In May 2014, and in subsequent updates, the FASB issued guidance ("Topic 606") to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue. Topic 606 replaced Topic 605, which was the revenue recognition standard in effect through December 31, 2017. Topic 606 includes the required steps to achieve the core principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of Topic 606 did not result in any significant changes to our historic revenue accounting under Topic 605. Results for 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while results for 2017 and 2016 continue to reflect our historic accounting under Topic 605. No cumulative change to retained earnings was required upon adoption of Topic 606.

We applied the Topic 606 practical expedient that allows entities to not restate contracts that begin and are completed within the same annual reporting period. No other practical expedients associated with the adoption of Topic 606 were applied.

As discussed below, following the adoption of Topic 606, we recognized revenue in accordance with two different accounting standards: 1) Topic 606 and 2) Topic 840 (which addresses lease accounting. As discussed below, we will adopt an update to this standard on January 1, 2019). Under Topic 606, revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer, and is the unit of account under Topic 606. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for such products or services.



	Year Ended December 31,
			2018						2017						2016
	Topic 840		Topic 606		Total		Topic 840		Topic 605		Total		Topic 840		Topic 605		Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals	$	5,946	$	—	$	5,946	$	4,928	$	—	$	4,928	$	4,273	$	—	$	4,273
Re-rent revenue	138		—		138		106		—		106		93		—		93
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up	—		477		477		—		389		389		—		340		340
Other	287		92		379		228		64		292		186		49		235
Total ancillary and other rental revenues	287		569		856		228		453		681		186		389		575
Total equipment rentals	6,371		569		6,940		5,262		453		5,715		4,552		389		4,941
Sales of rental equipment	—		664		664		—		550		550		—		496		496
Sales of new equipment	—		208		208		—		178		178		—		144		144
Contractor supplies sales	—		91		91		—		80		80		—		79		79
Service and other revenues	—		144		144		—		118		118		—		102		102
Total revenues	$	6,371	$	1,676	$	8,047	$	5,262	$	1,379	$	6,641	$	4,552	$	1,210	$	5,762

Revenues by reportable segment and geographical market are presented in note 5 of the consolidated financial statements using the revenue captions reflected in our consolidated statements of operations. The majority of our revenue is recognized in

our general rentals segment and in the U.S. (for the year ended December 31, 2018, 81 percent and 92 percent of total revenues, respectively). We believe that the disaggregation of our revenue from contracts to customers as reflected above, coupled with the further discussion below and the reportable segment and geographical market disclosures in note 5, depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 840 is discussed below. As discussed in note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, we will adopt Topic 842, which will replace Topic 840, on January 1, 2019. We have concluded that no significant changes are expected to our revenue accounting upon adoption of Topic 842.

Owned equipment rentals represent our most significant revenue type (they accounted for 74 percent of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018) and are governed by our standard rental contract. We account for such rentals as operating leases. The lease terms are included in our contracts, and the determination of whether our contracts contain leases generally does not require significant assumptions or judgments. Our lease revenues do not include material amounts of variable payments.

Owned equipment rentals: Owned equipment rentals represent revenues from renting equipment that we own. We do not generally provide an option for the lessee to purchase the rented equipment at the end of the lease, and do not generate material revenue from sales of equipment under such options.

We recognize revenues from renting equipment on a straight-line basis. Our rental contract periods are hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. By way of example, if a customer were to rent a piece of equipment and the daily, weekly and monthly rental rates for that particular piece were (in actual dollars) $100, $300 and $900, respectively, we would recognize revenue of $32.14 per day. The daily rate for recognition purposes is calculated by dividing the monthly rate of $900 by the monthly term of 28 days. This daily rate assumes that the equipment will be on rent for the full 28 days, as we are unsure of when the customer will return the equipment and therefore unsure of which rental contract period will apply.

