10. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Overview of Share-Based Compensation Plans

The Career Education Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2016 Plan”) authorizes awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, deferred stock, performance units, annual incentive awards, and substitute awards, which generally may be settled in cash or shares of our common stock. Any shares of our common stock that are subject to awards of stock options or stock appreciation rights payable in shares will be counted as 1.0 share for each share issued for purposes of the aggregate share limit and any shares of our common stock that are subject to any other form of award payable in shares will be counted as 1.35 shares for each share issued for purposes of the aggregate share limit. As of September 30, 2018, there were approximately 3.3 million shares of common stock available for future share-based awards under the 2016 Plan, which is net of (i) 0.8 million shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options and (ii) 0.9 million shares underlying restricted stock units, which will be settled in shares of our common stock if the vesting conditions are met and thus reduce the common stock available for future share-based awards under the 2016 Plan by the amount vested. These shares have been multiplied by the applicable factor under the 2016 Plan to determine the remaining shares available as of September 30, 2018. Additionally, as of September 30, 2018 under the previous Career Education Corporation 2008 Incentive Compensation Plan, there were approximately 2.0 million shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options and 0.6 million shares underlying outstanding restricted and deferred stock units, which will be settled in shares of our common stock if the vesting conditions are met. This plan was replaced by the 2016 Plan and effective May 24, 2016 all future awards will be made under the 2016 Plan. The vesting of all types of equity awards (stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and deferred stock units) is subject to possible acceleration in certain circumstances. Generally, if a plan participant terminates employment for any reason other than by death or disability during the vesting period, the right to unvested equity awards is forfeited.

As of September 30, 2018, we estimate that compensation expense of approximately $8.0 million will be recognized over the next four years for all unvested share-based awards that have been granted to participants, including stock options, restricted stock units and deferred stock units to be settled in shares of stock but excluding restricted stock units to be settled in cash.

Stock Options. The exercise price of stock options granted under each of the plans is equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Employee stock options generally become exercisable 25% per year over a four-year service period beginning on the date of grant and expire ten years from the date of grant. Non-employee directors’ stock options expire ten years from the date of grant and generally become 100% exercisable after the first anniversary of the grant date. Grants of stock options are generally only subject to the service conditions discussed previously.

Stock option activity during the year to date ended September 30, 2018 under all of our plans was as follows (options in thousands):

	Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017		2,868		$	9.86
Granted		337			14.10
Exercised		(161	)		8.46
Cancelled		(226	)		20.58
Outstanding as of September 30, 2018		2,818		$	9.59
Exercisable as of September 30, 2018		1,828		$	10.17

Restricted Stock Units to be Settled in Stock. Restricted stock units to be settled in shares of stock generally vest 25% per year over a four-year service period. Restricted stock units which are “performance-based” are subject to performance conditions that, even if the requisite service period is met, may reduce the number of units of restricted stock that vest at the end of the requisite service period or result in all units being forfeited. The performance-based restricted stock units generally vest three years after the grant date or vest 20% after the first year, 50% after the second year and 30% after the third year.

The following table summarizes information with respect to all outstanding restricted stock units to be settled in shares of stock under our plans during the year to date ended September 30, 2018 (units in thousands):

	Restricted Stock Units to be Settled in Shares of Stock
	Units			Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Unit
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017		1,454		$	5.32
Granted		530			13.81
Vested		(702	)		4.94
Forfeited		(125	)		7.14
Outstanding as of September 30, 2018		1,157		$	9.24

Deferred Stock Units to be Settled in Stock. We granted deferred stock units to our non-employee directors. The deferred stock units are to be settled in shares of stock and generally vest one-third per year over a three-year service period beginning on the date of grant. Settlement of the deferred stock units and delivery of the underlying shares of stock to the plan participants does not occur until he or she ceases to provide services to the Company in the capacity of a director, employee or consultant.

The following table summarizes information with respect to all deferred stock units during the year to date ended September 30, 2018 (units in thousands):

	Deferred Stock Units to be Settled in Shares		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value Per Unit
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017 ⁽¹⁾		76	$	4.44
Granted		-		-
Vested		-		-
Forfeited		-		-
Outstanding as of September 30, 2018 ⁽¹⁾		76	$	4.44

(1)	Includes vested but unreleased awards. These awards are included in total outstanding awards until they are released under the terms of the agreement.

Restricted Stock Units to be Settled in Cash. Restricted stock units to be settled in cash generally vest 25% per year over a four-year service period beginning on the date of grant. Cash-settled restricted stock units are recorded as liabilities as the expense is recognized and the fair value for these awards is determined at each period end date with changes in fair value recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income in the current period. Cash-settled restricted stock units are settled with a cash payment for each unit vested equal to the closing price on the vesting date. Cash-settled restricted stock units are not included in common shares reserved for issuance or available for issuance under the 2016 Plan.

The following table summarizes information with respect to all cash-settled restricted stock units during the year to date ended September 30, 2018 (units in thousands):

	Restricted Stock Units to be Settled in Cash
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017		472
Granted		-
Vested		(210	)
Forfeited		(45	)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2018		217

Upon vesting, based on the conditions set forth in the award agreements, these units will be settled in cash. We valued these units in accordance with the guidance set forth by FASB ASC Topic 718 – Compensation-Stock Compensation and recognized $2.0 million of expense for the year to date September 30, 2018 for all cash-settled restricted stock units, of which $0.4 million was recorded during the quarter ended September 30, 2018.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense. Total stock-based compensation expense for the quarters and years to date ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 for all types of awards was as follows (dollars in thousands):

	For the Quarter Ended September 30,				For the Year to Date Ended September 30,
Award Type	2018		2017		2018		2017
Stock options	$	516	$	382	$	1,423	$	1,178
Restricted stock units settled in stock		924		904		2,707		2,424
Restricted stock units settled in cash		435		1,366		1,997		3,336
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,875	$	2,652	$	6,127	$	6,938

Performance Unit Awards. Performance unit awards granted during 2016 and 2017 are long-term incentive, cash-based awards. Payment of these awards is based upon a calculation of Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) of CEC as compared to TSR across a specified peer group of our competitors over a three-year performance period ending primarily on December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. These awards are recorded as liabilities as the expense is recognized and the fair value for these awards is determined at each period end date with changes in fair value recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income in the current period. We recorded $2.5 million and $3.7 million of expense related to these awards for the years to date ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively, with $0.9 million and $1.4 million of expense for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively.