Realnetworks, Inc. Form S-3/A

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. o

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. þ

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, please check the following box. o


(1)	Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(c) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.


(2)	Previously Paid.



(3)	Includes preferred stock purchase rights which, prior to the occurrence of certain events, will not be exercisable or evidenced separately from the common stock.



(4)	Includes 10,756,500 shares of common stock, and associated preferred stock purchase rights, issuable upon conversion of the notes registered hereby at a conversion rate of 107.5650 shares per $1,000 principal amount of notes. Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act, such number of shares of common stock registered hereby shall include an indeterminate number of shares of common stock that may be issued in connection with a stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or similar event.



(5)	Pursuant to Rule 457(i), there is no additional filing fee with respect to the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes because no additional consideration will be received in connection with the exercise of the conversion privilege.

THE REGISTRANT HEREBY AMENDS THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON SUCH DATE OR DATES AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO DELAY ITS EFFECTIVE DATE UNTIL THE REGISTRANT SHALL FILE A FURTHER AMENDMENT WHICH SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL THEREAFTER BECOME EFFECTIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 8(A) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 OR UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL BECOME EFFECTIVE ON SUCH DATE AS THE COMMISSION, ACTING PURSUANT TO SAID SECTION 8(A), MAY DETERMINE.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

We issued the notes in a private placement on June 17, 2003. This prospectus will be used by selling securityholders to resell their notes and the common stock issuable upon conversion of their notes. We will not receive any proceeds from this offering.

The notes will mature on July 1, 2010. As described in more detail beginning on page 33 of this prospectus, you may convert the notes into shares of our common stock at any time before the close of business on the date of their maturity unless we have previously repurchased the notes, if:


•	on any date on or prior to December 31, 2007, the closing sales price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days in the period of the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the date immediately prior to the eleventh trading day of the following fiscal quarter was more than 110% of the then current conversion price of the notes;

•	on any date after December 31, 2007, the closing sales price of our common stock is more than 110% of the then current conversion price of the notes;

•	on or after July 1, 2008, we elect to call the notes for redemption;

•	specified corporate transactions involving the distribution to all or substantially all of our holders of common stock of rights, options, warrants, cash, assets, debt securities or capital stock should occur;

•	we become a party to a consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, which consolidation, merger or sale constitutes a “change in control” transaction, as described in this prospectus; and

•	subject to the exceptions described in this prospectus, during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading-day period in which the average trading prices for the notes for such five trading-day period was less than 95% of the product of the closing sale price of our shares of common stock on a given day and the then current conversion rate for the notes during that period.

The conversion rate is 107.5650 shares of common stock per each $1,000 principal amount of notes, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances. This is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $9.30 per share.

The notes are subordinated to our existing and future senior indebtedness and effectively subordinated to all indebtedness and all liabilities of our subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2003, we had no outstanding senior debt, and the aggregate amount of indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries was approximately $10.8 million (excluding intercompany liabilities).

On or after July 1, 2008, we may redeem the notes in whole or in part at the redemption prices set forth in this prospectus.

On July 1, 2008, or in the event of a “change in control” transaction, as described in this prospectus, you may require us to repurchase any notes held by you at the repurchase prices set forth in this prospectus.

The notes are not listed on any securities exchange or included in any automated quotation system. Our common stock is quoted on The Nasdaq National Market under the symbol “RNWK.” The closing sale price of our common stock on November 14, 2003 was $6.01 per share.

These securities involve a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 6.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

You should rely only on the information contained in this document or to which we have referred you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. This document may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. You should not assume that the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of this prospectus.

The following summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, included in this prospectus and incorporated in this prospectus by reference. You should carefully consider the information set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors.” Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “RealNetworks,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to RealNetworks, Inc., a Washington corporation.

We are a leading global provider of network-delivered digital media services and the technology that enables digital media creation, distribution and consumption. Our company is at the center of the intersection between technology and digital content.

Our strategy is to drive the creation of a market for subscription-based digital audio and video content online, and we are positioned to benefit from this market in three primary ways: (1) as an electronic retailer of digital content to consumers; (2) as a business-to-business services provider to third parties who wish to distribute their content to consumers over digital networks; and (3) as a supplier of the underlying technology used by content owners and network operators to create and distribute digital content. We have helped to create a large ecosystem of consumers, network operators and content owners who use our products and services to create, send and receive both free and paid content. We believe that we can leverage this ecosystem to successfully compete in the market for digital content and related technology.

Consumers use our RealOne Player to play, create and manage their digital media, rip and burn CDs, tune in to Internet radio and play streaming and on-demand audio and video. Since our inception, there have been more than 300 million unique registered users worldwide of our RealOne Player and its predecessor, the RealPlayer. RealOne Player users can subscribe to our RealOne subscription services, which offer subscribers a package of premium software and services and access to premium content. We offer a variety of subscription service offerings to consumers under our RealOne brand, including RealOne SuperPass, which provides consumers access to online sports, news, music and entertainment programming from brand-name media companies, and RealOne RadioPass, a subscription radio service. In addition, a subscription to one of our RealOne services includes a premium version of our RealOne Player software, offering playback of over 50 media types, advanced CD burning and other features designed to enhance the user experience for digital media. RealOne Player users can also subscribe to one of the subscription products we offer that feature the content of our content partners, including CNN, Major League Baseball Advanced Media and NASCAR.com. At September 30, 2003, our subscription offerings had over one million paying subscribers. We believe this represents one of the largest paid media subscription businesses on the Internet.

Our ecosystem also includes content owners and network operators who use our products to create and distribute free and paid digital content, as well as other technology companies who license our technology in order to integrate digital media into their products. The technology platform that we use for our products and that we license to other companies is called Helix. The Helix platform is designed to deliver digital media in any major media format over Internet protocol-enabled networks to media-enabled devices. Helix supports all of the major server and device operating systems, and it enables content providers to deliver high quality digital audio and video content to consumers with high levels of scalability, reliability and flexibility. We have made the core Helix technology available in source code to a community of developers — the “Helix Community” — to help increase the speed, creativity and innovation in development on our platform. We have also entered into agreements with leading manufacturers of semi-conductors, servers, personal computers, and wireless and personal music devices, as well as other consumer electronic devices, to incorporate our streaming and downloadable media technology in their products. We believe that this will enable even more rapid adoption of our Helix technologies.

The size of our worldwide user base provides us with an ability to pool consumer demand on a very large scale. Accordingly, we have developed a variety of products and services to connect content providers, broadcasters and advertisers with that user base, including our RealOne subscription services. Our strategy is

We were incorporated in the State of Washington in 1994. Our principal executive offices are located at 2601 Elliott Avenue, Suite 1000, Seattle, Washington 98121 and our telephone number at that location is (206) 674-2700. Our website is www.realnetworks.com. The information on our website is not incorporated into this prospectus.

RealNetworks is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries as a trademark of RealNetworks, Inc. Other trademarks of RealNetworks, Inc. used herein include RealOne, RealAudio, RealVideo, RealPlayer, RealOne SuperPass, RealOne MusicPass, RealOne RadioPass, and RealJukebox. All other trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, or registered service marks in this prospectus that are not the property of RealNetworks, Inc. are the property of their respective owners.


		is payable in cash or, at our option, subject to certain circumstances, in shares of our common stock valued at 95% of the average closing sales prices of the common stock for the five trading days preceding and including the third trading day prior to the repurchase date. See “Description of the Notes — Repurchase at Option of Holders Upon a Change in Control.”

Use of proceeds		We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale by any selling securityholder of the notes or the underlying common stock into which the notes may be converted.

Events of default		The following are events of default under the indenture for the notes:

		• we fail to pay the principal of any note when due;

		• we fail to pay liquidated damages on any note when due, and such failure continues for 30 days;

		• we fail to provide the notice that we are required to give in the event of a change in control;

		• we fail to perform any other covenant in the indenture and that failure continues for 60 days after written notice to us by the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of outstanding notes;

		• we or any of our significant subsidiaries, as defined in the indenture, fail to pay when due, either at its maturity or upon acceleration, any indebtedness under any bonds, debentures, notes or other evidences of indebtedness for money borrowed by us or such subsidiary, or any guarantee thereof, in excess of $25 million if the indebtedness is not discharged, or the acceleration is not annulled, within 30 days after written notice by the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding notes; and

		• events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving us or any significant subsidiary.

		See “Description of the Notes — Events of Default.”

You should read the “Risk Factors” section, beginning on page 6 of this prospectus, so that you understand the risks associated with an investment in the securities offered with this prospectus.

The ratio of earnings to fixed charges for each of the periods indicated is as follows:

These computations include us and our consolidated subsidiaries. Ratio of earnings to fixed charges is computed by dividing:


	•	earnings before taxes adjusted for fixed charges by,

	•	fixed charges, which includes interest expense, plus the portion of interest expense under operating leases deemed by us to be representative of the interest factor, plus amortization of debt issuance costs.

In addition to the other information contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus, you should carefully consider the following risk factors before making an investment in the notes or the common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes. If any of the events or circumstances described in the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer, and the trading price of our common stock and the notes offered by this prospectus could decline. The risks outlined below address many of the risks RealNetworks faces, but it is not an exhaustive list of all of our risks.

Keep these risk factors in mind when you read “forward-looking” statements elsewhere in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. These are statements that relate to our expectations for future events and time periods. Generally, the words, “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, and future events and circumstances could differ significantly from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements.

We were incorporated in February 1994 and have a relatively limited operating history, particularly in our consumer subscription businesses. We have limited financial results on which you can assess our future success. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses and difficulties frequently encountered by growing companies in new and rapidly evolving markets, such as the markets for online consumer subscription services and digital media software in which we operate.

To address the risks and uncertainties faced by our business, we must meet many challenges including:


	•	establishing and maintaining broad market acceptance of our products and services and converting that acceptance into direct and indirect sources of revenue;


	•	establishing and maintaining adoption of our technology on a wide variety of platforms and devices;


	•	establishing and maintaining our brand name;

	•	timely and successfully developing new products, product features and services and increasing the functionality and features of existing products and services;

	•	developing subscription services products that result in high degrees of consumer satisfaction and high levels of consumer usage;

	•	successfully responding to competition from Microsoft, Yahoo!, Apple and others, including competition from emerging technologies and solutions; and

	•	developing and maintaining strategic relationships to enhance the distribution, features, content and utility of our products and services.

Our business strategy may be unsuccessful and we may be unable to address the risks we face in a cost-effective manner, if at all. If we are unable to successfully address these risks our business will be harmed.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. As of September 30, 2003, we had an accumulated deficit of $274 million. We had net losses for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2003 and the years ended December 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000, and we may not generate sufficient revenue to be profitable on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. We devote significant resources to developing, enhancing, selling, marketing and obtaining content for our products and services. As a result, we will need to generate significant revenue to be profitable in the future.

As a result of our relatively brief operating history and the rapidly changing and uncertain nature of the markets in which we compete, our quarterly and annual revenue and operating results are likely to fluctuate from period-to-period, and period-to-period comparisons may not be meaningful. These fluctuations are caused by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. In past periods, our operating results have been affected by personnel reductions and related charges, charges relating to losses on excess office facilities, and impairment charges for certain of our equity investments. No assurance can be given that our operating results will not be affected by similar charges in future periods. Our future operating results could fall below the expectations of public market analysts or investors, which would likely significantly reduce the market price of our common stock. Fluctuations in our operating results will likely increase the volatility of our stock price.

Our research and development and sales and marketing efforts, and other business expenditures generally, are partially based on predictions regarding certain developments for media delivery and digital media distribution and on the consumption of online consumer subscription services. To the extent that these predictions prove inaccurate, our revenue may not be sufficient to offset these expenditures, and our operating results may be harmed.

The difficult macroeconomic environment and Microsoft’s bundling practices have impacted sales to customers in a variety of market segments, including customers in the corporate enterprise, broadcast hosting, Internet content provider, non-PC device manufacturer, systems software, telecommunication and original equipment manufacturer markets. No assurance can be given as to when, or if, we will experience increased demand for our systems software products from customers in these markets. In the event that a substantial number of our current or potential customers experience financial difficulties in the future or elect to use Microsoft’s bundled products, the rate of adoption of our products may be slowed, our ability to increase or maintain sales to such customers will be adversely affected and our ability to generate revenue from these companies will also be adversely impacted.

Our consumer subscription services are a new business model for us and we believe these services represent a discretionary spending item for many consumers. Accordingly, the development of these services could be negatively impacted by a general decline in consumer spending levels or other changes in consumer habits caused by macroeconomic conditions, which would harm our business and our business prospects.

On August 4, 2003, we closed our acquisition of Listen.Com. The acquisition may not be successful and will not achieve its anticipated benefits unless we successfully integrate Listen.Com’s operations with those of RealNetworks in a timely manner. Prior to the acquisition, RealNetworks and Listen.Com operated independently, each with its own business, business culture, markets, customers, employees and systems. Integrating the operations associated with Listen.Com will be a complex, time-consuming and expensive process that may result in revenue disruption, loss of key employees, customer uncertainty, and other operational difficulties if not completed in a timely and efficient manner. The operations associated with Listen.Com will remain in San Francisco after the closing. This will be our first experience operating and integrating a substantial acquired business in a remote location. The geographic separation could increase the operational risks described below under the caption “Potential acquisitions involve risks that we may not adequately address” and, in particular, may make it more difficult to retain the employees of Listen.Com. If we are not successful in retaining the key Listen.Com employees or in addressing any other problems encountered in connection with the acquisition, our business could be harmed.

We expect that the operations of Listen.Com will initially increase our operating losses. The level of additional operating losses is subject to risk and uncertainty. These additional operating losses could adversely

affect our ability to achieve profitability in any given fiscal period, which could result in a decrease in our stock price. If the operating losses continue for a significant period of time, or are significant in magnitude, such losses could harm our financial position, reported operating results or stock price. Our estimate of the operating losses we are likely to incur is based on Listen.Com’s past performance and anticipated future performance. Factors that might contribute to the operating losses continuing for a long period of time, or being significant, include Listen.Com’s ability to renew existing music licenses with the major music labels on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, rates of subscriber retention, pressure from competitors, including pricing pressure, the development of the market for online music subscription services, both domestically and internationally, and others factors described under the caption “Our online music services initiatives may not be successful, including our acquisition of Listen.Com.”

In July 2002, we announced the introduction of Helix, a combination of technology and a new licensing model designed to create an open, comprehensive platform and development community to enable the creation of digital media products and applications for multiple formats, operating systems and devices. Under the new licensing model, Helix community members can access, use and modify RealNetworks source code. This enables a large group of developers to extend the Helix technology to other platforms, fix software bugs and create their own applications using the Helix platform.

There are a number of risks associated with our Helix initiative, including risks associated with open source and community source technology licensing, development and business models and the risks typically associated with the introduction of new products and technologies. There can be no assurance that the industry will adopt the Helix Platform or the Helix Community, or that third parties will develop and introduce technologies or products based on them. Further, there can be no assurance that new or existing customers will license the Helix Universal Server. While we have invested substantial resources in the development of these initiatives and products, there can be no assurance that they will be accepted by the market, that we will derive substantial revenue from such initiatives and products or that the introduction of Helix and the Helix Universal Server will not adversely affect our sales.

Members of one of our RealOne subscription services gain access to premium subscription content and are able to take advantage of certain enhanced features of the RealOne Player. These subscription services are a relatively new business model for delivering media over the Internet and represent a new and rapidly evolving business model for us. It is too early to predict whether consumers will accept in significant numbers our subscription services or whether the services will otherwise be financially viable. To date, costs of our subscription services as a percentage of subscription services revenue are significantly higher than such costs represented in our business historically, and we expect this trend will continue to negatively impact our overall gross margins as we grow our consumer subscription business and it becomes a larger portion of our overall revenue. Our subscription services compete with both traditional and online entertainment service providers. We anticipate that we will face increasing competition for online subscription service revenue from a wide range of companies, including Time Warner’s AOL subsidiary, Microsoft and Yahoo!, which offer subscription services that compete with the offerings of certain of our subscription services, and from broadband Internet service providers. In addition, Apple’s recently released iTunes digital music store provides additional competition for our music offerings. Many of our competitors have significantly more resources than us, including access to content, and some of our competitors may be able to leverage their experience in providing subscription or similar services to customers in other businesses to the sale of digital media subscriptions.

We must continue to obtain premium digital content in order to maintain and increase subscriptions and subscription service revenue and overall customer satisfaction. It is too early to predict whether our subscription business will require highly popular content to increase or maintain subscriptions, and, if so, whether we will be able to obtain such content on a consistent basis, or on commercially acceptable terms. To date, a limited amount of premium digital content has been made available for delivery over the Internet that can only be accessed through a for-pay service and not for free. If we are unable to obtain premium digital

content on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or if we do not successfully market our subscription services to our end users and other potential subscribers, our business could be harmed. In addition, if the adoption of broadband services is slower than anticipated it may impact the desirability of our services as users encounter content over slower connections, which degrade the quality of the user experience. In the future, increased competition for subscription services may make it more difficult to secure content licenses under reasonable terms.

Our subscription services have become an increasingly important source of our total revenue. We believe the subscription business represents a major growth opportunity for us and also creates substantial risks. Subscribers may cancel their subscriptions to our subscription services for many reasons, including a perception that they do not use the subscription services sufficiently or that the service does not provide enough value, a lack of attractive or exclusive content generally or as compared to competitive service offerings, or because customer service issues are not satisfactorily resolved. In order to increase our number of subscribers and subscription revenue, we must continue to add new subscribers each quarter while minimizing the rate of loss of existing subscribers. Because the Internet subscription content business is a relatively new media delivery model and a relatively new business for us, we cannot predict with accuracy our long-term ability to retain subscribers or add new subscribers. If our marketing and promotional activities fail to add significant numbers of new subscribers or if too many of our subscribers cancel their memberships, our revenue and business will suffer. In addition, if the costs of such marketing and promotional activities increase in order to add new subscribers, our margins and operating results will suffer. Our subscription revenue and subscriber base have grown on a percentage basis in the early phases of the development of our subscription business. If our subscription revenue and subscriber base continue to grow, the percentage growth rates we have experienced to date are unlikely to be sustainable.

Many of our subscribers subscribe to our premium subscription service products, some of which are seasonal or periodic in nature, such as our Major League Baseball and CBS Big Brother offerings. We have limited experience with these types of offerings and cannot predict how the seasonal or periodic nature of these offerings or our experimentation with new content offerings will impact our subscriber growth rates, future subscriber retention levels or our quarterly financial results. In addition, our contract with Major League Baseball Advanced Media is due to expire in the fourth quarter of 2003. Failure to renew the contract will result in the loss of subscribers to MLB subscription offerings and a corresponding loss of revenue. Accordingly, we anticipate that subscriber levels for our various subscription service offerings will fluctuate as we develop this business and experiment with new types of content offerings. No assurance can be given that subscribers to our seasonal or periodic offerings will renew their subscriptions for future offerings. In addition, no assurance can be given that the gross margins associated with these offerings will be consistent with our historical gross margins or our gross margins for our other subscription products, such as RealOne SuperPass.

In 2001, we announced the formation of a joint venture called MusicNet with several leading media companies to create a technology platform for online music subscription services. We also entered into an agreement with MusicNet to license the MusicNet platform and service for sale to our own customers. In December 2001, we began offering the RealOne MusicPass subscription service, a for-pay music subscription service based on the MusicNet platform. We recently replaced that offering with an online music subscription service using Listen.Com’s technology and marketed as RealOne RHAPSODY, as discussed further below. The business models, technologies and market for online music subscription services are new and unproven and no assurance can be given that our online music initiatives will be successful.

In addition, we record in our statement of operations our equity share in MusicNet’s net income (loss), which was a loss of $1.1 million and $4.3 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2003, respectively. We anticipate that MusicNet will continue to incur losses in the foreseeable future and will need additional funding. No assurance can be made that MusicNet will ever contribute net income to our statement

of operations, that losses recorded from MusicNet will not increase in the future, or that our investment in MusicNet will not be written down in future periods. MusicNet also is a licensee of our technology and has used our digital music architecture to build its technology platform. If MusicNet is not successful and other online music subscription services do not license our technology, our business and business prospects could be harmed. The Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and certain European antitrust regulatory authorities have commenced investigations into music licensing and other business practices related to online music businesses, including the business of MusicNet. If the business of MusicNet is harmed or materially modified as a result of these investigations, our financial results and business prospects could be harmed.

On August 4, 2003, we closed our acquisition of Listen.Com, and acquired Listen.Com’s music subscription service, RHAPSODY. We are now offering RealOne RHAPSODY, our music subscription service using Listen.Com’s technology, as our primary music subscription service offering through our Web sites and distribution channels. We are also continuing to distribute the RHAPSODY music service through Listen.Com’s distribution channels. However, our ability to provide this music service will be dependent on music licenses from the major music labels. While we have received consent to transfer Listen.Com’s existing music licenses with the major music labels, no assurance can be given that these labels will renew the licenses upon their expiration or that such renewals will be on terms that are commercially viable. Many of these licenses are due to expire and will need to be renewed in early 2004. Due to the increasing importance of our music services to our overall revenues, the failure of the major music labels to renew these licenses under terms that are acceptable to us will harm our ability to offer successful music subscription services and would harm our operating results.

Our music subscription services face competition from traditional offline music distribution competitors and from other new online music services, including Apple’s iTunes music service and a service launched by Roxio under the brand name Napster, each of which has received significant initial media exposure and each of which is spending substantial marketing dollars to promote its service. We expect that the market for online music services will become increasingly competitive and will attract additional competitors that may be able to devote significantly greater resources to the development of their online music services. Competing services may be able to obtain more or better music content, may be able to license such content on more favorable terms than us, or may develop better offerings than us, which could harm the ability of our music subscription services to compete effectively in the marketplace.

Our music subscription services also face significant competition from “free” peer-to-peer services, such as KaZaA and Morpheus, which allow consumers to directly access an expansive array of free content without securing licenses from content providers. Although several of these “free” services have been found to be illegally violating copyright laws, enforcement efforts to date have not effectively shut down these services, and there can be no assurance that these services will ever be shut down. The ongoing presence of these “free” services, even if they are subsequently found to be illegal, substantially impairs the marketability of legitimate services like ours.

The market for software and services for media delivery over the Internet is relatively new and constantly changing. We expect that competition will continue to intensify. Increased competition has and could continue to hurt our business and the trading price of our stock. Increased competition may also result in price reductions, reduced margins, loss of customers, and a change in our business and marketing strategies, any of which could harm our business.

Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, more employees and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, public relations and distribution resources than we do. In addition, new competitors with potentially unique or more desirable products or

services may enter the market at any time. The competitive environment may require us to make changes in our products, pricing, licensing, services or marketing to maintain and extend our current brand and technology franchise. Price concessions or the emergence of other pricing, licensing and distribution strategies or technology solutions of competitors may reduce our revenue, margins or market share, any of which will harm our business. Other changes we have to make in response to competition could cause us to expend significant financial and other resources, disrupt our operations, strain relationships with partners, or release products and enhancements before they are thoroughly tested, any of which could harm our operating results and stock price.

Microsoft is a principal competitor in the development and distribution of digital media and media distribution technology. Microsoft currently competes with us in the market for digital media servers, players, encoders, digital rights management, codecs and other technology and services related to digital distribution of media. Microsoft’s commitment to and presence in the media delivery industry has increased. Microsoft recently announced the settlement of antitrust litigation with Time Warner in which Microsoft reportedly paid Time Warner $750 million and the two companies agreed to collaborate on long-term digital media initiatives, an announcement which may or may not have an impact on our existing relationship with AOL or on our business generally. We expect that Microsoft will continue to increase competitive pressure in the overall market for digital media and media distribution.

Microsoft distributes its competing streaming media server, player, tools and digital rights management products by bundling them with its Windows operating systems and servers at no additional cost or otherwise making them available free of charge. Microsoft’s practices have caused, and may continue to cause, pricing pressure on our revenue generating products and services and affect usage of our competing products and formats. Microsoft’s practices have led in some cases, and could continue to lead to, longer sales cycles, decreased sales, loss of existing and potential customers and reduced market share. In addition, we believe that Microsoft has used and may continue to use its monopoly position in the computer industry and its financial resources to secure preferential or exclusive distribution, use bundling contracts for its media delivery technologies and products with third parties, such as ISPs, content delivery networks, content providers, entertainment and media companies, VARs and OEMs, including third parties with whom we have relationships. Microsoft has also invested significant money in, has provided substantial financial incentives to, or offered or conditioned placement on or through the Windows operating system, the Internet Explorer Web browser and Microsoft’s MSN service to, certain of our current and potential customers and content suppliers. We expect this trend to continue, which may cause those customers to stop using or reduce their use of our products and services and which may cause those content suppliers to withhold desirable media content from us or end users of our products and services. Such arrangements, together with Microsoft’s aggressive competitive tactics, leveraging its operating system, and marketing of its Windows operating systems, server products and digital media products, may reduce our share of the streaming media and digital distribution markets. While courts have ruled that several of Microsoft’s practices violated relevant laws related to illegal maintenance of monopoly power, court remedies to date have had little or no impact. There can be no assurance that there will be future court remedies against Microsoft’s illegal actions, or if there are any such future remedies, there can be no assurance that these remedies will be effective in curtailing these activities.

Microsoft’s Windows Media Player competes with our media player products. Certain versions of the Windows Media Player are available for download from Microsoft’s Web site for free, and the Windows Media Player is bundled with Microsoft’s Windows XP operating system and the Windows 98, Windows 2000 and Windows ME operating systems, the Internet Explorer Web browser, and Microsoft’s MSN service. Windows XP, a significant focus of which is digital media delivery, gives very prominent and persistent placement to Microsoft’s Windows Media Player, Windows Media Guide, music services, and other media delivery services in the operating system and on the end user’s desktop. In some cases, the Windows Media Player may override default playback settings set by end users or by our software. New versions of Internet Explorer and MSN Explorer also prominently feature and promote Windows Media. We expect that by leveraging its monopoly position in operating systems and tying streaming or digital media into its operating systems and its Web browser, Microsoft will distribute substantially more copies of the Windows Media Player in the future than it has in the past and may be able to attract more users and content providers to use its

streaming or digital media products. In addition, Microsoft does not document or expose all of the interfaces that would allow our products to take full advantage of the features and functionality of Windows XP that it makes available to the Windows Media Player. In light of Microsoft’s efforts and dominant position in operating systems, our market position may be difficult to sustain. The ubiquitous distribution of Windows Media Player with Microsoft’s Windows operating systems may make it less likely that Internet content providers would use our technology. We may have to use additional resources, personnel and capital to effectively counter Microsoft’s competitive tactics and use of its operating system monopoly.

Microsoft’s Windows Media Player also competes with the personal music management features of the RealOne Player. Microsoft has made strategic investments in other digital distribution technologies that compete with the RealOne Player. The Windows Media Player supports the Windows Media format, but not our media formats. Microsoft also licenses various Windows Media Technology applications, a platform for authoring, delivering and playing digital media intended to compete with our system software products, and supports and promotes other third party products competitive to our products. In addition, Microsoft provides servers that support Windows Media Technologies at no additional cost to customers who purchase its Windows servers, whereas we offer versions of our competitive servers for sale. Microsoft bundles its Windows Media Server product with its server operating systems. In some cases, Microsoft has conditioned use of the Windows Media Digital Rights Management and security technologies supported by Windows XP to support for Windows Media formats and use of Windows Media Player and servers.

We compete with Microsoft, Sony Corporation and others in the market for digital rights management technologies. Sony’s acquisition of digital rights management patents from Intertrust in conjunction with Philips Electronics indicates that Sony may increase its focus on competing with us in the market for digital rights management technology. We expect Microsoft, Sony and other competitors to devote significantly greater resources to product development in the music management and digital media categories in the future. Microsoft has bundled its digital rights management technology with Windows and provides it at no charge. Microsoft is likely to use its operating system monopoly leverage to win market share for its digital rights management technologies.

Microsoft also competes with us to attract broadcasters and owners of high quality or popular content to promote and deliver such content in Microsoft’s formats, in some cases on an exclusive or preferential basis. While we have rights to play back certain content in Microsoft formats through our player products under a limited set of conditions, we may not secure necessary rights from Microsoft to enable our products to play back all such content or content in Microsoft’s newest formats, or such rights may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms. Our player products may be disadvantaged if they cannot play content in Windows Media formats or content that is secured by the Windows Media Digital Rights Management technology, or if such content providers do not also make their content available in our media formats using digital rights management systems supported by us. In some cases, we believe Microsoft uses its financial resources and monopoly leverage to obtain rights to such content, and to provide incentives to content providers to prepare their content in Microsoft’s formats. If content providers use Microsoft’s digital media technology rather than ours, it may harm our ability to sell subscription services, players and Helix technology. Microsoft’s commitment to and presence in the media delivery industry has increased and we believe that Microsoft will continue to increase competitive pressure in the overall market for streaming media and media distribution.

Microsoft has aggressively marketed and licensed its Windows Media technology to consumer electronics companies, a number of which have built support for Windows Media in their products. If Microsoft is successful in spreading Windows Media technology to non-PC devices — in part through leveraging its operating system monopoly — and we are not, it could harm our business.

In addition to Microsoft, we face competition from other companies that develop and market streaming media products. For example, Apple Computer offers the QuickTime streaming media technology and other technology based on MPEG-4 standards. Apple also offers competitive music management software and hardware. Apple has recently begun to devote significant resources to developing and marketing digital media products and we expect they will continue to do so to enable them to compete vigorously with us in the

marketplace. Apple has also enlisted the open source code development community to assist its development of competitive products. Companies such as Time Warner and Yahoo! and many smaller competitors also offer various products that compete with our player products and content subscription services. In connection with the deployment of our system software in AOL’s Internet service, we also licensed our technology to AOL for use with its own Internet service media player application. Such licensing may impact the number of end users of our player products if AOL users only use AOL applications. As more companies enter the market with products that compete with our servers, players and tools, the competitive landscape could change rapidly to our disadvantage. If our player products and formats do not continue to achieve a high level of consumer adoption and usage, our revenue and business could be harmed.

Media Hosting and Delivery. Our media hosting and delivery service, the Real Broadcast Network, competes with a variety of companies that provide streaming media hosting and broadcast services. These companies include Akamai, Yahoo! Broadcast Services and other emerging broadcast networks. Some of these competitors have cost or other advantages over our services and offer other services that the Real Broadcast Network does not offer, such as creating corporate intranet portals or hosting in media formats not supported by the Real Broadcast Network. We may not establish or sustain our competitive position in this market segment. In recent periods, many of the customers of the Real Broadcast Network have reduced their usage of our media hosting services. Some of our media hosting competitors are also customers on whom we rely to help drive product download traffic to our Web sites through their broadcast events. We also sell servers and tools to companies that compete with the Real Broadcast Network. If our relationship with these companies becomes more competitive, such companies may reduce their level of usage and purchases of our products or services.

Web Site Destinations, Content and Advertising. Our Web sites and the Real.com Network compete for user traffic and Internet advertising revenue with a wide variety of Web sites, Internet portals and ISPs. We cannot be certain that advertisers will place advertising with us or that revenue derived from such advertising will be meaningful. Advertising revenue does not currently represent a large percentage of our revenues and we cannot predict if our advertising revenues can be sustained or will increase in future periods.

The market for products that enable the downloading of media and that provide a personal music management system is relatively new and still evolving. We may be unable to develop a revenue model or sufficient demand to take advantage of this market opportunity. We cannot predict whether consumers will adopt the RealOne Player as their primary application to play, record, download and manage their digital music. There are a number of competitive products on the market that offer certain of the music management features currently offered by the RealOne Player. Given the size and importance of the general market for music distribution, competitors will likely release additional products that directly compete with the RealOne Player, which could harm our business. Our competitors may develop new features and technology not available in the RealOne Player, including advanced codecs and digital rights management technology, which could harm our business.

The RealOne Player also faces competition from the emergence of widespread peer-to-peer file sharing services and programs such as KaZaA and Morpheus, and a variety of other similar services that allow computer users to connect with each other and to copy many types of program files, including music and other media, from one another’s hard drives. These services allow consumers to directly access an expansive array of content without relying on content providers to make the content available for streaming or digital download, and without relying on products such as the RealOne Player to be able to play, record and store such content. Our inability to achieve widespread acceptance for our digital music architecture or widespread distribution of our player products could hold back the development of revenue streams from these market segments, including digital music content, and therefore could harm the prospects for our business.

We must also provide digital rights management solutions and other security mechanisms in order to address concerns of content providers, and we cannot be certain that we can develop, license or acquire such solutions, or that content licensors or consumers will accept them. In addition, consumers may be unwilling to accept the use of digital rights management technologies that limit their use of content, especially with large amounts of free content readily available. In connection with the continued development of our products, particularly with respect to the adaptation of our products on non-PC devices, we may need to license other digital rights management solutions to support our products. No assurance can be given that such solutions will be available to us, or, if they will be available to us at reasonable rates or upon reasonable terms, which could harm the development of our products and our business.

The Internet and media distribution industries are undergoing substantial change which has resulted in increasing consolidation and a proliferation of strategic transactions. As a result, we are increasingly competing with larger competitors that have substantially greater resources than we do. We expect this consolidation and strategic partnering to continue. Acquisitions or strategic relationships could harm us in a number of ways. For example:


	•	competitors could acquire or enter into relationships with companies with which we have strategic relationships and discontinue our relationship, resulting in the loss of distribution opportunities for our products and services or the loss of certain enhancements or value-added features to our products and services;

	•	competitors could obtain exclusive access to desirable multimedia content and prevent that content from being available in our formats, thus decreasing the use of our products and services and hurting our ability to attract advertisers to our Web sites and product offerings;

	•	suppliers of important or emerging technologies could be acquired by a competitor or other company which could prevent us from being able to utilize such technologies in our offerings, and disadvantage our offerings relative to those of competitors;

	•	a competitor could be acquired by a party with significant resources and experience that could increase the ability of the competitor to compete with our products and services; and

	•	other companies with related interests could combine to form new, formidable competition, which could preclude us from obtaining access to certain markets or content, or which could dramatically change the market for our products and services.

Any of these events could put us at a competitive disadvantage which could cause us to lose customers, revenue and market share. They could also force us to expend greater resources to meet new or additional competitive threats, which could also harm our operating results.

If third parties do not develop or offer compelling content to be delivered over the Internet, or grant necessary licenses to us or our customers to distribute or perform such content, our business will be harmed and our products and services may not achieve or sustain broad market acceptance. We rely on third-party content providers, such as radio and television stations, record labels, media companies, game developers, Web sites and other companies, to develop and offer content in our formats that can be delivered using our server products and played back using our player products. We also rely entirely on third-party content for the programming and content offerings that comprise our RealOne and stand-alone subscription services and our RHAPSODY subscription music service offering acquired in the Listen.Com acquisition. In some cases, we pay substantial fees to obtain content for these services. In order to provide compelling subscription services, we must be able to offer unique content and programming to our customers. We face competition in the market for subscription content services from a variety of companies, including larger competitors such as Time Warner, Microsoft and Yahoo!, who may have greater access to content or the ability to pay substantially higher fees to content providers. We cannot guarantee that third-party content providers will

continue to rely on our technology or offer compelling content in our formats, nor can we guarantee that we will be able to secure licenses to their content or that such licenses will be available at commercially reasonable rates, to encourage and sustain broad market acceptance of our products and services. The failure to do so would harm our business and our business prospects.

While we have a number of short-term agreements with third parties to provide content from their Web sites in our formats, most third parties are not obligated to develop or offer content using our technology. In addition, some third parties have entered into and may in the future enter into agreements with our competitors, principally Microsoft, to develop or offer all or a substantial portion of their content in our competitors’ formats and using their digital rights management technology. This may prevent such content from being playable through our products. Microsoft has substantially more resources than us that may enable it to secure preferential and even exclusive relationships with content providers, including preferential placement on or through the Windows Operating System, Internet Explorer or MSN. There could be less demand for and use of our products if Microsoft or another competitor were to secure preferential or exclusive relationships with the leading content providers, Web sites or broadcasters.

Our success also depends on the availability of third-party content, especially music, that current users of our player products can lawfully and easily access, record and play back. Our products may not achieve or sustain market acceptance if third parties are unwilling to offer their content for free download, streaming or purchase by users of our player products. We believe that current concerns regarding the secure distribution of music over the Internet, and the difficulties and costs associated with obtaining necessary or desirable licensing rights have contributed to the delay in market acceptance of our music subscription products and may continue to do so in the future.

Our growth depends on our ability to continue to develop leading edge media delivery and digital distribution products and services. Our business and operating results would be harmed if we fail to develop products and services that achieve widespread market acceptance or that fail to generate significant revenue or gross profits to offset our development and operating costs. We may not timely and successfully identify, develop and market new product and service opportunities. If we introduce new products and services, they may not attain broad market acceptance or contribute meaningfully to our revenue or profitability. Competitive or technological developments may require us to make substantial, unanticipated investments in new products and technologies, and we may not have sufficient resources to make these investments. If we are unable to be a technological leader in our market our business is likely to be harmed. In addition, with the recent introduction of our Helix initiative, we no longer exercise control over many aspects of the development of the open source technology that comprises our Helix initiative and accordingly, there can be no assurance that the industry will adopt the Helix Platform or the Helix Community, or that third parties will develop and introduce technologies or products based on them.

Because the markets for our products and services are changing rapidly, we must develop new offerings quickly. We have experienced development delays and cost overruns in our development efforts in the past and we may encounter such problems in the future. Delays and cost overruns could affect our ability to respond to technological changes, evolving industry standards, competitive developments or customer requirements. Our products also may contain undetected errors that could cause increased development costs, loss of revenue, adverse publicity, reduced market acceptance of our products or services or lawsuits by customers.

The RealOne Player supports a variety of audio formats, including RealAudio, MP3, Windows Media Audio, Apple QuickTime and MPEG-4. Support for some formats, including Windows Media Audio and Apple QuickTime, requires the user to have additional third party software installed. However, technical formats and consumer preferences evolve very rapidly, and we may be unable to adequately address consumer preferences or fulfill the market demand to the extent it exists. We may be unable to license technologies, like codecs, that obtain widespread consumer and developer use which would harm consumer and developer acceptance of our products and services. In addition, our codecs and formats may not continue to be in

Our success substantially depends on the continued employment of certain executive officers and key employees, particularly Robert Glaser, our founder, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. The loss of the services of Mr. Glaser or other key executive officers or employees could harm our business. If any of these individuals were to leave RealNetworks, we could face high costs and substantial difficulty in hiring qualified successors and could experience a loss in productivity while any such successor obtains the necessary training and experience. We do not maintain “key person” life insurance policies. If we do not succeed in retaining and motivating existing personnel, our business could be harmed.

Our success also depends on our ability to attract, train or retain qualified personnel in all areas, especially those with management and product development skills. In particular, we must hire and retain experienced management personnel to help us continue to grow and manage our business, and skilled software engineers to further our research and development efforts. At times, we have experienced difficulties in hiring personnel with the proper training or experience, particularly in technical and media areas. Competition for qualified personnel is intense, particularly in high-technology centers such as the Pacific Northwest, where our corporate headquarters are located. If we do not succeed in attracting new personnel or in retaining and motivating our current personnel, our business could be harmed.

As part of our business strategy, we have acquired technologies and businesses in the past, and expect that we will to continue to do so in the future. The failure to adequately address the financial, legal and operational risks raised by acquisitions of technology and businesses could harm our business. Acquisition or business combination transactions are accompanied by a number of significant risks. Financial risks related to acquisitions may harm our financial position, reported operating results or stock price, and include:


	•	potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities;

	•	use of cash resources;

	•	the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities;

	•	large write-offs and difficulties in assessment of the relative percentages of in-process research and development expense that can be immediately written off as compared to the amount which must be amortized over the appropriate life of the asset; and

	•	amortization expenses related to other intangible assets.

Acquisitions also involve operational risks that could harm our existing operations or prevent realization of anticipated benefits from an acquisition. These operational risks include:


	•	difficulties in assimilating the operations, products, technology, information systems or personnel of the acquired company;


	•	subsequent loss of key employees of the acquired company;


	•	diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns and the potential disruption of our ongoing business;

	•	the difficulty of incorporating acquired technology or content and rights into our products and services and unanticipated expenses related to such incorporation;

	•	impairment of relationships with our employees, affiliates, advertisers and content providers;


	•	inability to maintain uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies;


	•	the assumption of known and unknown liabilities of the acquired company, including intellectual property claims; and



	•	entrance into markets in which we have no direct prior experience.

On August 4, 2003, we closed the acquisition of Listen.Com. The acquisition may not be successful and is subject to the operational risks set forth above, in addition to the risks discussed above under the caption “Our acquisition of Listen.Com may not be successful.”

We have made, and in the future we may continue to make, strategic investments in other companies. These investments have been made, and future investments will likely be made, in immature businesses with unproven track records and technologies. Such investments have a high degree of risk, with the possibility that we may lose the total amount of our investment. We have in the past recorded significant charges from reductions in the value of our strategic investments and we may have similar charges in the future. We may not be able to identify suitable investment candidates, and, even if we do, we may not be able to make those investments on acceptable terms. In addition, even if we make investments, we may not gain strategic benefits from those investments.

The growth of our business depends on the continued growth of the Internet as a medium for media consumption, communications, electronic commerce and advertising and also on the growth of the wireless data market, including the growth of devices with multimedia capability. Our business will be harmed if Internet usage does not continue to grow, particularly as a source of media information and entertainment and as a vehicle for commerce in goods and services, or if widespread adoption of technology to access data and multimedia content on wireless devices does not occur. Our success also depends on the efforts of third parties to develop the infrastructure and complementary products and services necessary to maintain and expand the Internet as a viable commercial medium. We believe that other Internet-related issues, such as security, privacy, reliability, cost, speed, ease of use and access, quality of service and necessary increases in bandwidth availability, remain largely unresolved and may affect the amount and type of business that is conducted over the Internet, and may impact our ability to sell our products and services and ultimately impact our business results and prospects.

If Internet usage grows, the Internet infrastructure may not be able to support the demands placed on it by such growth, specifically the demands of delivering high-quality media content. As a result, its performance and reliability may decline. In addition, Web sites have experienced interruptions in service as a result of outages, system attacks and other delays occurring throughout the Internet network infrastructure. If these outages, attacks or delays occur frequently or on a broad scale in the future, Internet usage, as well as the usage of our products, services and Web sites, could grow more slowly or decline.

We believe that increased Internet use and especially the increased use of media over the Internet may depend on the availability of greater bandwidth or data transmission speeds through the growth of broadband transmission. If broadband technologies do not become widely available or widely adopted, our products and services, particularly our subscription services, may not achieve broad market acceptance and our business and prospects could be harmed.

If broadband access becomes widely available, we believe it presents both a substantial opportunity and a significant business challenge for us. Internet access through cable television set-top boxes, digital subscriber lines or wireless connections could dramatically reduce the demand for our products and services by utilizing alternate technology that more efficiently transmits data and media. This could harm our business as currently conducted.

Also, our products and services may not achieve market acceptance or generate sufficient revenue to offset our costs of developing products and services compatible with broadband transmission formats and infrastructure. Development of products and services for a broadband transmission infrastructure involves a number of additional risks, including:


	•	changes in content delivery methods and protocols;

	•	the emergence of new competitors, such as traditional broadcast and cable television companies, which have significant control over access to content, substantial resources and established relationships with media providers;


	•	the development by our current competitors, particularly Microsoft, Yahoo! and Time Warner, of relationships with, or ownership interests in, companies that have significant access to or control over the broadband transmission infrastructure or content; and



	•	the need to maintain and establish new relationships with non-PC based providers of broadband access, such as makers of wireless or consumer electronics devices and providers of television set-top boxes and cable television, some of which may compete with us.

In the coming years, the number of individuals who access the Internet through devices other than a personal computer, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, television set-top devices, game consoles and Internet appliances, is expected to increase dramatically. Manufacturers of these types of products are increasingly investing in media-related applications, but development of these devices is still in an experimental stage and business models are new and unproven. If we are unable to attract and retain a substantial number of alternative device manufacturers to license and incorporate our technology into their devices, we may fail to capture a sufficient share of an increasingly important market for digital media delivery. Further, a failure to develop revenue-generating relationships with a sufficient number of device manufacturers could harm our business prospects.

We do not believe that complete standards have emerged with respect to non-PC wireless and cable-based systems, though participants in those industries generally express support for the evolution of industry-wide standards which may disfavor proprietary solutions. Likewise, no single company has yet gained a dominant position in the mobile device market. However, certain third party products and services in these markets support our technology, and certain products and services support our competitors’ technologies, especially Microsoft, which can use its monopoly position in the operating system business and other financial resources to gain access to these markets, potentially to our exclusion. Other companies’ products and services, including industry-standard technologies like MPEG-4 and 3GPP, or other new standards may emerge or become dominant in any of these areas, and differing standards may emerge among different global markets, which could reduce demand for our technology and products or render them obsolete. In addition, our ability to reach customers in these markets is often controlled by large network operators and our success in these markets is dependent on securing relationships with these key operators.

We have also recently announced our Helix initiative, which is aimed, in part, at stimulating the development of Internet media technology on non-PC devices. If the open-source features of Helix do not

The loss of certain current strategic relationships or key licensing arrangements, the inability to find other strategic partners or the failure of our existing relationships to achieve meaningful positive results for us could harm our business. We rely in part on strategic relationships to help us:


	•	increase adoption of our products through distribution arrangements;

	•	increase the amount and availability of compelling media content on the Internet to help boost demand for our products and services, including our RealOne subscription services;

	•	acquire desirable or necessary technology components and intellectual property rights;

	•	establish and maintain our brands;

	•	expand the range of commercial activities based on our technology; and

	•	increase the performance and utility of our products and services.

We would be unable to accomplish many of these goals without the assistance of third parties. For example, we may become more reliant on strategic partners to provide multimedia content and technology, to provide alternative distribution channels, to provide more secure and easy-to-use electronic commerce solutions and to build out the necessary infrastructure for media delivery. We may not be successful in forming or managing strategic relationships and, in particular, we may meet resistance in forging such relationships if our potential strategic partners desire to minimize their dependency on any one technology provider.

A reduction in the performance, reliability or availability of our Web sites and network infrastructure may harm our ability to distribute our products and services to our users, as well as our reputation and ability to attract and retain users, customers, advertisers and content providers. Our revenue depends in large part on the number of users that download our products from our Web sites, access the content services on our Web sites and use our subscription services. Our systems and operations are susceptible to, and could be damaged or interrupted by, outages caused by fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, Internet breakdown, earthquake and similar events. Our systems are also subject to human error, security breaches, power losses, computer viruses, break-ins, “denial of service” attacks, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and tampering designed to disrupt our computer systems, Web sites and network communications, and our systems could be subject to greater vulnerability in periods of high employee turnover. A sudden and significant increase in traffic on our Web sites could strain the capacity of the software, hardware and telecommunications systems that we deploy or use. This could lead to slower response times or system failures.

Our operations also depend on receipt of timely feeds from our content providers, and any failure or delay in the transmission or receipt of such feeds could disrupt our operations. We also depend on Web browsers, ISPs and online service providers to provide Internet users access to our Web sites. Many of these providers have experienced significant outages in the past, and could experience outages, delays and other difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems. In addition, certain ISPs have temporarily interrupted our Web site operations and ability to communicate with certain customers in response to the heavy volume of email transmissions we generate and send to our large user base. These types of interruptions could continue or increase in the future.

Our electronic commerce and digital distribution activities are managed by complex software and computer systems. We must continually develop and update these systems over time as our business and business needs grow and change, and these systems may not adequately reflect the current needs of our business. We may encounter delays in developing these systems, and the systems may contain undetected errors that could cause system failures, authentication or payment processing problems, or security issues. We

have on occasion experienced system errors and failures that cause interruption in availability of products or content or an increase in response time, and any such errors or failures could result in a loss of potential or existing business services customers, users, subscribers, advertisers or content providers. If we suffer sustained or repeated interruptions, our products, services and Web sites could be less attractive to such entities or individuals and our business could be harmed.

Real Broadcast Network’s business is dependent on providing customers with efficient and reliable services to enable such customers to broadcast content to large audiences on a live or on-demand basis. Real Broadcast Network’s operations are also dependent in part upon transmission capacity provided by third-party telecommunications network providers. Any failure of such network providers to provide the capacity we require may result in a reduction in, or interruption of, service to our customers. If we do not have access to third-party transmission capacity, we could lose customers and if we are unable to obtain such capacity on terms commercially acceptable to us, our business and operating results could suffer.

Our computer and communications infrastructure is located at a single leased facility in Seattle, Washington, an area that is at heightened risk of earthquake and volcanic events. We do not currently have fully redundant systems or a formal disaster recovery plan, and we may not have adequate business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur from a system outage. Despite our efforts, our network infrastructure and systems could be subject to service interruptions or damage and any resulting interruption of services could harm our business, operating results and reputation.

Online commerce and communications depend on the ability to transmit confidential information and licensed intellectual property securely over private and public networks. Any compromise of our ability to transmit such information and data securely, and any costs associated with preventing or eliminating such problems, could harm our business. Online transmissions are subject to a number of security risks, including:


	•	our own or licensed encryption and authentication technology, and access and security procedures, may be compromised, breached or otherwise be insufficient to ensure the security of customer information or intellectual property;

	•	we could experience unauthorized access, computer viruses, system interference or destruction, “denial of service” attacks and other disruptive problems, whether intentional or accidental, that may inhibit or prevent access to our Web sites or use of our products and services; and

	•	someone could circumvent our security measures and misappropriate our, our partners’ or our customers’ proprietary information or content or interrupt operations.

The occurrence of any of these or similar events could damage our business, hurt our ability to distribute products and services and collect revenue, threaten the proprietary or confidential nature of our technology, harm our reputation, and expose us to litigation or liability. We may be required to expend significant capital or other resources to protect against the threat of security breaches or hacker attacks or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches or attacks.

We operate subsidiaries in ten foreign countries, and market and sell products in a number of other countries. We have also entered into joint ventures internationally. For the quarter ended September 30, 2003, approximately 27% of our revenue was derived from international operations.

A key part of our strategy is to develop localized products and services in international markets through joint ventures, subsidiaries and branch offices. If we do not successfully implement this strategy, we may not recoup our international investments and we may lose worldwide market share. To date, we have only limited experience in developing localized versions of our products and services and marketing and operating our products and services internationally, and we often rely on the efforts and abilities of our foreign business

partners in such activities. We believe that in light of the potential size of the customer base and the audience for content, and the substantial anticipated competition, we need to continue to expand into international markets in order to effectively obtain and maintain market share. International markets we have selected may not develop at a rate that supports our level of investment. In particular, international markets typically have been slower in adoption of the Internet as an advertising and commerce medium, which is reflected in our international revenue results.

In addition to uncertainty about our ability to continue to generate revenue from our foreign operations and expand our international presence, there are certain risks inherent in doing business on an international level, including difficulties in managing operations due to distance, language and cultural differences, different or conflicting laws and regulations and exchange rate fluctuations.

Any of these factors could harm our future international operations, and consequently our business, operating results and financial condition. We currently manage a portion of our foreign currency exposures. Our foreign currency exchange risk management program reduces, but does not eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements.

Our success and ability to compete partly depend on the superiority, uniqueness or value of our technology, including both internally developed technology and technology licensed from third parties. To protect our proprietary rights, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties, and protective contractual provisions. These efforts to protect our intellectual property rights may not be effective in preventing misappropriation of our technology. These efforts also may not prevent the development and design by others of products or technologies similar to or competitive with, or superior to those we develop. Any of these results could reduce the value of our intellectual property.

As of September 30, 2003, we had 50 registered U.S. trademarks or service marks, and had applications pending for several more U.S. trademarks. We also have several unregistered trademarks. In addition, we have several foreign trademark registrations and pending applications. Many of our marks begin with the word “Real” (such as RealOne, RealAudio and RealVideo). We are aware of other companies that use “Real” in their marks alone or in combination with other words, and we do not expect to be able to prevent all third-party uses of the word “Real” for all goods and services.

As of September 30, 2003, we had 23 U.S. patents and numerous patent applications on file relating to various aspects of our technology. We intend to increase our investment in filing additional patent applications on other features of our technology. Patents with respect to our technology may not be granted and, if granted, may be challenged or invalidated. Issued patents may not provide us with any competitive advantages and may be challenged by third parties.

Many of our current and potential competitors dedicate substantially greater resources to protection and enforcement of their intellectual property rights, especially patents. Many parties are actively developing streaming media and digital distribution-related technologies, e-commerce and other Web-related technologies, as well as a variety of online business methods and models. We believe that these parties will continue to take steps to protect these technologies, including, but not limited to seeking patent protection. As a result, disputes regarding the ownership of these technologies and rights associated with streaming media, digital distribution and online businesses are likely to arise in the future and may be very costly. In addition to existing patents and intellectual property rights, we anticipate that additional third-party patents related to our products and services will be issued in the future. If a blocking patent has been issued or is issued in the future, we would need to either obtain a license or design around the patent. We may not be able to obtain such a license on acceptable terms, if at all, or design around the patent, which could harm our business.

Companies in the technology and content-related industries have frequently resorted to litigation regarding intellectual property rights. We may be forced to litigate to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of other parties’ proprietary rights. Any such litigation could be very costly and could distract our management from focusing on operating our business. In addition, we believe these industries are experiencing an increased level of litigation to determine the applicability of current laws to, and impact of new technologies on, the use and distribution of content over the Internet and through new devices, especially in the music industry, and as we develop products and services that provide or enable the provision of content in such ways, our litigation risk may increase. The existence and/or outcome of such litigation could harm our business.

From time to time we receive claims and inquiries from third parties alleging that our internally developed technology or technology we license from third parties may infringe the third parties’ proprietary rights, especially patents. Third parties have also asserted and most likely will continue to assert claims against us alleging infringement of copyrights, trademark rights, trade secret rights or other proprietary rights, or alleging unfair competition or violations of privacy rights. We are now investigating a number of such pending claims.

Few existing laws or regulations specifically apply to the Internet, other than laws and regulations generally applicable to businesses. Certain U.S. export controls and import controls of other countries, including controls on the use of encryption technologies, may apply to our products. Many laws and regulations, however, are pending and may be adopted in the United States, individual states and local jurisdictions and other countries with respect to the Internet. These laws may relate to many areas that impact our business, including content issues (such as obscenity, indecency and defamation), copyright and other intellectual property rights, digital rights management, encryption, caching of content by server products, personal privacy, taxation, e-mail, sweepstakes, promotions, network and information security and the convergence of traditional communication services with Internet communications, including the future availability of broadband transmission capability and wireless networks. These types of regulations are likely to differ between countries and other political and geographic divisions. Other countries and political organizations are likely to impose or favor more and different regulation than that which has been proposed in the United States, thus furthering the complexity of regulation. In addition, state and local governments may impose regulations in addition to, inconsistent with, or stricter than federal regulations. The adoption of such laws or regulations, and uncertainties associated with their validity, interpretation, applicability and enforcement, may affect the available distribution channels for and costs associated with our products and services, and may affect the growth of the Internet. Such laws or regulations may harm our business. Our products and services may also become subject to investigation and regulation of foreign data protection and e-commerce authorities, including those in the European Union. Such activities could result in additional product and distribution costs for us in order to comply with such regulation.

There is uncertainty regarding how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, copyright and other intellectual property issues, digital rights management, taxation, gambling, security, illegal or obscene content, retransmission of media, and personal privacy and data protection apply to the Internet. The vast majority of such laws were adopted before the advent of the Internet and related technologies and do not address the unique issues associated with the Internet and related technologies. Most of the laws that relate to the Internet have not yet been interpreted. In addition to potential legislation from local, state and federal governments, labor guild agreements and other laws and regulations that impose fees, royalties or unanticipated payments regarding the distribution of media over the Internet may directly or indirectly affect our business. While we and our customers may be directly affected by such agreements, we are not a party to such agreements and have little ability to influence the degree such agreements favor or disfavor Internet


	•	limit the growth of the Internet;

	•	create uncertainty in the marketplace that could reduce demand for our products and services;

	•	increase our cost of doing business;

	•	expose us to increased litigation risk, substantial defense costs and significant liabilities associated with content available on our Web sites or distributed or accessed through our products or services, with our provision of products and services, and with the features or performance of our products and Web sites;

	•	lead to increased product development costs or otherwise harm our business; or

	•	decrease the rate of growth of our user base and limit our ability to effectively communicate with and market to our user base.

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) includes statutory licenses for the performance of sound recordings and for the making of recordings to facilitate transmissions. Under these statutory licenses, we and our broadcast customers may be required to pay licensing fees for digital sound recordings we deliver in original and archived programming and through retransmissions of radio broadcasts. The DMCA does not specify the rate and terms of the licenses, which are determined by arbitration proceedings, known as CARP proceedings, supervised by the United States Copyright Office. Past CARP proceedings have resulted in proposed rates for statutory webcasting that were significantly in excess of rates requested by webcasters. CARP proceedings relating to music subscription and non-subscription services offering music programming that qualify for various licenses under U.S. copyright law are pending. We cannot predict the outcome of these CARP proceedings and may elect instead to directly license music content for our subscription and/or non-subscription services, either alone or in concert with other affected companies. Such licenses may only apply to music performed in the United States, and the availability of corresponding licenses for international performances is unclear. Therefore, our ability to find rights holders and negotiate appropriate licenses is uncertain. Many of our systems software and Real Broadcast Network customers may be affected by these rates, which may negatively impact our revenue. Several CARP proceedings are pending for subscription music services and services that deliver digital downloads of music, and the outcome of these CARPs will also likely affect our business in ways that we cannot predict. Depending on the rates and terms adopted for the statutory licenses, our business could be harmed both by increasing our own cost of doing business, as well as by increasing the cost of doing business for our customers. We anticipate future CARPs relating to music subscription delivery services, which may also adversely affect the online distribution of music and, in particular, our RealOne Music subscription service.

The Child Online Protection Act and the Child Online Privacy Protection Act impose civil and criminal penalties on persons distributing material harmful to minors (e.g., obscene material) over the Internet to persons under the age of 17, or collecting personal information from children under the age of 13. We do not knowingly distribute harmful materials to minors or collect personal information from children under the age of 13. The manner in which these Acts may be interpreted and enforced cannot be fully determined, and future legislation similar to these Acts could subject us to potential liability if we were deemed to be non-compliant with such rules and regulations, which in turn could harm our business.

There are a large number of legislative proposals before the United States Congress and various state legislatures regarding intellectual property, digital rights management, copy protection requirements, privacy, email marketing and security issues related to our business. It is not possible to predict whether or when such legislation may be adopted, and certain proposals, if adopted, could materially and adversely affect our business through a decrease in user registration and revenue, and influence how and whether we can communicate with our customers.

Many of our products are interactive Internet applications that by their very nature require communication between a client and server to operate. To provide better consumer experiences and to operate effectively, our products send information to servers at RealNetworks. Many of the services we provide also require that a user provide certain information to us. We post an extensive privacy policy concerning the collection, use and disclosure of user data involved in interactions between our client and server products. Any failure by us to comply with our posted privacy policy and existing or new legislation regarding privacy issues could impact the market for our products and services, subject us to litigation and harm our business.

We periodically enter into arrangements to offer third-party products, services, content or advertising under the RealNetworks brand or via distribution on our Web sites, in products or service offerings. We may be subject to claims concerning these products, services, content or advertising by virtue of our involvement in marketing, branding, broadcasting or providing access to them, even if we do not ourselves host, operate, provide, or provide access to these products, services, content or advertising. While our agreements with these parties often provide that we will be indemnified against such liabilities, such indemnification may not be adequate. It is also possible that, if any information provided directly by us contains errors or is otherwise negligently provided to users, third parties could make claims against us, including, for example, claims for intellectual property infringement. Investigating and defending any of these types of claims is expensive, even if the claims do not result in liability. If any of these claims do result in liability, we could be required to pay damages or other penalties, which could harm our business and our operating results.

As of September 30, 2003, our executive officers, directors and affiliated persons beneficially owned approximately 36.2% of our common stock. Robert Glaser, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, beneficially owns approximately 32.7% of our common stock. As a result, our executive officers, directors and affiliated persons will have significant influence to:


	•	elect or defeat the election of our directors;

	•	amend or prevent amendment of our articles of incorporation or bylaws;

	•	effect or prevent a merger, sale of assets or other corporate transaction; and

	•	control the outcome of any other matter submitted to the shareholders for vote.

Management’s stock ownership may discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of RealNetworks, which in turn could reduce our stock price or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over our stock price.

Our articles of incorporation provide for a strategic transaction committee of the board of directors. Without the prior approval of this committee, and subject to certain limited exceptions, the board of directors does not have the authority to:


	•	adopt a plan of merger;

	•	authorize the sale, lease, exchange or mortgage of:

(A) assets representing more than 50% of the book value of our assets prior to the transaction; or

(B) any other asset or assets on which our long-term business strategy is substantially dependent;


	•	authorize our voluntary dissolution; or

	•	take any action that has the effect of any of the above.

RealNetworks also entered into an agreement providing Mr. Glaser with certain contractual rights relating to the enforcement of our charter documents and Mr. Glaser’s roles and authority within RealNetworks.

We have adopted a shareholder rights plan that provides that shares of our common stock have associated preferred stock purchase rights. The exercise of these rights would make the acquisition of RealNetworks by a third party more expensive to that party and has the effect of discouraging third parties from acquiring RealNetworks without the approval of our board of directors, which has the power to redeem these rights and prevent their exercise.

Washington law imposes restrictions on some transactions between a corporation and certain significant shareholders. The foregoing provisions of our charter documents, shareholder rights plan, our agreement with Mr. Glaser, the notes and Washington law, as well as those relating to a classified board of directors and the availability of “blank check” preferred stock, could have the effect of making it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of us. These provisions may therefore have the effect of limiting the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common stock.

The trading price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile. For example, during the 52-week period ended October 31, 2003, the price of our common stock ranged from $3.02 to $9.29 per share. Our stock price could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors such as:


	•	actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results;

	•	announcements of technological innovations, new products or services by us or our competitors;

	•	changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

	•	the addition or loss of strategic relationships or relationships with our key customers;

	•	conditions or trends in the Internet, streaming media, media delivery and online commerce markets;

	•	changes in the market valuations of other Internet, online service or software companies;

	•	announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments or of significant new product developments or changes in business strategy;

	•	legal, regulatory or political developments;

	•	additions or departures of key personnel;

In addition, the stock market in general, and the Nasdaq National Market and the market for Internet and technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. These broad market and industry factors have in the past and may in the future reduce our stock price, regardless of our operating performance.

We may have to pay past sales or other taxes that we have not collected from our customers. We do not currently collect sales or other taxes on the sale of our products, license of technology or provision of services in states and countries other than those in which we have offices or employees. Our business would be harmed if one or more states or any foreign country were able to require us to collect sales or other taxes from past sales of products, licenses of technology or provision of services, particularly because we would be unable to go back to customers to collect sales taxes for past sales and would likely have to pay such taxes out of our own funds.

In October 1998, the Internet Tax Freedom Act, or ITFA, was signed into law. Among other things, the ITFA imposed a three-year moratorium on discriminatory taxes on electronic commerce which expired October 20, 2001. In November 2001, the moratorium was extended another two years until November 2003 and Congress is currently considering a further extension. Nonetheless, foreign countries or, following the expiration of the moratorium, one or more states, may seek to impose sales or other tax obligations on companies that engage in such activities within their jurisdictions.

The European Union introduced legislation effective July 1, 2003, requiring all non-European Union vendors to collect Value Added Tax, or VAT. VAT is imposed on sales of all electronically supplied software and services including software products, games, data, publications, music, video and fee-based broadcasting services. It is our intention to comply with the European Union VAT legislation upon its effective date. In order to comply with the VAT legislation, we must modify our existing customer transaction processing system to meet the requirements imposed by the legislation. While we anticipate that our systems will be able to accommodate the requirements of the legislation, there can be no assurance that the European Union will not make further modifications to the legislation, the effects of which could require significant enhancements to our systems and increase the cost of selling our products and services into the European Union. Additionally, we have not determined the impact VAT will have on the pricing and demand for our products and services, the effects of which may adversely impact our revenue and profit. We anticipate the collection and remittance of VAT will subject us to additional currency fluctuation risks.

In periods where we achieve profitability (excluding the effects of goodwill and other acquisition charges), we intend to donate 5% of our annual pre-tax net income to charitable organizations, which will reduce our net income for those periods. The non-profit RealNetworks Foundation manages our charitable giving efforts.

The notes will be unsecured and subordinated in right of payment to all of our senior debt, as defined in this prospectus, including senior debt we may incur in the future. Because the notes are subordinate to senior debt, in the event of (1) our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, (2) acceleration of the notes due to an event of default under the indenture or (3) certain other events, we will make payments on the notes only after

In addition, our right to receive assets of any subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization, and the rights of the holders of the notes to share in those assets, would be subject to the satisfaction of claims of the subsidiaries’ creditors. Consequently, the notes will be subordinate to all liabilities, including trade payables, of any of our subsidiaries and any subsidiaries that we may in the future acquire or establish.

The notes will be our obligations exclusively. The indenture for the notes does not limit our ability to incur senior debt, or our ability, or that of our presently existing or future subsidiaries, to incur other indebtedness and other liabilities. We may have difficulty paying our obligations under the notes if we, or any of our subsidiaries, incur additional indebtedness or liabilities. As of September 30, 2003, we had no outstanding senior debt, and the aggregate amount of indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries was approximately $10.8 million (excluding intercompany liabilities). We and our subsidiaries may incur additional indebtedness, including senior debt, which could adversely affect our ability to pay our obligations under the notes. We expect that a majority of our future liabilities will be either senior debt or debt of our subsidiaries. As a result, we expect the notes to be junior to substantially all of our future liabilities.

At maturity, the entire outstanding principal amount of the notes will become due and payable. Holders will also have the right to require us to purchase all or any portion of their notes on July 1, 2008. In addition, if we experience a change in control, as defined in “Description of the Notes — Repurchase at Option of Holders Upon a Change in Control,” you may require us to repurchase all or a portion of your notes. At maturity or on the July 1, 2008 purchase date or if a change in control occurs, we may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to pay the principal amount, purchase price or repurchase price due. Under the terms of the indenture for the notes, we may elect, subject to certain conditions, to pay the repurchase price upon a change in control with shares of our common stock. Any future borrowing arrangements or agreements relating to debt to which we become a party may contain restrictions on, or prohibitions against, our repayments, purchases or repurchases of the notes. If the maturity date, purchase date or change in control occurs at a time when our other arrangements prohibit us from repaying, purchasing or repurchasing the notes, we could try to obtain the consent of the lenders under those arrangements, or we could attempt to refinance the borrowings that contain the restrictions. If we do not obtain the necessary consents or refinance these borrowings, we will be unable to repay, purchase or repurchase the notes. In that case, our failure to purchase or repurchase any tendered notes or repay the notes due upon maturity would constitute an event of default under the indenture.

The convertibility feature of the notes will cause the price of the notes to be determined in part by the market price of our common stock. The market price for our common stock and therefore the price of our notes may be volatile. Among the factors that could affect our stock price, and therefore the price of our notes, are those described above under the caption “Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile.”

There is no established public trading market for the notes. At the time of the original issuance of the notes in a private placement on June 17, 2003, Goldman, Sachs & Co., the initial purchaser, advised us that it intended to make a market in the notes. However, the initial purchaser is not obligated to do so and may discontinue its market-making activities at any time without notice. Consequently, we cannot ensure that any market for the notes will develop, or if one does develop, that it will continue for any period of time. If an active market for the notes fails to develop or continue, this failure could harm the trading price of the notes. We do not intend to apply for listing of the notes on any securities exchange or any automated quotation system.

The notes and the common stock to be issued upon conversion of the notes have not been registered under the Securities Act and are not transferable except upon satisfaction of the conditions described above under the caption “Notice to Investors.” Although we have agreed to use our best efforts to have declared effective and maintain the effectiveness of the shelf registration statement of which this prospectus is a part covering the notes and the common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes within 180 days after the date the notes are originally issued, we may not be able to maintain the effectiveness of the registration statement. Also, we retain the right to suspend the use of this prospectus for resale of the notes and the underlying common stock in circumstances described in “Description of the Notes — Registration Rights” below.

Certain provisions of these notes could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. Upon the occurrence of certain transactions constituting a change in control, holders of the notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all of their notes or any portion of the principal amount of such notes in integral multiples of $1,000. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the notes, we may not enter into certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving person or entity assumes the payment of the principal of, and liquidated damages, if any, on the notes.

The indenture governing the notes does not contain any financial or operating covenants or restrictions on the payments of dividends, the incurrence of indebtedness or the issuance or repurchase of securities by us or any of our subsidiaries. The indenture contains no covenants or other provisions to afford protection to holders of the notes in the event of a change in control involving RealNetworks except to the extent described under “Description of the Notes — Repurchase at Option of Holders Upon a Change in Control.”

In addition to the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, investors should carefully consider the risk factors disclosed in this prospectus, including those beginning on page 6, in evaluating an investment in the notes or the common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes. The information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We have in the past and may in the future make forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media, and others. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not describing historical facts. The information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus includes forward looking statements concerning:


	•	the development, growth, usage, rate of adoption, features, and functionality of our products, future products, services and technology, intellectual property rights, the Internet, and the online media delivery market;

	•	future revenue opportunities;

	•	the future growth of our customer base;

	•	our ability to successfully develop and introduce future products and services;

	•	future sales and marketing efforts;

	•	the effect of past and future acquisitions;

	•	future rates of growth of our costs of service revenue and future reductions in gross margins;

	•	the impact of current litigation in which we are involved;

	•	the amount of the operating losses expected to be incurred by the operations associated with Listen.com;

	•	the impact of our interest in MusicNet on our operating results;


	•	future competition from existing and new competitors and our ability to compete with such competitors;

	•	the anticipated benefits of allowing access to our source code by the open source community;

	•	whether our products and services will be accepted in international markets;

	•	our future charitable donations;

	•	the future effectiveness of our intellectual property rights;

	•	our plans for future strategic investments and acquisitions of businesses and technology;

	•	the effect of the restructuring steps on our operating efficiency;

	•	continuation of consolidation and strategic partnering in the industry; and

	•	similar statements based on the expectations of our management as of the date of this prospectus.

Additional forward-looking statements are identified in the documents incorporated herein by reference. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about RealNetworks’ industry, management’s beliefs, and certain assumptions made by management. Words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

We believe that it is important to communicate our expectations to our investors. However, there may be events in the future that we are not able to predict accurately or over which we have no control. Consequently, there can be no assurance that our expectations or any of the forward-looking statements will prove to be correct, and actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements. The future financial condition and results of operations of RealNetworks, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the risk factors set forth herein and those described elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully review the risk factors included in other reports or documents filed by RealNetworks from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, referred to as the SEC, particularly our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any Current Reports on Form 8-K. All forward-looking statements and reasons why results may differ included in this prospectus are made as of the date hereof, and RealNetworks assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statement or reason why actual results might differ, even if new information becomes available or other events occur in the future.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by any selling securityholder of the notes or the underlying common stock into which the notes may be converted.

We issued the notes under an indenture dated as of June 17, 2003, between us and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The notes and the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes are covered by a registration rights agreement. Because this section is a summary, it does not describe every aspect of the notes, the indenture and the registration rights agreements. The following summaries of certain provisions of the indenture and the registration rights agreement do not purport to be complete and are subject to, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, the detailed provisions of the notes, the indenture and the registration rights agreement, including the definitions therein of certain terms. The indenture and the registration rights agreement have been filed as exhibits to this registration statement. We urge you to read these documents because they define your rights as holders of the notes.

The notes are our general, unsecured obligations. The notes are subordinated, which means that they rank behind certain of our indebtedness as described below. We are required to repay the principal amount of the notes in full on July 1, 2010, unless the notes are previously redeemed, purchased, repurchased or converted.

You may convert the notes into shares of our common stock, subject to certain conditions, at the initial conversion rate stated on the front cover of this prospectus, at any time before the close of business on the maturity date, unless the notes have been previously redeemed, purchased or repurchased. The conversion rate may be adjusted as described below.

On or after July 1, 2008, we have the option to redeem all or any portion of the notes at 100% of the principal amount of the notes as described below under “— Optional Redemption by RealNetworks.”

You may require us to purchase all or a portion of your notes in cash on July 1, 2008 at 100% of the principal amount of the notes as described below under “— Purchase of Notes at the Option of the Holder.”

If we experience a change in control, you will have the right to require us to repurchase your notes as described below under “— Repurchase at Option of Holders Upon a Change in Control.” Holders of notes submitted for repurchase will be entitled to convert the notes up to and including the business day immediately preceding the date fixed for repurchase.

Neither we, nor any of our subsidiaries, are subject to any financial covenants under the indenture. In addition, neither we, nor any of our subsidiaries, will be restricted under the indenture from paying dividends, incurring debt, or issuing or repurchasing our securities.


	•	only in fully registered form,

	•	without interest coupons, and

	•	in denominations of $1,000 and greater multiples of $1,000.

The notes are evidenced by one or more global notes which are deposited with the trustee as custodian for DTC and registered in the name of Cede & Co., or Cede, as nominee of DTC. The global note and any notes issued in exchange for the global note will be subject to restrictions on transfer and will bear the legend regarding those restrictions set forth above under the caption “Notice to Investors.” Except as set forth below,

The global note will not be registered in the name of any person, or exchanged for notes that are registered in the name of any person, other than DTC or its nominee unless one or more of the following events occurs:


	•	DTC notifies us that it is unwilling, unable or no longer qualified to continue acting as the depositary for the global note,

	•	RealNetworks, at its option, notifies the trustee in writing that it elects to cause the issuance of the notes in certificated form, or

	•	an event of default with respect to the notes represented by the global note has occurred and is continuing.

In those circumstances, DTC will determine in whose names any securities issued in exchange for the global note will be registered.

Unless we elect to cause the issuance of the notes in certificated form, DTC or its nominee will be considered the sole owner and holder of the global note for all purposes, and as a result:


	•	you cannot get notes registered in your name if they are represented by the global note,

	•	you cannot receive physical certificated notes in exchange for your beneficial interest in the global notes,

	•	you will not be considered to be the owner or holder of the global note or any note it represents for any purpose, and

	•	all payments on the global note will be made to DTC or its nominee.

The laws of some jurisdictions require that certain kinds of purchasers, such as insurance companies, can only own securities in definitive, certificated form. These laws may limit your ability to transfer your beneficial interests in the global note to these types of purchasers.

Only institutions, such as a securities broker or dealer, that have accounts with DTC or its nominee (called participants) and persons that may hold beneficial interests through participants can own a beneficial interest in the global note. The only place where the ownership of beneficial interests in the global note will appear and the only way the transfer of those interests can be made will be on the records kept by DTC (for their participants’ interests) and the records kept by those participants (for interests of persons held by participants on their behalf).

Secondary trading in bonds and notes of corporate issuers is generally settled in clearinghouse (that is, next-day) funds. In contrast, beneficial interests in a global note usually trade in DTC’s same-day funds settlement system, and settle in immediately available funds. We make no representations as to the effect that settlements in immediately available funds will have on trading activity in those beneficial interests.

We will make cash payments of principal of, any liquidated damages on, the redemption price, purchase price and the repurchase price of the global note to Cede, the nominee for DTC, as the registered owner of the global note. We will make these payments by wire transfer of immediately available funds on each payment date.

We have been informed that DTC’s practice is to credit participants’ accounts on the payment date with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in the notes represented by the global note as shown on DTC’s records, unless DTC has reason to believe that it will not receive payment on that payment date. Payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in notes represented by the global note held through participants will be the responsibility of those participants, as is now the case with securities held for the accounts of customers registered in street name.

We understand that neither DTC nor Cede will consent or vote with respect to the notes. We have been advised that under its usual procedures, DTC will mail an omnibus proxy to us as soon as possible after the record date. The omnibus proxy assigns Cede’s consenting or voting rights to those participants to whose accounts the notes are credited on the record date identified in a listing attached to the omnibus proxy.

Because DTC can only act on behalf of participants, who in turn act on behalf of indirect participants, the ability of a person having a beneficial interest in the principal amount represented by the global note to pledge the interest to persons or entities that do not participate in the DTC book-entry system, or otherwise take actions in respect of that interest, may be affected by the lack of a physical certificate evidencing its interest.

DTC has advised us that it will take any action permitted to be taken by a holder of notes, including the presentation of notes for exchange, only at the direction of one or more participants to whose account with DTC interests in the global note are credited and only in respect of such portion of the principal amount of the notes represented by the global note as to which such participant or participants has or have given such direction.


	•	DTC is a limited purpose trust company organized under the laws of the State of New York, member of the Federal Reserve System, clearing corporation within the meaning of the Uniform Commercial Code, as amended, and clearing agency registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act,

	•	DTC was created to hold securities for its participants and facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions between participants through electronic book-entry changes in accounts of its participants,

	•	participants include securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies and clearing corporations and may include certain other organizations,

	•	certain participants, or their representatives, together with other entities, own DTC, and

	•	indirect access to the DTC System is available to other entities such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a participant, either directly or indirectly.

The policies and procedures of DTC, which may change periodically, will apply to payments, transfers, exchanges and other matters relating to beneficial interests in the global note. We and the trustee have no responsibility or liability for any aspect of DTC’s or any participants’ records relating to beneficial interests in the global note, including for payments made on the global note. Further, we and the trustee are not responsible for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any of those records.

The conversion rate is equal to the number of shares per $1,000 principal amount of notes shown on the cover page of this prospectus, subject to the adjustment as specified below. The initial conversion rate is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $9.30. The conversion price is equal to $1,000 principal amount of bonds divided by the conversion rate. You will have the right to convert any portion of the principal amount of any note that is an integral multiple of $1,000 into shares of our common stock at any time on or prior to the close of business on the maturity date, subject to the adjustments described below, as follows:


	•	you will have such conversion right in a conversion period on any date on or prior to December 31, 2007, if the closing sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days in the period of the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the first day of such conversion period was more than 110% of the then current conversion price,

	•	if, on any date after December 31, 2007, the closing sale price of our common stock is more than 110% of the then current conversion price of the notes, then you will have such conversion right at all times thereafter,


	•	you will have the right to convert the notes until the close of business on the business day prior to the redemption date if we elect to call the notes for redemption on or after July 1, 2008,

	•	if we distribute to all or substantially all holders of common stock of RealNetworks rights, options or warrants entitling them to purchase common stock at less than the closing sale price of our common stock on the day preceding the declaration for such distribution,

	•	if we distribute to all or substantially all holders of our common stock cash, assets, debt securities or capital stock, which distribution has a per share value as determined by our board of directors exceeding 10% of the closing sale price of our common stock on the day preceding the declaration for such distribution, or

	•	if we become a party to a consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of our assets that constitutes a change in control as defined below under the heading “— Repurchase at Option of Holders Upon a Change in Control.”

We define conversion period in the indenture to be the period from and including the eleventh trading day in a fiscal quarter to, but excluding, the eleventh trading day of the following fiscal quarter. In the case of the fourth and fifth bullet points above, we must notify holders of notes at least 20 days prior to the ex-dividend date for such distribution. Once we have given such notice, holders may surrender their notes for conversion at any time until the earlier of the close of business on the business day prior to the ex-dividend date or our announcement that such distribution will not take place. In the case of a distribution identified in the fourth or fifth bullets above, the ability of a holder of notes to convert would not be triggered if the holder may participate in the distribution without converting. In the case of the sixth bullet point above, a holder may surrender notes for conversion at any time from and after the date which is 15 days prior to the anticipated effective date of the transaction until 15 days after the actual date of the transaction.

You also may convert your notes into shares of our common stock for the five business day period after any five consecutive trading-day period in which the average trading prices for the notes for such five trading-day period was less than 95% of the average conversion value (as defined below) for the notes during that period; provided, however, if, at the time of the conversion, the closing sale price of shares of our common stock is greater than the then current conversion price on the notes and less than or equal to 110% of the then current conversion price of the notes, you surrender your notes for conversion and the notes are not otherwise convertible, you will receive, at our option, cash, common stock or a combination of cash and common stock with a value equal to the principal amount of your notes on such conversion date. If we elect to pay you in common stock or in a combination of cash and common stock, our common stock will be valued at 100% of the average closing sale price for the five trading days ending on the third trading day preceding the conversion date.

We define conversion value in the indenture to be equal to the product of the closing sale price of our shares of common stock on a given day multiplied by the then current conversion rate, which is the number of shares of common stock into which each note is convertible.

You may convert all or part of any note by delivering the note at the Corporate Trust Office of the trustee in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, accompanied by a duly signed and completed conversion notice, a copy of which may be obtained by the trustee. The conversion date will be the date on which the note and the duly signed and completed conversion notice are so delivered.

As promptly as practicable on or after the conversion date, we will issue and deliver to the trustee a certificate or certificates for the number of full shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion, together with payment in lieu of any fraction of a share. The certificate will then be sent by the trustee to the conversion agent for delivery to the holder. The shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes will be fully paid and nonassessable and will rank equally with the other shares of our common stock.

No payment or adjustment for any dividends in respect of our common stock, will be made upon conversion. Holders of our common stock issued upon conversion will not be entitled to receive any dividends payable to holders of our common stock as of any record time or date before the close of business on the

You will not be required to pay any taxes or duties relating to the issue or delivery of our common stock on conversion, but you will be required to pay any tax with respect to cash received in lieu of fractional shares and any tax or duty relating to any transfer involved in the issue or delivery of our common stock in a name other than yours. Certificates representing shares of our common stock will not be issued or delivered unless all taxes and duties, if any, payable by you have been paid.


	•	dividends and other distributions payable in our common stock on shares of our common stock,

	•	the issuance to all holders of our common stock of rights, options or warrants entitling them to subscribe for or purchase our common stock at less than the then current market price of such common stock as of the record date for shareholders entitled to receive such rights, options or warrants,

	•	subdivisions, combinations and reclassifications of our common stock,

	•	distributions to all holders of our common stock of evidences of our indebtedness, shares of capital stock, cash or assets (if we distribute shares of capital stock of a subsidiary of ours, the conversion rate will be adjusted, if at all, based on the market value of the subsidiary stock so distributed relative to the market value of our common stock, in each case over a measurement period following the distribution), including securities, but excluding:


	•	those dividends, rights, options, warrants and distributions referred to above,

	•	dividends and distributions paid exclusively in cash, and

	•	distributions upon mergers or consolidations discussed below,


	•	distributions consisting exclusively of cash, excluding any cash portion of distributions referred to in the bullet point immediately above or cash distributed upon a merger or consolidation referred to below, to all holders of our common stock in an aggregate amount that, combined together with:


	•	other all-cash distributions made within the preceding 365-day period in respect of which no adjustment has been made, and

	•	any cash and the fair market value of other consideration payable in connection with any tender offer by us or any of our subsidiaries for our common stock concluded within the preceding 365-day period in respect of which no adjustment has been made,


	exceeds 10% of our market capitalization, being the product of the current market price per share of our common stock on the record date for such distribution and the number of shares of common stock then outstanding, and


	•	the successful completion of a tender offer, which would constitute a tender offer under the federal securities laws, made by us or any of our subsidiaries for our common stock which involves an aggregate consideration that, together with:


	•	any cash and other consideration payable in a tender offer by us or any of our subsidiaries for our common stock expiring within the 365-day period preceding the expiration of that tender offer in respect of which no adjustment has been made, and

	•	the aggregate amount of all cash distributions referred to in the immediately preceding bullet point to all holders of our common stock within the 365-day period preceding the expiration of that tender offer in respect of which no adjustments have been made,


	exceeds 10% of our market capitalization on the expiration of such tender offer, being the product of the current market price per share of our common stock as of the last time tenders could have been made pursuant to such tender offer multiplied by the number of shares of common stock outstanding.

We have issued rights to all of our holders of common stock pursuant to our shareholder rights plan described under “Description of Capital Stock — Shareholder Rights Plan.” If any holder converts notes, either prior to or following the rights trading separately from the common stock, the holder will be entitled to receive rights in addition to the common stock.

We reserve the right to effect such increases in the conversion rate in addition to those required by the foregoing provisions as we consider to be advisable in order that any event treated for United States federal income tax purposes as a dividend of stock or stock rights will not be taxable to the recipients. We will not be required to make any adjustment to the conversion rate until the cumulative adjustments amount to 1.0% or more of the conversion rate. We will compute all adjustments to the conversion rate and will give notice by mail to holders of the registered notes of any adjustments.

In the event that we consolidate or merge with or into another entity or another entity is merged into us, or in case of any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of our assets, each note then outstanding will become convertible only into the kind and amount of securities, cash and other property receivable upon such consolidation, merger, sale or transfer by a holder of the number of shares of common stock into which the notes were convertible immediately prior to the consolidation or merger or sale or transfer. The preceding sentence will not apply to a merger or sale of all or substantially all of our assets that does not result in any reclassification, conversion, exchange or cancellation of the common stock.

We may increase the conversion rate for any period of at least 20 days, upon at least 15 days’ notice, if our board of directors determines that the increase would be in our best interest. The board of directors’ determination in this regard will be conclusive. We will give holders of notes at least 15 days’ notice of such an increase in the conversion rate. Any increase, however, will not be taken into account for purposes of determining whether the closing price of our common stock exceeds the conversion price by 110% in connection with an event which otherwise would be a change in control as defined below.

If at any time we make a distribution of property to our shareholders that would be taxable to such shareholders as a dividend for United States federal income tax purposes, such as distributions of evidences of indebtedness or assets by us, but generally not stock dividends on common stock or rights to subscribe for common stock, and, pursuant to the anti-dilution provisions of the indenture, the number of shares into which notes are convertible is increased, that increase may be deemed for United States federal income tax purposes to be the payment of a taxable dividend to holders of notes. For more information regarding tax considerations, see the section entitled “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — U.S. Holders.”

The notes are subordinated and, as a result, the payment of the principal, any premium and any liquidated damages, on the notes, including amounts payable in connection with any required purchase or repurchase, will be subordinated to the prior payment in full, in cash or other payment satisfactory to holders of senior debt, of all of our senior debt. The notes are also effectively subordinated to any debt or other liabilities of our subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2003, we had no outstanding senior debt, and the aggregate amount of indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries was approximately $10.8 million (excluding intercompany liabilities).

Senior debt is defined in the indenture to mean, the principal of and premium, if any, and interest, including all interest accruing subsequent to the commencement of any bankruptcy or similar proceeding, whether or not a claim for post-petition interest is allowable as a claim in any such proceeding, on, and all rental payments, fees and other obligations incurred in connection with, the following, whether absolute or contingent, secured or unsecured, due or to become due, outstanding on the date of the indenture or thereafter created:


	•	indebtedness evidenced by a credit or loan agreement, note, bond, debenture or other written obligation,

	•	other indebtedness for money borrowed,


	•	notes or similar instruments issued in connection with the acquisition of any businesses, properties or assets of any kind,

	•	obligations:

	•	as lessee under leases required to be capitalized on the balance sheet of the lessee under generally accepted accounting principles, or

	•	as lessee under other leases for facilities, capital equipment or related assets, whether or not capitalized, entered into or leased for financing purposes,

	•	interest rate and currency swaps, caps, floors, collars, hedge agreements, forward contracts or similar agreements or arrangements,

	•	letters of credit, bankers’ acceptances and similar facilities, including reimbursement obligations with respect to the foregoing,

	•	the deferred purchase price of property or services, other than trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business,

	•	any obligations of the type referred to in the above clauses of another person and all dividends of another person, the payment of which, in either case, we have assumed or guaranteed, or for which we are responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, jointly or severally, as obligor, guarantor or otherwise, or which are secured by a lien on our property, and

	•	any renewals, extensions, modifications, replacements, restatements and refundings of, or any indebtedness or obligation issued in exchange for, any such indebtedness or obligation described in the above clauses of this definition.


	•	the notes, or

	•	any other indebtedness or obligation if its terms or the terms of the instrument under which or pursuant to which it is issued expressly provide that it is not superior in right of payment to the notes.

We may not make any payment on account of principal, premium or liquidated damages, if any, on the notes, or purchase or repurchase of the notes, if:


	•	we default in our obligations to pay principal, premium, interest or other amounts on our senior debt, including a default under any redemption or repurchase obligation, and the default continues beyond any applicable grace period, or

	•	any other default occurs and is continuing on any designated senior debt, and

	•	the default permits the holders of the designated senior debt to accelerate its maturity, and

	•	the trustee has received a notice (a payment blockage notice) of the default from us, the holder of such debt or such other person permitted to give such notice under the indenture.

If payments of the notes have been blocked by a payment default on senior debt, payments on the notes may resume when the payment default has been cured or waived or ceases to exist.

If payments on the notes have been blocked by a nonpayment default, payments on the notes may resume on the earlier of:


	•	the date the nonpayment default is cured or waived or ceases to exist, or

	•	179 days after the payment blockage notice is received.

No nonpayment default that existed on the day a payment blockage notice was delivered to the trustee can be used as the basis for any subsequent payment blockage notice. In addition, once a holder of designated


	•	365 days have elapsed since the effectiveness of the immediately prior payment blockage notice, and

	•	all scheduled payments of principal, any premium and any liquidated damages with respect to the Notes that have come due have been paid in full in cash.

Designated senior debt means our obligations under any particular senior debt in which the instrument creating or evidencing the same or the assumption or guarantee thereof, or related agreements or documents to which we are a party, expressly provides that such indebtedness shall be designated senior debt for purposes of the indenture. The instrument, agreement or other document evidencing any designated senior debt may place limitations and conditions on the right of such senior debt to exercise the rights of designated senior debt.

In addition, all principal, premium, if any, interest and other amounts due on all senior debt must be paid in full in cash or other payment satisfactory to holders of senior debt before you are entitled to receive any payment otherwise due upon any acceleration of the principal on the notes as a result of:


	•	an event of default of the notes, or

	•	payment or distribution of our assets to creditors upon any dissolution, winding up, liquidation or reorganization, whether voluntary or involuntary, marshaling of assets, assignment for the benefit of creditors, or in bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership or other similar proceedings.

In the event of insolvency, creditors who are holders of senior debt may recover more, ratably, than you because of this subordination. The subordination may result in a reduction or elimination of payments on the notes to you.

In addition, the notes are structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries, including trade payables and lease obligations. This occurs because our right to receive any assets of our subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization, and your right to participate in those assets, will be effectively subordinated to the claims of that subsidiary’s creditors, including trade creditors, except to the extent that we are recognized as a creditor of such subsidiary. If we are recognized as a creditor of that subsidiary, our claims would still be subordinate to any security interest in the assets of the subsidiary and any indebtedness of the subsidiary senior to us.

The indenture does not limit our ability to incur senior debt or our ability or the ability of our subsidiaries to incur any other indebtedness.

On or after July 1, 2008, we may redeem the notes, in whole or in part, at 100% of the principal amount of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid liquidated damages, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. If we elect to redeem all or part of the notes, we will give at least 20, but no more than 60, days’ prior notice to you.

If we do not redeem all of the notes, the trustee will select the notes to be redeemed in principal amounts of $1,000 or whole multiples of $1,000 by lot or on a pro rata basis. If any notes are to be redeemed in part only, we will issue a new note or notes in principal amount equal to the unredeemed principal portion thereof.

No sinking fund is provided for the notes, which means that the indenture does not require us to redeem or retire the notes periodically.

On July 1, 2008, we will, at the option of the holder, be required to purchase for cash any outstanding note for which a written purchase notice has been properly delivered by the holder and not withdrawn, subject to certain additional conditions. Holders may submit their notes for purchase to the paying agent at any time from the opening of business on the date that is 20 business days prior to such purchase date until the close of

We will be required to give notice on a date not less than 20 business days prior to the purchase date to all holders at their addresses shown in the register of the registrar, and to beneficial owners as required by applicable law, stating among other things, the procedures that holders must follow to require us to purchase their notes.

The purchase notice given by each holder electing to require us to purchase notes shall state:


	•	if certificated notes have been issued, the certificate numbers of the holder’s notes to be delivered for purchase or, if not, such information as may be required under applicable DTC procedures and the indenture;

	•	the portion of the principal amount of notes to be purchased, which must be $1,000 or an integral multiple of $1,000; and

	•	that the notes are to be purchased by us pursuant to the applicable provisions of the notes and the indenture.

Any purchase notice may be withdrawn by the holder by a written notice of withdrawal delivered to the paying agent prior to the close of business on the purchase date.


	•	the principal amount being withdrawn;

	•	if certificated notes have been issued, the certificate numbers of the notes being withdrawn or, if not, such information as may be required under applicable DTC procedures and the indenture; and

	•	the principal amount, if any, of the notes that remains subject to the purchase notice.

Payment of the purchase price for a note for which a purchase notice has been delivered and not validly withdrawn is conditioned upon delivery (including by book entry transfer) of the note, together with necessary endorsements, to the paying agent at any time after delivery of the purchase notice. Payment of the purchase price for the note will be made promptly following the later of the purchase date or the time of delivery of the note.

If the paying agent holds money or securities sufficient to pay the purchase price of the note on the business day following the purchase date in accordance with the terms of the indenture, then, immediately after the purchase date, the note will cease to be outstanding whether or not the note has been delivered to the paying agent. Thereafter, all other rights of the holder shall terminate, other than the right to receive the purchase price upon delivery of the note.

Our ability to purchase notes with cash may be limited by the terms of our then existing borrowing agreements.

We will make all payments of principal and any liquidated damages on the notes by dollar check drawn on an account maintained at a bank in The City of New York. If you hold registered notes with a face value greater than $5,000,000, at your request we will make payments of principal or liquidated damages to you by wire transfer to an account maintained by you at a bank in The City of New York. If you hold registered notes with a face value in excess of $5,000,000 and you would like to receive payments by wire transfer, you will be required to provide the trustee with wire transfer instructions at least 15 days prior to the relevant payment date. Payments made to DTC as holder of one or more global notes will be made by wire transfer.

Payments on any global note registered in the name of DTC or its nominee will be payable by the trustee to DTC or its nominee in its capacity as the registered holder under the indenture. Under the terms of the indenture, we and the trustee will treat the persons in whose names the notes, including any global note, are

registered as the owners for the purpose of receiving payments and for all other purposes. Consequently, neither we, the trustee nor any of our agents or the trustee’s agents has or will have any responsibility or liability for:


	•	any aspect of DTC’s records or any participant’s or indirect participant’s records relating to or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in the global note, or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any of DTC’s records or any participant’s or indirect participant’s records relating to the beneficial ownership interests in the global note, or

	•	any other matter relating to the actions and practices of DTC or any of its participants or indirect participants.

We will not be required to make any payment on the notes due on any day which is not a business day until the next succeeding business day. The payment made on the next succeeding business day will be treated as though it were paid on the original due date and no interest will accrue on the payment for the additional period of time.

Notes may be surrendered for conversion at the Corporate Trust Office of the trustee in the Borough of Manhattan in The City of New York. Notes surrendered for conversion must be accompanied by appropriate notices and any payments in respect of taxes, if applicable.

We have initially appointed the trustee as paying agent and conversion agent. We may terminate the appointment of any paying agent or conversion agent and appoint additional or other paying agents and conversion agents. However, until the notes have been delivered to the trustee for cancellation, or moneys sufficient to pay the principal of and liquidated damages, if any, on the notes have been made available for payment and either paid or returned to us as provided in the indenture, the trustee will maintain an office or agency in the Borough of Manhattan in The City of New York for surrender of notes for conversion. Notice of any termination or appointment and of any change in the office through which any paying agent or conversion agent will act will be given in accordance with “— Notices” below.

All moneys deposited with the trustee or any paying agent, or then held by us, in trust for the payment of principal of or liquidated damages, if any, on any notes which remain unclaimed at the end of two years after the payment has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and you will then look only to us for payment.

If a change in control as defined below occurs, you will have the right, at your option, to require us to repurchase all of your notes, or any portion of the principal amount thereof in integral multiples of $1,000. The price we are required to pay is 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, together with liquidated damages, if any, accrued to, but excluding, the repurchase date.

At our option, instead of paying the repurchase price in cash, we may pay the repurchase price in our common stock valued at 95% of the average of the closing sale prices of our common stock for the five trading days immediately preceding and including the third trading day prior to the repurchase date. We may only pay the repurchase price in our common stock if we satisfy conditions provided in the indenture.

Within 30 days after the occurrence of a change in control, we are obligated to give to you notice of the change in control and of the repurchase right arising as a result of the change of control. We must also deliver a copy of this notice to the trustee. To exercise the repurchase right, you must deliver on or before the 30th day after the date of our notice irrevocable written notice to the trustee of your exercise of your repurchase right, together with the notes with respect to which the right is being exercised. We are required to repurchase the notes on the date that is 45 days after the date of our notice.

A change in control will be deemed to have occurred at the time after the notes are originally issued that any of the following occurs:


	(1) any person acquires a beneficial ownership, directly or indirectly, through a purchase, merger or other acquisition transaction or series of transactions, of shares of our capital stock entitling the person to


	exercise 50% or more of the total voting power of all shares of our capital stock that is entitled to vote generally in elections of directors, other than an acquisition by us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our employee benefit plans, or

	(2) we merge or consolidate with or into any other person, any merger of another person into us or we convey, sell, transfer or lease all or substantially all of our assets to another person, other than:


	•	any such transaction pursuant to which the holders of 50% or more of the total voting power of all shares of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in elections of directors immediately prior to such transaction have the entitlement to exercise, directly or indirectly, 50% or more of the total voting power of all shares of capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors of the continuing or surviving corporation immediately after such transaction, or

	•	any merger which is effected solely to change our jurisdiction of incorporation and results in a reclassification, conversion or exchange of outstanding shares of our common stock into solely shares of common stock.


	•	the closing price per share of our common stock for any five trading days within the period of 10 consecutive trading days ending immediately after the later of the change in control and the public announcement of the change in control, in the case of a change in control relating to an acquisition of capital stock, or the period of 10 consecutive trading days ending immediately before the change in control, in the case of change in control relating to a merger, consolidation or asset sale, equals or exceeds 105% of the conversion price of the notes in effect on each of those trading days, or

	•	all of the consideration, excluding cash payments for fractional shares and cash payments made pursuant to dissenters’ appraisal rights, in a merger or consolidation otherwise constituting a change of control under clauses (1) and/or (2) in the preceding paragraph above, consists of shares of common stock, depositary receipts or other certificates representing common equity interests traded on a national securities exchange or quoted on the Nasdaq National Market, or will be so traded or quoted immediately following such merger or consolidation, and as a result of such merger or consolidation the notes become convertible solely into such common stock, depositary receipts or other certificates representing common equity interests.


	•	whether a person is a beneficial owner will be determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, and

	•	a person includes any syndicate or group that would be deemed to be a person under Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act.

The rules and regulations promulgated under the Exchange Act require the dissemination of prescribed information to security holders in the event of an issuer tender offer and may apply in the event that the repurchase option becomes available to you. We will comply with these rules and regulations to the extent they apply at that time.

We may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, at any time purchase notes in the open market, by tender at any price or by private agreement. Any note that we purchase may, to the extent permitted by applicable law and subject to restrictions contained in the purchase agreement with the initial purchasers, be re-issued or resold or may, at our option, be surrendered to the trustee for cancellation. Any notes surrendered for cancellation may not be re-issued or resold and will be canceled promptly.

The definition of change in control includes a phrase relating to the conveyance, transfer, sale, lease or disposition of all or substantially all of our assets. There is no precise, established definition of the phrase substantially all under applicable law. Accordingly, your ability to require us to repurchase your notes as a result of conveyance, transfer, sale, lease or other disposition of less than all of our assets may be uncertain.

The foregoing provisions would not necessarily provide you with protection if we are involved in a highly leveraged or other transaction that may adversely affect you.

Although we have the right to repurchase the notes with our common stock, subject to certain conditions, we cannot assure you that we would have the financial resources, or would be able to arrange financing, to pay the repurchase price in cash for all the notes that might be delivered by holders of notes seeking to exercise the repurchase right. If we were to fail to repurchase the notes when required following a change in control, an event of default under the indenture would occur. Some of the events constituting a change in control could cause an event of default under the terms of other debt instruments that we may become subject to in the future.

We may not consolidate with or merge into any other person or convey, transfer, sell or lease our properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any person, and we may not permit any person to consolidate with or merge into us or convey, transfer, sell or lease such person’s properties and assets substantially as an entirety to us (other than a direct or indirect subsidiary of ours), unless:


	•	the person formed by such consolidation or into or with which we are merged or the person to which our properties and assets are so conveyed transferred, sold or leased, shall be a corporation, limited liability company, partnership or trust organized and existing under the laws of the United States, any State within the United States or the District of Columbia and, if we are not the surviving person, the surviving person assumes the payment of the principal of, and liquidated damages, if any, on the notes and the performance of our other covenants under the indenture,

	•	immediately after giving effect to the transaction, no event of default, and no event that, after notice or lapse of time or both, would become an event of default, will have occurred and be continuing, and

	•	other requirements as described in the indenture are met.


	•	we fail to pay principal of any note (including any redemption price, purchase price or repurchase price) when due,

	•	we fail to pay any liquidated damages on any note when due, which failure continues for 30 days,

	•	we fail to provide notice of a change in control or to consummate a change in control offer to purchase,

	•	we fail to perform any other covenant in the indenture, which failure continues for 60 days following written notice as provided in the indenture,

	•	any indebtedness under any bonds, debentures, notes or other evidences of indebtedness for money borrowed, or any guarantee thereof, by us or any of our significant subsidiaries, as defined in the indenture, in an aggregate principal amount in excess of $25 million is not paid when due either at its stated maturity or upon acceleration thereof, and such indebtedness is not discharged, or such acceleration is not rescinded or annulled, within a period of 30 days after notice as provided in the indenture, and

	•	events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving us or any significant subsidiary, as specified in the indenture.

Subject to the provisions of the indenture relating to the duties of the trustee in case an event of default shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request or direction of any holder, unless the holder shall have offered reasonable indemnity to the trustee. Subject to providing indemnification to the trustee, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding notes will have the right to direct the time, method and place of

If an event of default other than an event of default arising from events of insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization with respect to RealNetworks occurs and is continuing, either the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the outstanding notes may accelerate the maturity of all notes. However, after such acceleration, but before a judgment or decree based on acceleration, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of outstanding notes may, under certain circumstances, rescind and annul the acceleration if all events of default, other than the non-payment of principal of the notes that have become due solely by such declaration of acceleration, have been cured or waived as provided in the indenture. If an event of default arising from events of insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization occurs with respect to RealNetworks, then the principal of all the notes will automatically become immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the holders of the notes or the trustee. For information as to waiver of defaults, see “— Meetings, Modification and Waiver” below.

You do not have any right to institute any proceeding with respect to the indenture, or for any remedy under the indenture, unless:


	•	you give the trustee written notice of a continuing event of default,

	•	the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding notes have made written request and offered reasonable indemnity to the trustee to institute proceedings,

	•	the trustee has not received from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding notes a direction inconsistent with the written request, and

	•	the trustee shall have failed to institute such proceeding within 60 days of the written request.

However, these limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by you for the enforcement of payment of the principal of, or liquidated damages, if any, on, your note on or after the respective due dates expressed in your note or your right to convert your note in accordance with the indenture.

We will be required to furnish to the trustee annually a statement as to our performance of certain of our obligations under the indenture and as to any default in such performance.

The indenture contains provisions for convening meetings of the holders of notes to consider matters affecting their interests.

Certain limited modifications of the indenture may be made without the necessity of obtaining the consent of the holders of the notes. Other modifications and amendments of the indenture may be made, compliance by us with certain restrictive provisions of the indenture may be waived, and any past defaults by us under the indenture (except a default in the payment of principal) may be waived, either:


	•	with the written consent of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the notes at the time outstanding, or

	•	by the adoption of a resolution, at a meeting of holders of the notes at which a quorum is present, by the holders of at least 66 2/3% in aggregate principal amount of the notes represented at such meeting.

The quorum at any meeting called to adopt a resolution will be persons holding or representing a majority in aggregate principal amount of the notes at the time outstanding and, at any reconvened meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum, 25% of such aggregate principal amount.

However, a modification or amendment requires the consent of the holder of each outstanding note affected if it would:


	•	change the stated maturity of the principal of a note,

	•	reduce the principal amount of any note,


	•	reduce the amount payable upon a redemption, purchase or repurchase,

	•	modify the provisions with respect to the purchase right or repurchase right of holders of notes in a manner adverse to the holders,

	•	modify our right to redeem the notes in a manner adverse to the holders,

	•	change the place or currency of payment on a note,

	•	impair the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment on any note,

	•	modify our obligation to maintain an office or agency in the city of New York,

	•	modify any provision that adversely affects the right to convert the notes other than a modification or amendment required by the terms of the indenture,

	•	reduce the above-stated percentage of the principal amount of the holders whose consent is needed to modify, amend or waive compliance with certain provisions of the indenture or to waive certain defaults,

	•	reduce the percentage required for the adoption of a resolution or the quorum required at any meeting of holders of notes at which a resolution is adopted, or

	•	modify our obligation to deliver information required under Rule 144A to permit resales of the notes and common stock issued upon conversion of the notes if we cease to be subject to the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act.

In connection with the initial private placement of the notes, we entered into a registration rights agreement with the initial purchaser of the notes. In the registration rights agreement, we agreed, for the benefit of the holders of the notes and the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes, commonly referred to as the registrable securities, that we will, at our expense:


	•	file with the SEC, within 90 days after the date the notes are originally issued, a shelf registration statement covering resales of the registrable securities,

	•	use our best efforts to cause the shelf registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act within 180 days after the date the notes are originally issued, and

	•	use our reasonable efforts to keep effective the shelf registration statement until the earliest of (i) the sale by the holders of all outstanding registrable securities registered under the shelf registration statement, (ii) the expiration of the period referred to in Rule 144(k) of the Securities Act with respect to the notes held by non-affiliates of RealNetworks, or (iii) two years after the effective date of the shelf registration statement.

We will be permitted to suspend the use of the prospectus that is part of the shelf registration statement in connection with the sales of registrable securities during prescribed periods of time for reasons relating to pending corporate developments, material acquisition or divestiture of assets, public filings with the SEC and other events. The periods during which we can suspend the use of the prospectus may not, however, exceed a total of 30 days in any 90-day period or a total of 90 days in any 365-day period. We will provide to each holder of registrable securities who elects to sell any registrable securities pursuant to the shelf registration statement and who so requests in writing copies of the prospectus that is a part of the shelf registration statement, notify each such holder when the shelf registration statement has been filed with the SEC and when such shelf registration statement has become effective and take certain other actions required to permit public resales of the registrable securities.

We may, upon written notice to all holders of the notes, postpone having the shelf registration statement declared effective for a reasonable period of time not to exceed 90 days if we possess material non-public information the disclosure of which would have a material adverse effect on us and our subsidiaries taken as a


	•	on or prior to 90 days following the date the notes were originally issued, a shelf registration statement has not been filed with the SEC, or

	•	on or prior to 180 days following the date the notes were originally issued, the shelf registration statement is not declared effective.

In that case, liquidated damages will accrue on the notes, and the common stock issued upon conversion of the notes, constituting registrable securities from and including the day following the registration default to but excluding the day on which the registration default has been cured. Liquidated damages will be paid semi-annually in arrears on the next succeeding July 1 or January 1 following the accrual of the liquidated damages.


	•	0.25% of the principal amount per annum to and including the 90th day after the registration default, and

	•	0.50% of the principal amount per annum from and after the 91st day after the registration default.

In addition, liquidated damages will accrue on the notes, and the common stock issued upon conversion of the notes, constituting registrable securities if:


	•	the shelf registration statement ceases to be effective, or we otherwise prevent or restrict holders of registrable securities from making sales under the shelf registration statement, for more than 30 days, whether or not consecutive, during any 90-day period, or

	•	the shelf registration statement ceases to be effective, or we otherwise prevent or restrict holders of registrable securities from making sales under the shelf registration statement, for more than 90 days, whether or not consecutive, during any 365-day period.

In either event, the liquidated damages on the notes will accrue at a rate of 0.50% of the principal amount per annum from the first day that the 30-day or 90-day period is exceeded, whichever occurs first. The liquidated damages will continue until the earlier of the following:


	•	the time the shelf registration statement again becomes effective or the holders of registrable securities are again able to make sales under the shelf registration statement, depending on which event triggered the liquidated damages, or

	•	the earlier of (i) the sale by the holders of all outstanding registrable securities registered under the shelf registration statement, (ii) the expiration of the period referred to in Rule 144(k) of the Securities Act with respect to the notes held by non-affiliates of RealNetworks, and (iii) two years after the effective date of the shelf registration statement.

A holder who elects to sell any registrable securities pursuant to the shelf registration statement:


	•	will be required to be named as a selling security holder in the related prospectus,

	•	may be required to deliver a prospectus to purchasers,

	•	may be subject to certain civil liability provisions under the Securities Act in connection with those sales, and

	•	will be bound by the provisions of the registration rights agreement that apply to a holder making such an election, including certain indemnification provisions.

We have filed this registration statement to meet our obligations under the registration rights agreement. We have mailed a notice and questionnaire to the holders of registrable securities to obtain certain information regarding the holders for inclusion in this prospectus.


	•	to be named as a selling security holder in the shelf registration statement as of the date the shelf registration statement is declared effective, or

	•	to use the prospectus forming a part of the shelf registration statement for offers and resales of registrable securities at any time,

unless such holder has returned a completed and signed notice and questionnaire to us by the deadline for response set forth in the notice and questionnaire.

Beneficial owners of registrable securities who have not returned a notice and questionnaire by the questionnaire deadline described above may receive another notice and questionnaire from us upon request. Following our receipt of a completed and signed notice and questionnaire, we will include the registrable securities covered thereby in the shelf registration statement.

We agreed in the registration rights agreement to use our reasonable efforts to cause the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes to be quoted on the Nasdaq National Market. However, if the common stock is not then quoted on the Nasdaq National Market, we will use our reasonable efforts to cause the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes to be quoted or listed on whichever market or exchange the common stock is then quoted or listed, upon effectiveness of the shelf registration statement.

This summary of certain provisions of the registration rights agreement is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the registration rights agreement, a copy of which has been filed as an exhibit to this registration statement.

Notice to holders of the registered notes will be given by mail to the addresses as they appear in the security register. Notices will be deemed to have been given on the date of such mailing.

Notice of a redemption of notes will be given not less than 20 nor more than 60 days prior to the redemption date and will specify the redemption date. A notice of redemption of the notes will be irrevocable.

We will replace any note that becomes mutilated, destroyed, stolen or lost at the expense of the holder upon delivery to the trustee of the mutilated notes or evidence of the loss, theft or destruction satisfactory to us and the trustee. In the case of a lost, stolen or destroyed note, indemnity satisfactory to the trustee and us may be required at the expense of the holder of the note before a replacement note will be issued.

We will pay all stamp and other duties, if any, that may be imposed by the United States or any political subdivision thereof or taxing authority thereof or therein with respect to the issuance of the notes or of shares of stock upon conversion of the notes. We will not be required to make any payment with respect to any other tax, assessment or governmental charge imposed by any government or any political subdivision thereof or taxing authority thereof or therein.

The indenture, the notes and the registration rights agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, United States of America.

If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the trustee will be required to use the degree of care of a prudent person in the conduct of his or her own affairs in the exercise of its powers. Subject to such provisions, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request of any of the holders of notes, unless they shall have furnished to the trustee reasonable security or indemnity.

As of November 14, 2003, our authorized capital stock consisted of 1,060,000,000 shares. Those shares consisted of (1) 1,000,000,000 shares designated as common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and (2) 60,000,000 shares designated as preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share, 200,000 of which were designated Series A preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. The following summary of certain provisions of the common stock and preferred stock does not purport to be complete though we believe it contains all the material provisions, and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of our articles of incorporation and by the provisions of applicable law.

As of November 14, 2003, there were no shares of our preferred stock outstanding. Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without further action or vote by the shareholders, to issue up to 60,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix and determine the relative rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions granted to or imposed upon any wholly unissued series of preferred stock, and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designations of such series. Any shares of preferred stock so issued may have priority over the common stock with respect to dividend or liquidation rights or both.

We have no current intention to issue any shares of preferred stock, except with respect to our Shareholder Rights Plan. Our board of directors has designated 200,000 shares of Series A preferred stock for issuance pursuant to the Rights Plan. See “— Shareholder Rights Plan.” Our board of directors, without shareholder approval, may issue preferred stock with voting, conversion or other rights that could negatively affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of common stock, either pursuant to the Shareholder Rights Plan, or otherwise. Preferred stock could thus be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of us or make it more difficult to remove our management. Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of decreasing the market price of the common stock.

As of November 14, 2003, there were approximately 163,989,383 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the shareholders. Shareholders do not have cumulative voting rights. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such non-cumulative dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of funds legally available for that purpose. Currently, we are not paying dividends. See “Dividend Policy.” In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of us, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding. The common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol “RNWK.” The transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is Mellon Investor Services LLC, Ridgefield Park, New Jersey.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may prevent or discourage a third party from acquiring us, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders. Our board of directors also has the authority to fix the rights and preferences of shares of our preferred stock and to issue such shares without a shareholder vote.

We are subject to Chapter 23B.19 of the Washington Business Corporation Act, or the Washington Act. The Washington Act contains certain provisions that may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a

takeover or change in control of us. Chapter 23B.19 of the Washington Act prohibits us, with certain exceptions, from engaging in certain significant business transactions with an “acquiring person” (defined as a person, or group of persons, who acquires 10% or more of our voting securities) without the prior approval of our board of directors for a period of five years after such acquisition. The prohibited transactions include, among others, a merger with, disposition of assets to, or issuance or redemption of stock to or from, the acquiring person, or otherwise allowing the acquiring person to receive any disproportionate benefit as a shareholder. After the five-year period, we may engage in otherwise proscribed transactions, so long as the transaction complies with certain fair price provisions of the Washington Act or is approved by a majority of disinterested shareholders within each voting group entitled to vote separately. We may not exempt ourselves from coverage of this statute. These statutory provisions may have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of us.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws provide that any special meetings of our shareholders may be called only by the board of directors, the chairman of our board, our president, or shareholders holding at least 25% of all the shares entitled to be cast on any issue proposed to be considered at the special meeting. Our articles of incorporation also provide that our board of directors be divided into three classes, with each class serving staggered three-year terms. Additionally, our articles of incorporation provide for a strategic transaction committee of the board of directors. Without the prior approval of this committee, and subject to certain limited exceptions, the board of directors does not have the authority to (1) adopt a plan of merger; (2) authorize the sale, lease, exchange or mortgage of assets representing more than 50% of the book value of our assets prior to the transaction or any other asset or assets on which our long-term business strategy is substantially dependent; (3) authorize our voluntary dissolution; or (4) take any action that has the effect of any of the above. These provisions may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in control of management or us.

We have entered into a Shareholder Rights Plan, or Rights Plan, by and between us and our rights agent, Mellon Investor Services LLC. Pursuant to the Rights Plan, our board of directors declared and distributed to the shareholders of record as of December 14, 1998 a dividend of one right for each outstanding share of our common stock. Such rights are not exercisable or transferable separately from shares of our common stock until the earlier of: (i) the first date of a public announcement that, without the prior approval of our board of directors, a person or group has acquired, or obtained the right to acquire, beneficial ownership of a designated percentage of the outstanding shares of our common stock and (ii) 10 days following the commencement or announcement of an intention to make a tender or exchange offer that would result in an acquiring person or group beneficially owning a designated percentage of outstanding shares of our common stock (without the prior consent of our board of directors), unless our board of directors sets a later date (the earlier of such dates, is referred to as the Distribution Date). Our board of directors has the option to redeem such rights at a nominal cost or prevent such rights from being triggered by designating offers for all outstanding shares of our common stock as a permitted offer. Prior to the Distribution Date, we are able to amend or supplement the Rights Plan without the consent of any of the holders of such rights. Following the Distribution Date, the Rights Plan could be amended to cure any ambiguity, to correct or supplement any inconsistent provision or any other provision so long as such amendment or supplement would not adversely affect the holders of the rights granted pursuant to the Rights Plan (other than an acquiring person or group) or, subject to certain limitations, to shorten or lengthen any time period under the Rights Plan. Such rights expire on December 4, 2008 unless earlier redeemed by us.

The rights granted pursuant to the Rights Plan (other than those rights held by an acquiring person or group), when exercisable, would entitle their holders to purchase a specified fraction of a share of preferred stock (subject to adjustment) or, in certain instances, other of our securities. In certain circumstances, if we, in a merger or consolidation, are not the surviving entity or dispose of more than 50% of our assets or earnings power, the rights would entitle their holders (other than an acquiring person or group) to purchase the highest priority voting shares in the surviving entity or its affiliates having a market value of two times the exercise price of the rights.

The Rights Plan, which is intended to encourage a potential acquiring person or group to negotiate directly with our board of directors, may have certain anti-takeover effects. The Rights Plan, if adopted, could significantly dilute the interests in us of an acquiring person or group. The Rights Plan could therefore have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of us.

The following is a general discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to holders of the notes and common stock into which the notes may be converted. This discussion is based upon the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), Treasury Regulations, Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) rulings and judicial decisions now in effect, all of which are subject to change (possibly, with retroactive effect) or different interpretations. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge one or more of the tax consequences described herein, and we have not obtained, nor do we intend to obtain, a ruling from the IRS with respect to the U.S. federal income tax consequences of acquiring or holding notes or common stock. This discussion does not purport to deal with all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a particular holder in light of the holder’s circumstances (for example, persons subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the Code or a holder whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar). Also, it is not intended to be wholly applicable to all categories of investors, some of which (such as dealers in securities or currencies, traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting, banks, thrifts, regulated investment companies, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, and persons holding notes or common stock as part of a hedging or conversion transaction or straddle or persons deemed to sell notes or common stock under the constructive sale provisions of the Code) may be subject to special rules. The discussion also does not discuss any aspect of state, local or foreign law, or U.S. federal estate and gift tax law as applicable to the holders of the notes and common stock into which the notes may be converted. In addition, this discussion is limited to initial purchasers of notes who acquire the notes at their original issue price within the meaning of Section 1273 of the Code, and who will hold the notes and common stock as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, for investment). This summary also assumes that the IRS will respect the classification of the notes as indebtedness for federal income tax purposes.

All prospective purchasers of the notes are advised to consult their own tax advisors regarding the federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of the notes and the common stock in their particular situations.

As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial holder of a note or common stock that for United States federal income tax purposes is (i) a citizen or resident (as defined in Section 7701(b) of the Code) of the United States (unless such person is not treated as a resident of the U.S. under an applicable income tax treaty), (ii) a corporation created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source and (iv) in general, a trust subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of a United States person as described in Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code. A “Non-U.S. Holder” is any holder of a note or common stock other than a U.S. Holder or a foreign or domestic partnership.

If a partnership (including for this purpose any entity, domestic or foreign, treated as a partnership for U.S. tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of the notes or common stock into which the notes may be converted, the U.S. tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. As a general matter, income earned through a foreign or domestic partnership is attributed to its owners. A holder of the notes or common stock into which the notes may be converted that is a partnership, and partners in such partnership, should consult their individual tax advisors about the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of the notes and the common stock into which the notes may be converted.

The notes will not bear interest. However, if we do not comply with our obligations under the registration rights agreement, such non-compliance may result in the payment of predetermined additional amounts referred to as liquidated damages in the manner described under the caption “Description of the Notes.” If the amount or timing of any liquidated damages on a note is contingent, the note could be subject to special rules that apply to debt instruments that provide for contingent payments (“contingent debt instruments”). These rules generally require a holder to accrue interest income at a rate higher than the stated interest rate on the note and to treat as ordinary income, rather than capital gain, any gain recognized on a sale, exchange or retirement of a note before the resolution of the contingencies. We believe that the possibility of liquidated damages is remote and, accordingly, the notes should not be treated as contingent debt instruments because of this potential liquidated damages. Therefore, for purposes of filing tax or information returns with the IRS, we will not treat the notes as contingent debt instruments or as having original issue discount. Our position in this regard is binding on each U.S. Holder (but not on the IRS) unless such U.S. Holder discloses a contrary position on a statement attached to its timely filed U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year in which the note is acquired. If the notes were treated as contingent debt instruments, the consequences described above would apply. In the event that we pay liquidated damages, the holders would be required to recognize liquidated damages income, which would be taxable as ordinary income.

A U.S. Holder generally will not recognize any income, gain or loss upon conversion of a note into common stock except with respect to cash received in lieu of a fractional share of common stock. To the extent we elect to deliver cash instead of shares of common stock, the tax consequences of the exchange will be as described below under “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — U.S. Holders — Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Retirement of Notes.” Cash received in lieu of a fractional share of common stock should generally be treated as a payment in exchange for such fractional share rather than as a dividend. Gain or loss recognized on the receipt of cash paid in lieu of such fractional share generally will equal the difference between the amount of cash received and the amount of tax basis allocable to the fractional share. The adjusted basis of shares of common stock received on conversion will equal the adjusted basis of the note converted (reduced by the portion of adjusted basis allocated to any fractional share of common stock exchanged for cash). The holding period of such common stock received on conversion will generally include the period during which the converted notes were held prior to conversion.

The conversion rate of the notes is subject to adjustment under certain circumstances. Section 305 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations issued thereunder may treat the holders of the notes as having received a constructive distribution, resulting in a taxable dividend (subject to a possible dividends received deduction in the case of corporate holders) to the extent of our current and/or accumulated earnings and profits, if, and to the extent that certain adjustments in the conversion rate, which may occur in limited circumstances (particularly an adjustment to reflect a taxable dividend to holders of common stock), increase the proportionate interest of a holder of notes in the fully diluted common stock, whether or not such holder ever exercises its conversion privilege. Therefore, U.S. Holders may recognize income in the event of a deemed distribution even though they may not receive any cash or property. Moreover, if there is not a full adjustment to the conversion ratio of the notes to reflect a stock dividend or other event increasing the proportionate interest of the holders of outstanding common stock in our assets or earnings and profits, then such increase in the proportionate interest of the holders of the common stock generally will be treated as a distribution to such holders, taxable as a dividend (subject to a possible dividends received deduction in the case of corporate holders) to the extent of our current and/or accumulated earnings and profits. Adjustments to the conversion rate made pursuant to a bona fide reasonable adjustment formula which has the effect of preventing dilution in the interest of the holders of the debt instruments, however, will generally not be considered to result in a constructive dividend distribution.

Each U.S. Holder generally will recognize gain or loss upon the sale, exchange (other than by exercise of the conversion privilege to the extent we elect to deliver shares of common stock rather than cash), redemption, retirement or other disposition of notes measured by the difference (if any) between (i) the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received and (ii) such holder’s adjusted tax basis in the notes. A U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in a note generally will equal the cost of the note to such holder less any principal payments received by such holder. Any such gain or loss recognized on the sale, exchange, redemption, retirement or other disposition of a note should be capital gain or loss and will generally be long-term capital gain or loss if the note has been held for more than 12 months at the time of the sale or exchange. Generally, long term capital gain for individuals is eligible for a reduced rate of taxation. Capital gain that is not long term capital gain is taxed at ordinary income rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

If upon a change of control, a U.S. Holder requires us to repurchase some or all of such holder’s notes and we elect to pay the repurchase price with shares of our common stock, and if the notes are “securities” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the holder would generally not recognize any gain or loss on the exchange. If the U.S. Holder receives cash in lieu of a fractional share of common stock, however, the holder would be treated as if he received the fractional share and then had the fractional share redeemed for cash. The U.S. Holder would recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the cash received and that portion of his basis in the stock attributable to the fractional share. The U.S. Holder’s aggregate basis in the common stock received in exchange for the notes (including any fractional share for which cash is paid) would equal his adjusted basis in the note. The U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common stock so received would include the period during which the holder held the note. If the notes are not “securities” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then the exchange would be subject to the general rules for exchanges described in the preceding paragraph.

Distributions (including constructive distributions), if any, made with respect to common stock that a U.S. Holder receives upon conversion of a note generally will constitute taxable dividends, to the extent that the distributions are made from our current and/or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Any distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital, which will reduce the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis of the common stock (but not below zero). To the extent such a distribution exceeds the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock, the distribution will be taxable as capital gain. Dividends received by a corporate U.S. Holder may be eligible for a dividends received deduction. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002 and before January 1, 2009, subject to certain exceptions, dividends received by non-corporate shareholders (including individuals) from domestic corporations generally are taxed at the same preferential rates that apply to long-term capital gain.

Gain or loss realized on the sale or exchange of common stock will equal the difference between the amount realized on such sale or exchange and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such common stock. Such gain or loss will generally be long-term capital gain or loss if the holder has held or is deemed to have held the common stock for more than twelve months. Generally, long-term capital gain for individuals is eligible for a reduced rate of taxation. Capital gain that is not long-term capital gain is taxed at ordinary income rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

The following discussion is limited to the U.S. federal income tax consequences relevant to a Non-U.S. Holder (as defined above).

For purposes of withholding tax on dividends discussed below, a Non-U.S. Holder includes a nonresident fiduciary of an estate or trust. For purposes of the following discussion, dividends and gain on the sale, exchange or other disposition of a note or common stock will be considered to be “U.S. trade or business

income” if such income or gain is (i) effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business and (ii) in the case of a Non-U.S. Holder eligible for the benefits of an applicable U.S. bilateral income tax treaty, attributable to a permanent establishment (or, in the case of an individual, a fixed base) in the United States.

In general, dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder of common stock will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a 30% rate unless such rate is reduced by an applicable income tax treaty. Dividends that are U.S. trade or business income are generally subject to U.S. federal income tax in the same manner as if the Non-U.S. Holder were a U.S. Holder, but are not generally subject to the 30% withholding tax or treaty-reduced rate if the Non-U.S. Holder files a properly executed IRS Form W-8ECI (or appropriate substitute form), as applicable with the payor. Any U.S. trade or business income received by a Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation may also, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be applicable under an income tax treaty. A Non-U.S. Holder of common stock who wishes to claim the benefit of an applicable treaty rate must provide a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN (or appropriate substitute form), as applicable. In addition, a Non-U.S. Holder may under certain circumstances be required to obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number and make certain certifications to us. Special procedures are provided for payments made through qualified intermediaries. A Non-U.S. Holder of common stock that is eligible for a reduced rate of U.S. withholding tax pursuant to an income treaty may obtain a refund of amounts withheld at a higher rate by filing an appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS.

A Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the conversion of notes into common stock. However, cash received to the extent we elect to deliver cash instead of shares of common stock or cash received in lieu of a fractional share will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in the manner described below under “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — Non-U.S. Holders — Sale, Exchange or Redemption of Notes or Common Stock.”

Except as described below and subject to the discussion concerning backup withholding, any gain realized by a Non-U.S. Holder on the sale, exchange, redemption or retirement of a note or common stock generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, unless (i) such gain is U.S. trade or business income, (ii) subject to certain exceptions, the Non-U.S. Holder is an individual who holds the note or common stock as a capital asset and is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition, (iii) the Non-U.S. Holder is subject to tax pursuant to the provisions of U.S. tax law applicable to certain U.S. expatriates (including certain former citizens or residents of the United States), or (iv) we are a United States real property holding corporation within the meaning of Section 897 of the Code. We do not believe that we are currently a “United States real property holding corporation” within the meaning of Section 897 of the Code, or that we will become one in the future.

The Code and the Treasury Regulations require those who make specified payments to report the payments to the IRS. Among the specified payments are dividends and proceeds paid by brokers to their customers. The required information returns enable the IRS to determine whether the recipient properly included the payments in income. This reporting regime is reinforced by “backup withholding” rules. These rules require the payors to withhold tax from payments subject to information reporting if the recipient fails to cooperate with the reporting regime by failing to provide his taxpayer identification number to the payor, furnishing an incorrect identification number, or repeatedly failing to report interest or dividends on his returns. The backup withholding tax rate is currently 28%. The information reporting and backup withholding rules do not apply to payments to corporations, whether domestic or foreign.

Payments of dividends to individual U.S. Holders of notes or common stock will generally be subject to information reporting, and will be subject to backup withholding unless the holder provides us or our paying agent with a correct taxpayer identification number and complies with certain certification procedures.

The information reporting and backup withholding rules do not apply to payments that are subject to the 30 percent withholding tax on dividends paid to nonresidents, or to payments that are exempt from that tax by application of a tax treaty or special exception. Therefore, payments to Non-U.S. Holders of dividends on common stock will generally not be subject to information reporting or backup withholding. To avoid backup withholding, a Non-U.S. Holder will have to certify its nonresident status. Some of the common means of doing so are described under “Non-U.S. Holders — Dividends.”

Payments made to U.S. Holders by a broker upon a sale of notes or common stock will generally be subject to information reporting and backup withholding. If the sale is made through a foreign office of a foreign broker, the sale will generally not be subject to either information reporting or backup withholding. This exception may not apply, however, if the foreign broker is owned or controlled by U.S. persons, or is engaged in a U.S. trade or business.

Payments made to Non-U.S. Holders by a broker upon a sale of notes or common stock will not be subject to information reporting or backup withholding as long as the Non-U.S. Holder certifies its foreign status.

Any amounts withheld from a payment to a holder of notes or common stock under the backup withholding rules can be credited against any U.S. federal income tax liability of the holder and may entitle the holder to a refund, provided that the required information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.

The preceding discussion of certain United States federal income tax consequences is for general information only and is not tax advice. Accordingly, each investor should consult its own tax adviser as to particular tax consequences to it of purchasing, holding and disposing of the notes and the common stock, including the applicability and effect of any state, local or foreign tax laws, and of any proposed changes in applicable laws.

We originally issued the notes in a private placement to the initial purchaser, Goldman, Sachs & Co., on June 17, 2003. The initial purchaser resold the notes to the purchasers, including the selling securityholders listed below, in transfers exempt from registration pursuant to Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Selling securityholders may offer and sell the notes and the underlying common stock pursuant to this prospectus.

The following table contains information as of November 14, 2003 with respect to the selling securityholders and the principal amount of notes and the underlying common stock beneficially owned by each selling securityholder as of such date that may be offered using this prospectus.


(1)	Also includes any sale of the notes and the underlying common stock by pledgees, donees, transferees or other successors in interest that receive such securities by gift, partnership distribution or other non-sale related transfer from the named selling securityholders.

(2)	Assumes conversion of all of the holder’s notes at a conversion price of approximately $9.30 per share of common stock. However, this conversion price is subject to adjustment as described under “Description of the Notes — Conversion of Notes.” As a result, the amount of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes may increase or decrease in the future.


(3)	Calculated based on Rule 13d-3(d)(i) of the Exchange Act using 163,989,383 shares of common stock outstanding as of November 14, 2003. In calculating this amount, we treated as outstanding the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of all of that particular holder’s notes. However, we did not assume the conversion of any other holder’s notes.



(4)	Information about other selling securityholders will be set forth in prospectus supplements or, if required, in post-effective amendments.


(5)	Assumes that any other holders of notes, or any future transferees, pledges, donees or successors of or from any such other holders of notes, do not beneficially own any common stock other than the common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes at the initial conversion rate.

We prepared this table based on the information supplied to us by the selling securityholders named in the table. According to the information supplied to us by the selling securityholders, the table sets forth all of the securities of the Company beneficially owned by each such selling securityholder.

The selling securityholders listed in the above table may have sold or transferred, in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, some or all of their notes since the date on which the information in the above table is presented. Information about the selling securityholders may change from time to time. Any changed information will be set forth in prospectus supplements or post effective amendments, as required.

Because the selling securityholders may offer all or some of their notes or the underlying common stock from time to time, we cannot estimate the amount of the notes or underlying common stock that will be held by the selling securityholders upon the termination of any particular offering. For information on the procedure for sales by selling securityholders, read the disclosure under the heading “Plan of Distribution” below.

We will not receive any of the proceeds of the sale of the notes and the underlying common stock offered by this prospectus. The notes and the underlying common stock may be sold from time to time to purchasers:


	•	directly by the selling securityholders;

	•	through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents who may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the selling securityholders or the purchasers of the notes and the underlying common stock.

The selling securityholders and any underwriters, brokers, dealers or agents that participate in the distribution of the notes and the underlying common stock may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933 and any discounts, concessions, commissions or fees received by them and any profit on the resale of the securities sold by them may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions.

If the notes and underlying common stock are sold through underwriters or broker-dealers, the selling securityholders will be responsible for underwriting discounts or commissions or agent’s commissions.

The notes and underlying common stock may be sold in one or more transactions at:


	•	fixed prices;

	•	prevailing market prices at the time of sale;

	•	varying prices determined at the time of sale; or

	•	negotiated prices.


	•	on any national securities exchange or quotation service on which the notes and underlying common stock may be listed or quoted at the time of the sale, including the Nasdaq National Market in the case of the common stock;

	•	in the over-the-counter market;

	•	in transactions otherwise than on such exchanges or services or in the over-the-counter market; or

	•	through the writing of options.

These transactions may include block transactions or crosses. Crosses are transactions in which the same broker acts as an agent on both sides of the trade.

In connection with sales of the notes and underlying common stock or otherwise, the selling securityholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers. These broker-dealers may in turn engage in short sales of the notes and underlying common stock in the course of hedging their positions. The selling securityholders may also sell the notes and underlying common stock short and deliver notes and underlying common stock to close out short positions, or loan or pledge notes and underlying common stock to broker-dealers that in turn may sell the notes and underlying common stock.

To our knowledge, there are currently no plans, arrangement or understandings between any selling securityholders and any underwriter, broker-dealer or agent regarding the sale of the notes and the underlying common stock by the selling securityholders. Selling securityholders may not sell any or all of the notes and the underlying common stock offered by them pursuant to this prospectus. In addition, we cannot assure you that any such selling securityholder will not transfer, devise or gift the notes and the underlying common stock by other means not described in this prospectus.

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol “RNWK.” We do not intend to apply for listing of the notes on any securities exchange or for quotation through Nasdaq. Accordingly, no assurance can be given as to the development of liquidity or any trading market for the notes.

There can be no assurance that any selling securityholder will sell any or all of the notes or underlying common stock pursuant to this prospectus. In addition, any notes or underlying common stock covered by this prospectus that qualify for sale pursuant to Rule 144 or Rule 144A of the Securities Act may be sold under Rule 144 or Rule 144A rather than pursuant to this prospectus.

The selling securityholders and any other person participating in such distribution will be subject to the Exchange Act. Exchange Act rules include, without limitation, Regulation M, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the notes and the underlying common stock by the selling securityholders and any other such person. In addition, Regulation M may restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the notes and the underlying common stock to engage in market-making activities with respect to the particular notes and the underlying common stock being distributed for a period of up to five business days prior to the commencement of such distribution. This may affect the marketability of the notes and the underlying common stock and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to the notes and the underlying common stock.

Pursuant to the registration rights agreement filed as an exhibit to this registration statement, we and the selling securityholders will be indemnified by the other against certain liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act or will be entitled to contribution in connection with these liabilities.

We have agreed to pay substantially all of the expenses incidental to the registration, offering and sale of the notes and underlying common stock to the public other than commissions, fees and discounts of underwriters, brokers, dealers and agents.

The validity of the securities offered by this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Kirkland, Washington and Palo Alto, California.

The consolidated financial statements and the related financial statement schedule of RealNetworks, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2002, and 2001, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2002, have been incorporated by reference herein and in the registration statement in reliance upon the reports of KPMG LLP, independent auditors, incorporated by reference herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing. The audit report covering the December 31, 2002, consolidated financial statements refers to a change in the method of accounting for goodwill and other intangible assets.

The consolidated financial statements of Listen.com, Inc. incorporated in this Prospectus by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K/A of RealNetworks, Inc., dated September 12, 2003 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). You may read and copy this information at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Room 1024, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a Web site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information regarding companies, such as RealNetworks, Inc., that file electronically with the SEC. You can also inspect reports, proxy statements and other information about our company at the

We incorporate information into this prospectus by reference, which means that we disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus, except for any such information superseded by information contained in later-filed documents or directly in this prospectus. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents set forth below that we have previously filed with the SEC. These documents contain important information about us and our financial condition.

All documents that we file with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from the date of this prospectus to the end of the offering of the notes under this document shall also be deemed to be incorporated in this prospectus by reference; provided, however, that we are not incorporating any information from any future filed documents furnished under either Item 9 or Item 12 of any Current Report on Form 8-K.

You may request a copy of these filings at no cost, by writing or calling us at the following address or telephone number:

Exhibits to the filings will not be sent, however, unless those exhibits have specifically been incorporated by reference in this document. These filings are also available free of charge through our Internet website, at www.realnetworks.com.

The aggregate estimated (other than the registration fee) expenses associated with this offering are as follows:

Sections 23B.08.500 through 23B.08.600 of the Washington Business Corporation Act (the “WBCA”) authorize a court to award, or a corporation’s board of directors to grant, indemnification to directors and officers on terms sufficiently broad to permit indemnification under certain circumstances for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The registrant’s Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws provide for indemnification of the registrant’s directors, officers, employees and agents to the maximum extent permitted by Washington law. The directors and officers of the registrant also may be indemnified against liability they may incur for serving in that capacity pursuant to a liability insurance policy maintained by the registrant for such purpose. Section 23B.08.320 of the WBCA authorizes a corporation to limit a director’s liability to the corporation or its shareholders for monetary damages for acts or omissions as a director, except in certain circumstances involving intentional misconduct, knowing violations of law or illegal corporate loans or distributions, or any transaction from which the director personally receives a benefit in money, property or services to which the director is not legally entitled. The registrant’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation contain provisions implementing, to the fullest extent permitted by Washington law, such limitations on a director’s liability to the registrant and its shareholders. The registrant has entered into certain indemnification agreements with its officers and directors. The indemnification agreements provide the registrant’s officers and directors with indemnification to the maximum extent permitted by the WBCA.



(1)	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2000 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2000.


(2)	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 1998 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 1998.

(3)	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2003 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14, 2003.


(4)	Previously filed on September 12, 2003.


	(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:


	(a) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

	(b) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement;

	(c) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;


	provided, however, that clauses (a) and (b) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by such clauses is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.


	(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

	(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

B. That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

C. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described under Item 15 above, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities, other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding, is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Seattle, State of Washington, on November 17, 2003.


	By:	/s/ ROBERT GLASER



	Name: Robert Glaser
	Title: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Robert Glaser and Robert Kimball, and each of them acting individually, as such person’s attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or any substitute, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated below on November 17, 2003.



(1)	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2000 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 11, 2000.


(2)	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 1998 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 1998.

(3)	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2003 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14, 2003.


(4)	Previously filed on September 12, 2003.

EX-4.1 3 v92745a1exv4w1.txt EXHIBIT 4.1 Exhibit 4.1 ------------------------------------ REALNETWORKS, INC. ISSUER TO U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION TRUSTEE ------------------ INDENTURE Dated as of June 17, 2003 ------------------- ZERO COUPON CONVERTIBLE SUBORDINATED NOTES DUE JULY 1, 2010 --------------------------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

-ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

-iii- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

-iv- TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

-v- CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE*

- ------------- * This Cross-Reference Table shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Indenture. ** N.A. means Not Applicable. INDENTURE, dated as of June 17, 2003, between REALNETWORKS, INC., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Washington, having its principal office at 2601 Elliott Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121 (herein called the "Company"), and U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, a national banking association organized under the laws of the United States, as Trustee hereunder (herein called the "Trustee"). RECITALS OF THE COMPANY The Company has duly authorized the creation of an issue of its Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010 (herein called the "Securities") of substantially the tenor and amount hereinafter set forth, and to provide therefor the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture. All things necessary to make the Securities, when the Securities are executed by the Company and authenticated and delivered hereunder, the valid obligations of the Company, and to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with their and its terms, have been done. Further, all things necessary to duly authorize the issuance of the Common Stock of the Company issuable upon the conversion of the Securities, and to duly reserve for issuance the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon such conversion, have been done. NOW, THEREFORE, THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH: For and in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the Securities by the Holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed, for the equal and proportionate benefit of all Holders of the Securities, as follows: ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS AND OTHER PROVISIONS OF GENERAL APPLICATION SECTION 1.1 Definitions. ----------- For all purposes of this Indenture, except as otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires: (1) the terms defined in this Article have the meanings assigned to them in this Article and include the plural as well as the singular; (2) all accounting terms not otherwise defined herein have the meanings assigned to them in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, and, except as otherwise herein expressly provided, the term "generally accepted accounting principles" with respect to any computation required or permitted hereunder shall mean such accounting principles as are generally accepted at the date of such computation; and -1- (3) the words "herein", "hereof" and "hereunder" and other words of similar import refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision. "Act", when used with respect to any Holder of a Security, has the meaning specified in Section 1.4. "Affiliate" of any specified Person means any other Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with such specified Person. For the purposes of this definition, "control", when used with respect to any specified Person, means the power to direct the management and policies of such Person, directly or indirectly, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise; and the terms "controlling" and "controlled" have meanings correlative to the foregoing. "Agent Member" means any member of, or participant in, the Depositary. "Applicable Procedures" means, with respect to any transfer or transaction involving a Global Security or beneficial interest therein, the rules and procedures of DTC or any successor Depositary, in each case to the extent applicable to such transaction and as in effect from time to time. "Authenticating Agent" means any Person authorized pursuant to Section 6.12 to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities. "Board of Directors" means either the board of directors of the Company or any duly authorized committee of that board. "Board Resolution" means a resolution duly adopted by the Board of Directors, a copy of which, certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification, shall have been delivered to the Trustee. "Business Day", when used with respect to any Place of Payment, Place of Conversion or any other place, as the case may be, means each Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday which is not a day on which banking institutions in such Place of Payment, Place of Conversion or other place, as the case may be, are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close; provided, however, that a day on which banking institutions in New York, New York are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close shall not be a Business Day for purposes of Section 13.9. "Change in Control" has the meaning specified in Section 14.4(2). "Closing Price Per Share" means, with respect to the Common Stock, for any day, (i) the last reported sale price regular way on the Nasdaq National Market or, (ii) if the Common Stock is not 2 quoted on the Nasdaq National Market, the last reported sale price regular way per share or, in case no such reported sale takes place on such day, the average of the reported closing bid and asked prices regular way, in either case, on the principal national securities exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or admitted to trading, or (iii) if the Common Stock is not quoted on the Nasdaq National Market or listed or admitted to trading on any national securities exchange, the average of the closing bid prices in the over-the-counter market as furnished by any New York Stock Exchange member firm selected from time to time by the Company for that purpose. "Code" has the meaning specified in Section 2.l. "Commission" means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Exchange Act, or, if at any time after the execution of this instrument such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust Indenture Act, then the body performing such duties at such time. "Common Stock" means the Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Company authorized at the date of this instrument as originally executed or as such stock may be constituted from time to time. Subject to the provisions of Section 12.11, shares issuable on conversion or repurchase of Securities shall include only shares of Common Stock or shares of any class or classes of common stock resulting from any reclassification or reclassifications thereof; provided, however, that if at any time there shall be more than one such resulting class, the shares so issuable on conversion of Securities shall include shares of all such classes, and the shares of each such class then so issuable shall be substantially in the proportion which the total number of shares of such class resulting from all such reclassifications bears to the total number of shares of all such classes resulting from all such reclassifications. "common stock" includes any stock of any class of capital stock which has no preference in respect of dividends or of amounts payable in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the issuer thereof and which is not subject to redemption by the issuer thereof. "Company" means the Person named as the "Company" in the first paragraph of this instrument until a successor Person shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Indenture, and thereafter "Company" shall mean such successor Person. "Company Notice" has the meaning specified in Section 14.3. "Company Request" or "Company Order" means a written request or order signed in the name of the Company by (i) its Chairman of the Board, its Vice Chairman of the Board, its Chief Executive Officer, its President, an Executive Vice President or a Vice President, and by (ii) its principal financial officer, Treasurer, an Assistant Treasurer, its Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, and delivered to the Trustee. 3 "Constituent Person" has the meaning specified in Section 12.11. "Conversion Agent" means any Person authorized by the Company to convert Securities in accordance with Article XII. The Company has initially appointed the Trustee as its Conversion Agent pursuant to Section 10.2 hereof. "Conversion Date" means the date on which a Holder delivers its Securities and a duly signed and completed conversion notice pursuant to this Indenture. "Conversion Period" has the meaning specified in Section 12.1(a). "Conversion Price" has the meaning specified in Section 14.4(3). "Conversion Rate" has the meaning specified in Section 12.1(c). "Conversion Value" has the meaning specified in Section 12.1(b). "Corporate Trust Office" means the office of the Trustee at which at any particular time the trust created by this Indenture shall be principally administered (which at the date of this Indenture is located at 550 S. Hope Street, Suite 500, Los Angeles, CA 90071, Attention: Corporate Trust Services (RealNetworks, Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010)). "corporation" means a corporation, company, association, joint-stock company or business trust. "Depositary" means, with respect to any Securities (including any Global Securities), a clearing agency that is registered as such under the Exchange Act and is designated by the Company to act as Depositary for such Securities (or any successor securities clearing agency so registered). "Designated Senior Debt" means the Company's obligations under any particular Senior Debt in which the instrument creating or evidencing the same or the assumption or guarantee thereof (or related agreements or documents to which the Company is a party) expressly provides that such Senior Debt shall be "Designated Senior Debt" for purposes of this Indenture; provided that such instrument, agreement or other document may place limitations and conditions on the right of such Senior Debt to exercise the rights of Designated Senior Debt. "Distribution Notice" has the meaning specified in Section 12.1(a). "Documents" has the meaning specified in Section 6.3(1). "Dollar" or "U.S. $" means a dollar or other equivalent unit in such coin or currency of the United States as at the time shall be legal tender for the payment of public and private debts. "DTC" means The Depository Trust Company, a New York corporation. 4 "Effective Failure" has the meaning specified in Section 2.2. "Effectiveness Period" has the meaning specified in Section 2.2. "Event of Default" has the meaning specified in Section 5.1. "Exchange Act" means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (or any successor statute), as amended from time to time. "Expiration Time" has the meaning specified in Section 12.4(6). "Global Security" means a Security that is registered in the Security Register in the name of a Depositary or a nominee thereof. "Holder" means the Person in whose name the Security is registered in the Security Register. "Indenture" means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental hereto entered into pursuant to the applicable provisions hereof, including, for all purposes of this instrument and any such supplemental indenture, the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act that are deemed to be a part of and govern this instrument and any such supplemental indenture, respectively. "Initial Purchaser" means Goldman, Sachs & Co. "Initial Purchaser Option" has the meaning specified in Section 3.1. "Instrument" has the meaning specified in Section 5.1. "Issue Date" means June 17, 2003. "Liquidated Damages" has the meaning specified in Section 2.2. "Liquidated Damages Payment Date" means each July 1 and January 1. "Liquidated Damages Record Date" means each June 15 and December 15 immediately preceding a Liquidated Damages Payment Date, if any. "Liquidated Damages Record Date Period" means the period from the close of business of any Liquidated Damages Record Date next preceding any Liquidated Damages Payment Date to the opening of business on such Liquidated Damages Payment Date. "Maturity", when used with respect to any Security, means the date on which the principal of such Security becomes due and payable as therein or herein provided, whether at the Stated Maturity 5 or by declaration of acceleration, call for redemption, exercise of the repurchase right set forth in Article XIV or otherwise. "Merger Notice" has the meaning specified in Section 12.1. "Non-electing Share" has the meaning specified in Section 12.11. "Notice of Default" has the meaning specified in Section 5.1. "Notice of Optional Repurchase" has the meaning specified in Section 14.6(b). "Notice of Withdrawal" has the meaning specified in Section 14.6(c). "Officers' Certificate" means a certificate signed by (i) the Chairman of the Board, a Vice Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, an Executive Vice President, a Senior Vice President or a Vice President and by (ii) the principal financial officer, the Treasurer, an Assistant Treasurer, the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company, and delivered to the Trustee. One of the Officers signing an Officers' Certificate given pursuant to Section 10.8 shall be the principal executive, financial or accounting officer of the Company. "Opinion of Counsel" means a written opinion of counsel, who may be counsel for the Company and who shall be acceptable to the Trustee. "Outstanding", when used with respect to Securities, means, as of the date of determination, all Securities theretofore authenticated and delivered under this Indenture, except: (i) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or delivered to the Trustee for cancellation; (ii) Securities for the payment or redemption of which money in the necessary amount has been theretofore deposited with the Trustee or any Paying Agent (other than the Company) in trust or set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own Paying Agent) for the Holders of such Securities, provided that if such Securities are to be redeemed, notice of such redemption has been duly given pursuant to this Indenture or provision therefor satisfactory to the Trustee has been made; (iii) Securities which have been paid pursuant to Section 3.6 or in exchange for or in lieu of which other Securities have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to this Indenture, other than any such Securities in respect of which there shall have been presented to the Trustee proof satisfactory to it that such Securities are held by a bona fide purchaser in whose hands such Securities are valid obligations of the Company; and 6 (iv) Securities converted into Common Stock pursuant to Article XII; provided, however, that in determining whether the Holders of the requisite principal amount of Outstanding Securities are present at a meeting of Holders of Securities for quorum purposes or have given any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent or waiver hereunder, Securities owned by the Company or any other obligor upon the Securities or any Affiliate of the Company or such other obligor shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding, except that, in determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying upon any such determination as to the presence of a quorum or upon any such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent or waiver, only Securities which a Responsible Officer of the Trustee has been notified in writing to be so owned shall be so disregarded. Securities so owned which have been pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding if the pledgee is not the Company or any other obligor upon the Securities or any Affiliate of the Company or such other obligor, and the Trustee shall be protected in relying upon an Officer's Certificate to such effect. "Paying Agent" means any Person authorized by the Company to pay the principal of Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Securities on behalf of the Company and, except as otherwise specifically set forth herein, such term shall include the Company if it shall act as its own Paying Agent. The Company has initially appointed the Trustee as its Paying Agent pursuant to Section 10.2 hereof. "Payment Blockage Notice" has the meaning specified in Section 13.2. "Person" means any individual, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust, estate, unincorporated organization or government or any agency or political subdivision thereof. "Place of Conversion" has the meaning specified in Section 3.1. "Place of Payment" has the meaning specified in Section 3.1. "Predecessor Security" of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 3.6 in exchange for or in lieu of a mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security. "Press Release" means any press release issued by the Company and disseminated to Reuters Business News Services and Bloomberg News Services. "Purchase Agreement" means the Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 11, 2003, between the Company and the Initial Purchaser, as such agreement may be amended from time to time. 7 "Purchase Date" has the meaning specified in Section 14.6(a). "Purchase Notice" has the meaning specified in Section 14.6(b). "Purchase Price" has the meaning specified in Section 14.6(a). "Purchased Shares" has the meaning specified in Section 12.4(6). "Purchasers" has the meaning specified in Section 11.8. "Qualified Institutional Buyer" shall mean a "qualified institutional buyer" as defined in Rule 144A. "Redemption Date", when used with respect to any Security to be redeemed, means the date fixed for such redemption by or pursuant to this Indenture. "Redemption Price", when used with respect to any Security to be redeemed, means the price at which it is to be redeemed pursuant to this Indenture. "Registrable Securities" has the meaning specified in Section 10.11. "Registration Default" has the meaning specified in Section 2.2. "Registration Rights Agreement" means the Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 17, 2003, between the Company and the Initial Purchaser, as such agreement may be amended from time to time. "Representative" means the (a) indenture trustee or other trustee, agent or representative for any Senior Debt or (b) with respect to any Senior Debt that does not have any such trustee, agent or other representative, (i) in the case of such Senior Debt issued pursuant to an agreement providing for voting arrangements as among the holders or owners of such Senior Debt, any holder or owner of such Senior Debt acting with the consent of the required persons necessary to bind such holders or owners of such Senior Debt and (ii) in the case of all other such Senior Debt, the holder or owner of such Senior Debt. "Repurchase Date" has the meaning specified in Section 14.1. "Repurchase Price" has the meaning specified in Section 14.1. "Responsible Officer", when used with respect to the Trustee, means any officer within the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee with direct responsibility for the administration of this Indenture and also means, with respect to a particular corporate trust matter, any other officer to whom such matter is referred because of his knowledge and familiarity with the particular subject. 8 "Restricted Global Security" has the meaning specified in Section 2.1. "Restricted Securities" means all Securities required pursuant to Section 3.5(3) to bear any Restricted Securities Legend. Such term includes the Restricted Global Security. "Restricted Securities Legend" means, collectively, the legends substantially in the forms of the legends required in the form of Security set forth in Section 2.2 to be placed upon each Restricted Security. "Rule 144" means Rule 144 under the Securities Act (or any successor provision), as it may be amended from time to time. "Rule 144A" means Rule 144A under the Securities Act (or any successor provision), as it may be amended from time to time. "Rule 144A Information" has the meaning specified in Section 10.9. "Securities" has the meaning ascribed to it in the first paragraph under the caption "Recitals of the Company". "Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933 (or any successor statute), as amended from time to time. "Security Register" and "Security Registrar" have the respective meanings specified in Section 3.5. "Senior Debt" means the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest (including all interest accruing subsequent to the commencement of any bankruptcy or similar proceeding, whether or not a claim for post-petition interest is allowable as a claim in any such proceeding) on, and all rental payments, fees and other amounts payable or other obligations, whether absolute or contingent, secured or unsecured, due or to become due, outstanding on the date of this Indenture or thereafter created, incurred or assumed in connection with any of the following: (a) any credit or loan agreement, note, bond, debenture or other written obligation of the Company, (b) all obligations of the Company for money borrowed, (c) any note or similar instrument issued by the Company in connection with the acquisition of any businesses, properties or assets of any kind, (d) the Company's leasing real or personal property (i) under leases, if all or a portion of the lessee's rental obligations are required to be capitalized on the balance sheet of the lessee under generally accepted accounting principles or (ii) under leases, participation agreements, guarantees or similar documents entered into by the Company in connection with the leasing of real or personal property by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries which provides that the Company is contractually obligated to purchase or cause a third party to purchase the leased property for a fixed price or otherwise guarantee a residual value of leased property to the lessor or a third party, whether or not such lease is properly classified as an operating or capital lease in accordance with generally accepted 9 accounting principles, (e) any interest rate and currency swaps, caps, floors, collars, hedge agreements, forward contracts or similar agreements or arrangements, (f) any letters of credit, bankers' acceptances and similar facilities, including reimbursement obligations with respect to the foregoing, (g) any deferred purchase price of property or services other than trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities arising in the ordinary course of business, (h) all obligations of the type referred to in clauses (a) through (g) above of another Person and any dividends of another Person, the payment of which, in either case, the Company has assumed or guaranteed, or for which the Company is responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, jointly or severally, as obligor, guarantor or otherwise, or which are secured by a lien on the Company's property, and (i) renewals, extensions, modifications, replacements, restatements and refundings of, or any indebtedness or obligation issued in exchange for, any such indebtedness or obligation described in clauses (a) through (h) of this paragraph; provided, however, that "Senior Debt" shall not include (X) the Securities, or (Y) any other indebtedness or obligation if the terms of such indebtedness or obligation (or the terms of the instrument under which or pursuant to which it is issued) expressly provide that such indebtedness or obligation is not superior in right of payment to the Securities. "Shelf Registration Statement" has the meaning specified in Section 10.11. "Significant Subsidiary" means, at any date of determination, any majority-owned subsidiary of the Company that (i) for the most recent fiscal year of the Company, accounted for more than 10% of the consolidated revenues of the Company or (ii) as of the end of such fiscal year, was the owner of more than 10% of the consolidated assets of the Company, all as set forth on the most recently available consolidated financial statements of the Company for such fiscal year. "Spin-off" has the meaning specified in Section 12.4(4). "Stated Maturity", when used with respect to any Security or any installment of Liquidated Damages thereon, means the date specified in such Security as the fixed date on which the principal of such Security or such installment of Liquidated Damages is due and payable. "Subsidiary" means a corporation more than 50% of the outstanding voting stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by the Company or by one or more other Subsidiaries, or by the Company and one or more other Subsidiaries. For the purposes of this definition, "voting stock" means stock or other similar interests in the corporation which ordinarily has or have voting power for the election of directors, or persons performing similar functions, whether at all times or only so long as no senior class of stock or other interests has or have such voting power by reason of any contingency. "Subsidiary Closing Price" means, with respect to the securities of a Subsidiary distributed in a Spin-off, for any day, (i) the last reported sale price regular way on the Nasdaq National Market or, (ii) if such security is not quoted on the Nasdaq National Market, the last reported sale price regular way per share or, in case no such reported sale takes place on such day, the average of the reported closing bid and asked prices regular way, in either case, on the principal national securities exchange 10 on which such security is listed or admitted to trading, or (iii) if such security is not quoted on the Nasdaq National Market or listed or admitted to trading on any national securities exchange, the average of the closing bid prices in the over-the-counter market as furnished by any New York Stock Exchange member firm selected from time to time by the Company for that purpose. "Successor Security" of any particular Security means every Security issued after, and evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by, such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 3.6 in exchange for or in lieu of a mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security. "Surrender Certificate" means a certificate substantially in the form set forth in Annex B. "Trading Day" means (i) if the Common Stock is quoted on the Nasdaq National Market or any other system of automated dissemination of quotations of securities prices, days on which trades may be effected through such system, (ii) if the Common Stock is listed or admitted for trading on any national or regional securities exchange, days on which such national or regional securities exchange is open for business, or (iii) if the Common Stock is not listed on a national or regional securities exchange or quoted on the Nasdaq National Market or any other system of automated dissemination of quotation of securities prices, days on which the Common Stock is traded regular way in the over-the-counter market and for which a closing bid and a closing asked price for the Common Stock are available. "Trading Price" has the meaning specified in Section 12.1(b). "Trigger Event" has the meaning specified in Section 12.12. "Trust Indenture Act" means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, and the rules and regulations thereunder, as in force at the date as of which this instrument was executed, provided, however, that in the event the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 is amended after such date, "Trust Indenture Act" means, to the extent required by any such amendment, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, and the rules and regulations thereunder, as so amended. "Trustee" means the Person named as the "Trustee" in the first paragraph of this instrument until a successor Trustee shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions of this Indenture, and thereafter "Trustee" shall mean such successor Trustee. "United States" means the United States of America (including the States and the District of Columbia), its territories, its possessions and other areas subject to its jurisdiction (its "possessions" including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Wake Island and the Northern Mariana Islands). 11 "Unrestricted Securities Certificate" means a certificate substantially in the form set forth in Annex A. SECTION 1.2 Compliance Certificates And Opinions. ------------------------------------ Upon any application or request by the Company to the Trustee to take any action under any provision of this Indenture, the Company shall furnish to the Trustee an Officers' Certificate stating that there has been compliance with all conditions precedent, if any, provided for in this Indenture relating to the proposed action and an Opinion of Counsel stating that in the opinion of such counsel there has been compliance with all such conditions precedent, if any, except that in the case of any such application or request as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this Indenture relating to such particular application or request, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished. Every certificate or opinion with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant provided for in this Indenture (including certificates provided for in Section 10.8) shall include: (1) a statement that each individual signing such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition and the definitions herein relating thereto; (2) a brief statement as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or opinion are based; (3) a statement that, in the opinion of such individual, he has made such examination or investigation as is necessary to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not there has been compliance with such covenant or condition; and (4) a statement as to whether, in the opinion of each such individual, there has been compliance with such condition or covenant. SECTION 1.3 Form of Documents Delivered to the Trustee. ------------------------------------------ In any case where several matters are required to be certified by, or covered by an opinion of, any specified Person, it is not necessary that all such matters be certified by, or covered by the opinion of, only one such Person, or that they be so certified or covered by only one document, but one such Person may certify or give an opinion with respect to some matters and one or more other such Persons as to other matters, and any such Person may certify or give an opinion as to such matters in one or several documents. Any certificate or opinion of an officer of the Company may be based, insofar as it relates to legal matters, upon a certificate or opinion of, or representations by, counsel, unless such officer knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know, that the certificate or opinion or representations with respect to the matters upon which such certificate or opinion is based are 12 erroneous. Any such certificate or opinion of counsel may be based, insofar as it relates to factual matters, upon a certificate or opinion of, or representations by, an officer or officers of the Company or any other Person stating that the information with respect to such factual matters is in the possession of the Company or such other Person, unless such counsel knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know, that the certificate or opinion or representations with respect to such matters are erroneous. Where any Person is required to make, give or execute two or more applications, requests, consents, certificates, statements, opinions or other instruments under this Indenture, they may, but need not, be consolidated and form one instrument. SECTION 1.4 Acts of Holders of Securities. ----------------------------- (1) Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action provided or permitted by this Indenture to be given or taken by Holders of Securities may be embodied in and evidenced by (A) one or more instruments of substantially similar tenor signed by such Holders in person or by an agent or proxy duly appointed in writing by such Holders or (B) the record of Holders of Securities voting in favor thereof, either in person or by proxies duly appointed in writing, at any meeting of Holders of Securities duly called and held in accordance with the provisions of Article IX. Such action shall become effective when such instrument or instruments or record is delivered to the Trustee and, where it is hereby expressly required, to the Company. The Trustee shall promptly deliver to the Company copies of all such instruments and records delivered to the Trustee. Such instrument or instruments and records (and the action embodied therein and evidenced thereby) are herein sometimes referred to as the "Act" of the Holders of Securities signing such instrument or instruments and so voting at such meeting. Proof of execution of any such instrument or of a writing appointing any such agent or proxy, or of the holding by any Person of a Security, shall be sufficient for any purpose of this Indenture and (subject to Section 6.1) conclusive in favor of the Trustee and the Company if made in the manner provided in this Section. The record of any meeting of Holders of Securities shall be proved in the manner provided in Section 9.6. (2) The fact and date of the execution by any Person of any such instrument or writing may be proved by the affidavit of a witness of such execution or by a certificate of a notary public or other officer authorized by law to take acknowledgments of deeds, certifying that the individual signing such instrument or writing acknowledged to him the execution thereof. Where such execution is by a signer acting in a capacity other than his individual capacity, such certificate or affidavit shall also constitute sufficient proof of his authority. (3) The principal amount and serial number of any Security held by any Person, and the date of his holding the same, shall be proved by the Security Register. (4) The fact and date of execution of any such instrument or writing and the authority of the Person executing the same may also be proved in any other manner which the Trustee deems 13 sufficient; and the Trustee may in any instance require further proof with respect to any of the matters referred to in this Section 1.4. (5) The Company may set any day as the record date for the purpose of determining the Holders entitled to give or take any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, or to vote on any action, authorized or permitted by this Indenture to be given or taken by Holders. Promptly and in any case not later than 10 days after setting a record date, the Company shall notify the Trustee and the Holders of such record date. If not set by the Company prior to the first solicitation of a Holder made by any Person in respect of any such action, or, in the case of any such vote, prior to such vote, the record date for any such action or vote shall be the 30th day (or, if later, the date of the most recent list of Holders required to be provided pursuant to Section 15.1) prior to such first solicitation or vote, as the case may be. With regard to any record date, the Holders on such date (or their duly appointed agents or proxies), and only such Persons, shall be entitled to give or take, or vote on, the relevant action, whether or not such Holders remain Holders after such record date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not set a record date for, and the provisions of this paragraph shall not apply with respect to, any notice, declaration or direction referred to in the next paragraph. Upon receipt by the Trustee from any Holder of (i) any notice of default or breach referred to in Section 5.1(4), if such default or breach has occurred and is continuing and the Trustee shall not have given such a notice to the Company, (ii) any declaration of acceleration referred to in Section 5.2, if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Trustee shall not have given such a declaration to the Company, or (iii) any direction referred to in Section 5.12, if the Trustee shall not have taken the action specified in such direction, then, with respect to clauses (ii) and (iii), a record date shall automatically and without any action by the Company or the Trustee be set for determining the Holders entitled to join in such declaration or direction, which record date shall be the close of business on the tenth day (or, if such day is not a Business Day, the first Business Day thereafter) following the day on which the Trustee receives such declaration or direction, and, with respect to clause (i), the Trustee may set any day as a record date for the purpose of determining the Holders entitled to join in such notice of default. Promptly after such receipt by the Trustee of any such declaration or direction referred to in clause (ii) or (iii), and promptly after setting any record date with respect to clause (i), and as soon as practicable thereafter, the Trustee shall notify the Company and the Holders of any such record date so fixed. The Holders on such record date (or their duly appointed agents or proxies), and only such Persons, shall be entitled to join in such notice, declaration or direction, whether or not such Holders remain Holders after such record date; provided that, unless such notice, declaration or direction shall have become effective by virtue of Holders of the requisite principal amount of Securities on such record date (or their duly appointed agents or proxies) having joined therein on or prior to the 90th day after such record date, such notice, declaration or direction shall automatically and without any action by any Person be canceled and of no further effect. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prevent a Holder (or a duly appointed agent or proxy thereof) from giving, before or after the expiration of 14 such 90-day period, a notice, declaration or direction contrary to or different from, or, after the expiration of such period, identical to, the notice, declaration or direction to which such record date relates, in which event a new record date in respect thereof shall be set pursuant to this paragraph. In addition, nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to render ineffective any notice, declaration or direction of the type referred to in this paragraph given at any time to the Trustee and the Company by Holders (or their duly appointed agents or proxies) of the requisite principal amount of Securities on the date such notice, declaration or direction is so given. (6) Except as provided in Sections 5.12 and 5.13, any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, election, waiver or other Act of the Holder of any Security shall bind every future Holder of the same Security and the Holder of every Security issued upon the registration of transfer thereof or in exchange therefor or in lieu thereof in respect of anything done, omitted or suffered to be done by the Trustee or the Company in reliance thereon, whether or not notation of such action is made upon such Security. (7) The provisions of this Section 1.4 are subject to the provisions of Section 9.5. SECTION 1.5 Notices, Etc to the Trustee and Company. --------------------------------------- Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, election, waiver or other Act of Holders of Securities or other document provided or permitted by this Indenture to be made upon, given or furnished to, or filed with, (1) the Trustee by any Holder of Securities or by the Company shall be sufficient for every purpose hereunder if made, given, furnished or filed in writing to or with a Responsible Officer of the Trustee and received at its Corporate Trust Office, Attention: Corporate Trust Services (RealNetworks, Inc., Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010). (2) the Company by the Trustee or by any Holder of Securities shall be sufficient for every purpose hereunder (unless otherwise herein expressly provided) if in writing, mailed, first-class postage prepaid, or telecopied and confirmed by mail, first-class postage prepaid, or delivered by hand or overnight courier, addressed to the Company at 2601 Elliott Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, Attention: Chief Financial Officer, or at any other address previously furnished in writing to the Trustee by the Company. SECTION 1.6 Notice to Holders of Securities; Waiver. --------------------------------------- Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, where this Indenture provides for notice to Holders of Securities of any event, such notice shall be sufficiently given to Holders if in writing and mailed, first-class postage prepaid or delivered by an overnight delivery service, to each Holder of a Security affected by such event, at the address of such Holder as it appears in the Security Register, not earlier than the earliest date and not later than the latest date prescribed for the giving of such notice. 15 Neither the failure to mail such notice, nor any defect in any notice so mailed, to any particular Holder of a Security shall affect the sufficiency of such notice with respect to other Holders of Securities. In case by reason of the suspension of regular mail service or by reason of any other cause it shall be impracticable to give such notice by mail, then such notification to Holders of Securities as shall be made with the approval of the Trustee, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, shall constitute a sufficient notification to such Holders for every purpose hereunder. Such notice shall be deemed to have been given when such notice is mailed. Where this Indenture provides for notice in any manner, such notice may be waived in writing by the Person entitled to receive such notice, either before or after the event, and such waiver shall be the equivalent of such notice. Waivers of notice by Holders of Securities shall be filed with the Trustee, but such filing shall not be a condition precedent to the validity of any action taken in reliance upon such waiver. SECTION 1.7 Effect of Headings and Table of Contents. ---------------------------------------- The Article and Section headings herein and the Table of Contents are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. SECTION 1.8 Successors and Assigns. ---------------------- All covenants and agreements in this Indenture by the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not. SECTION 1.9 Separability Clause. ------------------- In case any provision in this Indenture or the Securities shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby. SECTION 1.10 Benefits of Indenture. --------------------- Except as provided in the next sentence, nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and their successors assigns hereunder and the Holders of Securities, any benefit or legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Indenture. The provisions of Article XIII are intended to be for the benefit of, and shall be enforceable directly by, the holders of Senior Debt. SECTION 1.11 Governing Law. ------------- 16 THIS INDENTURE AND THE SECURITIES SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SECTION 1.12 Legal Holidays. -------------- In any case where any Liquidated Damages Payment Date, Redemption Date, Repurchase Date, Purchase Date or Stated Maturity of any Security or the last day on which a Holder of a Security has a right to convert his Security shall not be a Business Day at a Place of Payment or Place of Conversion, as the case may be, then (notwithstanding any other provision of this Indenture or of the Securities) payment of principal of, premium, if any, Liquidated Damages, if any, or the payment of the Redemption Price, Purchase Price or Repurchase Price (whether the same is payable in cash or in shares of Common Stock, as the case may be) with respect to, or delivery for conversion of, such Security need not be made at such Place of Payment or Place of Conversion, as the case may be, on or by such day, but may be made on or by the next succeeding Business Day at such Place of Payment or Place of Conversion, as the case may be, with the same force and effect as if made on the Liquidated Damages Payment Date, Redemption Date, Repurchase Date, Purchase Date or at the Stated Maturity or by such last day for conversion; provided, however, that in the case that payment is made on such succeeding Business Day, no interest or Liquidated Damages shall accrue on the amount so payable for the period from and after such Liquidated Damages Payment Date, Redemption Date, Repurchase Date, Purchase Date, Stated Maturity or last day for conversion, as the case may be. SECTION 1.13 Conflict With Trust Indenture Act. --------------------------------- If any provision hereof limits, qualifies or conflicts with a provision of the Trust Indenture Act that is required under such Act to be a part of and govern this Indenture, the latter provision shall control. If any provision of this Indenture modifies or excludes any provision of the Trust Indenture Act that may be so modified or excluded, the latter provision shall be deemed to apply to this Indenture as so modified or to be excluded, as the case may be. Until such time as this Indenture shall be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act, this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee shall be deemed for all purposes hereof to be subject to and governed by the Trust Indenture Act to the same extent as would be the case if this Indenture were so qualified on the date hereof. ARTICLE II SECURITY FORMS SECTION 2.1 Form Generally. -------------- The Securities shall be in substantially the form set forth in this Article, with such appropriate insertions, omissions, substitutions and other variations as are required or permitted by this Indenture, and may have such letters, numbers or other marks of identification and such legends or endorsements placed thereon as may be required to comply with the rules of any securities 17 exchange, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and regulations thereunder (the "Code"), or as may, consistent herewith, be determined by the officers executing such Securities, as evidenced by their execution thereof. All Securities shall be in fully registered form. The Trustee's certificates of authentication shall be in substantially the form set forth in Section 2.3. Conversion notices shall be in substantially the form set forth in Section 2.4. Repurchase notices shall be substantially in the form set forth in Section 2.2. The Securities shall be printed, lithographed, typewritten or engraved or produced by any combination of these methods or may be produced in any other manner permitted by the rules of any automated quotation system or securities exchange (including on steel engraved borders if so required by any securities exchange upon which the Securities may be listed) on which the Securities may be quoted or listed, as the case may be, all as determined by the officers executing such Securities, as evidenced by their execution thereof. Upon their original issuance, Securities issued as contemplated by the Purchase Agreement to Qualified Institutional Buyers in reliance on Rule 144A shall be issued in the form of one or more Global Securities in definitive, fully registered form without interest coupons and bearing the Restricted Securities Legend. Such Global Security shall be registered in the name of DTC, as Depositary, or its nominee and deposited with the Trustee, as custodian for DTC, for credit by DTC to the respective accounts of beneficial owners of the Securities represented thereby (or such other accounts as they may direct). Such Global Security, together with its Successor Securities that are Global Securities, are collectively herein called the "Restricted Global Security". 18 SECTION 2.2 Form of Security. ---------------- [FORM OF FACE] [THE FOLLOWING LEGEND SHALL APPEAR ON THE FACE OF EACH RESTRICTED SECURITY: THIS NOTE AND ANY COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON THE CONVERSION OF THIS NOTE HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "SECURITIES ACT"), AND MAY NOT BE SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH REGISTRATION OR AN APPLICABLE EXEMPTION THEREFROM. EACH PURCHASER OF THIS NOTE IS HEREBY NOTIFIED THAT THE SELLER OF THIS NOTE MAY BE RELYING ON THE EXEMPTION FROM THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 5 OF THE SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144A THEREUNDER. THIS NOTE AND ANY COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON CONVERSION OF THIS NOTE MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT (A) (1) TO A PERSON WHO THE TRANSFEROR REASONABLY BELIEVES IS A QUALIFIED INSTITUTIONAL BUYER WITHIN THE MEANING OF RULE 144A UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT ACQUIRING FOR ITS OWN ACCOUNT OR THE ACCOUNT OF A QUALIFIED INSTITUTIONAL BUYER IN A TRANSACTION MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF RULE 144A, (2) PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER (IF AVAILABLE), (3) TO AN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR THAT IS AN "ACCREDITED INVESTOR" WITHIN THE MEANING OF RULE 501(A)(1), (2), (3) OR (7) OF REGULATION D UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT (IF AVAILABLE) OR (4) PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT, AND (B) IN ACCORDANCE WITH ALL APPLICABLE SECURITIES LAWS OF THE STATES OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER JURISDICTIONS. THIS NOTE, ANY SHARES OF COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UPON ITS CONVERSION AND ANY RELATED DOCUMENTATION MAY BE AMENDED OR SUPPLEMENTED FROM TIME TO TIME TO MODIFY THE RESTRICTIONS ON RESALES AND OTHER TRANSFERS OF THIS NOTE AND ANY SUCH SHARES TO REFLECT ANY CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAW OR REGULATION (OR THE INTERPRETATION THEREOF) OR IN PRACTICES RELATING TO THE RESALE OR TRANSFER OF RESTRICTED SECURITIES GENERALLY. THE HOLDER OF THIS NOTE AND ANY SUCH SHARES 19 SHALL BE DEEMED BY THE ACCEPTANCE OF THIS NOTE AND ANY SUCH SHARES TO HAVE AGREED TO ANY SUCH AMENDMENT OR SUPPLEMENT.] [THE FOLLOWING LEGEND SHALL APPEAR ON THE FACE OF EACH GLOBAL SECURITY: THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL SECURITY WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE INDENTURE HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AND IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF THE DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY, WHICH MAY BE TREATED BY THE COMPANY, THE TRUSTEE AND ANY AGENT THEREOF AS OWNER AND HOLDER OF THIS SECURITY FOR ALL PURPOSES. UNLESS THIS CERTIFICATE IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY, A NEW YORK CORPORATION ("DTC"), TO THE COMPANY OR ITS AGENT FOR REGISTRATION OF TRANSFER, EXCHANGE OR PAYMENT, AND ANY CERTIFICATE ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF CEDE & CO. OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC (AND ANY PAYMENT IS MADE TO CEDE & CO. OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC), ANY TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL INASMUCH AS THE REGISTERED OWNER HEREOF, CEDE & CO., HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN. UNLESS AND UNTIL IT IS EXCHANGED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FOR SECURITIES IN DEFINITIVE REGISTERED FORM IN THE LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES REFERRED TO IN THE INDENTURE, THIS GLOBAL SECURITY MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT AS A WHOLE BY THE DEPOSITARY TO A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY TO THE DEPOSITARY OR ANOTHER NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY THE DEPOSITARY OR ANY SUCH NOMINEE TO A SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE OF SUCH SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY.] 20 REALNETWORKS, INC. ZERO COUPON CONVERTIBLE SUBORDINATED NOTE DUE JULY 1, 2010 No. $ ----------------------- ------------------- CUSIP NO. 75605 LAA26 REALNETWORKS, INC., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Washington (herein called the "Company", which term includes any successor Person under the Indenture referred to on the reverse hereof), for value received, hereby promises to pay to _________________, or registered assigns, the principal sum of ________ United States Dollars (U.S.$______ ) [IF THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL SECURITY, THEN INSERT -- (which principal amount may from time to time be increased or decreased to such other principal amounts (which, taken together with the principal amounts of all other Outstanding Securities, shall not exceed $100,000,000 (or $110,000,000 if the Initial Purchaser Option is exercised in full) by adjustments made on the records of the Trustee hereinafter referred to in accordance with the Indenture)] on July 1, 2010. Payments of principal shall be made upon the surrender of this Security at the option of the Holder at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, or at such other office or agency of the Company as may be designated by it for such purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, in such lawful monies of the United States of America as at the time of payment shall be legal tender for the payment of public and private debts, or at such other offices or agencies as the Company may designate, by United States Dollar check drawn on, or wire transfer to, a United States Dollar account (such a transfer to be made only to a Holder of an aggregate principal amount of Securities in excess of U.S. $5,000,000 and only if such Holder shall have furnished wire instructions to an account maintained at a bank or other financial institution in The City of New York, in writing to the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date). Except as specifically provided herein and in the Indenture, the Company shall not be required to make any payment with respect to any tax, assessment or other governmental charge imposed by any government or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein. Reference is hereby made to the further provisions of this Security set forth on the reverse hereof, which further provisions shall for all purposes have the same effect as if set forth at this place. Unless the certificate of authentication hereon has been executed by the Trustee referred to on the reverse hereof or an Authenticating Agent by the manual signature of one of their respective authorized signatories, this Security shall not be entitled to any benefit under the Indenture or be valid or obligatory for any purpose. 21 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Security to be duly executed. REALNETWORKS, INC. By: ------------------------------------- Name: Title: Attest: By: ----------------------------------- Name: Title: TRUSTEE'S CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION This is one of the Securities referred to in the within-mentioned Indenture. Dated: U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, as Trustee By: ----------------------------------- Authorized Signatory [FORM OF REVERSE] This Security is one of a duly authorized issue of securities of the Company designated as its "Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010" (herein called the "Securities"), limited in aggregate principal amount to U.S. $100,000,000 (or $110,000,000 if the Initial Purchaser Option is exercised in full), issued and to be issued under an Indenture, dated as of June 17, 2003 (herein called the "Indenture"), between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (herein called the "Trustee", which term includes any successor trustee under the Indenture), to which Indenture and all indentures supplemental thereto reference is hereby made for a statement of the respective rights, limitations of rights, duties and immunities thereunder of the Company, the Trustee, the holders of Senior Debt and the Holders of the Securities and of the terms upon which the Securities are, and are to be, authenticated and delivered. As provided in the Indenture and subject to certain limitations therein set forth, Securities are exchangeable for a like aggregate principal amount of Securities of any authorized denominations as requested by the Holder surrendering the same upon surrender of the Security or Securities to be exchanged, at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee. The Trustee upon such surrender by the Holder will issue the new Securities in the requested denominations. No sinking fund is provided for the Securities. Subject to and in compliance with the Indenture, the Securities are subject to repurchase at the option of the Holder as of July 1, 2008, in whole or in part, at 100% of the principal amount of such Securities to be repurchased, together with accrued and unpaid Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Purchase Date. The Securities are redeemable at the option of the Company at any time on or after July 1, 2008, in whole or in part, upon not less than 20 nor more than 60 days' notice to the Holders prior to the Redemption Date at a Redemption Price payable in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount, together, in each case, with accrued and unpaid Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Redemption Date; provided, however, that installments of Liquidated Damages, if any, on Securities whose Stated Maturity is on or prior to such Redemption Date will be payable to the Holders of such Securities, or one or more Predecessor Securities, of record at the close of business on the relevant Liquidated Damage Record Dates, all as provided in the Indenture. In the event of a redemption of the Securities, the Company will not be required (a) to register the transfer or exchange of Securities for a period of 15 days immediately preceding the date notice is given identifying the serial numbers of the Securities called for such redemption or (b) to register the transfer or exchange of any Security, or portion thereof, called for redemption. In any case where the due date for the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Security or the last day on which a Holder of a Security has a right to convert his Security shall be, at any Place of Payment or Place of Conversion as the case may be, a day on which banking institutions at such Place of Payment or Place of Conversion are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close, then payment of principal, premium, if -21- any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, or delivery for conversion of such Security need not be made on or by such date at such place but may be made on or by the next succeeding day at such place which is not a day on which banking institutions are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close, with the same force and effect as if made on the date for such payment or the date fixed for repurchase, or by such last day for conversion, and no interest or Liquidated Damages shall accrue on the amount so payable for the period after such date. Subject to and upon compliance with the provisions of the Indenture, the Holder of this Security is entitled, at its option, to convert any Security that is an integral multiple of $1,000 may be converted into fully paid and nonassessable shares (calculated as to each conversion to the nearest 1/100th of a share) of Common Stock of the Company at the Conversion Rate, determined as hereinafter provided, in effect at the time of conversion and subject to the adjustments described below, as follows: (1) if, on or prior to December 31, 2007, the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock for at least 20 Trading Days in the period of the 30 consecutive Trading Days ending on the first day of a Conversion Period was more than 110% of the then current Conversion Price on the Securities, then the Holder thereof will be entitled to convert such Security during that Conversion Period; (2) if, on any date after December 31, 2007 and prior to the Stated Maturity, the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock is more than 110% of the then current Conversion Price on the Securities, then the Holder thereof will be entitled to convert such Security at all times thereafter; (3) if the Company elects to call the Securities for redemption on or after July 1, 2008; (4) if the Company distributes to all or substantially all holders of Common Stock rights, options or warrants entitling them to purchase Common Stock at less than the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock on the last Trading Day preceding the declaration for such distribution; (5) if the Company distributes to all or substantially all holders of Common Stock cash, assets, debt securities or capital stock, which distribution has a per share value as determined by the Board of Directors exceeding 10% of the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock on the last Trading Day preceding the declaration for such distribution; or (6) if the Company becomes a party to a consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets where such consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets constitutes a Change in Control. In the case of a distribution contemplated by clauses (4) and (5) above, the Company will notify Holders at least 20 days prior to the ex-dividend date for such distribution (the "Distribution 22 Notice"). Once the Company has given the Distribution Notice, Holders may surrender their Securities for conversion at any time until the earlier of the close of business on last Business Day preceding the ex-dividend date or the Company's announcement that such distribution will not take place. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a distribution contemplated by clauses (4) and (5) above, Holders may not convert the Securities if the Holders may participate in such distribution without converting their Securities. In the event of a consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets as contemplated by clause (6) above, the Company will notify Holders at least 20 days prior to the anticipated closing date of such transaction (the "Merger Notice"). Once the Company has given the Merger Notice, the Holders may, in the event of such consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets, surrender Securities for conversion at any time from and after the date which is 15 days prior to the anticipated closing date of such transaction until the date which is 15 days after the actual closing date of such transaction. Subject to the provisions of the Indenture, the Holder of a Security is entitled, at its option, to convert the principal amount of this Security (or any portion thereof equal to $1,000 or any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof) into Common Stock for the 5 Business Day period after any 5 consecutive Trading Day period in which the average Trading Prices for the Securities for such 5 Trading Day period was less than 95% of the average Conversion Value for the Securities during such period; provided, however, if on the Conversion Date, the Closing Price Per Share of Common Stock is greater than the then current Conversion Price of the Securities and less than or equal to 110% of the then current Conversion Price of the Securities, a Holder surrenders its Securities for conversion and the Securities are not otherwise convertible, then such Holder will receive, at the Company's option, cash, Common Stock or a combination of cash and Common Stock with a value equal to the principal amount of such Holder's Securities on such Conversion Date. The Trustee will determine the average Trading Prices after being requested by the Company to do so as more fully described in the Indenture. If the Company elects to pay the Holder in Common Stock or in a combination of cash and Common Stock, the Common Stock will be valued at 100% of the average Closing Price Per Share for the 5 Trading Days ending on the third Trading Day preceding the Conversion Date. A Holder may convert this Security, subject to the terms and conditions provided above and in the Indenture, at any time on or before the close of business on the date of Maturity, or in case this Security or a portion hereof is called for redemption or the Holder hereof has exercised his right to require the Company to repurchase this Security, or such portion hereof, then in respect of this Security until the Business Day immediately preceding, but (unless the Company defaults in making the payment due upon redemption or repurchase, as the case may be) not after, the close of business on the Business Day immediately preceding the Redemption Date, Repurchase Date or Purchase Date as the case may be, to convert this Security (or any portion of the principal amount hereof that is an integral multiple of U.S. $1,000, provided that the unconverted portion of such principal amount is U.S. $1,000 or any integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof) into fully paid and nonassessable shares of Common Stock of the Company at an initial Conversion Rate of 107.565 shares of Common Stock for each U.S. $1,000 principal amount of Securities (or at the current 23 adjusted Conversion Rate if an adjustment has been made as provided in the Indenture) by surrender of this Security, duly endorsed or assigned to the Company or in blank, and in case such surrender shall be made during the period from the close of business on any Liquidated Damages Record Date next preceding any Liquidated Damages Payment Date to the opening of business on such Liquidated Damages Payment Date (except if this Security or portion thereof has been called for redemption on a Redemption Date or is repurchasable on a Repurchase Date or Purchase Date occurring, in any such case, during such period and, as a result, the right to convert this Security would otherwise terminate in such period if not exercised), also accompanied by payment in New York Clearing House or other funds acceptable to the Company of an amount equal to the Liquidated Damages payable on such Liquidated Damages Payment Date on the principal amount of this Security then being converted, and also together with the conversion notice hereon duly executed, to the Company at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, or at such other office or agency of the Company, subject to any laws or regulations applicable thereto and subject to the right of the Company to terminate the appointment of any Conversion Agent (as defined below) as may be designated by it for such purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, or at such other offices or agencies as the Company may designate (each a "Conversion Agent"); provided, further, that if this Security or portion hereof has been called for redemption on a Redemption Date or is repurchasable on a Repurchase Date or Purchase Date occurring, in any such case, during the period from the close of business on any Liquidated Damages Record Date next preceding any Liquidated Damages Payment Date to the opening of business on such succeeding Liquidated Damages Payment Date, and as a result, the right to convert this Security would otherwise terminate in such period if not exercised and this Security is surrendered for conversion during such period, then the Holder of this Security on such Liquidated Damages Record Date will be entitled to receive the amount accruing hereon from the Liquidated Damages Payment Date next preceding the date of such conversion to such succeeding Liquidated Damages Payment Date and the Holder of this Security who converts this Security or a portion hereof during such period shall not be required to pay such amount upon surrender of this Security for conversion. Subject to the provisions of the preceding sentence and, in the case of a conversion after the close of business on the Liquidated Damages Record Date next preceding any Liquidated Damages Payment Date and on or before the close of business on such Liquidated Damages Payment Date, to the right of the Holder of this Security (or any Predecessor Security of record as of such Liquidated Damages Record Date) to receive the related installment of Liquidated Damages to the extent and under the circumstances provided in the Indenture, no cash payment or adjustment is to be made on conversion for Liquidated Damages, if any, accrued hereon from the Liquidated Damage Payment Date next preceding the date of conversion, or for dividends on the Common Stock issued on conversion hereof. The Company shall thereafter deliver to the Holder the fixed number of shares of Common Stock (together with any cash adjustment, as provided in the Indenture) into which this Security is convertible and such delivery will be deemed to satisfy the Company's obligation to pay the principal amount of this Security. No fractions of shares or scrip representing fractions of shares will be issued on conversion, but instead of any fractional interest (calculated to the nearest 1/100th of a share) the Company shall pay a cash adjustment as provided in the Indenture. The Conversion Rate is subject to adjustment as provided in the Indenture. In addition, the Indenture provides that in case of certain consolidations or mergers to which the Company is a party (other than a consolidation or 24 merger that does not result in any reclassification, conversion, exchange or cancellation of the Common Stock) or the conveyance, transfer, sale or lease of all or substantially all of the property and assets of the Company, the Indenture shall be amended, without the consent of any Holders of Securities, so that this Security, if then Outstanding, will be convertible thereafter, during the period this Security shall be convertible as specified above, only into the kind and amount of securities, cash and other property receivable upon such consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer, sale or lease by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock of the Company into which this Security could have been converted immediately prior to such consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer, sale or lease (assuming such holder of Common Stock is not a Constituent Person or an Affiliate of a Constituent Person, failed to exercise any rights of election and received per share the kind and amount received per share by a plurality of Non-electing Shares). No adjustment in the Conversion Rate will be made until such adjustment would require an increase or decrease of at least one percent of such rate, provided that any adjustment that would otherwise be made will be carried forward and taken into account in the computation of any subsequent adjustment. If this Security is a Registrable Security (as defined in the Indenture), then the Holder of this Security [IF THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL SECURITY, THEN INSERT -- (including any Person that has a beneficial interest in this Security)] and the Common Stock of the Company issuable upon conversion hereof is entitled to the benefits of a Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 17, 2003, executed by the Company (the "Registration Rights Agreement"). Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, the Company has agreed for the benefit of the Holders from time to time of the Registrable Securities that it will, at its expense, (a) within 90 days after the Issue Date file a shelf registration statement (the "Shelf Registration Statement") with the Commission with respect to resales of the Registrable Securities, (b) use its best efforts to cause such Shelf Registration Statement to be declared effective by the Commission within 180 days after the Issue Date of the Securities, provided, however, that the Company may, upon written notice to all the Holders, postpone having the Shelf Registration Statement filed and/or declared effective for a reasonable period not to exceed 90 days if the Company possesses material non-public information, the disclosure of which would have a material adverse effect on the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, and (c) use its reasonable efforts to maintain such Shelf Registration Statement effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, until the second annual anniversary of the effectiveness of the Shelf Registration Statement or, such earlier date as provided in the Registration Rights Agreement (the "Effectiveness Period"). The Company will be permitted to suspend the use of the prospectus that is part of the Shelf Registration Statement during certain periods of time as provided in the Registration Rights Agreement. If (i) on or prior to 90 days following the Issue Date (as extended pursuant to the provision described in the preceding paragraph), a Shelf Registration Statement has not been filed with the Commission, or (ii) on or prior to the 180th day following the Issue Date (as extended pursuant to the provision described in the preceding paragraph), such Shelf Registration Statement is not declared effective (each, a "Registration Default"), liquidated damages ("Liquidated Damages") will accrue on this Restricted Security from and including the day following such Registration Default to but excluding the day on which such Registration Default has been cured. Liquidated Damages will 25 be paid semi-annually in arrears, with the first semi-annual payment due on the first Liquidated Damages Payment Date, as applicable, in respect of the Restricted Securities following the date on which such Liquidated Damages begin to accrue, and will accrue at a rate per annum equal to one-quarter of one percent (0.25%) of the principal amount of the Restricted Securities to and including the 90th day following such Registration Default and at a rate per annum equal to one-half of one percent (0.50%) thereof from and after the 91st day following such Registration Default. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, in the event that the Shelf Registration Statement ceases to be effective (or the Holders of Registrable Securities are otherwise prevented or restricted by the Company from effecting sales pursuant thereto) (an "Effective Failure") during the Effectiveness Period for more than 30 days, whether or not consecutive, during any 90-day period or for more than 90 days, whether or not consecutive, during any 365-day period, then Liquidated Damages will accrue at a rate per annum equal to one-half of one percent (0.50%) of the principal amount of Restricted Securities from the 31st day of the applicable 90-day period or the 91st day of the applicable 365-day period until the earlier of (A) such time as the Effective Failure is cured or (B) the Effectiveness Period expires. [If this Security is a Registrable Security and the Holder of this Security [IF THIS SECURITY IS A GLOBAL SECURITY, THEN INSERT -- (including any Person that has a beneficial interest in this Security)] elects to sell this Security pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement then, by its acceptance hereof, such Holder of this Security agrees to be bound by the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement relating to the Registrable Securities which are the subject of such election.] If a Change in Control occurs, the Holder of this Security, at the Holder's option, shall have the right, in accordance with the provisions of the Indenture, to require the Company to repurchase this Security (or any portion of the principal amount hereof that is at least U.S. $1,000 or an integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof, provided that the portion of the principal amount of this Security to be Outstanding after such repurchase is at least equal to U.S. $1,000) for cash at a Repurchase Price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof plus Liquidated Damages, if any, accrued to but excluding the Repurchase Date. At the option of the Company, the Repurchase Price may be paid in cash or, subject to the conditions provided in the Indenture, by delivery of shares of Common Stock having a fair market value equal to the Repurchase Price. For purposes of this paragraph, the fair market value of shares of Common Stock shall be determined by the Company and shall be equal to 95% of the average of the Closing Prices Per Share for the 5 consecutive Trading Days immediately preceding and including the third Trading Day prior to the Repurchase Date. Whenever in this Security there is a reference, in any context, to the principal of any Security as of any time, such reference shall be deemed to include reference to the Repurchase Price payable in respect of such Security to the extent that such Repurchase Price is, was or would be so payable at such time, and express mention of the Repurchase Price in any provision of this Security shall not be construed as excluding the Repurchase Price so payable in those provisions of this Security when such express mention is not made; provided, however, that, for the purposes of the [second] 26 succeeding paragraph, such reference shall be deemed to include reference to the Repurchase Price only to the extent the Repurchase Price is payable in cash. [THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH SHALL APPEAR IN EACH GLOBAL SECURITY: In the event of a deposit or withdrawal of an interest in this Security, including an exchange, transfer, redemption, repurchase or conversion of this Security in part only, the Trustee, as custodian of the Depositary, shall make an adjustment on its records to reflect such deposit or withdrawal in accordance with the Applicable Procedures.] [THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH SHALL APPEAR IN EACH SECURITY THAT IS NOT A GLOBAL SECURITY: In the event of redemption, repurchase or conversion of this Security in part only, a new Security or Securities for the unredeemed, unrepurchased or unconverted portion hereof will be issued in the name of the Holder hereof.] The indebtedness evidenced by this Security is, to the extent and in the manner provided in the Indenture, subordinate and subject in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all Senior Debt of the Company, and this Security is issued subject to such provisions of the Indenture with respect thereto. Each Holder of this Security, by accepting the same, (a) agrees to and shall be bound by such provisions, (b) authorizes and directs the Trustee on his behalf to take such action as may be necessary or appropriate to effectuate the subordination so provided and (c) appoints the Trustee his attorney-in-fact for any and all such purposes. If an Event of Default shall occur and be continuing, the principal of all the Securities, together with Liquidated Damages, if any, to the date of declaration, may be declared due and payable in the manner and with the effect provided in the Indenture. Upon payment (i) of the amount of principal so declared due and payable, together with Liquidated Damages, if any, to the date of declaration, all of the Company's obligations in respect of the payment of the principal of and Liquidated Damages on the Securities shall terminate. The Indenture permits, with certain exceptions as therein provided, the amendment thereof and the modification of the rights and obligations of the Company and the rights of the Holders of the Securities under the Indenture at any time by the Company and the Trustee with either (a) the written consent of the Holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Securities at the time Outstanding, or (b) by the adoption of a resolution, at a meeting of Holders of the Outstanding Securities at which a quorum is present, by the Holders of at least 66 2/3% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities represented and entitled to vote at such meeting. The Indenture also contains provisions permitting the Holders of specified percentages in principal amount of the Securities at the time Outstanding, on behalf of the Holders of all the Securities, to waive compliance by the Company with certain provisions of the Indenture and certain past defaults under the Indenture and their consequences. Any such consent or waiver by the Holder of this Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such Holder and upon all future Holders of this Security and of 27 any Security issued in exchange therefore or in lieu hereof whether or not notation of such consent or waiver is made upon this Security or such other Security. As provided in and subject to the provisions of the Indenture, the Holder of this Security shall not have the right to institute any proceeding with respect to the Indenture or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee or for any other remedy thereunder, unless such Holder shall have previously given the Trustee written notice of a continuing Event of Default, the Holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities shall have made written request to the Trustee to institute proceedings in respect of such Event of Default as Trustee and offered the Trustee reasonable indemnity and the Trustee shall not have received from the Holders of a majority in principal amount of the Securities Outstanding a direction inconsistent with such request, and shall have failed to institute any such proceeding, for 60 days after receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity. The foregoing shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Holder of this Security for the enforcement of any payment of principal hereof, premium if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, hereon on or after the respective due dates expressed herein or for the enforcement of the right to convert this Security as provided in the Indenture. No reference herein to the Indenture and no provision of this Security or of the Indenture shall alter or impair the obligation of the Company, which is absolute and unconditional, to pay the principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on this Security at the times, places and rate, and in the coin or currency, herein prescribed or to convert this Security as provided in the Indenture. As provided in the Indenture and subject to certain limitations therein set forth, the transfer of this Security is registrable on the Security Register upon surrender of this Security for registration of transfer at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee or at such other office or agency of the Company as may be designated by it for such purpose in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York (which shall initially be an office or agency of the Trustee), or at such other offices or agencies as the Company may designate, duly endorsed by, or accompanied by a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the Company and the Security Registrar duly executed by, the Holder thereof or his attorney duly authorized in writing, and thereupon one or more new Securities, of authorized denominations and for the same aggregate principal amount, will be issued to the designated transferee or transferees by the Registrar. No service charge shall be made for any such registration of transfer or exchange, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to recover any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection therewith. Prior to due presentation of this Security for registration of transfer, the Company, the Trustee and any agent of the Company or the Trustee may treat the Person in whose name such Security is registered, as the owner thereof for all purposes, whether or not such Security be overdue, and neither the Company, the Trustee nor any such agent shall be affected by notice to the contrary. No recourse for the payment of the principal, premium, if any or Liquidated Damages, if any, on this Security and no recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of the 28 Company in the Indenture or any indenture supplemental thereto or in any Security, or because of the creation of any indebtedness represented thereby, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, employee, agent, officer or director or subsidiary, as such, past, present or future, of the Company or of any successor corporation, either directly or through the Company or any successor corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise, all such liability being, by the acceptance hereof and as part of consideration for the issue hereof, expressly waived and released. THE INDENTURE AND THIS SECURITY SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. All terms used in this Security that are defined in the Indenture shall have the meanings assigned to them in the Indenture. 29 ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription of the face of this Security, shall be construed as though they were written out in full according to applicable laws or regulations: TEN COM as tenant in common UNIF GIFT MIN ACT ____ Custodian ____ TEN ENT as tenants by the entireties (Cust) (Cust) (Minor) JT TEN as joint tenants with right of under Uniform Gifts to survivorship and not as tenants in common Minors Act _____ (State)

Additional abbreviations may also be used though not in the above list. 30 ELECTION OF HOLDER TO REQUIRE REPURCHASE (1) Pursuant to Section 14.1 of the Indenture, the undersigned hereby elects to have this Security repurchased by the Company. (2) The undersigned hereby directs the Trustee or the Company to pay it or ______________ an amount in cash or, at the Company's election, Common Stock valued as set forth in the Indenture, equal to 100% of the principal amount to be repurchased (as set forth below), plus accrued and unpaid Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Repurchase Date, as provided in the Indenture. Dated: - ------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------- Signature(s) Signature(s) must be guaranteed by an Eligible Guarantor Institution with membership in an approved signature guarantee program pursuant to Rule 17Ad-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. - ------------------------------------- Signature Guaranteed Principal amount to be repurchased (at least U.S. $1,000 or an integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof): ___________________ Remaining principal amount following such repurchase (not less than U.S. $1,000): ______________ NOTICE: The signature to the foregoing Election must correspond to the Name as written upon the face of this Security in every particular, without alteration or any change whatsoever. SECTION 2.3 Form of Certificate of Authentication. ------------------------------------- The Trustee's certificate of authentication shall be in substantially the following form: This is one of the Securities referred to in the within-mentioned Indenture. 31 Dated: ----------------------------- ------------------------------------- as Trustee By: ------------------------------------- Authorized Signatory SECTION 2.4 Form of Conversion Notice. ------------------------- CONVERSION NOTICE ----------------- The undersigned Holder of this Security hereby irrevocably exercises the option to convert this Security, or any portion of the principal amount hereof (which is U.S. $1,000 or an integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof, provided that the unconverted portion of such principal amount is U.S. $1,000 or any integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof) below designated, into shares of Common Stock in accordance with the terms of the Indenture referred to in this Security, and directs that such shares, together with a check in payment for any fractional share and any Securities representing any unconverted principal amount hereof, be delivered to and be registered in the name of the undersigned unless a different name has been indicated below. If shares of Common Stock or Securities are to be registered in the name of a Person other than the undersigned, (a) the undersigned will pay all transfer taxes payable with respect thereto and (b) signature(s) must be guaranteed by an Eligible Guarantor Institution with membership in an approved signature guarantee program pursuant to Rule 17Ad-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Any amount required to be paid by the undersigned on account of interest accompanies this Security. Dated: ---------------- -------------------------------------------- Signature(s) If shares or Securities are to be registered in the name of a Person other than the Holder, please print such Person's name and address: - ------------------------------------- (Name) - ------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------- (Address) - ------------------------------------- 32 Social Security or other Identification Number, if any - ------------------------------------- Signature Guaranteed If only a portion of the Securities is to be converted, please indicate: 1. Principal amount to be converted: U.S. $ ___________ 2. Principal amount and denomination of Securities representing unconverted principal amount to be issued: Amount: U.S. $___________ Denominations: U.S. $____________ (U.S. $1,000 or any integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof, provided that the unconverted portion of such principal amount is U.S. $1,000 or any integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof) SECTION 2.5 Form of Assignment. ------------------ ASSIGNMENT ---------- For value received ________________ hereby sell(s), assign(s) and transfer(s) unto ________________ (Please insert social security or other identifying number of assignee) the within Security, and hereby irrevocably constitutes and appoints ____________________as attorney to transfer the said Security on the books of the Company, with full power of substitution in the premises. Dated: --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- Signature(s) Signature(s) must be guaranteed by an Eligible Guarantor Institution with membership in an approved signature guarantee program pursuant to Rule 17Ad - 15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. -------------------------------------------- Signature Guaranteed 33 ARTICLE III THE SECURITIES SECTION 3.1 Title and Terms. --------------- The aggregate principal amount of Securities which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is limited to U.S. $100,000,000 (or $110,000,000 if the option set forth in Section 2 of the Purchase Agreement is exercised in full (the "Initial Purchaser Option")), except for Securities authenticated and delivered pursuant to Section 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 8.5, 12.2 or 14.3(5) in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities previously authenticated and delivered under this Indenture. (1) The Securities shall be known and designated as the "Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010" of the Company. Their Stated Maturity shall be July 1, 2010 and they shall not bear interest; provided, however, that payments shall only be made on a Business Day as provided in Section 1.12. The principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities shall be payable as provided in the form of Securities set forth in Section 2.2, and the Repurchase Price, whether payable in cash or in shares of Common Stock, shall be payable at such places as are identified in the Company Notice given pursuant to Section 14.3 (any city in which any Paying Agent is located being herein called a "Place of Payment"). The Registrable Securities are entitled to the benefits of a Registration Rights Agreement as provided in Section 10.11 and in the form of Security set forth in Section 2.2. The Securities are entitled to the payment of Liquidated Damages as provided by Section 10.11. The Securities are redeemable at the option of the Company at any time on or after July 1, 2008, in whole or in part, subject to the conditions and as otherwise provided in Article XI and in the form of Security, set forth in Section 2.2. The Securities shall be convertible as provided in Article XII (any city in which any Conversion Agent is located being herein called a "Place of Conversion"). The Securities shall be subordinated in right of payment to Senior Debt of the Company as provided in Article XIII. The Securities shall be subject to repurchase by the Company at the option of the Holders as provided in Article XIV. 34 SECTION 3.2 Denominations. ------------- The Securities shall be issuable only in registered form, without coupons, in denominations of U.S. $1,000 and integral multiples of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof. SECTION 3.3 Execution, Authentication, Delivery and Dating. ---------------------------------------------- The Securities shall be executed on behalf of the Company by its Chairman of the Board, its Vice Chairman of the Board, its Chief Executive Officer, its President, its Chief Financial Officer, one of its Executive Vice Presidents, one of its Senior Vice Presidents or one of its Vice Presidents, and attested by its Chief Financial Officer, Secretary or one of its Assistant Secretaries. Any such signature may be manual or facsimile. Securities bearing the manual or facsimile signature of individuals who were at any time the proper officers of the Company shall bind the Company, notwithstanding that such individuals or any of them have ceased to hold such offices prior to the authentication and delivery of such Securities or did not hold such offices at the date of such Securities. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver Securities executed by the Company to the Trustee or to its order for authentication, together with a Company Order for the authentication and delivery of such Securities, and the Trustee in accordance with such Company Order shall authenticate and make available for delivery such Securities as in this Indenture provided. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication. No Security shall be entitled to any benefit under this Indenture or be valid or obligatory for any purpose unless there appears on such Security a certificate of authentication substantially in the form provided for herein executed by the Trustee by manual signature of an authorized signatory, and such certificate upon any Security shall be conclusive evidence, and the only evidence, that such Security has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder. SECTION 3.4 Global Securities; Non-global Securities; Book-entry Provisions. --------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Global Securities. (i) Each Global Security authenticated under this Indenture shall be registered in the name of the Depositary designated by the Company for such Global Security or a nominee thereof and delivered to such Depositary or a nominee thereof or custodian therefor, and each such Global Security shall constitute a single Security for all purposes of this Indenture. (ii) Except for exchanges of Global Securities for definitive, Non-global Securities at the sole discretion of the Company, no Global Security may be exchanged in whole or in part for Securities registered, and no transfer of a Global Security in whole or in part may be 35 registered, in the name of any Person other than the Depositary for such Global Security or a nominee thereof unless (A) such Depositary (i) has notified the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such Global Security or (ii) has ceased to be a clearing agency registered as such under the Exchange Act or announces an intention permanently to cease business or does in fact do so or (B) there shall have occurred and be continuing an Event of Default with respect to such Global Security. In such event, if a successor Depositary for such Global Security is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives such notice or becomes aware of such ineligibility, the Company will execute, and the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officers' Certificate directing the authentication and delivery of Securities, will authenticate and deliver, Securities, in any authorized denominations in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of such Global Security in exchange for such Global Security. (iii) If any Global Security is to be exchanged for other Securities or canceled in whole, it shall be surrendered by or on behalf of the Depositary or its nominee to the Trustee, as Security Registrar, for exchange or cancellation, as provided in this Article III. If any Global Security is to be exchanged for other Securities or canceled in part, or if another Security is to be exchanged in whole or in part for a beneficial interest in any Global Security, in each case, as provided in Section 3.5, then either (A) such Global Security shall be so surrendered for exchange or cancellation, as provided in this Article III, or (B) the principal amount thereof shall be reduced or increased by an amount equal to the portion thereof to be so exchanged or canceled, or equal to the principal amount of such other Security to be so exchanged for a beneficial interest therein, as the case may be, by means of an appropriate adjustment made on the records of the Trustee, as Security Registrar, whereupon the Trustee, in accordance with the Applicable Procedures, shall instruct the Depositary or its authorized representative to make a corresponding adjustment to its records. Upon any such surrender or adjustment of a Global Security, the Trustee shall, subject to Section 3.5(3) and as otherwise provided in this Article III, authenticate and deliver any Securities issuable in exchange for such Global Security (or any portion thereof) to or upon the order of, and registered in such names as may be directed by, the Depositary or its authorized representative. Upon the request of the Trustee in connection with the occurrence of any of the events specified in the preceding paragraph, the Company shall promptly make available to the Trustee a reasonable supply of Securities that are not in the form of Global Securities. The Trustee shall be entitled to rely upon any order, direction or request of the Depositary or its authorized representative which is given or made pursuant to this Article III if such order, direction or request is given or made in accordance with the Applicable Procedures. (iv) Every Security authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for or in lieu of, a Global Security or any portion thereof, whether pursuant to this Article III or otherwise, shall be authenticated and delivered in the form of, and shall be, a registered Global Security, unless such Security is registered in the name of a Person other than the Depositary for such Global Security or a nominee thereof, in which case such Security shall be authenticated and delivered in definitive, fully registered form, without interest coupons. 36 (v) The Depositary or its nominee, as registered owner of a Global Security, shall be the Holder of such Global Security for all purposes under the Indenture and the Securities, and owners of beneficial interests in a Global Security shall hold such interests pursuant to the Applicable Procedures. Accordingly, any such owner's beneficial interest in a Global Security will be shown only on, and the transfer of such interest shall be effected only through, records maintained by the Depositary or its nominee or its Agent Members and such owners of beneficial interests in a Global Security will not be considered the owners or holders thereof. (2) Non-global Securities. Securities issued upon the events described in Section 3.4(l)(ii) shall be in definitive, fully registered form, without interest coupons, and shall bear the Restricted Securities Legend if and as required by this Indenture. SECTION 3.5 Registration; Registration of Transfer and Exchange; Restrictions on ------------------------------------------------------------------- Transfer. - -------- (1) The Company shall cause to be kept at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee a register (the register maintained in such office referred to as the "Security Register") in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall provide for the registration of Securities and of transfers of Securities. The Trustee is hereby appointed "Security Registrar" for the purpose of registering Securities and transfers and exchanges of Securities as herein provided. Upon surrender for registration of transfer of any Security at an office or agency of the Company designated pursuant to Section 10.2 for such purpose, the Company shall execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, in the name of the designated transferee or transferees, one or more new Securities of any authorized denominations and of a like aggregate principal amount and bearing such restrictive legends as may be required by this Indenture. At the option of the Holder, and subject to the other provisions of this Section 3.5, Securities may be exchanged for other Securities of any authorized denomination and of a like aggregate principal amount, upon surrender of the Securities to be exchanged at any such office or agency. Whenever any Securities are so surrendered for exchange, and subject to the other provisions of this Section 3.5, the Company shall execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, the Securities that the Holder making the exchange is entitled to receive. Every Security presented or surrendered for registration of transfer or for exchange shall (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) be duly endorsed, or be accompanied by a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the Company, the Trustee and the Security Registrar duly executed, by the Holder thereof or his attorney duly authorized in writing. All Securities issued upon any registration of transfer or exchange of Securities shall be the valid obligations of the Company, evidencing the same debt and entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as the Securities surrendered upon such registration of transfer or exchange. No service charge shall be made to a Holder for any registration of transfer or exchange of Securities except as provided in Section 3.6, but the Company may require payment of a sum 37 sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with any registration of transfer or exchange of Securities, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 3.4, 8.5, 12.2 or 14.3 (other than where the shares of Common Stock are to be issued or delivered in a name other than that of the Holder of the Security) not involving any transfer and other than any stamp and other duties, if any, which may be imposed in connection with any such transfer or exchange by the United States or any political subdivision thereof or therein, which shall be paid by the Company. In the event of a redemption of the Securities, neither the Company nor the Securities Registrar will be required (a) to register the transfer of or exchange Securities for a period of 15 days immediately preceding the date notice is given identifying the serial numbers of the Securities called for such redemption or (b) to register the transfer of or exchange any Security, or portion thereof, called for redemption. (2) Certain Transfers and Exchanges. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Indenture or the Securities, transfers and exchanges of Securities and beneficial interests in a Global Security of the kinds specified in this Section 3.5(2) shall be made only in accordance with this Section 3.5(2). (i) Restricted Global Security to Restricted Non-global Security. In the event that Non-global Securities are to be issued pursuant to Section 3.4(1)(ii) in connection with any transfer of Securities, such transfer may be effected only in accordance with the provisions of this Clause (2)(i) and subject to the Applicable Procedures. Upon receipt by the Trustee, as Security Registrar, of (A) a Company Order from the Company directing the Trustee, as Security Registrar, to (x) authenticate and deliver one or more Securities of the same aggregate principal amount as the beneficial interest in the Restricted Global Security to be transferred, such instructions to contain the name or names of the designated transferee or transferees, the authorized denomination or denominations of the Securities to be so issued and appropriate delivery instructions and (y) decrease the beneficial interest of a specified Agent Member's account in a Restricted Global Security by a specified principal amount not greater than the principal amount of such Restricted Global Security, and (B) such other certifications, legal opinions or other information as the Company or the Trustee may reasonably require to confirm that such transfer is being made pursuant to an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the Securities Act, then the Trustee, as Security Registrar, shall decrease the principal amount of the Restricted Global Security by the specified amount and authenticate and deliver Securities in accordance with such instructions from the Company as provided in Section 3.4(1)(iii). (ii) Restricted Non-global Security to Restricted Global Security. If the Holder of a Restricted Security (other than a Global Security) wishes at any time to transfer all or any portion of such Restricted Security to a Person who wishes to take delivery thereof in the form of a beneficial interest in the Restricted Global Security, such transfer may be effected only in accordance with the provisions of this Clause (2)(ii) and subject to the Applicable Procedures. Upon receipt by the Trustee, as Security Registrar, of such Restricted Security as provided in Section 3.5(1) and instructions from the Company directing that a beneficial interest in the 38 Restricted Global Security in a specified principal amount not greater than the principal amount of such Security be credited to a specified Agent Member's account, then the Trustee, as Security Registrar, shall cancel such Restricted Security (and issue a new Restricted Security in respect of any untransferred portion thereof) as provided in Section 3.5(1) and increase the principal amount of the Restricted Global Security by the specified principal amount as provided in Section 3.4(1)(iii). (iii) Exchanges Between Global Security and Non-global Security. A beneficial interest in a Global Security may be exchanged for a Security that is not a Global Security only as provided in Section 3.4 or only if such exchange occurs in connection with a transfer effected in accordance with Clause 2(i) above, provided that, if such interest is a beneficial interest in the Restricted Global Security, then such interest shall be exchanged for a Restricted Security (subject in each case to Section 3.5(3)). A Security that is not a Global Security may be exchanged for a beneficial interest in a Global Security only if such exchange occurs in connection with a transfer effected in accordance with Clause (2)(ii) above. (3) Securities Act Legends. All Securities issued pursuant to this Indenture, and all Successor Securities, shall bear the Restricted Securities Legend and shall be subject to the restrictions on transfer specified therein, subject to the following: (i) subject to the following Clauses of this Section 3.5(3), a Security or any portion thereof that is exchanged, upon transfer or otherwise, for a Global Security or any portion thereof shall bear the Restricted Securities Legend borne by such Global Security for which the Security was exchanged; (ii) subject to the following Clauses of this Section 3.5(3), a new Security that is not a Global Security and is issued in exchange for another Security (including a Global Security) or any portion thereof, upon transfer or otherwise, shall bear the Restricted Securities Legend borne by the Security for which the new Security was exchanged; (iii) any Securities that are sold or otherwise disposed of pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act (including the Shelf Registration Statement), together with their Successor Securities shall not bear a Restricted Securities Legend; the Company shall inform the Trustee in writing of the effective date of any such registration statement registering the Securities under the Securities Act and shall notify the Trustee at any time when prospectuses must be delivered with respect to Securities to be sold pursuant to such registration statement. The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the aforementioned registration statement; (iv) at any time after the Securities may be freely transferred without registration under the Securities Act or without being subject to transfer restrictions pursuant to the Securities Act, a new Security that does not bear a Restricted Securities Legend may be issued in exchange for or in lieu of a Security (other than a Global Security) or any portion thereof that bears such a legend if the Trustee has received an Unrestricted Securities Certificate, satisfactory to the Trustee and duly executed by the Holder of such Security bearing a Restricted Securities Legend or his attorney duly 39 authorized in writing, and after such date and receipt of such certificate, the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver such new Security in exchange for or in lieu of such other Security as provided in this Article III; (v) a new Security that does not bear a Restricted Securities Legend may be issued in exchange for or in lieu of a Security or any portion thereof that bears such a legend if, in the Company's judgment, placing such a legend upon such new Security is not necessary to ensure compliance with the registration requirements of the Securities Act, and the Trustee, at the direction of the Company, shall authenticate and deliver such a new Security as provided in this Article III; and (vi) notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 3.5(3), a Successor Security of a Security that does not bear a Restricted Securities Legend shall not bear such legend unless the Company has reasonable cause to believe that such Successor Security is a "restricted security" within the meaning of Rule 144, in which case the Trustee, at the direction of the Company, shall authenticate and deliver a new Security bearing a Restricted Securities Legend in exchange for such Successor Security as provided in this Article III. (4) Any stock certificate representing shares of Common Stock issued upon conversion of the Securities shall bear the Restricted Securities Legend borne by such Securities, to the extent required by this Indenture, unless such shares of Common Stock have been sold pursuant to a registration statement that has been declared effective under the Securities Act (and that continues to be effective at the time of such transfer) or sold pursuant to Rule 144(k) of the Securities Act, or unless otherwise agreed by the Company in writing with written notice thereof to the transfer agent for the Common Stock. With respect to the transfer of shares of Common Stock issued upon conversion of the Securities that are restricted hereunder, any deliveries of certificates, legal opinions or other instruments that would be required to be made to the Security Registrar in the case of a transfer of Securities, as described above, shall instead be made to the transfer agent for the Common Stock. (5) Neither the Trustee, the Paying Agent nor any of their agents shall (i) have any duty to monitor compliance with or with respect to any federal or state or other securities or tax laws or (ii) have any duty to obtain documentation on any transfers or exchanges other than as specifically required hereunder. SECTION 3.6 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities. ----------------------------------------------- If any mutilated Security is surrendered to the Trustee, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver in exchange therefor a new Security of like tenor and principal amount and bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding. If there be delivered to the Company and to the Trustee: (1) evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of any Security, and 40 (2) such security or indemnity as may be satisfactory to the Company and the Trustee to save each of them and any agent of either of them harmless, then, in the absence of actual notice to the Company or the Trustee that such Security has been acquired by a bona fide purchaser, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, in lieu of any such destroyed, lost or stolen Security, a new Security of like tenor and principal amount and bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding. In case any such mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security has become or is about to become due and payable, the Company in its discretion, but subject to any conversion rights, may, instead of issuing a new Security, pay such Security, upon satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph. Upon the issuance of any new Security under this Section 3.6, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto (other than any stamp and other duties, if any, which may be imposed in connection therewith by the United States or any political subdivision thereof or therein, which shall be paid by the Company) and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith. Every new Security issued pursuant to this Section 3.6 in lieu of any mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall constitute an original additional contractual obligation of the Company, whether or not the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be at any time enforceable by anyone, and such new Security shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities duly issued hereunder. The provisions of this Section 3.6 are exclusive and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) all other rights and remedies of any Holder with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities. SECTION 3.7 Reserved. -------- SECTION 3.8 Persons Deemed Owners. --------------------- Prior to due presentment of a Security for registration of transfer, the Company, the Trustee, any Paying Agent and any agent of the Company, the Trustee or any Paying Agent may treat the Person in whose name such Security is registered as the owner of such Security for the purpose of receiving payment of principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on such Security and for all other purposes whatsoever, whether or not such Security be overdue, and neither the Company, the Trustee, any Paying Agent nor any agent of the Company, the Trustee or any Paying Agent shall be affected by notice to the contrary. 41 SECTION 3.9 Cancellation. ------------ All Securities surrendered for payment, repurchase, registration of transfer or exchange or conversion shall, if surrendered to any Person other than the Trustee, be delivered to the Trustee. All Securities so delivered to the Trustee shall be canceled promptly by the Trustee (or its agent). No Securities shall be authenticated in lieu of or in exchange for any Securities canceled as provided in this Section 3.9. The Trustee shall dispose of all canceled Securities in accordance with applicable law and its customary practices in effect from time to time. SECTION 3.10 Computation of Liquidated Damages. --------------------------------- Liquidated Damages on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months. SECTION 3.11 CUSIP Numbers. ------------- The Company in issuing Securities may use "CUSIP" numbers (if then generally in use) in addition to serial numbers; if so, the Trustee shall use such CUSIP numbers in addition to serial numbers in any notice of redemption or repurchase as a convenience to Holders; provided that any such notice may state that no representation is made as to the correctness of such CUSIP numbers either as printed on the Securities or as contained in any notice of a redemption or repurchase and that reliance may be placed only on the serial or other identification numbers printed on the Securities, and any such redemption or repurchase shall not be affected by any defect in or omission of such CUSIP numbers. ARTICLE IV SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE SECTION 4.1 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture. --------------------------------------- This Indenture shall upon Company Request cease to be of further effect, and the Trustee, at the expense of the Company, shall execute proper instruments in form and substance satisfactory to the Trustee acknowledging satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture, when (1) either (i) all Securities theretofore authenticated and delivered (other than (A) Securities which have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 3.6 and (B) Securities for whose payment money has theretofore been deposited in trust or segregated and held in trust by the Company and thereafter repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided in Section 10.3) have been delivered to the Trustee for cancellation; or (ii) all such Securities not theretofore delivered to the Trustee or its agent for cancellation (other than Securities referred to in clauses (A) and (B) of clause (1)(i) above) 42 (a) have become due and payable, or (b) will have become due and payable at their Stated Maturity within one year, or (c) are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption by the Trustee in the name and at the expense of the Company, and the Company, in the case of clause (i) or (ii) above, has deposited or caused to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds (immediately available to the Holders in the case of clause (a)) in trust for the purpose an amount in cash sufficient to pay and discharge the entire indebtedness on such Securities not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, for principal, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any) to the date of such deposit (in the case of Securities which have become due and payable) or to the Stated Maturity or Redemption Date, as the case may be; (2) the Company has paid or caused to be paid all other sums payable hereunder by the Company; and (3) the Company has delivered to the Trustee an Officers' Certificate and an Opinion of Counsel, each stating that there has been compliance with all conditions precedent herein provided for relating to the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture. Notwithstanding the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture, any surviving rights of conversion, or registration of transfer or exchange, or replacement of Securities expressly provided for herein or in the form of Securities set forth in Section 2.2, the obligations of the Company to the Trustee under Section 6.7, the obligations of the Company to any Authenticating Agent under Section 6.12, the obligations of the Trustee under Section 4.2 and the last paragraph of Section 10.3 and the obligations of the Company and the Trustee under Section 3.5 and Article XII shall survive. Funds held in trust pursuant to this Section are not subject to the provisions of Article XIII. SECTION 4.2 Application of Trust Money. -------------------------- Subject to the provisions of the last paragraph of Section 10.3, all money or property deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Section 4.1 and in accordance with the provisions of Article XIII shall be held in trust for the sole benefit of the Holders and not be subject to the subordination provisions of Article XIII, and such monies shall be applied by the Trustee, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and this Indenture, to the payment, either directly or through any Paying Agent, to the Persons entitled thereto, of the principal, premium, if any and Liquidated Damages, if any for whose payment such money has been deposited with the Trustee. All money or property deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Section 4.1 (and held by it or any Paying Agent) for the payment of Securities subsequently converted shall be returned to the Company upon Company Request. 43 The Company shall pay and indemnify the Trustee against any tax, fee or other charge imposed or assessed against all money deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Section 4.1 (other than income taxes and franchise taxes incurred or payable by the Trustee and such other taxes, fees or charges incurred or payable by the Trustee that are not directly the result of the deposit of such money with the Trustee). ARTICLE V REMEDIES SECTION 5.1 Events of Default. ----------------- "Event of Default", wherever used herein, means any one of the following events (whatever the reason for such Event of Default and whether it shall be occasioned by the provisions of Article XIII or be voluntary or involuntary or be effected by operation of law or pursuant to any judgment, decree or order of any court or any order, rule or regulation of any administrative or governmental body): (1) default in the payment of the principal on any Security at its Maturity (including any Redemption Price, Repurchase Price or Purchase Price), whether or not such payment is prohibited by the subordination provisions of the Securities or of this Indenture; or (2) default in the payment of any Liquidated Damages upon any Security when it becomes due and payable, and continuance of such default for a period of 30 days, whether or not such payment is prohibited by the subordination provisions of the Securities or of this Indenture; or (3) failure by the Company to give a Company Notice in accordance with Section 14.3 or to consummate a repurchase of its Securities upon a Change in Control offer to purchase, whether or not such Company Notice is prohibited by the subordination provisions of the Securities or the Indenture; or (4) default in the performance of any covenant of the Company in this Indenture (other than a covenant a default in the performance of which is specifically dealt with elsewhere in this Section), and continuance of such default for a period of 60 days after there has been given, by registered or certified mail, to the Company by the Trustee or to the Company and the Trustee by the Holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities a written notice specifying such default or breach and requiring it to be remedied and stating that such notice is a "Notice of Default" hereunder; or (5) any indebtedness under any bonds, debentures, notes or other evidences of indebtedness for money borrowed (or guarantee thereof) by the Company or any Significant Subsidiary or under any mortgage, indenture or instrument under which there may be issued or by which there may be secured or evidenced any indebtedness for money borrowed by the Company or any Significant Subsidiary (an "Instrument") with an aggregate principal amount in excess of U.S. $25,000,000, whether such indebtedness now exists or shall hereafter be created, is not paid at final 44 maturity under any Instrument (either at its stated maturity or upon acceleration thereof), and such indebtedness is not discharged, or such acceleration is not rescinded or annulled, within a period of 30 days after there shall have been given, by registered or certified mail, to the Company by the Trustee or to the Company and the Trustee by the Holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities a written notice specifying such default and requiring the Company to cause such indebtedness to be discharged or cause such default to be cured or waived or such acceleration to be rescinded or annulled and stating that such notice is a "Notice of Default" hereunder; or (6) the entry by a court having jurisdiction in the premises of (A) a decree or order for relief in respect of the Company or any Significant Subsidiary in an involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable Federal or State bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or (B) a decree or order adjudging the Company or any Significant Subsidiary a bankrupt or insolvent, or approving as properly filed a petition seeking reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition of or in respect of the Company or any Significant Subsidiary under any applicable Federal or State law, or appointing a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of the Company or any Significant Subsidiary or of any substantial part of the property of either, or ordering the winding up or liquidation of the affairs of either of them, and the continuance of any such decree or order for relief or any such other decree or order unstayed and in effect for a period of 60 consecutive days; or (7) the commencement by the Company or any Significant Subsidiary of a voluntary case or proceeding under any applicable Federal or State bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or of any other case or proceeding to be adjudicated a bankrupt or insolvent, or the consent by either to the entry of a decree or order for relief in respect of the Company or such Significant Subsidiary in an involuntary case or proceeding under any applicable Federal or State bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or other similar law or to the commencement of any bankruptcy or insolvency case or proceeding against the Company or any Significant Subsidiary, or the filing by either of a petition or answer or consent seeking reorganization or similar relief under any applicable Federal or State law, or the consent by either to the filing of such petition or to the appointment of or taking possession by a custodian, receiver, liquidator, assignee, trustee, sequestrator or other similar official of the Company or any Significant Subsidiary or of any substantial part of the property of either, or the making by the Company or any Significant Subsidiary of an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or the admission by the Company or any Significant Subsidiary in writing of its inability to pay its debts generally as they become due, or the taking of corporate action by the Company or any Significant Subsidiary in furtherance of any such action. SECTION 5.2 Acceleration of Maturity; Rescission and Annulment. -------------------------------------------------- If an Event of Default (other than an Event of Default specified in Section 5.1(6) or 5.1(7) with respect to the Company) occurs and is continuing with respect to the Company, then in every such case the Trustee or the Holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities may, subject to the provisions of Article XIII, declare the principal of all the Securities to 45 be due and payable immediately, by a notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by the Holders), and upon any such declaration such principal shall become immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default specified in Section 5.1(6) or 5.1(7) with respect to the Company occurs, the principal of all the Securities shall, subject to the provisions of Article XIII, ipso facto become immediately due and payable without any declaration or other Act of the Holders or any act on the part of the Trustee. At any time after such declaration of acceleration has been made and before a judgment or decree for payment of the money due has been obtained by the Trustee as hereinafter in this Article V provided, the Holders of a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities, by written notice to the Company and the Trustee, may, on behalf of all Holders, rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (1) the Company has paid or deposited with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay (i) the principal of and Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Securities that have become due otherwise than by such declaration of acceleration, and (ii) all sums paid or advanced by the Trustee hereunder and the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Trustee, its agents and counsel; (2) all Events of Default, other than the nonpayment of the principal of on Securities which have become due solely by such declaration of acceleration, have been cured or waived as provided in Section 5.13; and (3) such rescission and annulment would not conflict with any judgment or decree issued in appropriate judicial proceedings regarding the payment by the Trustee to the Holders of the amounts referred to in 5.2(1). No rescission or annulment referred to above shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon. SECTION 5.3 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee. --------------------------------------------------------------- The Company covenants that if: (1) default is made in the payment of any Liquidated Damages on any Security when it becomes due and payable and such default continues for a period of 30 days, or (2) default is made in the payment of the principal of any Security at the Maturity thereof, the Company will, upon demand of the Trustee but subject to the provisions of Article XIII pay to it, for the benefit of the Holders of such Securities the whole amount then due and payable on such 46 Securities for principal, Liquidated Damages, if any, and such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the reasonable costs and expenses of collection, including the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Trustee, its agents and counsel. If the Company fails to pay such amounts forthwith upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, may institute a judicial proceeding for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, may prosecute such proceeding to judgment or final decree and may enforce the same against the Company or any other obligor upon the Securities and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law out of the property of the Company or any other obligor upon the Securities, wherever situated. If an Event of Default occurs and is continuing, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce its rights and the rights of the Holders of Securities by such appropriate judicial proceedings as the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any such rights, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement in this Indenture or in aid of the exercise of any power granted herein, or to enforce any other proper remedy. SECTION 5.4 Trustee May File Proofs of Claim. -------------------------------- In case of the pendency of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment, composition or other judicial proceeding relative to the Company or any other obligor upon the Securities or the property of the Company or of such other obligor or the creditors of either, the Trustee (irrespective of whether the principal of the Securities shall then be due and payable as therein expressed or by declaration or otherwise and irrespective of whether the Trustee shall have made any demand on the Company for the payment of overdue principal) shall be entitled and empowered, by intervention in such proceeding or otherwise, (1) to file and prove a claim for the whole amount of principal, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, owing and unpaid in respect of the Securities and take such other actions, including participating as a member, voting or otherwise, of any official committee of creditors appointed in such matter, and to file such other papers or documents, in each of the foregoing cases, as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee (including any claim for the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Trustee, its agents and counsel) and of the Holders of Securities allowed in such judicial proceeding, and (2) to collect and receive any moneys or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim and to distribute the same; and any custodian, receiver, assignee, trustee, liquidator, sequestrator or other similar official in any such judicial proceeding is hereby authorized by each Holder of Securities to make such payments to the Trustee and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making of such payments directly to the Holders of Securities to pay to the Trustee any amount due to it for the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Trustee, its agents and counsel and any other amounts due the Trustee under Section 6.7. 47 Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to authorize the Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Holder of a Security any plan of reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition affecting the Securities or the rights of any Holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Holder of a Security in any such proceeding; provided, however, that the Trustee may, on behalf of such Holders, vote for the election of a trustee in bankruptcy or similar official. SECTION 5.5 Trustee May Enforce Claims Without Possession of Securities. ----------------------------------------------------------- All rights of action and claims under this Indenture or the Securities may be prosecuted and enforced by the Trustee without the possession of any of the Securities or the production thereof in any proceeding relating thereto, and any such proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery of judgment shall, after provision for the payment of the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Trustee, its agents and counsel, be for the ratable benefit of the Holders of the Securities in respect of which judgment has been recovered. SECTION 5.6 Application of Money Collected. ------------------------------ Subject to Article XIII, any money or property collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article V shall be applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such money on account of principal, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, upon presentation of the Securities and the notation thereon of the payment if only partially paid and upon surrender thereof if fully paid: FIRST: To the payment of all amounts due the Trustee under Section 6.7; SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid for principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities in respect of which or for the benefit of which such money or property has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on such Securities for principal, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, respectively; THIRD: To such other Person or Persons, if any, to the extent entitled thereto; and FOURTH: Any remaining amounts shall be repaid to the Company. 48 SECTION 5.7 Limitation on Suits. ------------------- No Holder of any Security shall have any right to institute any proceeding, judicial or otherwise, with respect to this Indenture, or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder, unless: (1) such Holder has previously given written notice to the Trustee of a continuing Event of Default; (2) the Holders of not less than 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities shall have made written request to the Trustee to institute proceedings in respect of such Event of Default in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (3) such Holder or Holders have offered to the Trustee, and if requested, shall have provided, reasonable indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred in compliance with such request; (4) the Trustee for 60 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity (or if requested, receipt of indemnity) has failed to institute any such proceeding; and (5) no direction inconsistent with such written request has been given to the Trustee during such 60 day period by the Holders of a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities, it being understood and intended that no one or more of such Holders shall have any right in any manner whatever by virtue of, or by availing of, any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of any other of such Holders, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority or preference over any other of such Holders or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal and ratable benefit of all such Holders. SECTION 5.8 Unconditional Right of Holders to Receive Principal, Premium and ---------------------------------------------------------------- Liquidated Damages and to Convert. --------------------------------- Notwithstanding any other provision in this Indenture, but subject to the provisions of Article XIII, the Holder of any Security shall have the right, which is absolute and unconditional, to receive payment of the principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any on such Security on the respective Stated Maturities expressed in such Security (or, in the case of redemption or repurchase, on the Redemption Date, Repurchase Date or Purchase Date, as the case may be), and to convert such Security in accordance with Article XII, and to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment and right to convert, and such rights shall not be impaired without the consent of such Holder. 49 SECTION 5.9 Restoration of Rights and Remedies. ---------------------------------- If the Trustee or any Holder of a Security has instituted any proceeding to enforce any right or remedy under this Indenture and such proceeding has been discontinued or abandoned for any reason, or has been determined adversely to the Trustee or to such Holder, then and in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceeding, the Company, the Trustee and the Holders of Securities shall be restored severally and respectively to their former positions hereunder and thereafter all rights and remedies of the Trustee and such Holders shall continue as though no such proceeding had been instituted. SECTION 5.10 Rights and Remedies Cumulative. ------------------------------ Except as otherwise provided with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities in the last paragraph of Section 3.6, no right or remedy herein conferred upon or reserved to the Trustee or to the Holders of Securities is intended to be exclusive of any other right or remedy, and every right and remedy shall, to the extent permitted by law, be cumulative and in addition to every other right and remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law or in equity or otherwise. The assertion or employment of any right or remedy hereunder, or otherwise, shall not prevent the concurrent assertion or employment of any other appropriate right or remedy. SECTION 5.11 Delay or Omission Not Waiver. ---------------------------- No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any Holder of any Security to exercise any right or remedy accruing upon any Event of Default shall impair any such right or remedy or constitute a waiver of any such Event of Default or any acquiescence therein. Every right and remedy given by this Article V or by law to the Trustee or to the Holders of Securities may be exercised from time to time, and as often as may be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or (subject to the limitations contained in this Indenture) by the Holders of Securities as the case may be. SECTION 5.12 Control by Holders of Securities. -------------------------------- Subject to Section 6.3, the Holders of a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee, provided that (1) such direction shall not be in conflict with any rule of law or with this Indenture, and (2) the Trustee may take any other action deemed proper by the Trustee which is not inconsistent with such direction, and (3) the Trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or be unjustly prejudicial to the Holders of Securities not consenting. 50 SECTION 5.13 Waiver of Past Defaults. ----------------------- The Holders, either (i) through the written consent of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities or (ii) by the adoption of a resolution, at a meeting of Holders of the Outstanding Securities at which a quorum is present, by the Holders of at least 66 2/3% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities represented at such meeting, may on behalf of the Holders of all the Securities waive any past default hereunder and its consequences, except a default (A) in the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Security, or (B) in respect of a covenant or provision hereof which under Article VIII cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the Holder of each Outstanding Security affected. Upon any such waiver, such default shall cease to exist, and any Event of Default arising therefrom shall be deemed to have been cured, for every purpose of this Indenture; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any right consequent thereon. SECTION 5.14 Undertaking for Costs. --------------------- All parties to this Indenture agree, and each Holder of any Security by his acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or any suit against the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys' fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section 5.14 shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Company, to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Holder, or group of Holders, holding in the aggregate more than 10% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities, or to any suit instituted by any Holder of any Security for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Security on or after the respective Stated Maturity or Liquidated Damages Payment Date expressed in such Security (or, in the case of redemption or repurchase, on or after the Redemption Date, Repurchase Date or Purchase Date, as the case may be) or for the enforcement of the right to convert any Security in accordance with Article XII. SECTION 5.15 Waiver of Stay, Usury or Extension Laws. --------------------------------------- The Company covenants (to the extent that it may lawfully do so) that it will not at any time insist upon, or plead, or in any manner whatsoever claim or take the benefit or advantage of, any stay, usury or extension law wherever enacted, now or at any time hereafter in force, that may affect the covenants or the performance of this Indenture; and the Company (to the extent that it may lawfully do so) hereby expressly waives all benefit or advantage of any such law and covenants that it will not hinder, delay or impede by reason of such law the execution of any power herein granted to the Trustee, but will suffer and permit the execution of every such power as though no such law had been enacted. 51 ARTICLE VI THE TRUSTEE SECTION 6.1 Certain Duties and Responsibilities. ----------------------------------- (1) Except during the continuance of an Event of Default, (i) the Trustee undertakes to perform such duties and only such duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee; and (ii) in the absence of bad faith on its part, the Trustee may conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions expressed therein, upon certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture, but in the case of any such certificates or opinions which by any provision hereof are specifically required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture, but not to verify the contents thereof. (2) In case an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, the Trustee shall exercise such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs. (3) No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct, except that (i) this paragraph (3) shall not be construed to limit the effect of paragraph (1) of this Section; (ii) the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts; (iii) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the Holders of a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee, under this Indenture; and (iv) no provision of this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur any financial liability in the performance of any of its duties hereunder, or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers, if it shall have reasonable grounds for 52 believing that repayment of such funds or adequate indemnity against such risk or liability is not reasonably assured to it. (4) Whether or not therein expressly so provided, every provision of this Indenture relating to the conduct or affecting the liability of or affording protection to the Trustee shall be subject to the provisions of this Section. SECTION 6.2 Notice of Defaults. ------------------ Within 90 days after the occurrence of any default hereunder as to which the Trustee has received written notice, the Trustee shall give to all Holders of Securities, in the manner provided in Section 1.6, notice of such default, unless such default shall have been cured or waived; provided, however, that, except in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Security the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee of directors or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determines that the withholding of such notice is in the interest of the Holders; and provided, further, that in the case of any default of the character specified in Section 5.1(4), no such notice to Holders of Securities shall be given until at least 60 days after the occurrence thereof or, if applicable, the cure period specified therein. For the purpose of this Section, the term "default" means any event that is, or after notice or lapse of time or both would become, an Event of Default. SECTION 6.3 Certain Rights of Trustee. ------------------------- Subject to the provisions of Section 6.1: (1) the Trustee may rely, and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting, upon any resolution, Officers' Certificate, other certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, direction, consent, order, bond, debenture, note, coupon, other evidence of indebtedness or other paper or document (collectively, the "Documents") believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties, and the Trustee need not investigate any fact or matter stated in such Documents; (2) any request or direction of the Company mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Company Request or Company Order and any resolution of the Board of Directors shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution; (3) whenever in the administration of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking, suffering or omitting any action hereunder, the Trustee (unless other evidence be the one specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of bad faith on its part, request and rely upon an Officers' Certificate or Opinion of Counsel; 53 (4) the Trustee may consult with counsel of its selection and the advice of such counsel or any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by it hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon; (5) the Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request or direction of any of the Holders of Securities pursuant to this Indenture, unless such Holders shall have offered, and, if requested by the Trustee, delivered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities which might be incurred by it in compliance with such request or direction; (6) the Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, direction, consent, order, bond, debenture, note, coupon, other evidence of indebtedness or other paper or document, but the Trustee may make such further inquiry or investigation into such facts or matters as it may see fit, and, if the Trustee shall determine to make such further inquiry or investigation, it shall be entitled to examine the books, records and premises of the Company, personally or by agent or attorney; and (7) the Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder. SECTION 6.4 Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance of Securities. ------------------------------------------------------ The recitals contained herein and in the Securities (except the Trustee's certificates of authentication) shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for their correctness. The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture, of the Securities or of the Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of the Securities. The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Company of Securities or the proceeds thereof. SECTION 6.5 May Hold Securities, Act as Trustee under Other Indentures. ---------------------------------------------------------- The Trustee, any Authenticating Agent, any Paying Agent, any Conversion Agent or any other agent of the Company or the Trustee, in its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities and may otherwise deal with the Company with the same rights it would have if it were not Trustee, Authenticating Agent, Paying Agent, Conversion Agent or such other agent. The Trustee may become and act as trustee under other indentures under which other securities, or certificates of interest or participation in other securities, of the Company are outstanding in the same manner as if it were not Trustee hereunder. 