, under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)), as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and our management must apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Accordingly, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of our disclosure controls system are met.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during our most recently completed quarter that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting. We implemented internal controls in 2017 to ensure we adequately evaluated our contracts and properly assessed the impact of the new accounting standard related to revenue recognition on our financial statements to facilitate adoption on January 1, 2018. There were no significant changes to our internal control over financial reporting due to the adoption of the new standard. We are utilizing the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) 2013 Framework on internal control.

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. We operate in a dynamic and rapidly changing industry that involves numerous risks and uncertainties. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Other risks and uncertainties, including those that we do not currently consider material, may impair our business. If any of the risks discussed below actually occur, our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows could be materially adversely affected. This could cause the value of our securities to decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

We have marked with an asterisk (*) those risk factors below that include a substantive change from or update to the risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which was filed with the SEC on February 26, 2018.

*If we fail to obtain regulatory approval to commercially market and sell our product candidates, or if approval of our product candidates is delayed, we will be unable to generate revenue from the sale of these product candidates, our potential for generating positive cash flow will be diminished, and the capital necessary to fund our operations will increase.

We must obtain and maintain regulatory approval to market and sell our product candidates. For example, in the U.S., we must obtain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for each product candidate that we intend to commercialize, and in Europe we must obtain approval from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The FDA and EMA approval processes are typically lengthy and expensive, and approval is never certain. Accordingly, there are no assurances that we will obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that approval of one of our product candidates by one regulatory agency will mean that other agencies will also approve the same product candidate. For example, although the FDA approved Palynziq, there can be no assurance that the EMA will also approve Palynziq.

Although the FDA and the EMA have programs to facilitate accelerated approval processes, the timelines agreed under legislative goals or mandated by regulations are subject to the possibility of substantial delays. In addition, the FDA, the EMA and other international regulatory authorities have substantial discretion over the approval process for pharmaceutical products. These regulatory agencies may not agree that we have demonstrated the requisite level of product safety and efficacy to grant approval and may require additional data. If we fail to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, we will be unable to market and sell those product candidates. Because of the risks and uncertainties in pharmaceutical development, our product candidates could take a significantly longer time to gain regulatory approval than we expect or may never gain approval. We also rely on independent third-party contract research organizations (CROs) to file some of our foreign marketing applications and important aspects of the services performed for us by the CROs are out of our direct control. If we fail to adequately manage our CROs, if the CRO elects to prioritize work on our projects below other projects or if there is any dispute or disruption in our relationship with our CROs, the filing of our applications may be delayed.

In addition, some of our product candidates are intended to be used in combination with a delivery device, such as an injector or other delivery system. Medical products containing a combination of new drugs, biological products or medical devices may be regulated as “combination products” in the U.S. A combination product generally is defined as a product consisting of components from two or more regulatory categories (e.g., drug/device, device/biologic, drug/biologic). Each component of a combination product is subject to the requirements established by the FDA for that type of component, whether a new drug, biologic or device. In order to facilitate pre-market review of combination products, the FDA designates one of its centers to have primary jurisdiction for the pre-market review and regulation of the overall product based upon a determination by the FDA of the primary mode of action of the combination product. The determination whether a product is a combination product or two separately regulated products is made by the FDA on a case-by-case basis. Our product candidates intended for use with such devices, or expanded indications that we may seek for our products used with such devices, may not be approved or may be substantially delayed in receiving approval if the devices do not gain and/or maintain their own regulatory approvals or clearances. Where approval of the drug or biologic product and device is sought under a single application, the increased complexity of the review process may delay approval. The FDA review process and criteria are not well-established areas, which could also lead to delays in the approval process. In addition, because these delivery devices are provided by unaffiliated third-party companies, we are dependent on the sustained cooperation and effort of those third-party companies both to obtain regulatory approval and to maintain their own regulatory compliance. Failure of third-party companies to assist in the approval process or to maintain their own regulatory compliance could delay or prevent approval of our product candidates, or limit our ability to sell a product once it is approved.

From time to time during the regulatory approval process for our products and product candidates, we engage in discussions with the FDA and comparable international regulatory authorities regarding our development programs, including discussions about the regulatory requirements for approval. As part of these discussions, we sometimes seek advice in the design of our clinical programs from various regulatory agencies globally, but we do not always follow such guidance. This increases the chance of adverse regulatory actions, but we try to always provide appropriate scientific evidence to support approval. For example, although we designed our Phase 3 study of vosoritide in a manner that we believe can demonstrate efficacy and safety of the product candidate for the target patient population, the FDA may ultimately disagree. Moreover, sometimes different regulatory agencies provide different or conflicting advice. While we attempt to harmonize the advice we receive from multiple regulatory authorities, it is not always practical to do so. Also, we may choose not to harmonize conflicting advice when harmonization would significantly delay clinical trial data or is otherwise inappropriate. If we are unable to effectively and efficiently resolve and comply with the inquiries and requests of the FDA and other non-U.S. regulatory authorities, the approval of our product candidates may be delayed and their value may be reduced.

*Any product for which we have obtained regulatory approval, or for which we obtain approval in the future, is subject to, or will be subject to, extensive ongoing regulatory requirements by the FDA, the EMA and other comparable international regulatory authorities, and if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, we may be subject to penalties, we will be unable to generate revenue from the sale of such products, our potential for generating positive cash flow will be diminished, and the capital necessary to fund our operations will be increased.

Aldurazyme, Brineura, Kuvan, Naglazyme and Vimizim have received regulatory approval to be commercially marketed and sold in the U.S., the EU and certain other countries, Palynziq has received regulatory approval to be commercially marketed in the U.S., and Firdapse has received regulatory approval to be commercially marketed in the EU. Any product for which we have obtained regulatory approval, or for which we obtain regulatory approval in the future, along with the manufacturing processes and practices, post-approval clinical research, product labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, are subject to continual requirements of, and review by, the FDA, the EMA and other comparable international regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians, import and export requirements and recordkeeping.

An example of the ongoing regulatory requirements our products are subject to is the Palynziq Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program. In the U.S., Palynziq is only available through the REMS program, which is required by the FDA to mitigate the risk of anaphylaxis while using the product. Notable requirements of our REMS program include the following:

Failure of prescribers, pharmacies or patients to enroll in our REMS program or to successfully complete and comply with its requirements may result in regulatory action from the FDA or decreased sales of Palynziq. The restrictions and requirements under our REMS program, as well as potential changes to these restrictions and requirements in the future, subject us to increased risks and uncertainties, any of which could harm our business. We cannot predict whether the FDA will request, seek to require or ultimately require modifications to, or impose additional requirements on, the Palynziq REMS program, or whether the FDA will permit modifications to the Palynziq REMS program that we consider warranted. Any modifications required or rejected by the FDA could make it more difficult or expensive for us to distribute Palynziq in the U.S., impair the safety profile of Palynziq, disrupt continuity of care for Palynziq patients and/or negatively affect sales of Palynziq.

Moreover, promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs, including biologics, are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product's approved labeling. Thus, we will not be able to promote any products we develop for indications or uses for which they are not approved.

In addition, the FDA often requires post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the effects of products. The FDA, the EMA and other comparable international regulatory agencies may condition approval of our product candidates on the completion of such post-marketing clinical studies. These post-marketing studies may suggest that a product causes undesirable side effects or may present a risk to the patient.

Discovery after approval of previously unknown problems with any of our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in actions such as:

If such regulatory actions are taken, our value and our operating results will be adversely affected. Additionally, if the FDA, the EMA or any other comparable international regulatory agency withdraws its approval of a product, we will be unable to generate revenue from the sale of that product in the relevant jurisdiction, our potential for generating positive cash flow will be diminished and the capital necessary to fund our operations will be increased. Accordingly, we continue to expend significant time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance, post-marketing studies and quality control.

*If we fail to obtain or maintain orphan drug exclusivity for some of our products, our competitors may obtain approval to sell the same drugs to treat the same conditions and our revenues will be reduced.

As part of our business strategy, we have developed and may in the future develop some drugs that may be eligible for FDA and EU orphan drug designation. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the U.S. In the EU, orphan drug designation is granted to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition, defined as having a prevalence of no more than five in 10,000 people in the EU, which is equivalent to around 250,000 people or fewer. The company that first obtains FDA approval for a designated orphan drug for a given rare disease receives marketing exclusivity for use of that drug for the stated condition for a period of seven years. Orphan drug exclusive marketing rights may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug. Similar regulations are available in the EU with a ten-year period of market exclusivity.

Because the extent and scope of patent protection for some of our products is limited, orphan drug designation is especially important for our products that are eligible for orphan drug designation. For eligible products, we plan to rely on the exclusivity period under the Orphan Drug Act to maintain a competitive position. If we do not obtain orphan drug exclusivity for our products that do not have broad patent protection, our competitors may then sell the same drug to treat the same condition and our revenues will be reduced.

Even though we have obtained orphan drug designation for certain of our product candidates and even if we obtain orphan drug designation for our future product candidates, due to the uncertainties associated with developing biopharmaceutical products, we may not be the first to obtain marketing approval for any particular orphan indication, which means that we may not obtain orphan drug exclusivity and could also potentially be blocked from approval of certain product candidates until the competitor product’s orphan drug exclusivity period expires. Moreover, with respect to biologics and gene therapy, it is uncertain how similarity between product candidates designed to treat the same rare disease or condition may affect such product candidates’ orphan drug exclusivities. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition and the same drug can be approved for different conditions and potentially used off-label in the orphan indication. Even after an orphan drug is approved and granted orphan drug exclusivity, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is safer or more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug, nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process.

*We may face competition from biosimilars approved through an abbreviated regulatory pathway.

Our Aldurazyme, Brineura, Naglazyme, Palynziq and Vimizim products are regulated by the FDA as biologics under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FDC Act) and the Public Health Service Act (the PHS Act). Biologics require the submission of a BLA and approval by the FDA prior to being marketed in the U.S. Historically, a biologic product approved under a BLA was not subject to the generic drug review and approval provisions of the FDC Act. However, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA) created a regulatory pathway under the PHS Act for the abbreviated approval of biological products that are demonstrated to be “biosimilar” or “interchangeable” with an FDA-approved biological product. In order to meet the standard of interchangeability, a sponsor must demonstrate that the biosimilar product can be expected to produce the same clinical result as the reference product, and for a product that is administered more than once, that the risk of switching between the reference product and biosimilar product is not greater than the risk of maintaining the patient on the reference product. Such biosimilars would reference biological products approved in the U.S. The BPCIA establishes a period of 12 years of exclusivity for reference products. Aldurazyme’s exclusivity under the BPCIA expired in 2015, Brineura’s exclusivity under the BPCIA expires in 2029, Naglazyme’s exclusivity under the BPCIA expired in 2017, Palynziq’s exclusivity under the BPCIA expires in 2030 and Vimizim’s exclusivity under the BPCIA expires in 2026. Our products approved under BLAs, as well as products in development that may be approved under BLAs in the future, could be reference products for biosimilar marketing applications.

*To obtain regulatory approval to market our products, preclinical studies and costly and lengthy clinical trials are required and the results of the studies and trials are highly uncertain.

As part of the drug development process we must conduct, at our own expense, preclinical studies in the laboratory, including studies in animals, and clinical trials on humans for each product candidate. We expect the number of preclinical studies and clinical trials that the regulatory authorities will require will vary depending on the product candidate, the disease or condition the drug is being developed to address and regulations applicable to the particular drug. Generally, new drugs for diseases or conditions that affect larger patient populations, are less severe, or are treatable by alternative strategies must be validated through additional preclinical and clinical trials and/or clinical trials with higher enrollments. With respect to our early stage product candidates, we may need to perform multiple preclinical studies using various doses and formulations before we can begin clinical trials, which could result in delays to our development timeline. Furthermore, even if we obtain favorable results in preclinical studies, the results in humans may be significantly different. After we have conducted preclinical studies, we must demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and efficacious for use in the targeted human patients in order to receive regulatory approval for commercial sale. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials, and favorable data from interim analyses do not ensure the final results of a trial will be favorable. Product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials, or despite having favorable data in connection with an interim analysis. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Also, as noted above, we do not always follow the advice of regulatory authorities or comply with all of their requests regarding the design of our clinical programs. In those cases, we may choose a development program that is inconsistent with the advice of regulatory authorities, which may limit the jurisdictions where we conduct clinical trials and/or adversely affect our ability to obtain approval in those jurisdictions where we do not follow the regulatory advice.

Adverse or inconclusive clinical results could stop us from obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates. Additional factors that can cause delay or termination of our clinical trials include:

Moreover, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive compensation in connection with such services reportable to the FDA or other regulatory authority. If the FDA or other regulatory authority concludes that a financial relationship between us and a principal investigator has created a conflict of interest, the FDA or other regulatory authority may question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized.

Our valoctocogene roxaparvovec (formerly referred to as BMN 270) program is based on a gene therapy approach, which, as a novel technology, presents additional treatment, regulatory, manufacturing, and commercial risks in relation to our other, more traditional drug development programs.

In addition to the risks set forth in this Risk Factors section associated with developing and commercializing more traditional pharmaceutical drugs, there are additional, unique risks associated with gene therapy products like our product candidate valoctocogene roxaparvovec. The goal of gene therapy is to be able to correct an inborn genetic defect through one-time administration of therapeutic genetic material containing non-defective gene copies. The gene copies are designed to reside permanently in a patient, allowing the patient to produce an essential protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule that a healthy person would normally produce. There is a risk, however, that the new gene copies will produce too much or too little of the desired protein or RNA. There is also a risk that production of the desired protein or RNA will increase or decrease over time. Because the treatment is irreversible, there may be challenges in managing side effects, particularly those caused by overproduction. Adverse effects would not be able to be reversed or relieved by stopping dosing, and we may have to develop additional clinical safety procedures. Furthermore, because the new gene copies are designed to reside permanently in a patient, there is a risk that they will disrupt other normal biological molecules and processes, including other healthy genes, and we may not learn the nature and magnitude of these side effects until long after clinical trials have been completed.

We may experience development problems related to our gene therapy program that cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that cannot be solved. Although numerous companies are currently advancing gene therapy product candidates through clinical trials and the FDA has approved several cell-based gene therapy treatments to date, the FDA has only approved one vector-based gene therapy product thus far. Moreover, there are very few approved gene therapy products outside the U.S. As a result, it is difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidate in any jurisdiction. Regulatory requirements governing gene and cell therapy products are still evolving and may continue to change in the future. Regulatory review agencies and the new requirements and guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional or larger studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our treatment candidate or lead to significant post-approval studies, limitations or restrictions. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring valoctocogene roxaparvovec to market could have a negative effect on our business and financial condition. Even if we do obtain regulatory approval, ethical, social and legal concerns about gene therapy arising in the future could result in additional regulations restricting or prohibiting sale of our product.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for valoctocogene roxaparvovec, we may experience delays, and increased costs, in developing a sustainable, reproducible and large-scale manufacturing process. Gene therapy products are novel, complex and difficult to manufacture, and have only in limited cases been manufactured at scales sufficient for pivotal trials and commercialization. Few pharmaceutical contract manufacturers specialize in gene therapy products and those that do are still developing appropriate processes and facilities for large-scale production. Whether we produce valoctocogene roxaparvovec at a contract manufacturer or at our own gene therapy manufacturing facility, we will likely face technical and scientific challenges, considerable capital costs, and potential difficulty in recruiting and hiring experienced, qualified personnel. As a result, we could experience manufacturing delays that prevent us from completing our clinical studies or commercializing valoctocogene roxaparvovec in a timely, or on a profitable, basis, if at all.

Due to the relative novelty of gene therapy and the potential to provide extended duration therapeutic treatment with a one-time administration, we also face uncertainty with respect to the pricing, coverage and reimbursement of valoctocogene roxaparvovec, if approved. In order to recover our research and development costs and commercialize this one-time treatment on a profitable basis, we expect the cost of a single administration of valoctocogene roxaparvovec to be substantial. Therefore, we expect that coverage and reimbursement by governments and other third-party payers will be essential for the vast majority of patients to be able to afford valoctocogene roxaparvovec. Accordingly, sales of valoctocogene roxaparvovec, if approved, will depend substantially, both domestically and internationally, on the extent to which its cost will be paid by third-party payers. Even if coverage is provided, the reimbursement amounts approved by third-party payers may not be high enough to allow us to realize a sufficient return on our investment.

We also face uncertainty as to whether gene therapy will gain the acceptance of the public or the medical community. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for valoctocogene roxaparvovec, the commercial success of valoctocogene roxaparvovec will depend, in part, on the acceptance of physicians, patients and healthcare payers of gene therapy products in general, and our product candidate in particular, as medically necessary, cost-effective and safe. In particular, our success will depend upon physicians prescribing our product candidate in lieu of existing treatments they are already familiar with and for which greater clinical data may be available. Even if valoctocogene roxaparvovec displays a favorable efficacy and safety profile in clinical trials and is ultimately approved, market acceptance of valoctocogene roxaparvovec will not be fully known until after it is launched. Negative public opinion or more restrictive government regulations or could have a negative effect on our business and financial condition and may delay or impair the development and commercialization of, and demand for, valoctocogene roxaparvovec.

If we continue to incur operating losses and experience net cash outflows for a period longer than anticipated, we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce our operations.

Since we began operations in March 1997, we have been engaged in substantial research and development and capital investments, and we have operated at a net loss for each year since our inception, with the exception of 2008 and 2010. Based upon our current plan for investments in research and development for existing and new programs, as well as capital investments in our facilities and working capital needs, such as for inventory, we expect to operate at a net loss and experience net cash outflows for at least the next 12 months. Our future profitability and cash flows depend on our marketing and selling of our products, the receipt of regulatory approval of our product candidates, our ability to successfully manufacture and market any products, either by ourselves or jointly with others, our spending on our development programs, the impact of any possible future business development transactions and other risks set forth in this Risk Factors section. The extent of our future losses and the timing of profitability and positive cash flows are highly uncertain. If we fail to become profitable and cash flow positive or are unable to sustain profitability and positive cash flows on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce our operations.

*If we fail to obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, our financial results and financial condition will be adversely affected and we will have to delay or terminate some or all of our product development programs.

As of September 30, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents and investments totaling $1.6 billion and convertible debt obligations of $1.2 billion (undiscounted). In October 2013, we completed an offering of our 0.75% senior subordinated convertible notes due in 2018 (the 2018 Notes) and our 1.50% senior subordinated convertible notes due in 2020 (the 2020 Notes) and received net proceeds of approximately $696.4 million, after deducting commissions, estimated offering expenses payable by us and the purchase of the related capped calls. In August 2017, we completed an offering of our 0.599% senior subordinated convertible notes due in 2024 (the 2024 Notes and, together with the 2020 Notes, the Notes) and received net proceeds of approximately $481.7 million, after deducting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, a majority of which we used in October to settle in cash the principal amount of the 2018 Notes. We will need cash to not only repay the principal amount of the Notes, but also the ongoing interest due on the Notes during their term.

In January 2016 we terminated our License and Commercialization Agreement with Ares Trading, S.A. (Merck Serono). Pursuant to the Termination and Transition Agreement related to Kuvan and the Termination Agreement related to Palynziq, we are obligated to pay Merck Serono up to a maximum of €60 million, in cash, if future sales milestones are met with respect to Kuvan and up to a maximum of €75 million, in cash, if future development milestones are met with respect to Palynziq.

We may require additional financing to fund the repayment of our Notes, future milestone payments and our future operations, including the commercialization of our products and product candidates currently under development, preclinical studies and clinical trials, and potential licenses and acquisitions. We may be unable to raise additional financing due to a variety of factors, including our financial condition, the status of our product programs, and the general condition of the financial markets. If we fail to raise any necessary additional financing we may have to delay or terminate some or all of our product development programs and our financial condition and operating results will be adversely affected.

We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts of capital for our operations for the foreseeable future. The amount of capital we will need depends on many factors, including:

Moreover, our fixed expenses such as rent, license payments, interest expense and other contractual commitments are substantial and may increase in the future. These fixed expenses may increase because we may enter into:

We will need to raise additional funds from equity or debt securities, loans or collaborative agreements if we are unable to satisfy our liquidity requirements. The sale of additional securities will result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Furthermore, additional financing may not be available in amounts or on terms satisfactory to us or at all. This could result in the delay, reduction or termination of our research, which could harm our business.

*We have incurred substantial indebtedness that may decrease our business flexibility, access to capital, and/or increase our borrowing costs, which may adversely affect our operations and financial results.

As of September 30, 2018, we had $1.2 billion (undiscounted) principal amount of indebtedness, including $375.0 million (undiscounted) principal amount of indebtedness under the 2018 Notes, which matured and settled in October 2018, $375.0 million (undiscounted) principal amount of indebtedness under the 2020 Notes and $495.0 million (undiscounted) principal amount of indebtedness under the 2024 Notes. In October 2018, we also entered into a credit agreement (the 2018 Credit Facility) with Bank of America, N.A., as the administrative agent, swingline lender and a lender, Citibank N.A. as letter of credit issuer and each of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citibank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, providing $200.0 million in revolving loan commitments and terminated the credit facility that we entered into in November 2016, which provided for up to $100.0 million in revolving loans (the 2016 Credit Facility). The 2018 Credit Facility replaces the 2016 Credit Facility. Our indebtedness may:

In addition, the 2018 Credit Facility does, and any future indebtedness that we may incur may, contain financial and other restrictive covenants that limit our ability to operate our business, raise capital or make payments under our other indebtedness. If we fail to comply with these covenants or to make payments under our indebtedness when due, then we would be in default under that indebtedness, which could, in turn, result in that and our other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. If we default under the 2018 Credit Facility, the outstanding borrowings thereunder could become immediately due and payable, the 2018 Credit Facility lenders could refuse to permit additional borrowings under the facility, or it could lead to defaults under agreements governing our current or future indebtedness, including the indentures governing our Notes. If we default under any of the Notes, such Notes could become immediately due and payable and it could lead to defaults under the other Notes and/or the 2018 Credit Facility.

*In addition, our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time.

Our outstanding indebtedness, subsequent to the maturity of the 2018 Notes, consists primarily of the 2020 Notes and 2024 Notes, which, if not converted, will be required to be repaid in cash at maturity in 2020 and 2024, respectively. In addition, in the event the conditional conversion feature of the 2020 Notes is triggered, holders of the 2020 Notes will be entitled to convert the 2020 Notes at any time during specified periods at their option, and the 2020 Notes will be freely convertible on or after July 15, 2020. We may elect to settle conversions of the 2020 Notes in cash, in whole or in part, which could further affect our liquidity. While we could seek to obtain additional third-party financing to pay for any amounts due in cash upon such events, we cannot be sure that such third-party financing will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

We could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the 2020 Notes as a current rather than long-term liability (for example, if there are 12 months or less remaining until maturity), which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital. While we could seek to obtain third-party financing to pay for any amounts due in cash upon such events, we cannot be sure that such third-party financing will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Furthermore, if we are required to share settle any conversions of Notes, due to lack of requisite liquidity or otherwise, we may cease to be eligible to account for the Notes using the treasury stock method, which may adversely impact our diluted earnings per share. In addition, we also may borrow up to $200.0 million in revolving loans under the 2018 Credit Facility, which would be required to be repaid in cash at maturity in October 2021, except that if at least $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes remain outstanding on August 1, 2020 and certain other conditions have not been met, we may be required to repay all amounts borrowed under the 2018 Credit Facility on August 1, 2020.

*If we fail to comply with manufacturing regulations, our financial results and financial condition will be adversely affected.

Before we can begin commercial manufacture of our products, regulatory authorities must approve marketing applications that identify manufacturing facilities operated by us or our contract manufacturers that have passed regulatory inspection and manufacturing processes that are acceptable to the regulatory authorities. In addition, our pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities are continuously subject to scheduled and unannounced inspection by the FDA and international regulatory authorities, before and after product approval, to monitor and ensure compliance with cGMP and other regulations. Our manufacturing facility in the U.S. has been approved by the FDA for the manufacture of Palynziq, and it has been approved by the FDA, the European Commission (EC), and health agencies in other countries for the manufacture of Aldurazyme, Brineura, Naglazyme and Vimizim. Our manufacturing facility in Shanbally, Cork, Ireland has been approved by the FDA, the EC, and health agencies in other countries for the manufacture of Vimizim, and it has been approved by the FDA and the EMA as a formulated bulk drug substance manufacturing and quality control facility for Brineura. In addition, our third-party manufacturers’ facilities involved with the manufacture of our products have also been inspected and approved by various regulatory authorities. Although we are not involved in the day-to-day operations of our contract manufacturers, we are ultimately responsible for ensuring that our products are manufactured in accordance with cGMP regulations.

Due to the complexity of the processes used to manufacture our products and product candidates, we may be unable to continue to pass or initially pass federal or international regulatory inspections in a cost-effective manner. For the same reason, any potential third-party manufacturer of our products or our product candidates may be unable to comply with cGMP regulations in a cost-effective manner and may be unable to initially or continue to pass a federal or international regulatory inspection.

If we, or third-party manufacturers with whom we contract, are unable to comply with manufacturing regulations, we may be subject to delay of approval of our product candidates, warning or untitled letters, fines, unanticipated compliance expenses, recall or seizure of our products, total or partial suspension of production and/or enforcement actions, including injunctions, and criminal or civil prosecution. These possible sanctions would adversely affect our financial results and financial condition.

*If we are unable to successfully develop and maintain manufacturing processes for our products to produce sufficient quantities at acceptable costs, we may be unable to meet demand for our products and lose potential revenue, have reduced margins or be forced to terminate a program.

Due to the complexity of manufacturing our products, we may not be able to manufacture products successfully with a commercially viable process or at a scale large enough to support their respective commercial markets or at acceptable margins.

The development of commercially viable manufacturing processes typically is very difficult to achieve and is often very expensive and may require extended periods of time. Changes in manufacturing processes (including manufacturing cell lines), equipment or facilities (including moving manufacturing from one of our facilities to another one of our facilities or a third-party facility, or from a third-party facility to one of our facilities) may require us to complete clinical trials to receive regulatory approval of any manufacturing modifications.

Also, we may be required to demonstrate product comparability between a biological product made after a manufacturing change and the product made before implementation of the change through additional types of analytical and functional testing or may have to complete additional clinical studies. If we contract for manufacturing services with an unproven process, our contractor is subject to the same uncertainties, high standards and regulatory controls, and may therefore experience difficulty if further process development is necessary.

Even a developed manufacturing process can encounter difficulties. Problems may arise during manufacturing for a variety of reasons, including human error, mechanical breakdowns, problems with raw materials and cell banks, malfunctions of internal information technology systems, and other events that cannot always be prevented or anticipated. Many of the processes include biological systems, which add significant complexity, as compared to chemical synthesis. We expect that, from time to time, consistent with biotechnology industry expectations, certain production lots will fail to produce product that meets our quality control release acceptance criteria. To date, our historical failure rates for all of our product programs, including Aldurazyme, Brineura, Naglazyme, Palynziq and Vimizim, have been within our expectations, which are based on industry norms. If the failure rate increased substantially, we could experience increased costs, lost revenue, damage to customer relations, time and expense investigating the cause and, depending upon the cause, similar losses with respect to other lots or products. If problems are not discovered before the product is released to the market, recall and product liability costs may also be incurred.

In order to produce product within our time and cost parameters, we must continue to produce product within our expected success rate and yield expectations. Because of the complexity of our manufacturing processes, it may be difficult or impossible for us to determine the cause of any particular lot failure and we must effectively take corrective action in response to any failure in a timely manner.

We have entered into contractual relationships with third-party manufacturers to produce active ingredients in Firdapse, Kuvan and Palynziq. If those manufacturers are unwilling or unable to fulfill their contractual obligations, we may be unable to meet demand for Firdapse, Kuvan and Palynziq, or sell these products at all, we may lose potential revenue, and we may be forced to terminate a program. We have contracts for the production of final product for Firdapse and Kuvan, and we plan to also use third parties for the production of final product for Palynziq. We also currently rely on third parties for portions of the manufacture of Aldurazyme, Brineura, Naglazyme, Palynziq and Vimizim. If those manufacturers are unwilling or unable to fulfill their contractual obligations or satisfy demand outside of or in excess of the contractual obligations, we may be unable to meet demand for these products or sell these products at all and we may lose potential revenue. Further, the availability of suitable contract manufacturing capacity at scheduled or optimum times is not certain.

In addition, our manufacturing processes subject us to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes resulting from their use. We incur significant costs in complying with these laws and regulations.

Supply interruptions may disrupt our inventory levels and the availability of our products and product candidates and cause delays in obtaining regulatory approval for our product candidates, or harm our business by reducing our revenues.

We depend on single-source suppliers for critical raw materials and a limited number of manufacturing facilities to manufacture our finished products and product candidates. Numerous factors could cause interruptions in the supply or manufacture of our products and product candidates, including:

If one of our suppliers or manufacturers fails or refuses to supply us with necessary raw materials or finished products or product candidates on a timely basis or at all, it would take a significant amount of time and expense to qualify a new supplier or manufacturer. We may not be able to obtain active ingredients or finished products from new suppliers or manufacturers on acceptable terms and at reasonable prices, or at all.