As part of this straight-line methodology, when the equipment is returned, we recognize as incremental revenue the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, which is based on the rental contract period applicable to the actual number of days the equipment was out on rent, over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date. In any given accounting period, we will have customers return equipment and be contractually required to pay us more than the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date under the straight-line methodology. For instance, continuing the above example, if the customer rented the above piece of equipment on December 29 and returned it at the close of business on January 1, we would recognize incremental revenue on January 1 of $171.44 (in actual dollars, representing the difference between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, or $300 at the weekly rate, and the cumulative amount recognized to date on a straight-line basis, or $128.56, which represents four days at $32.14 per day).

We record amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue as deferred revenue on our balance sheet. We had deferred revenue (associated with both Topic 840 and Topic 606/605) of $56 and $46 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

As noted above, we are unsure of when the customer will return rented equipment. As such, we do not know how much the customer will owe us upon return of the equipment and cannot provide a maturity analysis of future lease payments. Our equipment is generally rented for short periods of time (significantly less than a year). Lessees do not provide residual value guarantees on rented equipment.

We expect to derive significant future benefits from our equipment following the end of the rental term. Our rentals are generally short-term in nature, and our equipment is typically rented for the majority of the time that we own it. We manage our rental fleet utilizing a life-cycle approach that focuses on satisfying customer demand and optimizing utilization levels. We use this approach to manage residual value risk upon disposition of our rental equipment. As part of this life-cycle approach, we closely monitor repair and maintenance expense and can anticipate, based on our extensive experience with a large and diverse fleet, the optimum time to dispose of an asset. We generally expect to recognize significant future equipment rental revenue from our equipment following the end of the rental term. Additionally, we recognize revenue from sales of rental equipment when we dispose of the equipment.

Re-rent revenue: Re-rent revenue reflects revenues from equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers. We account for such rentals as subleases. The accounting for re-rent revenue is the same as the accounting for owned equipment rentals described above.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of 1) Rental Protection Plan (or "RPP") revenue associated with the damage waiver customers can purchase when they rent our equipment to protect against potential loss or damage, 2) environmental charges associated with the rental of equipment, and 3) charges for rented equipment that is damaged by our customers.

“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of revenues associated with the consumption of fuel by our customers which are recognized when the equipment is returned by the customer (and consumption, if any, can be measured).

Service and other revenues primarily represent revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

As reflected above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 840 (such revenue represented 79 percent of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018). The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. Because the same customers generate the revenues that are accounted for under both Topic 606 and Topic 840, the discussions below on credit risk and our allowances for doubtful accounts address our total revenues from Topic 606 (Topic 605 for 2017 and 2016) and Topic 840.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to our receivables is limited because a large number of geographically diverse customers makes up our customer base. Our largest customer accounted for less than one percent of total revenues in each of 2018, 2017, and 2016. Our customer with the largest receivable balance represented approximately one percent of total receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017. We manage credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and other monitoring procedures.

Our allowances for doubtful accounts reflect our estimate of the amount of our receivables that we will be unable to collect based on historical write-off experience. Our estimate could require change based on changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, we may be required to increase or decrease our allowances. Trade receivables that have contractual maturities of one year or less are written-off when they are determined to be uncollectible based on the criteria necessary to qualify as a deduction for federal tax purposes. Write-offs of such receivables require management approval based on specified dollar thresholds. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recognized expenses of $45, $40 and $24, respectively, primarily within selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of income, associated with our allowances for doubtful accounts.

We do not have material contract assets, or impairment losses associated therewith, or material contract liabilities, associated with contracts with customers. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in material amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue. We did not recognize material revenue during the year ended December 31, 2018 that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of such period.

Most of our Topic 606 revenue is recognized at a point-in-time, rather than over time. Accordingly, in any particular period, we do not generally recognize a significant amount of revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods, and the amount of such revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 was not material. We also do not expect to recognize material revenue in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of December 31, 2018.

Our Topic 606 revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Our contracts do not generally include a significant financing component. For certain products or services and customer types, we require payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties. See above for a discussion of how we manage credit risk.

We do not recognize any assets associated with the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer (for example, a sales commission) that we expect to recover. Most of our revenue is recognized at a point-in-time or over a period of one year or less, and we use the practical expedient that allows us to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.