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INCOME TAXES
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2013
INCOME TAXES
5. INCOME TAXES

Tax charge for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $3.1 million which represents an effective tax rate for this period of (4.0%). The underlying tax rates in key jurisdictions are 20% in Russia, 19% in Poland and Ukraine, 19% in Hungary and 35% in the United States. The difference between the effective tax rate and statutory rates was primarily due to valuation allowance recorded against tax loss carryforwards that the Company believes will not be utilised in the future. Changes in the Company’s uncertain income tax positions, excluding the related accrual for interest and penalties, for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 result from additions to accruals for current year tax positions and reductions for prior year tax positions. As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the uncertain income tax position balance was $17.8 million and $18.9 million, respectively.