Any interruption in the supply of finished products could hinder our ability to distribute finished products to meet commercial demand.

With respect to our product candidates, production of product is necessary to perform clinical trials and successful registration batches are necessary to file for approval to commercially market and sell product candidates. Delays in obtaining clinical material or registration batches could adversely impact our clinical trials and delay regulatory approval for our product candidates.

Because the target patient populations for our products are small, we must achieve significant market share and maintain high per-patient prices for our products to achieve profitability.

All of our products target diseases with small patient populations. As a result, our per-patient prices must be relatively high in order to recover our development and manufacturing costs and achieve profitability. For Brineura, Naglazyme and Vimizim in particular, we must market worldwide to achieve significant market penetration of the product. In addition, because the number of potential patients in each disease population is small, it is not only important to find patients who begin therapy to achieve significant market penetration of the product, but we also need to be able to maintain these patients on therapy for an extended period of time. Due to the expected costs of treatment for our products, we may be unable to maintain or obtain sufficient market share at a price high enough to justify our product development efforts and manufacturing expenses.

If we fail to obtain an adequate level of coverage and reimbursement for our products by third-party payers, the sales of our products would be adversely affected or there may be no commercially viable markets for our products.

The course of treatment for patients using our products is expensive. We expect patients to need treatment for extended periods, and for some products throughout the lifetimes of the patients. We expect that most families of patients will not be capable of paying for this treatment themselves. There will be no commercially viable market for our products without coverage and reimbursement from third-party payers. Additionally, even if there is a commercially viable market, if the level of reimbursement is below our expectations, our revenue and gross margins will be adversely affected.

Third-party payers, such as government or private healthcare insurers, carefully review and increasingly challenge the prices charged for drugs. Reimbursement rates from private companies vary depending on the third-party payer, the insurance plan and other factors. Reimbursement systems in international markets vary significantly by country and by region, and reimbursement approvals must be obtained on a country-by-country basis.

Government authorities and other third-party payers are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs, such as by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payers are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices as a condition of coverage, are using restrictive formularies and preferred drug lists to leverage greater discounts in competitive classes, and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Further, no uniform policy requirement for coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists among third-party payers in the U.S. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payer to payer. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payer separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.

We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize or will continue to be available for any product that we have commercialized and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we may not successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval or continue to market any product that has already been commercialized.

Reimbursement in the EU and many other territories must be negotiated on a country-by-country basis and in many countries the product cannot be commercially launched until reimbursement is approved. The timing to complete the negotiation process in each country is highly uncertain, and in some countries we expect that it will exceed 12 months. Even after a price is negotiated, countries frequently request or require reductions to the price and other concessions over time.

For our future products, we will not know what the reimbursement rates will be until we are ready to market the product and we actually negotiate the rates. If we are unable to obtain sufficiently high reimbursement rates for our products, they may not be commercially viable or our future revenues and gross margins may be adversely affected.

A significant portion of our international sales are made based on special access programs, and changes to these programs could adversely affect our product sales and revenue in these countries.

We make a significant portion of our international sales of Naglazyme and Vimizim through special access or “named patient” programs, which do not require full product approval, and we expect a significant portion of our international sales of Brineura will also be through such programs. The specifics of the programs vary from country to country. Generally, special approval must be obtained for each patient. The approval normally requires an application or a lawsuit accompanied by evidence of medical need. Generally, the approvals for each patient must be renewed from time to time.

These programs are not well defined in some countries and are subject to changes in requirements and funding levels. Any change to these programs could adversely affect our ability to sell our products in those countries and delay sales. If the programs are not funded by the respective government, there could be insufficient funds to pay for all patients. Further, governments have in the past undertaken and may in the future undertake unofficial measures to limit purchases of our products, including initially denying coverage

for purchasers, delaying orders and denying or taking excessively long to approve customs clearance. Any such actions could materially delay or reduce our revenues from such countries.

Without the special access programs, we would need to seek full product approval to commercially market and sell our products in certain jurisdictions. This can be an expensive and time-consuming process and may subject our products to additional price controls. Because the number of patients is so small in some countries, it may not be economically feasible to seek and maintain a full product approval, and therefore the sales in such country would be permanently reduced or eliminated. For all of these reasons, if the special access programs that we are currently using are eliminated or restricted, our revenues could be adversely affected.

If we fail to compete successfully with respect to product sales, we may be unable to generate sufficient sales to recover our expenses related to the development of a product program or to justify continued marketing of a product and our revenue could be adversely affected.

Our competitors may develop, manufacture and market products that are more effective or less expensive than ours. They may also obtain regulatory approvals for their products faster than we can obtain them (including those products with orphan drug designation, which may prevent us from marketing our product entirely) or commercialize their products before we do. If we do not compete successfully, our revenue would be adversely affected, and we may be unable to generate sufficient sales to recover our expenses related to the development of a product program or to justify continued marketing of a product.

*Government price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our current and future products, which would adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

We expect that coverage and reimbursement may be increasingly restricted both in the U.S. and internationally. The escalating cost of healthcare has led to increased pressure on the healthcare industry to reduce costs. In particular, drug pricing by pharmaceutical companies has recently come under increased scrutiny and continues to be subject to intense political and public debate in the U.S. and abroad. Governmental and private third-party payers have proposed healthcare reforms and cost reductions. A number of federal and state proposals to control the cost of healthcare, including the cost of drug treatments, have been made in the U.S. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed bills and enacted legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. Further, Congress and the executive branch have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. In some international markets, the government controls the pricing, which can affect the profitability of drugs. Current government regulations and possible future legislation regarding healthcare may affect coverage and reimbursement for medical treatment by third-party payers, which may render our products not commercially viable or may adversely affect our future revenues and gross margins.

International operations are also generally subject to extensive price and market regulations, and there are many proposals for additional cost-containment measures, including proposals that would directly or indirectly impose additional price controls or mandatory price cuts or reduce the value of our intellectual property portfolio. As part of these cost containment measures, some countries have imposed or threatened to impose revenue caps limiting the annual volume of sales of our products. To the extent that these caps are significantly below actual demand, our future revenues and gross margins may be adversely affected.

We cannot predict the extent to which our business may be affected by these or other potential future legislative or regulatory developments. However, future price controls or other changes in pricing regulation or negative publicity related to our product pricing or the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs generally could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our current and future products or our sales volume, which would adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

*Government healthcare reform could increase our costs and adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

Our industry is highly regulated and changes in law may adversely impact our business, operations or financial results. The U.S. the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (the PPACA) is a sweeping measure intended to, among other things, expand healthcare coverage within the U.S., primarily through the imposition of health insurance mandates on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program. Several provisions of the law have affected us and increased certain of our costs.

Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA, as well as recent efforts by the U.S. Presidential administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the PPACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the PPACA in the future. Since January 2017, the U.S. President has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to delay, circumvent, or loosen certain requirements mandated by the PPACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the PPACA. While Congress has not passed legislation repealing the PPACA in its entirety, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 includes a provision repealing the “individual mandate,” the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year, effective January 1, 2019. Additionally, on January 23, 2018, the U.S. President signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for fiscal year 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain PPACA-mandated fees, including the so-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices. Congress may consider other legislation to repeal or

replace elements of the PPACA. It is uncertain the extent to which any such changes may impact our business or financial condition.

In addition, other legislative changes have been adopted since the PPACA was enacted. Some of these changes have resulted in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on our customers and, accordingly, our financial operations.

We anticipate that the PPACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and an additional downward pressure on the reimbursement our customers may receive for our products. Recently there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products. For example, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the cost of drugs under Medicare, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. The U.S. Presidential administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2019 contains further drug price control measures that could be enacted during the 2019 budget process or in other future legislation, including, for example, measures to permit Medicare Part D plans to negotiate the price of certain drugs under Medicare Part B, to allow some states to negotiate drug prices under Medicaid, and to eliminate cost sharing for generic drugs for low-income patients. Further, the U.S. Presidential administration released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. For example, in September 2018, CMS announced that it will allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option to use step therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2019. Although a number of these, and other potential, proposals will require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the U.S. Presidential administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare and other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers. In addition, individual states in the United States have also increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payers or other restrictions could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products. For more information regarding government healthcare reform, see “Government Regulation - Health Reform” in Part I, Item 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2018.

We face credit risks from government-owned or sponsored customers outside of the U.S. that may adversely affect our results of operations.

Our product sales to government-owned or supported customers in various countries outside of the U.S. are subject to significant payment delays due to government funding and reimbursement practices. This has resulted and may continue to result in an increase in days sales outstanding due to the average length of time that we have accounts receivable outstanding. If significant changes were to occur in the reimbursement practices of these governments or if government funding becomes unavailable, we may not be able to collect on amounts due to us from these customers and our results of operations would be adversely affected.

*If we are found in violation of federal or state healthcare laws or domestic and foreign privacy and data protection laws, we may be required to pay a penalty, be subjected to scrutiny by regulators or governmental entities, or be suspended from participation in federal or state healthcare programs, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, including anti-kickback laws, false claims laws, data privacy and security laws, and laws related to ensuring compliance. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person or entity, including a pharmaceutical company, to knowingly and willfully offer, solicit, pay or receive any remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce the referral of business, including the purchase, order or prescription of a particular drug, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid. Under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and related regulations, certain arrangements are deemed not to violate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute if they fit within a statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor. However, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration not intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from Anti-Kickback liability, although we seek to comply with these safe harbors. Many states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, some of which apply to referral of patients for healthcare services reimbursed by any source, not just governmental payers.

Federal and state false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, prohibit any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid, or knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement to avoid,

decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), we also are prohibited from knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private payers, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, on certain types of individuals and entities, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, integrity, availability, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Many state and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information. They often differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. For instance, the EU has adopted a comprehensive data protection law called the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that took effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR establishes extensive new requirements applicable to the handling of personal data of individuals in the EU and imposes penalties for non-compliance of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of worldwide revenue. The significant costs of compliance with, risk of regulatory enforcement actions under, and other burdens imposed by, the GDPR could have an adverse impact on our business. In the United States, California recently enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which takes effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the U.S., which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business.

Substantial new provisions affecting compliance have also been adopted, which may require us to modify our business practices with healthcare practitioners. For example, the PPACA, through the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, requires certain drug, biologicals and medical supply manufacturers to collect and report to CMS information on payments or transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as investment and ownership interests held by physicians and their immediate family members during the preceding calendar year.

In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased state regulation of payments made to physicians. Certain states and/or local jurisdictions mandate implementation of compliance programs, compliance with the Office of Inspector General Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals, the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives and/or the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians. The shifting compliance environment and the need to implement systems to comply with multiple jurisdictions with different compliance and/or reporting requirements increases the possibility that a pharmaceutical manufacturer may violate one or more of the requirements.

Due to the breadth of these laws, the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exceptions and safe harbors and the increased focus by law enforcement agencies in enforcing such laws, our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws.

In addition, recent healthcare reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the PPACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of these statutes or specific intent to violate them in order to commit a violation. Moreover, the PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act. If we are found in violation of one of these laws, we may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, curtailment of our operations, debarment, suspension or exclusion from participation in federal or state healthcare programs, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

*We conduct a significant amount of our sales and operations outside of the U.S., which subjects us to additional business risks that could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

A significant portion of the sales of Aldurazyme, Kuvan, Naglazyme and Vimizim, and all of the sales of Firdapse are generated from countries other than the U.S. Similarly, we expect a significant portion of the sales of Brineura to be generated from countries other than the U.S. We have operations in Canada and in several European, Middle Eastern, Asian, and Latin American countries. We expect that we will continue to expand our international operations in the future. International operations inherently subject us to a number of risks and uncertainties, including:

Any of these factors may, individually or as a group, have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

As we continue to expand our existing international operations, we may encounter new risks. For example, as we focus on building our international sales and distribution networks in new geographic regions, we must continue to develop relationships with qualified local distributors and trading companies. If we are not successful in developing and maintaining these relationships, we may not be able to grow sales in these geographic regions. These or other similar risks could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

*If we fail to comply with U.S. export control and economic sanctions, our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.

Our products are subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Exports of our products and solutions must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. Changes to these laws and regulations, or to the countries, governments, persons or activities targeted by such laws, could result in decreased use of our products, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to existing or potential customers, which would likely adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or strategic objectives. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or officers and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or officers.

We rely on a general license from OFAC to sell our medicines for eventual use by hospital and clinic end-users in Iran. The use of this OFAC general license requires us to observe strict conditions with respect to products sold, end-user limitations and payment requirements. Although we believe we have maintained compliance with the general license requirements, there can be no assurance that the general license will not be revoked, be renewed in the future or that we will remain in compliance. A violation of the OFAC general license could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil or criminal penalties, competitive or reputational harm, litigation or regulatory action and other consequences that might adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or strategic objectives.

Failure to comply with applicable anti-corruption legislation could result in fines, criminal penalties and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are required to comply with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the FCPA in the United States, the UK Bribery Act and other similar laws in other countries in which we do business. We operate in a number of

countries that are recognized to have a reputation for corruption and pose an increased risk of corrupt practices. We also regularly interact with government regulators in many countries, including those that are considered higher risk for corruption, in order to secure regulatory approval to manufacture and distribute our products. The anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws to which we are subject generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign officials or other persons for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business and/or other benefits. These laws also require us to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. As part of our business, we deal with state-owned business enterprises, the employees and representatives of which may be considered foreign officials for purposes of applicable anti-corruption laws.

Although we have adopted policies and procedures designed to ensure that we, our employees and third-party agents will comply with such laws, there can be no assurance that such policies or procedures will work effectively at all times or protect us against liability under these or other laws for actions taken by our employees, partners and other third parties with respect to our business. If we are not in compliance with anti-corruption laws and other laws governing the conduct of business with government entities and/or officials (including local laws), we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Investigations of any actual or alleged violations of such laws or policies related to us could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

Our international operations pose currency risks, which may adversely affect our operating results and net income.

A significant and growing portion of our revenues and earnings, as well as our substantial international net assets, are exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. As we operate in multiple foreign currencies, including the Euro, the Brazilian Real, the U.K. Pound, the Canadian Dollar, the Swiss Franc, the Japanese Yen and several other currencies, changes in those currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar will impact our revenues and expenses. If the U.S. Dollar were to weaken against another currency, assuming all other variables remained constant, our revenues would increase, having a positive impact on earnings, and our overall expenses would increase, having a negative impact on earnings. Conversely, if the U.S. Dollar were to strengthen against another currency, assuming all other variables remained constant, our revenues would decrease, having a negative impact on earnings, and our overall expenses would decrease, having a positive impact on earnings. In addition, because our financial statements are reported in U.S. Dollars, changes in currency exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and other currencies have had, and will continue to have, an impact on our results of operations. Therefore, significant changes in foreign exchange rates can impact our results and our financial guidance.

We implement currency hedges intended to reduce our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. However, our hedging strategies may not be successful, and any of our unhedged foreign exchange exposures will continue to be subject to market fluctuations. These risks could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations and could cause the market value of our common stock to decline.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, we may not be able to compete effectively.

Where appropriate, we seek patent protection for certain aspects of our technology. Patent protection may not be available for some of the products we are developing. If we must spend significant time and money protecting or enforcing our patents, designing around patents held by others or licensing, potentially for large fees, patents or other proprietary rights held by others, our business and financial prospects may be harmed.

The patent positions of biopharmaceutical products are complex and uncertain. The scope and extent of patent protection for some of our products and product candidates are particularly uncertain because key information on some of our product candidates has existed in the public domain for many years. The composition and genetic sequences of animal and/or human versions of Aldurazyme, Naglazyme and many of our product candidates have been published and are believed to be in the public domain. The chemical structure of 6R-BH4 (the active ingredient in Kuvan) and 3,4-DAP (the active ingredient in Firdapse) have also been published. Publication of this information may prevent us from obtaining or enforcing patents relating to our products and product candidates, including without limitation composition-of-matter patents, which are generally believed to offer the strongest patent protection.

We own or have licensed patents and patent applications related to our products. However, these patents and patent applications do not ensure the protection of our intellectual property for a number of reasons, including without limitation the following:

It is also unclear whether our trade secrets are adequately protected. Our current and former employees, consultants or contractors may unintentionally or willfully disclose trade secrets to competitors. Enforcing a claim that someone else illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets, as with patent litigation, is expensive and time consuming, requires significant resources and has an unpredictable outcome. In addition, courts outside of the U.S. are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how, in which case we would not be able to enforce our trade secret rights against such competitors.

Under policies recently adopted in the EU, clinical trial data submitted to the EMA in MAAs that were traditionally regarded as confidential commercial information are now subject to public disclosure. Subject to BioMarin’s ability to review and redact a narrow sub-set of confidential commercial information, the new EU policies will result in the EMA’s public disclosure of certain of our clinical study reports, clinical trial data summaries and clinical overviews for recently completed and future MAA submissions. The move toward public disclosure of development data could adversely affect our business in many ways, including, for example, resulting in the disclosure of our confidential methodologies for development of our products, preventing us from obtaining intellectual property right protection for innovations, requiring us to allocate significant resources to prevent other companies from violating our intellectual property rights, adding even more complexity to processing health data from clinical trials consistent with applicable data privacy regulations, and enabling competitors to use our data to gain approvals for their own products.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, third parties could develop competing products, which could adversely affect our revenue and financial results generally.

Competitors and other third parties may have developed intellectual property that could limit our ability to market and commercialize our products and product candidates, if approved.

Similar to us, competitors continually seek intellectual property protection for their technology. Several of our development programs, such as valoctocogene roxaparvovec, focus on therapeutic areas that have been the subject of extensive research and development by third parties for many years. Due to the amount of intellectual property in our field of technology, we cannot be certain that we do not infringe intellectual property rights of competitors or that we will not infringe intellectual property rights of competitors granted or created in the future. For example, if a patent holder believes our product infringes its patent, the patent holder may sue us even if we have received patent protection for our technology. If someone else claims we infringe its intellectual property, we would face a number of issues, including the following:

We may also support and collaborate in research conducted by government organizations, hospitals, universities or other educational institutions. These research partners may be unwilling to grant us any exclusive rights to technology or products derived from these collaborations.

If we do not obtain required licenses or rights, we could encounter delays in our product development efforts while we attempt to design around other patents or may be prohibited from making, using, importing, offering to sell or selling products requiring these licenses or rights. There is also a risk that disputes may arise as to the rights to technology or products developed in collaboration with other parties. If we are not able to resolve such disputes and obtain the licenses or rights we need, we may not be able to develop or market our products.

If our Manufacturing, Marketing and Sales Agreement with Genzyme were terminated, we could be prevented from continuing to commercialize Aldurazyme or our ability to successfully commercialize Aldurazyme would be delayed or diminished.

Either party may terminate the Manufacturing, Marketing and Sales Agreement (the MMS Agreement) between Genzyme and us related to Aldurazyme for specified reasons, including if the other party is in material breach of the MMS Agreement, has experienced a change of control, as such term is defined in the MMS Agreement, or has declared bankruptcy and also is in breach of the MMS Agreement. Although we are not currently in breach of the MMS Agreement, there is a risk that either party could breach the MMS Agreement in the future. Either party may also terminate the MMS Agreement upon one-year prior written notice for any reason.

If the MMS Agreement is terminated for breach, the breaching party will transfer its interest in the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC to the non-breaching party, and the non-breaching party will pay a specified buyout amount for the breaching party’s interest in Aldurazyme and in the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC. If we are the breaching party, we would lose our rights to Aldurazyme and the related intellectual property and regulatory approvals. If the MMS Agreement is terminated without cause, the non-terminating party would have the option, exercisable for one year, to buy out the terminating party’s interest in Aldurazyme and in the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC at a specified buyout amount. If such option is not exercised, all rights to Aldurazyme will be sold and the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC will be dissolved. In the event of termination of the buyout option without exercise by the non-terminating party as described above, all right and title to Aldurazyme is to be sold to the highest bidder, with the proceeds to be split between Genzyme and us in accordance with our percentage interest in the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC.

If the MMS Agreement is terminated by either party because the other party declared bankruptcy, the terminating party would be obligated to buy out the other party and would obtain all rights to Aldurazyme exclusively. If the MMS Agreement is terminated by a party because the other party experienced a change of control, the terminating party shall notify the other party, the offeree, of its intent to buy out the offeree’s interest in Aldurazyme and the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC for a stated amount set by the terminating party at its discretion. The offeree must then either accept this offer or agree to buy the terminating party’s interest in Aldurazyme and the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC on those same terms. The party who buys out the other party would then have exclusive worldwide rights to Aldurazyme. The Amended and Restated Collaboration Agreement between us and Genzyme will automatically terminate upon the effective date of the termination of the MMS Agreement and may not be terminated independently from the MMS Agreement.

If we were obligated or given the option to buy out Genzyme’s interest in Aldurazyme and the BioMarin/Genzyme LLC, and thereby gain exclusive rights to Aldurazyme, we may not have sufficient funds to do so and we may not be able to obtain the financing to do so. If we fail to buy out Genzyme’s interest, we may be held in breach of the agreement and may lose any claim to the rights to Aldurazyme and the related intellectual property and regulatory approvals. We would then effectively be prohibited from developing and commercializing Aldurazyme. If this happened, not only would our product revenues decrease, but our share price would also decline.

If we fail to develop new products and product candidates or compete successfully with respect to acquisitions, joint ventures, licenses or other collaboration opportunities, our ability to continue to expand our product pipeline and our growth and development would be impaired.

Our future growth and development depend in part on our ability to successfully develop new products from our research and development activities. The development of biopharmaceutical products is very expensive and time intensive and involves a great degree of risk. The outcomes of research and development programs, especially for innovative biopharmaceuticals, are inherently uncertain and may not result in the commercialization of any products.

Our competitors compete with us to attract organizations for acquisitions, joint ventures, licensing arrangements or other collaborations. To date, several of our former and current product programs have been acquired through acquisitions and several of our former and current product programs have been developed through licensing or collaborative arrangements, such as Aldurazyme, Firdapse, Kuvan and Naglazyme. These collaborations include licensing proprietary technology from, and other relationships with, academic research institutions. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to identify additional opportunities and to successfully enter into partnering or acquisition agreements for those opportunities. If our competitors successfully enter into partnering arrangements or license agreements with academic research institutions, we will then be precluded from pursuing those specific opportunities. Because each of these opportunities is unique, we may not be able to find a substitute. Several pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have already established themselves in the field of genetic diseases. These companies have already begun many drug development programs, some of which may target diseases that we are also targeting, and have already entered into partnering and licensing arrangements with academic research institutions, reducing the pool of available opportunities.

Universities and public and private research institutions also compete with us. While these organizations primarily have educational or basic research objectives, they may develop proprietary technology and acquire patents that we may need for the development of our product candidates. We will attempt to license this proprietary technology, if available. These licenses may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to compete successfully with respect to acquisitions, joint venture and other collaboration opportunities, we may be limited in our ability to develop new products and to continue to expand our product pipeline.

*If generic manufacturers are successful in their use of litigation or regulatory means to obtain approval for generic versions of Kuvan, our revenue and results of operations would be adversely affected.

The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, permits the FDA to approve ANDAs for generic versions of branded drugs. We refer to this process as the ANDA process. The ANDA process permits competitor companies to obtain marketing approval for a drug with the same active ingredient as a branded drug, but does not generally require the conduct and submission of clinical efficacy studies for the generic product. In place of such clinical studies, an ANDA applicant usually needs only to submit data demonstrating that its product is bioequivalent to the branded product.

Pursuant to the Hatch-Waxman Act, companies were permitted to file ANDA applications for proposed generic versions of Kuvan at any time after December 2011. We own several patents that cover Kuvan, and we have listed those patents in conjunction with that product in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the Orange Book). The Hatch-Waxman Act requires an ANDA applicant seeking FDA approval of its proposed generic product prior to the expiration of our Orange Book-listed patents to certify that the applicant believes that our patents are invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of the drug for which the application has been submitted (a paragraph IV certification) and notify us of such certification (a paragraph IV notice). Upon receipt of a paragraph IV notice, the Hatch-Waxman Act allows us, with proper basis, to bring an action for patent infringement against the ANDA filer, asking that the proposed generic product not be approved until after our patents expire. If we commence a lawsuit within 45 days from receipt of the paragraph IV notice, the Hatch-Waxman Act provides a 30-month stay, during which time the FDA cannot finally approve the generic’s application. If the litigation is resolved in favor of the ANDA applicant during the 30-month stay period, the stay is lifted and the FDA may approve the ANDA if it is otherwise ready for approval. The discovery, trial and appeals process in such a lawsuit is costly, time consuming, and may result in generic competition if the ANDA applicant prevails.

We received a paragraph IV notice letter, dated December 23, 2016, from Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc. and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Ltd. (collectively, DRL), notifying us that DRL had filed an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) seeking approval of a proposed generic version of Kuvan (sapropterin dihydrochloride) 100 mg oral powder prior to the expiration of our patents listed in the FDA's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the Orange Book). We filed a lawsuit alleging patent infringement against DRL. In August 2017, we entered into a settlement agreement with DRL (the DRL Powder Settlement Agreement) that resolved the patent litigation with DRL in the U.S. related to Kuvan 100 mg oral powder. Under the terms of the DRL Powder Settlement Agreement, we granted DRL a non-exclusive license to our Kuvan-related patents to allow DRL to market a generic version of sapropterin dihydrochloride in oral powder form in 100 mg and 500 mg packet formulations in the U.S. for the indications approved for Kuvan beginning on October 1, 2020, or earlier under certain circumstances.

We also received two separate paragraph IV notice letters, dated January 14, 2016 and January 22, 2015, from Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Par) notifying us that Par had filed an ANDA seeking approval of proposed generic versions of Kuvan 100 mg oral powder and Kuvan 100 mg oral tablets, respectively, prior to the expiration of our patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. We filed two lawsuits alleging patent infringement against Par (the lawsuit against Par pertaining to the proposed generic version of Kuvan 100 mg oral tablets was filed together with Merck & Cie), and the two Par cases were consolidated. In April 2017, we and Merck & Cie entered into a settlement agreement with Par (the Par Settlement Agreement) that resolved both cases against Par. Under the Par Settlement Agreement, we granted Par a non-exclusive license to our Kuvan-related patents to allow Par to market a generic version of sapropterin dihydrochloride in 100 mg oral tablets and oral powder in 100 mg and 500 mg packet formulations in the U.S. for the indications approved for Kuvan beginning on: April 1, 2021 if Par is not entitled to the statutory 180-day first filer exclusivity period; October 1, 2020 if Par is entitled to the statutory 180-day first filer exclusivity period; or earlier under certain circumstances.

We also received a paragraph IV notice letter, dated October 3, 2014, from DRL notifying us that DRL had filed an ANDA seeking approval of a proposed generic version of Kuvan 100 mg oral tablets prior to the expiration of our patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. We, together with Merck & Cie, filed a lawsuit alleging patent infringement against DRL. In September 2015, we and Merck & Cie entered into a settlement agreement with DRL (the DRL Tablet Settlement Agreement) that resolved the patent litigation with DRL in the U.S. related to Kuvan 100 mg oral tablets. Under the terms of the DRL Tablet Settlement Agreement, we granted DRL a non-exclusive license to our Kuvan-related patents to allow DRL to market a generic version of sapropterin dihydrochloride 100 mg oral tablets in the U.S. for the indications approved for Kuvan beginning on October 1, 2020, or earlier under certain circumstances.

The DRL Powder Settlement Agreement, the Par Settlement Agreement, and the DRL Tablet Settlement Agreement, as well as any future ANDA or related legal proceeding, could have an adverse impact on our stock price, and litigation to enforce our patents has, and is likely to continue to, cost a substantial amount and require significant management attention. If the patents covering Kuvan and its use are not upheld in litigation, or if any ANDA filer we bring suit against is found to not infringe our asserted patents, the resulting generic competition following the expiration of regulatory exclusivity would have a material adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations. Moreover, generic competition from DRL and Par following the settlements described above could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations.

We also face potential generic competition for Kuvan in certain foreign countries, and our ability to successfully market and sell Kuvan in many countries in which we operate is based upon patent rights or certain regulatory forms of exclusivity, or both. The scope of our patent rights and regulatory exclusivity for Kuvan vary from country to country and are dependent on the availability of meaningful legal remedies in each country. If our patent rights and regulatory exclusivity for Kuvan are successfully challenged, expire, or otherwise terminate in a particular country, the resulting generic competition could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations.

If we do not achieve our projected development goals in the timeframes we announce and expect, the commercialization of our product candidates may be delayed and the credibility of our management may be adversely affected and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

For planning purposes, we estimate the timing of the accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory and other product development goals, which we sometimes refer to as milestones. These milestones may include the commencement or completion of scientific studies and clinical trials and the submission of regulatory filings. From time to time, we publicly announce the expected timing of some of these milestones. All of these milestones are based on a variety of assumptions. The actual timing of these milestones can vary dramatically compared to our estimates, in many cases for reasons beyond our control. If we do not meet these milestones as publicly announced, the commercialization of our products may be delayed and the credibility of our management may be adversely affected and, as a result, our stock price may decline.

We depend upon our key personnel and our ability to attract and retain employees.

Our future growth and success will depend in large part on our continued ability to attract, retain, manage and motivate our employees. The loss of the services of any member of our senior management or the inability to hire or retain experienced management personnel could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and harm our operating results.

Because of the specialized scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and managerial personnel. In particular, the loss of one or more of our senior executive officers could be detrimental to us if we do not have an adequate succession plan or if we cannot recruit suitable replacements in a timely manner. While our senior executive officers are parties to employment agreements with us, these agreements do not guarantee that they will remain employed with us in the future. In addition, in many cases, these agreements do not restrict our senior executive officers’ ability to compete with us after their employment is terminated. The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical field is intense, and there is a limited pool of qualified potential employees to recruit. Due to this intense competition, we may be unable to continue to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to recruit suitable replacement personnel. If we are unsuccessful in our recruitment and retention efforts, our business may be harmed.

Product candidates that we are currently developing or may license or acquire in the future may be intended for patient populations that are significantly larger than any of the patient populations we currently target. In order to continue development and marketing of these products, if approved, we will need to significantly expand our operations. To manage expansion effectively, we need to continue to develop and improve our research and development capabilities, manufacturing and quality capacities, sales and marketing capabilities, financial and administrative systems and standard processes for global operations. Our staff, financial resources, systems, procedures or controls may be inadequate to support our operations and may increase our exposure to regulatory and corruption risks and our management may be unable to manage successfully future market opportunities or our relationships with customers and other third parties.

Changes in methods of treatment of disease could reduce demand for our products and adversely affect revenues.

Even if our product candidates are approved, if doctors elect a course of treatment which does not include our products, this decision would reduce demand for our products and adversely affect revenues. For example, if gene therapy becomes widely used as a treatment of genetic diseases, the use of enzyme replacement therapy, such as Aldurazyme, Naglazyme, and Vimizim in MPS diseases, could be greatly reduced. Moreover, if we obtain regulatory approval for valoctocogene roxaparvovec, the commercial success of valoctocogene roxaparvovec will still depend, in part, on the acceptance of physicians, patients and healthcare payers of gene therapy products in general, and our product candidate in particular, as medically necessary, cost-effective and safe. Changes in treatment method can be caused by the introduction of other companies’ products or the development of new technologies or surgical procedures which may not directly compete with ours, but which have the effect of changing how doctors decide to treat a disease.

If product liability lawsuits are successfully brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities.

We are exposed to the potential product liability risks inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of human pharmaceuticals. We currently maintain insurance against product liability lawsuits for the commercial sale of our products and for the clinical trials of our product candidates. Pharmaceutical companies must balance the cost of insurance with the level of coverage based on estimates of potential liability. Historically, the potential liability associated with product liability lawsuits for pharmaceutical products has been unpredictable. Although we believe that our current insurance is a reasonable estimate of our potential liability and represents

a commercially reasonable balancing of the level of coverage as compared to the cost of the insurance, we may be subject to claims in connection with our clinical trials and commercial use of our products and product candidates for which our insurance coverage may not be adequate and we may be unable to avoid significant liability if any product liability lawsuit is brought against us. If we are the subject of a successful product liability claim that exceeds the limits of any insurance coverage we obtain, we may incur substantial charges that would adversely affect our earnings and require the commitment of capital resources that might otherwise be available for the development and commercialization of our product programs.

*We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively.

We rely significantly on our information technology and manufacturing infrastructure to effectively manage and maintain our operations, inventory and internal reports, to manufacture and ship products to customers and to timely invoice them. Any failure, inadequacy or interruption of that infrastructure or security lapse of that technology, including cybersecurity incidents or attacks, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively. Our ability to manage and maintain our operations, inventory and internal reports, to manufacture and ship our products to customers and timely invoice them depends significantly on our enterprise resource planning, production management and other information systems. Cybersecurity incidents and attacks in particular are evolving and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, business email compromise and other cyber attacks or cyber incidents that could lead to disruptions in or unavailability of systems, misappropriation of confidential or otherwise protected information, corruption or loss of data, data security breaches and other harm to our business or competitive position. Cybersecurity incidents resulting in the failure of our enterprise resource planning system, production management or other systems to operate effectively or to integrate with other systems, or a breach in security or other unauthorized access of these systems, may affect our ability to manage and maintain our operations, inventory and internal reports, and result in delays in product fulfillment and reduced efficiency of our operations. Moreover, if such an incident or computer security breach were to result in damage or unauthorized access to, or loss, corruption or unauthorized disclosure of, personally identifiable information, such a breach may require notification to governmental agencies, supervisory bodies, credit reporting agencies, the media or individuals pursuant to various federal, state and foreign data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations and guidelines, if applicable. It could also cause a loss in the confidence of our customers, employees, and partners and other third parties with respect to our business. A breach in security, unauthorized access resulting in misappropriation, theft, or sabotage with respect to our proprietary, personal and confidential information, including research or clinical data and information about patients, employees, contractors and others, could require significant capital investments to remediate and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We would also be exposed to a risk of loss, enforcement measures, penalties, fines, indemnification claims or litigation and potential civil or criminal liability, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

*If a natural disaster or terrorist or criminal activity caused significant damage to our facilities or the facilities of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers, we may be unable to meet demand for our products and lose potential revenue, have reduced margins, or be forced to terminate a program.

We currently manufacture Aldurazyme, Brineura, Naglazyme, Palynziq and a portion of Vimizim in a manufacturing facility located near known earthquake fault zones, and the occurrence of an earthquake or other catastrophic disaster could cause damage to our facility and equipment, or that of our third-party manufacturers or single-source suppliers, which could materially impair our ability to manufacture Aldurazyme, Brineura, Naglazyme and Vimizim or our third-party manufacturers’ ability to manufacture Firdapse and Kuvan.

Our Galli Drive facility located in Novato, California is currently our only manufacturing facility for Aldurazyme, Naglazyme and Palynziq and is one of two manufacturing facilities for Brineura and Vimizim. It is located in the San Francisco Bay Area near known earthquake fault zones and is vulnerable to significant damage from earthquakes. We, the third-party manufacturers with whom we contract and our single-source suppliers of raw materials, which include many of our critical raw materials, are also vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, including fires, explosions, floods, power loss and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, or any terrorist or criminal activity caused significant damage to our facilities or the facilities of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers, our ability to manufacture our products, or to have our products manufactured, could be seriously, or potentially completely, impaired, and our commercialization efforts and revenue could be seriously impaired. The insurance that we carry, the inventory that we maintain and our risk mitigation plans may not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions.

The impact of the recently passed U.S. comprehensive tax reform bill on us is uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. President signed into law new legislation, known as the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act, that significantly revises the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The newly enacted federal income tax law, among other things, contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, limitation of the deduction for net operating losses to 80% of current year taxable income and elimination of net operating loss carrybacks, one time taxation of offshore earnings at reduced rates regardless of whether they are repatriated, elimination of U.S. tax on foreign earnings (subject to certain important exceptions), immediate deductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time, creation of a base erosion and anti-abuse tax and modification or repeal of many business deductions and credits (including reduction of tax credits under the Orphan Drug Act). Many aspects of the new federal tax law are

unclear and may not be clarified for some time. We have estimated the impact of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act by incorporating assumptions made based upon our current interpretation and analysis to date of the law. The actual impact of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act may differ from our estimates due to, among other things, further refinement of our calculations, changes in interpretations and assumptions we have made, guidance that may be issued and actions we may take as a result of the new legislation. Notwithstanding the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, it is possible that the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act, or regulations or interpretations under it, could adversely affect our business and financial condition, and such effect could be material. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various U.S. states will conform to the newly enacted federal tax law.

Various macroeconomic factors could adversely affect our business and the results of our operations and financial condition, including changes in inflation, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates and overall economic conditions and uncertainties, including those resulting from the current and future conditions in the global financial markets. For instance, if inflation or other factors were to significantly increase our business costs, it may not be feasible to pass price increases on to our customers due to the process by which healthcare providers are reimbursed for our products by the government. Interest rates, the liquidity of the credit markets and the volatility of the capital markets could also affect the value of our investments and our ability to liquidate our investments in order to fund our operations. We purchase or enter into a variety of financial instruments and transactions, including investments in commercial paper, the extension of credit to corporations, institutions and governments and hedging contracts. If any of the issuers or counter parties to these instruments were to default on their obligations, it could materially reduce the value of the transaction and adversely affect our cash flows.

We sell our products in countries that face economic volatility and weakness. Although we have historically collected receivables from customers in those countries, sustained weakness or further deterioration of the local economies and currencies may cause customers in those countries to be unable to pay for our products. Additionally, if one or more of these countries were unable to purchase our products, our revenue would be adversely affected.

Interest rates and the ability to access credit markets could also adversely affect the ability of our customers/distributors to purchase, pay for and effectively distribute our products. Similarly, these macroeconomic factors could affect the ability of our contract manufacturers, sole-source or single-source suppliers to remain in business or otherwise manufacture or supply product. Failure by any of them to remain a going concern could affect our ability to manufacture products.

*Our stock price may be volatile, and an investment in our stock could suffer a decline in value.

Our valuation and stock price have no meaningful relationship to current or historical earnings, asset values, book value or many other criteria based on conventional measures of stock value. The market price of our common stock will fluctuate due to factors including:

In the past, following periods of large price declines in the public market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been initiated against that company. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities. In addition, our stock price can be materially adversely affected by factors beyond our control, such as disruptions in global financial markets or negative trends in the biotechnology sector of the economy, even if our business is operating well.

*Conversion of the Notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their Notes, or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock.

The conversion of some or all of the Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of any of the Notes. The 2020 Notes and 2024 Notes may in the future become convertible at the option of their holders prior to their scheduled terms under certain circumstances. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

*The capped call transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock.

In connection with the issuance of the 2020 Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with respect to 50% of the principal amount of the 2020 Notes with certain hedge counterparties. The capped call transactions will cover, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, the aggregate number of shares of common stock underlying 50% of the principal amount of the 2020 Notes and are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the common stock upon conversion of the 2020 Notes in excess of the principal amount of such converted 2020 Notes. In connection with establishing their initial hedges of the capped call transactions, the hedge counterparties (or their affiliates) entered into various derivative transactions with respect to the common stock concurrently with, and/or purchased the common stock shortly after, the pricing of the 2020 Notes. The hedge counterparties (or their affiliates) are likely to modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions with respect to the common stock and/or by purchasing or selling the common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the 2020 Notes (and are likely to do so during the settlement averaging period under the capped call transactions, which precedes the maturity date of the 2020 Notes, and on or around any earlier conversion date related to a conversion of the 2020 Notes).

The effect, if any, of any of these transactions and activities on the market price of our common stock or the 2020 Notes will depend in part on market conditions and cannot be ascertained at this time, but any of these activities could adversely affect the value of our common stock, which could affect the value of the 2020 Notes and the value of our common stock, if any, that 2020 Note holders receive upon any conversion of the 2020 Notes.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law may make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult.

We are incorporated in Delaware. Certain anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law and our charter documents as currently in effect may make a change in control of us more difficult, even if a change in control would be beneficial to the stockholders. Our anti-takeover provisions include provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws providing that stockholders’ meetings may only be called by our Chairman, the lead independent director or the majority of our Board of Directors and that the stockholders may not take action by written consent and requiring that stockholders that desire to nominate any person for election to our Board of Directors or to make any proposal with respect to business to be conducted at a meeting of our stockholders be submitted in appropriate form to our Secretary within a specified period of time in advance of any such meeting. Additionally, our Board of Directors has the authority to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the terms of those shares of stock without any further action by our stockholders. The rights of holders of our common stock are subject to the rights of the holders of any preferred stock that may be issued. The issuance of preferred stock could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock. Delaware law also prohibits corporations from engaging in a business combination with any holders of 15% or more of their capital stock until the holder has held the stock for three years unless, among other possibilities, our Board of Directors approves the transaction. Our Board of Directors may use these provisions to prevent changes in the management and control of us. Also, under applicable Delaware law, our Board of Directors may adopt additional anti-takeover measures in the future.

The fundamental change repurchase feature of the Notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial attempt to take us over.

The terms of the Notes require us to repurchase the Notes in the event of a fundamental change. A takeover of us would trigger options by the respective holders of the applicable Notes to require us to repurchase such Notes. This may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of us that would otherwise be beneficial to our stockholders or investors in the Notes.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for the adjudication of certain disputes, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for:

This exclusive-forum provision further provides that any person or entity that acquires any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of such provision, including consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware related to any action covered by such provision.

This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find this exclusive-forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are documents formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

770 Lindaro Street, San Rafael, California		94901
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2017	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) for the nine months ended September 30, 2018	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	39
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	39

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	39
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	39
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	40
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	62
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	62
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	62
Item 5.	Other Information	62
Item 6.	Exhibits	63

SIGNATURES		65

	Three and Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Options to purchase common stock		7,517		8,328
Common stock issuable under the 2018 Notes		3,983		3,983
Common stock issuable under the 2020 Notes		3,983		3,983
Common stock issuable under the 2024 Notes		3,970		3,970
Unvested restricted stock units		3,411		2,923
Common stock potentially issuable for ESPP purchases		407		365
Common stock held by the NQDC		208		224
Total number of potentially issuable shares		23,479		23,776

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Intangible assets:
Finite-lived intangible assets	$	303,298		$	303,298
Indefinite-lived intangible assets		326,359			326,359
Gross intangible assets:		629,657			629,657
Less: Accumulated amortization		(134,970	)		(112,147	)
Net carrying value	$	494,687		$	517,510

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Raw materials	$	49,428	$	49,877
Work-in-process		248,151		234,674
Finished goods		210,903		191,224
Total inventory	$	508,482	$	475,775

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐

Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

			Aggregate Notional
	Number of		Amount in
Foreign Exchange Contracts	Contracts		Foreign Currency		Maturity
Canadian Dollars – Sell		6		7.5	Oct. 2018 - Dec. 2018
Colombian Pesos – Sell		3		26,000.0	Oct. 2018 - Dec. 2018
Euros – Purchase		112		135.9	Oct. 2018 - Sep. 2021
Euros – Sell		401		498.5	Oct. 2018 - Sep. 2021
Total		522

Contingent acquisition consideration at December 31, 2017	$	188,966
Changes in the fair value of other contingent acquisition consideration		19,293
Milestone payments to Ares Trading S.A. (Merck Serono)		(61,607	)
Foreign exchange remeasurement of Euro denominated contingent acquisition consideration		(2,288	)
Contingent acquisition consideration at September 30, 2018	$	144,364

			Grant Date
Date of Grant	Base RSUs Granted		Fair Value per RSU		Multiplier Achieved	RSUs Earned
March 2018		129,680	$	83.57	(a)	(a)
March 2017		133,250	$	87.42	1.03		132,548
March 2016		130,310	$	83.43	1.03		134,219
March 2015		58,300	$	108.36	1.11		64,713

Commercial Products	Indication	U.S. Orphan Drug Exclusivity Expiration	U.S. Biologic Exclusivity Expiration	EU Orphan Drug Exclusivity Expiration
Aldurazyme (laronidase)	MPS I⁽¹⁾	Expired	Expired	Expired
Brineura (cerliponase alfa)	CLN2⁽²⁾	2024	2029	2027
Kuvan (sapropterin dihydrochloride)	PKU⁽³⁾	Expired	NA	2020 ⁽³⁾
Naglazyme (galsulfase)	MPS VI⁽⁴⁾	Expired	Expired	Expired
Palynziq (pegvaliase-pqpz)	PKU⁽⁵⁾	2025	2030	NA⁽⁵⁾
Vimizim (elosulfase alpha)	MPS IVA⁽⁶⁾	2021	2026	2024

	Target	U.S. Orphan	EU Orphan
Major Product Candidates in Development	Indication	Designation	Designation	Stage
Palynziq ⁽¹⁾	PKU	Yes	Yes	EU MAA regulatory review
Valoctocogene roxaparvovec	Hemophilia A⁽²⁾	Yes	Yes	Clinical Phase 3
Vosoritide	Achondroplasia	Yes	Yes	Clinical Phase 3
Tralesinidase alfa (formerly referred to as BMN 250)	MPS IIIB⁽³⁾	Yes	Yes	Clinical Phase 1/2
BMN 290	Friedreich's Ataxia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Preclinical


	•		increased R&D expense for the expansion of our clinical programs related to vosoritide and valoctocogene roxaparvovec; and


	•	increased SG&A expense in support of the Palynziq U.S. commercial launch and European pre-launch activities, the continued commercial expansion of Kuvan, patient advocacy activities related to our valoctocogene roxaparvovec product candidate and the continued commercial expansion of Brineura; partially offset by
	•	increased gross profit primarily driven by increased net product revenues across all of our commercial products other than Firdapse.


•		increased R&D expense for the manufacture of tralesinidase alfa product for clinical use and expansion of our clinical programs related to valoctocogene roxaparvovec and vosoritide; and
•	increased SG&A expense primarily due to Palynziq U.S. commercial launch and European pre-launch activities, continued commercial expansion of Brineura, and valoctocogene roxaparvovec pre-launch activities; partially offset by
•		higher gross profit primarily driven by increased product sales across all of our commercial products; and
•		a $20.0 million gain on the sale of intangible assets triggered by the achievement of regulatory milestones by a third party.

	Since Program
	Inception
Palynziq	$	600.1
Valoctocogene roxaparvovec		347.2
Vosoritide		289.5
Tralesinidase alfa		223.2
Brineura		275.1
Other approved products		1,031.5
Other and non-allocated	Not meaningful

Exhibit Number		Description

2.1		Amended and Restated Termination and Transition Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2015, between BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. and Ares Trading S.A., previously filed with the SEC on January 7, 2016 as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26727), which is incorporated herein by reference. Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the SEC.

2.2		Termination Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2015, between BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. and Ares Trading S.A., previously filed with the SEC on January 7, 2016 as Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26727), which is incorporated herein by reference. Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the SEC.

2.3		Termination and Transition Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2015, between BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. and Ares Trading S.A., previously filed with the SEC on January 7, 2016 as Exhibit 2.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26727), which is incorporated herein by reference. Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the SEC.

2.4		First Amendment, dated as of December 12, 2016, to the Amended and Restated Termination and Transition Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2015 and effective as of October 1, 2015, between BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. and Ares Trading S.A., previously filed with the SEC on February 27, 2017 as Exhibit 2.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26727), which is incorporated herein by reference. Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the SEC.

3.1		Restated Certificate of Incorporation of BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., previously filed with the SEC on June 12, 2017 as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26727), which is incorporated herein by reference.

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc previously filed with the SEC on September 24, 2018 as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26727), which is incorporated herein by reference.

31.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

31.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

32.1*+		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Certification accompanies this report and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed for purposes of §18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document

101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Link Document

	BIOMARIN PHARMACEUTICAL INC.

Dated: October 26, 2018	By	/S/ DANIEL SPIEGELMAN
		Daniel Spiegelman, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(On behalf of the registrant and as principal financial officer)