54 SECTION 6.6 Money Held in Trust. ------------------- Money or property held by the Trustee in trust hereunder need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest on any money received by it hereunder except as otherwise agreed in writing with the Company. SECTION 6.7 Compensation and Reimbursement. ------------------------------ The Company agrees: (1) to pay to the Trustee from time to time such reasonable compensation as the Company and the Trustee shall from time to time agree in writing for its acceptance of this Indenture and for all services rendered by it hereunder (which compensation shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the compensation of a trustee of an express trust); (2) except as otherwise expressly provided herein, to reimburse the Trustee upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee (including costs and expenses of enforcing this Indenture and defending itself against any claim (whether asserted by the Company, any Holder of Securities or any other Person) or liability in connection with the exercise of any of its powers or duties hereunder) in accordance with any provision of this Indenture (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its agents and counsel), except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may be attributable to its negligence or bad faith; and (3) to indemnify the Trustee (and its directors, officers, employees and agents) for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without negligence or bad faith on its part, arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this trust, including the reasonable costs, expenses and reasonable attorneys' fees of defending itself against any claim or liability in connection with the exercise or performance of any of its powers or duties hereunder. To secure the Company's payment obligations to the Trustee in this Section 6.7, the Trustee shall have a claim prior to the Securities on all money or property held or controlled by the Trustee, other than money or property held in trust to pay principal and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities. When the Trustee incurs expenses or renders services in connection with an Event of Default specified in Section 5.1(6) or Section 5.1(7), the expenses (including the reasonable charges of its counsel) and the compensation for the services are intended to constitute expenses of the administration under any applicable Federal or state bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar law. The provisions of this Section shall survive the termination of this Indenture or the earlier resignation or removal of the Trustee. 55 SECTION 6.8 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility. --------------------------------------- There shall at all times be a Trustee hereunder which shall be a Person that is eligible pursuant to the Trust Indenture Act to act as such, having (or be part of a holding company group with) a combined capital and surplus of at least U.S. $50,000,000, subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authority, and in good standing. The Trustee or an Affiliate of the Trustee shall maintain an established place of business in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York. If such corporation publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of said supervising or examining authority, then for the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. If at any time the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, it shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect hereinafter specified in this Article and a successor shall be appointed pursuant to Section 6.9. SECTION 6.9 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor. ------------------------------------------------- (1) No resignation or removal of the Trustee and no appointment of a successor Trustee pursuant to this Article shall become effective until the acceptance of appointment by the successor Trustee in accordance with the applicable requirements of Section 6.10. (2) The Trustee may resign at any time by giving written notice thereof to the Company. If the instrument of acceptance by a successor Trustee required by Section 6.10 shall not have been delivered to the Trustee within 30 days after the giving of such notice of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor Trustee. (3) The Trustee may be removed at any time by an Act of the Holders of a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities, delivered to the Trustee and the Company. If the instrument of acceptance by a successor Trustee required by Section 6.10 shall not have been delivered to the Trustee within 30 days after the giving of such notice of removal, the removed Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor Trustee. (4) The Trustee may be removed at any time by the Company and the Company may appoint a successor Trustee pursuant to this Article, provided, that (i) there is not an Event of Default that is continuing at the time of removal, (ii) the successor Trustee appointed by the Company meets the eligibility requirements of Section 6.8, and (iii) such removal and resignation shall not become effective until the acceptance of appointment by the successor Trustee in accordance with the applicable requirements of Section 6.10. (5) If at any time: (i) the Trustee shall cease to be eligible under Section 6.8 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any Holder of a Security who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security for at least six months, or 56 (ii) the Trustee shall become incapable of acting or shall be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property shall be appointed or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation, then, in any such case (i) the Company by a Board Resolution may remove the Trustee, or (ii) subject to Section 5.14, any Holder of a Security who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security for at least six months may, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor Trustee. (6) If the Trustee shall resign, be removed or become incapable of acting, or if a vacancy shall occur in the office of Trustee for any cause, the Company, by a Board Resolution, shall promptly appoint a successor Trustee and shall comply with the applicable requirements of this Section and Section 6.10. If, within one year after such resignation, removal or incapability, or the occurrence of such vacancy, a successor Trustee shall be appointed by Act of the Holders of a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities delivered to the Company and the retiring Trustee, the successor Trustee so appointed shall, forthwith upon its acceptance of such appointment in accordance with the applicable requirements of Section 6.10, become the successor Trustee and supersede the successor Trustee appointed by the Company. If no successor Trustee shall have been so appointed by the Company or the Holders of Securities and accepted appointment in the manner required by this Section and Section 6.10, any Holder of a Security who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security for at least six months may, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor Trustee. (7) The Company shall give notice of each resignation and each removal of the Trustee and each appointment of a successor Trustee to all Holders of Securities in the manner provided in Section 1.6. Each notice shall include the name of the successor Trustee and the address of its Corporate Trust Office. SECTION 6.10 Acceptance of Appointment by Successor. -------------------------------------- Every successor Trustee appointed hereunder shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company and to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and such successor Trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor Trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor Trustee all the rights, powers and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor Trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder. Upon request of any such successor Trustee, the Company shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor Trustee all such rights, powers and trusts. 57 No successor Trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor Trustee shall be eligible under this Article. SECTION 6.11 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business. ----------------------------------------------------------- Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to all or substantially all of the corporate trust business of the Trustee (including the trust created by this Indenture), shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided such corporation shall be otherwise eligible under this Article, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto. In case any Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities. SECTION 6.12 Authenticating Agents. --------------------- The Trustee may, with the consent of the Company, appoint an Authenticating Agent or Agents acceptable to the Company with respect to the Securities, which Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities issued upon exchange or substitution pursuant to this Indenture. Securities authenticated by an Authenticating Agent shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder, and every reference in this Indenture to the authentication and delivery of Securities by the Trustee or the Trustee's certificate of authentication shall be deemed to include authentication and delivery on behalf of the Trustee by an Authenticating Agent and a certificate of authentication executed on behalf of the Trustee by an Authenticating Agent. Each Authenticating Agent shall be subject to acceptance by the Company and shall at all times be a corporation organized and doing business under the laws of the United States of America, any State thereof or the District of Columbia, authorized under such laws to act as Authenticating Agent and subject to supervision or examination by government or other fiscal authority. If at any time an Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section 6.12, such Authenticating Agent shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect specified in this Section 6.12. Any corporation into which an Authenticating Agent may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which such Authenticating Agent shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate agency or corporate trust business of an Authenticating Agent, shall continue to be an Authenticating Agent, provided such corporation shall be otherwise eligible under this Section 6.12, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of the Trustee or the Authenticating Agent. 58 An Authenticating Agent may resign at any time by giving written notice thereof to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time terminate the agency of an Authenticating Agent by giving written notice thereof to such Authenticating Agent and to the Company. Upon receiving such a notice of resignation or upon such a termination, or in case at any time such Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section 6.12, the Trustee may appoint a successor Authenticating Agent which shall be subject to acceptance by the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent upon acceptance of its appointment hereunder shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder, with like effect as if originally named as an Authenticating Agent. No successor Authenticating Agent shall be appointed unless eligible under the provisions of this Section 6.12. The Company agrees to pay to each Authenticating Agent from time to time reasonable compensation for its services under this Section 6.12. If an Authenticating Agent is appointed with respect to the Securities pursuant to this Section 6.12, the Securities may have endorsed thereon, in addition to or in lieu of the Trustee's certification of authentication, an alternative certificate of authentication in the following form: This is one of the Securities referred to in the within-mentioned Indenture. U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION as Trustee By: -------------------------------- as Authenticating Agent By: -------------------------------- Authorized Signatory 59 SECTION 6.13 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests. --------------------------------------- If the Trustee has or shall acquire a conflicting interest within the meaning of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee shall either eliminate such interest or resign, to the extent and in the manner provided by, and subject to the provisions of, the Trust Indenture Act and this Indenture. SECTION 6.14 Preferential Collection of Claims Against Company. ------------------------------------------------- If and when the Trustee shall be or become a creditor of the Company (or any other obligor upon the Securities), the Trustee shall be subject to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act regarding the collection of claims against the Company (or any such other obligor). ARTICLE VII CONSOLIDATION, MERGER, CONVEYANCE, TRANSFER OR LEASE SECTION 7.1 Company May Consolidate, Etc. Only on Certain Terms. --------------------------------------------------- The Company shall not consolidate with or merge into any other Person or convey, transfer or lease all its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any Person (other than to one or more direct or indirect Subsidiaries of the Company), and the Company shall not permit any Person to consolidate with or merge into the Company or convey, transfer, sell or lease such Person's properties and assets substantially as an entirety to the Company unless: (1) the Person formed by such consolidation or into or with which the Company is merged or the Person to which the properties and assets of the Company are so conveyed, transferred, sold or leased shall be a corporation, limited liability company, partnership or trust organized and validly existing under the laws of the United States of America, any State thereof or the District of Columbia and, if other than the Company, shall expressly assume, by an indenture supplemental hereto, executed and delivered to the Trustee, in form satisfactory to the Trustee, the due and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on all of the Securities as applicable, and the performance or observance of every covenant of this Indenture on the part of the Company to be performed or observed and shall have provided for conversion rights in all material respects in accordance with Article XII; (2) immediately after giving effect to such transaction, no Event of Default, and no event that after notice or lapse of time or both, would become an Event of Default, shall have occurred and be continuing; and (3) the Company has delivered to the Trustee an Officers' Certificate and an Opinion of Counsel, each stating that such consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer or lease and, if a supplemental indenture is required in connection with such transaction, such supplemental indenture comply with this Article and that all conditions precedent herein provided for relating to such transaction have been complied with, together with any documents required under Section 8.3. 60 SECTION 7.2 Successor Substituted. ---------------------- Upon any consolidation of the Company with, or merger of the Company into any other Person or any conveyance, transfer or lease of all or substantially all the properties and assets of the Company in accordance with Section 7.1, the successor Person formed by such consolidation or into or with which the Company is merged or to which such conveyance, transfer or lease is made shall succeed to, and be substituted for, and may exercise every right and power of, the Company under this Indenture with the same effect as if such successor Person had been named as the Company herein, and thereafter, except in the case of a lease, the predecessor Person shall be relieved of all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities. ARTICLE VIII SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES SECTION 8.1 Supplemental Indentures Without Consent of Holders of Securities. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Without the consent of any Holders of Securities the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee, at any time and from time to time, may enter into one or more indentures supplemental hereto for any of the following purposes: (1) to evidence the succession of another Person to the Company and the assumption by any such successor of the covenants and obligations of the Company herein and in the Securities as permitted by Article VII of this Indenture; or (2) to add to the covenants of the Company for the benefit of the Holders of Securities or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company; or (3) to secure the Securities; or (4) to make provision with respect to the conversion rights of Holders of Securities pursuant to Section 12.11 or to make provision with respect to the repurchase rights of Holders of Securities pursuant to Section 14.5; or (5) to make any changes or modifications to this Indenture necessary in connection with the registration of any Registrable Securities under the Securities Act as contemplated by Section 10.11, provided such action pursuant to this clause (5) shall not adversely affect the interests of the Holders of Securities in any material respect; or (6) to comply with the requirements of the Trust Indenture Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder in order to effect or maintain the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act, as contemplated by this Indenture or otherwise; or (7) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor Trustee; or 61 (8) subject to Section 13.12, to make any change in Article XIII that would limit or terminate the benefits available to any holder of Senior Debt under such Article; or (9) to cure any ambiguity, to correct or supplement any provision herein that may be inconsistent with any other provision herein or that is otherwise defective, or to make any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under this Indenture as the Company and the Trustee may deem necessary or desirable, provided such action pursuant to this clause (9) shall not adversely affect the interests of the Holders of Securities in any material respect. Upon Company Request, accompanied by a Board Resolution authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and subject to and upon receipt by the Trustee of the documents described in Section 8.3 hereof, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of any supplemental indenture authorized or permitted by the terms of this Indenture and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be therein contained. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Indenture or the Securities, the Registration Rights Agreement and the obligation to pay Liquidated Damages thereunder may be amended, modified or waived in accordance with the provisions of the Registration Rights Agreement. SECTION 8.2 Supplemental Indentures with Consent of Holders of Securities. -------------------------------------------------------------- With either (i) the written consent of the Holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities, by the Act of said Holders delivered to the Company and the Trustee, or (ii) by the adoption of a resolution, at a meeting of Holders of the Outstanding Securities at which a quorum is present, by the Holders of at least 66 2/3% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities represented at such meeting, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee may enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Indenture or of modifying in any manner the rights of the Holders of Securities under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture shall, without the consent or affirmative vote of the Holder of each Outstanding Security affected thereby, (1) change the Stated Maturity of the principal of any Security, or reduce the principal amount of, or the premium, if any, or reduce the amount payable upon a redemption or repurchase, or change the place or currency of payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any (except as may be effected through an amendment with the Registration Rights Agreement in accordance with its terms), or Redemption Price, Repurchase Price or Purchase Price in respect of such Security) or impair the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment in respect of any Security on or after the Stated Maturity thereof (or, in the case of redemption or any repurchase, on or after the Redemption Date, Repurchase Date or Purchase Date as the case may be) or, except as permitted by Section 12.11, adversely affect the right of Holders to convert any Security as provided in Article XII, or modify the provisions of this Indenture with respect to the subordination of the Securities in a manner adverse to the Holders; or 62 (2) reduce the requirements of Section 9.4 for quorum or voting, or reduce the percentage in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities the consent of whose Holders is required for any such supplemental indenture or the consent of whose Holders is required for any waiver (of compliance with certain provisions of this Indenture or certain defaults hereunder and their consequences) provided for in this Indenture; or (3) modify the obligation of the Company to maintain an office or agency in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, pursuant to Section 10.2; or (4) modify any of the provisions of this Section or Section 5.13 or 10.12, except to increase any percentage contained herein or therein or to provide that certain other provisions of this Indenture cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the Holder of each Outstanding Security affected thereby; or (5) modify the provisions of Article XIV in a manner adverse to the Holders; or (6) Modify the provisions of Article XI in a manner adverse to the Holders; or (7) modify any of the provisions of Section 10.9. It shall not be necessary for any Act of Holders of Securities under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it shall be sufficient if such Act shall approve the substance thereof. SECTION 8.3 Execution of Supplemental Indentures. ------------------------------------- In executing, or accepting the additional trusts created by, any supplemental indenture permitted by this Article or the modifications thereby of the trusts created by this Indenture, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, and (subject to Sections 6.1 and 6.3) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the execution of such supplemental indenture is authorized or permitted by this Indenture, and that such supplemental indenture has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms. The Trustee may, but shall not be obligated to, enter into any such supplemental indenture which affects the Trustee's own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise. SECTION 8.4 Effect of Supplemental Indentures. ---------------------------------- Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture under this Article, this Indenture shall be modified in accordance therewith, and such supplemental indenture shall form a part of this Indenture for all purposes; and every Holder of Securities theretofore or thereafter authenticated and delivered hereunder appertaining thereto shall be bound thereby. 63 SECTION 8.5 Reference in Securities to Supplemental Indentures. --------------------------------------------------- Securities authenticated and delivered after the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to this Article may, and shall if required by the Trustee, bear a notation in form approved by the Trustee as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall so determine, new Securities so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Company and the Trustee, to any such supplemental indenture may be prepared and executed by the Company and authenticated and delivered by the Trustee in exchange for Outstanding Securities. SECTION 8.6 Notice of Supplemental Indentures. ---------------------------------- Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of Section 8.2, the Company shall give notice to all Holders of Securities of such fact, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, in the manner provided in Section 1.6. Any failure of the Company to give such notice, or any defect therein, shall not in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture. ARTICLE IX MEETINGS OF HOLDERS OF SECURITIES SECTION 9.1 Purposes for Which Meetings May Be Called. ------------------------------------------ A meeting of Holders of Securities may be called at any time and from time to time pursuant to this Article to make, give or take any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action provided by this Indenture to be made, given or taken by Holders of Securities. SECTION 9.2 Call, Notice and Place of Meetings. ----------------------------------- (1) The Trustee may at any time call a meeting of Holders of Securities for any purpose specified in Section 9.1, to be held at such time and at such place in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, as the Trustee shall determine. Notice of every meeting of Holders of Securities, setting forth the time and the place of such meeting and in general terms the action proposed to be taken at such meeting, shall be given, in the manner provided in Section 1.6, not less than 21 nor more than 180 days prior to the date fixed for the meeting. (2) In case at any time the Company, pursuant to a Board Resolution, or the Holders of at least 10% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities shall have requested the Trustee to call a meeting of the Holders of Securities for any purpose specified in Section 9.1, by written request setting forth in reasonable detail the action proposed to be taken at the meeting, and the Trustee shall not have mailed the notice of such meeting within 21 days after receipt of such request or shall not thereafter proceed to cause the meeting to be held as provided herein, then the Company or the Holders of Securities in the amount specified, as the case may be, may determine the time and the 64 place in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, for such meeting and may call such meeting for such purposes by giving notice thereof as provided in paragraph (1) of this Section. SECTION 9.3 Persons Entitled to Vote at Meetings. ------------------------------------- To be entitled to vote at any meeting of Holders of Securities, a Person shall be (i) a Holder of one or more Outstanding Securities, or (ii) a Person appointed by an instrument in writing as proxy for a Holder or Holders of one or more Outstanding Securities by such Holder or Holders. The only Persons who shall be entitled to be present or to speak at any meeting of Holders shall be the Persons entitled to vote at such meeting and their counsel, any representatives of the Trustee and its counsel and any representatives of the Company and its counsel. SECTION 9.4 Quorum; Action. --------------- The Persons entitled to vote a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities shall constitute a quorum. In the absence of a quorum within 30 minutes of the time appointed for any such meeting, the meeting shall, if convened at the request of Holders of Securities, be dissolved. In any other case, the meeting may be adjourned for a period of not less than 10 days as determined by the chairman of the meeting prior to the adjournment of such meeting. In the absence of a quorum at any such adjourned meeting, such adjourned meeting may be further adjourned for a period not less than 10 days as determined by the chairman of the meeting prior to the adjournment of such adjourned meeting (subject to repeated applications of this sentence). Notice of the reconvening of any adjourned meeting shall be given as provided in Section 9.2(1), except that such notice need be given only once not less than 5 days prior to the date on which the meeting is scheduled to be reconvened. Notice of the reconvening of an adjourned meeting shall state expressly the percentage of the principal amount of the Outstanding Securities that shall constitute a quorum. Subject to the foregoing, at the reconvening of any meeting adjourned for a lack of a quorum, the Persons entitled to vote 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities at the time shall constitute a quorum for the taking of any action set forth in the notice of the original meeting. At a meeting or an adjourned meeting duly reconvened and at which a quorum is present as aforesaid, any resolution and all matters (except as limited by the proviso to Section 8.2 and except to the extent Section 10.12 requires a different vote) shall be effectively passed and decided if passed or decided by the lesser of (i) the Holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of Outstanding Securities and (ii) the Persons entitled to vote not less than 66 2/3% in principal amount of Outstanding Securities represented and entitled to vote at such meeting. Any resolution passed or decisions taken at any meeting of Holders of Securities duly held in accordance with this Section shall be binding on all the Holders of Securities whether or not present or represented at the meeting. The Trustee shall, in the name and at the expense of the Company, notify all the Holders of Securities of any such resolutions or decisions pursuant to Section 1.6. 65 SECTION 9.5 Determination of Voting Rights; Conduct and Adjournment of Meetings. -------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Indenture, the Trustee may make such reasonable regulations as it may deem advisable for any meeting of Holders of Securities in regard to proof of the holding of Securities and of the appointment of proxies and in regard to the appointment and duties of inspectors of votes, the submission and examination of proxies, certificates and other evidence of the right to vote, and such other matters concerning the conduct of the meeting as it shall deem appropriate. Except as otherwise permitted or required by any such regulations, the holding of Securities shall be proved in the manner specified in Section 1.4 and the appointment of any proxy shall be proved in the manner specified in Section 1.4 or by having the signature of the Person executing the proxy guaranteed by any bank, broker or other eligible institution participating in a recognized medallion signature guarantee program. (2) The Trustee shall, by an instrument in writing, appoint a temporary chairman (which may be the Trustee) of the meeting, unless the meeting shall have been called by the Company or by Holders of Securities as provided in Section 9.2(1), in which case the Company or the Holders of Securities calling the meeting, as the case may be, shall in like manner appoint a temporary chairman. A permanent chairman and a permanent secretary of the meeting shall be elected by vote of the Persons entitled to vote a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities represented at the meeting. (3) At any meeting, each Holder of a Security or proxy shall be entitled to one vote for each U.S. $1,000 principal amount of Securities held or represented by him; provided, however, that no vote shall be cast or counted at any meeting in respect of any Security challenged as not Outstanding and ruled by the chairman of the meeting to be not Outstanding. The chairman of the meeting shall have no right to vote, except as a Holder of a Security or proxy. (4) Any meeting of Holders of Securities duly called pursuant to Section 9.2 at which a quorum is present may be adjourned from time to time by Persons entitled to vote a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities represented at the meeting, and the meeting may be held as so adjourned without further notice. SECTION 9.6 Counting Votes and Recording Action of Meetings. ------------------------------------------------ The vote upon any resolution submitted to any meeting of Holders of Securities shall be by written ballots on which shall be subscribed the signatures of the Holders of Securities or of their representatives by proxy and the principal amounts at Stated Maturity and serial numbers of the Outstanding Securities held or represented by them. The permanent chairman of the meeting shall appoint two inspectors of votes who shall count all votes cast at the meeting for or against any resolution and who shall make and file with the secretary of the meeting their verified written reports in duplicate of all votes cast at the meeting. A record, at least in duplicate, of the proceedings of each meeting of Holders of Securities shall be prepared by the secretary of the meeting and there shall be attached to said record the original reports of the inspectors of votes on any vote by ballot taken thereat and affidavits by one or more Persons having knowledge of the facts setting forth a copy of 66 the notice of the meeting and showing that said notice was given as provided in Section 9.2 and, if applicable, Section 9.4. Each copy shall be signed and verified by the affidavits of the permanent chairman and secretary of the meeting and one such copy shall be delivered to the Company and another to the Trustee to be preserved by the Trustee, the latter to have attached thereto the ballots voted at the meeting. Any record so signed and verified shall be conclusive evidence of the matters therein stated. ARTICLE X COVENANTS SECTION 10.1 Payment of Securities. ---------------------- The Company covenants and agrees that it will duly and punctually pay the principal of and premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities in accordance with the terms of the Securities and this Indenture. The Company will deposit or cause to be deposited with the Trustee or its nominee, no later than the opening of business on the date of the Stated Maturity of any Security or no later than the opening of business on the Liquidated Damages Payment Date for any installment of Liquidated Damages, all payments so due, which payments shall be in immediately available funds on the date of such Stated Maturity. SECTION 10.2 Maintenance of Offices or Agencies. ----------------------------------- The Company will maintain in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, an office or agency where the Securities may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange or for presentation for payment or for conversion, redemption or repurchase and where notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities and this Indenture may be served. The Company will give prompt written notice to the Trustee of the location, and any change in the location, of such office or agency not designated or appointed by the Trustee. If at any time the Company shall fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee with the address thereof, such presentations, surrenders, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office or the office or agency of the Trustee in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York. The Company may at any time and from time to time vary or terminate the appointment of any such agent or appoint any additional agents for any or all of such purposes; provided, however, that until all of the Securities have been delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, or moneys sufficient to pay the principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities have been made available for payment and either paid or returned to the Company pursuant to the provisions of Section 10.3, the Company will maintain in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, an office or agency where Securities may be presented or surrendered for payment and conversion, where Securities may be surrendered for registration of transfer or exchange and where notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities and this Indenture may be served. The Company will give prompt written notice to the Trustee, and notice to the Holders in 67 accordance with Section 1.6, of the appointment or termination of any such agents and of the location and any change in the location of any such office or agency. The Company hereby initially designates the Trustee as Paying Agent, Security Registrar and Conversion Agent, and each of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee and the office or agency of the Trustee in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, located at 100 Wall Street, Suite 1600, New York, New York 10005, attention: Corporate Trust Services (RealNetworks, Inc. Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010) as one such office or agency of the Company for each of the aforesaid purposes. SECTION 10.3 Money for Security Payments to Be Held in Trust. ------------------------------------------------ If the Company shall act as its own Paying Agent, it will, on or before each due date of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any of the Securities, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient to pay the principal, premium, if any, Liquidated Damages, if any, so becoming due until such sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of its action or failure so to act. Whenever the Company shall have one or more Paying Agents, it will, no later than the opening of business on each due date of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any on any Securities, deposit with the Trustee a sum in funds immediately payable on the payment date sufficient to pay the principal, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, so becoming due, such sum to be held for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, and (unless such Paying Agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of any failure so to act. The Company will cause each Paying Agent other than the Trustee to execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such Paying Agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section, that such Paying Agent will: (1) hold all sums held by it for the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on Securities for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto until such sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided; (2) give the Trustee notice of any default by the Company (or any other obligor upon the Securities) in the making of any payment of principal, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any; and (3) at any time during the continuance of any such default, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums so held by such Paying Agent. The Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose, pay, or by Company Order direct any Paying Agent to pay, 68 to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such Paying Agent, such sums to be held by the Trustee upon the same trusts as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such Paying Agent; and, upon such payment by any Paying Agent to the Trustee, such Paying Agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such money. Any money deposited with the Trustee or any Paying Agent, or then held by the Company, in trust for the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Security and remaining unclaimed for two years after such principal, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, has become due and payable shall be paid to the Company on Company Request, or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged from such trust; and the Holder of such Security shall thereafter, as an unsecured general creditor, look only to the Company for payment thereof, and all liability of the Trustee or such Paying Agent with respect to such trust money, and all liability of the Company as trustee thereof, shall thereupon cease. SECTION 10.4 Existence. ---------- Subject to Article VII, the Company will do or cause to be done all things necessary to preserve and keep in full force and effect its existence, rights (charter and statutory) and franchises; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to preserve any such right or franchise if the Company shall determine that the preservation thereof is no longer desirable in the conduct of the business of the Company and that the loss thereof is not disadvantageous in any material respect to the Holders. SECTION 10.5 Maintenance of Properties. -------------------------- The Company will cause all properties used or useful in the conduct of its business to be maintained and kept in good condition, repair and working order and supplied with all necessary equipment and will cause to be made all necessary repairs, renewals, replacements, betterments and improvements thereof, all as in the judgment of the Company may be necessary so that the business carried on in connection therewith may be properly and advantageously conducted at all times; provided, however, that nothing in this Section shall prevent the Company from discontinuing the operation or maintenance of any of such properties if such discontinuance is, in the judgment of the Company, desirable in the conduct of its business and not disadvantageous in any material respect to the Holders. SECTION 10.6 Payment of Taxes and Other Claims. ---------------------------------- The Company will pay or discharge, or cause to be paid or discharged, before the same may become delinquent, (i) all taxes, assessments and governmental charges levied or imposed upon the Company or upon the income, profits or property of the Company, (ii) all claims for labor, materials and supplies which, if unpaid, might by law become a lien or charge upon the property of the Company, and (iii) subject to Sections 12.8 and 14.3(2), all stamps and other duties, if any, which may be imposed by the United States or any political subdivision thereof or therein in connection with the issuance, transfer, exchange or conversion of any Securities or with respect to this 69 Indenture; provided, however, that, in the case of clauses (i) and (ii), the Company shall not be required to pay or discharge or cause to be paid or discharged any such tax, assessment, charge or claim (A) if the failure to do so will not, in the aggregate, have a material adverse impact on the Company, or (B) if the amount, applicability or validity is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings. SECTION 10.7 Registration and Listing. ------------------------- The Company will effect all registrations with, and obtain all approvals by, all governmental authorities that may be necessary under any United States Federal or state law (including the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and state securities and Blue Sky laws) before the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Securities are issued and delivered, and qualified or listed as contemplated under the Registration Rights Agreement. Nothing in this Section will limit the application of Section 10.11. SECTION 10.8 Statement by Officers as to Default. ------------------------------------ The Company shall deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year of the Company ending after the date hereof, an Officers' Certificate, stating whether or not to the best knowledge of the signers thereof the Company is in default in the performance and observance of any of the terms, provisions and conditions of this Indenture (without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided hereunder) and, if the Company shall be in default, specifying all such defaults and the nature and status thereof of which they may have knowledge. The Company will deliver to the Trustee, forthwith upon becoming aware of any default or any Event of Default under the Indenture, an Officers' Certificate specifying with particularity such default or Event of Default and further stating what action the Company has taken, is taking or proposes to take with respect thereto. For the purpose of this Section, the term "default" means any event that is, or after notice or lapse of time or both would become, an Event of Default. Any notice required to be given under this Section 10.8 shall be delivered to the Trustee at its Corporate Trust Office. SECTION 10.9 Delivery of Certain Information. -------------------------------- At any time when the Company is not subject to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, upon the request of a Holder of a Restricted Security or the holder of shares of Common Stock issued upon conversion thereof, the Company will promptly furnish or cause to be furnished Rule 144A Information (as defined below) to such Holder of Restricted Securities or such holder of shares of Common Stock issued upon conversion of Restricted Securities, or to a prospective purchaser of any such security designated by any such Holder or holder, as the case may be, to the extent required to permit compliance by such Holder or holder with Rule 144A under the Securities Act (or any successor provision thereto) in connection with the resale of any such security; provided, however, 70 that the Company shall not be required to furnish such information in connection with any request made on or after the date that is two years from the later of (i) the date such a security (or any such predecessor security) was last acquired from the Company or (ii) the date such a security (or any such predecessor security) was last acquired from an "affiliate" of the Company within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act (or any successor provision thereto). "Rule 144A Information" shall be such information as is specified pursuant to Rule 144A(d)(4) under the Securities Act (or any successor provision thereto). SECTION 10.10 Resale of Certain Securities. ----------------------------- During the period beginning on the last date of original issuance of the Securities and ending on the date that is two years from such date (or such shortened period under Rule 144(k) under the Securities Act or any successor rule), the Company will not, and will not permit any of its subsidiaries or other "affiliates" (as defined under Rule 144 under the Securities Act or any successor provision thereto) to, resell (i) any Securities that constitute "restricted securities" under Rule 144 or (ii) any securities into which the Securities have been converted under this Indenture that constitute "restricted securities" under Rule 144, that in either case have been reacquired by any of them. The Trustee shall have no responsibility in respect of the Company's performance of its agreement in the preceding sentence. SECTION 10.11 Registration Rights. -------------------- The Company agrees that the Holders from time to time of Registrable Securities (as defined below) are entitled to the benefits of the Registration Rights Agreement. For the purposes of the Registration Rights Agreement, "Registrable Securities" means all or any portion of the Securities issued from time to time under this Indenture in registered form and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion, repurchase or redemption of such Securities; provided, however, that a security ceases to be a Registrable Security when it is no longer a Restricted Security. If a Security, or the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of a Security, is a Registrable Security, and the Holder thereof elects to sell such Registrable Security pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement then, by its acceptance thereof, the Holder of such Registrable Security will have agreed to be bound by the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement relating to the Registrable Securities which are the subject of such election. For the purposes of the Registration Rights Agreement, the term "Holder" includes any Person that has a beneficial interest in any Restricted Global Security or any beneficial interest in a global security representing shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of a Security. If Liquidated Damages are payable under the Registration Rights Agreement, the Company shall deliver to the Trustee a certificate to that effect stating (i) the amount of Liquidated Damages that is payable and (ii) the date on which Liquidated Damages are payable. Unless and until a 71 Responsible Officer of the Trustee receives at the Corporate Trust Office such a certificate, the Trustee may assume without inquiry that no Liquidated Damages are payable. If Liquidated Damages have been paid by the Company directly to the persons entitled to them, the Company shall deliver to the Trustee a certificate setting forth the particulars of such payment. SECTION 10.12 Waiver of Certain Covenants. --------------------------- The Company may omit in any particular instance to comply with any covenant or condition set forth in Sections 10.4 (other than with respect to the existence of the Company (subject to Article VII)), 10.5 and 10.6, inclusive (other than a covenant or condition which under Article VIII cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the Holder of each Outstanding Security affected), if before the time for such compliance the Holders shall, through (i) the written consent of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities or (ii) the adoption of a resolution at a meeting of Holders of the Outstanding Securities at which a quorum is present by the Holders of not less than 66 2/3% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities represented at such meeting, either waive such compliance in such instance or generally waive compliance with such covenant or condition, but no such waiver shall extend to or affect such covenant or condition except to the extent so expressly waived, and, until such waiver shall become effective, the obligations of the Company and the duties of the Trustee or any Paying or Conversion Agent in respect of any such covenant or condition shall remain in full force and effect. ARTICLE XI REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES SECTION 11.1 Right of Redemption. ------------------- The Securities may be redeemed in accordance with the provisions of the form of Securities set forth in Section 2.2. SECTION 11.2 Applicability of Article. ------------------------ Redemption of Securities at the election of the Company or otherwise, as permitted or required by any provision of the Securities or this Indenture, shall be made in accordance with such provision and this Article XI. SECTION 11.3 Election to Redeem; Notice to Trustee. ------------------------------------- The election of the Company to redeem any Securities shall be evidenced by a Board Resolution. In case of any redemption at the election of the Company of any of the Securities, the Company shall, at least 45 days prior to the Redemption Date fixed by the Company (unless a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the Trustee), notify the Trustee in writing of such Redemption Date. 72 SECTION 11.4 Selection by Trustee of Securities to Be Redeemed. ------------------------------------------------- If less than all the Securities are to be redeemed, the particular Securities to be redeemed shall be selected by the Trustee within 5 Business Days after it receives the notice described in 11.3, from the Outstanding Securities not previously called for redemption, by lot or by such other method as the Trustee may deem fair and appropriate. If any Security selected for partial redemption is converted in part before termination of the conversion right with respect to the portion of the Security so selected, the converted portion of such Security shall be deemed (so far as may be) to be the portion selected for redemption. Securities that have been converted during a selection of Securities to be redeemed may be treated by the Trustee as Outstanding for the purpose of such selection. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Company and each Security Registrar in writing of the securities selected for redemption and, in the case of any Securities selected for partial redemption, the principal amount thereof to be redeemed. For all purposes of this Indenture, unless the context otherwise requires, all provisions relating to the redemption of Securities shall relate, in the case of any Securities redeemed or to be redeemed only in part, to the portion of the principal amount of such Securities which has been or is to be redeemed. SECTION 11.5 Notice of Redemption. -------------------- Notice of redemption shall be given in the manner provided in Section 1.6 to the Holders of Securities to be redeemed not less than 20 nor more than 60 days prior to the Redemption Date, and such notice shall be irrevocable. The Company shall, concurrently with the giving of such notice, publish a Press Release including the information required to be included in such notice of redemption hereunder. All notices of redemption shall state: (1) the Redemption Date, (2) the Redemption Price, and Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Redemption Date, (3) if less than all Outstanding Securities are to be redeemed, the aggregate principal amount of Securities to be redeemed and the aggregate principal amount of Securities which will be outstanding after such partial redemption, (4) that on the Redemption Date the Redemption Price, and Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Redemption Date, will become due and payable upon each such Security to be redeemed, and that Liquidated Damages, if any, thereon shall cease to accrue on and after said date, 73 (5) the Conversion Rate, the date on which the right to convert the Securities to be redeemed will terminate and the places where such Securities may be surrendered for conversion, and (6) the place or places where such Securities are to be surrendered for payment of the Redemption Price and Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Redemption Date. In case of a partial redemption, the notice shall specify the serial and CUSIP numbers (if any) and the portions thereof called for redemption and that transfers and exchanges may occur on or prior to the Redemption Date. Notice of redemption of Securities to be redeemed at the election of the Company shall be given by the Company or, at the Company's written request, by the Trustee in the name of and at the expense of the Company. Notice of redemption of Securities to be redeemed at the election of the Company received by the Trustee shall be given by the Trustee to each Paying Agent in the name of and at the expense of the Company. SECTION 11.6 Deposit of Redemption Price. --------------------------- On or prior to the Redemption Date, the Company shall deposit with the Trustee (or, if the Company is acting as its own Paying Agent, segregate and hold in trust as provided in Section 10.3) an amount of money (which shall be in immediately available funds on such Redemption Date) sufficient to pay the Redemption Price of, and except if the Redemption Date shall be a Liquidated Damages Payment Date) Liquidated Damages, if any, to the Redemption Date on, all the Securities which are to be redeemed on that date other than any Securities called for redemption on that date which have been converted prior to the date of such deposit. If any Security called for redemption is converted, any money deposited with the Trustee or so segregated and held in trust for the redemption of such Security shall be paid to the Company on Company Request or, if then held by the Company, shall be discharged from such trust. SECTION 11.7 Securities Payable on Redemption Date. ------------------------------------- Notice of redemption having been given as aforesaid, the Securities so to be redeemed shall, on the Redemption Date, become due and payable at the Redemption Price therein specified and from and after such date (unless the Company shall default in the payment of the Redemption Price) such Securities shall cease to accrue Liquidated Damages, if any. Upon surrender of any Security for redemption in accordance with said notice such Security shall be paid by the Company at the Redemption Price together with Liquidated Damages, if any, to the Redemption Date. If any Security called for redemption shall not be so paid upon surrender thereof for redemption, such Security shall remain convertible until the Redemption Price of such Security (or portion thereof, as the case may be) shall have been paid or duly provided for. 74 Any Security that is to be redeemed only in part shall be surrendered at the Corporate Trust Office or an office or agency of the Company designated for that purpose pursuant to Section 10.2 (with, if the Company or the Trustee so requires, due endorsement by, or a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the Company and the Trustee duly executed by, the Holder thereof or his attorney duly authorized in writing), and the Company shall execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and make available for delivery to the Holder of such Security without service charge, a new Security or Securities, of any authorized denomination as requested by such Holder, in aggregate principal amount equal to and in exchange for the unredeemed portion of the principal of the Security so surrendered. SECTION 11.8 Conversion Arrangement on Call for Redemption. --------------------------------------------- In connection with any redemption of Securities, the Company may arrange for the purchase and conversion of any Securities by an agreement with one or more investment bankers or other purchasers (the "Purchasers") to purchase such securities by paying to the Trustee in trust for the Holders, on or before the Redemption Date, an amount not less than the applicable Redemption Price of such Securities. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Article XI, the obligation of the Company to pay the Redemption Price shall be deemed to be satisfied and discharged to the extent such amount is so paid by such Purchasers. If such an agreement is entered into (a copy of which shall be filed with the Trustee prior to the close of business on the Business Day immediately prior to the Redemption Date), any Securities called for redemption that are not duly surrendered for conversion by the Holders thereof may, at the option of the Company, be deemed, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and consistent with any agreement or agreements with such Purchasers, to be acquired by such Purchasers from such Holders and (notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in Article XII) surrendered by such Purchasers for conversion, all as of immediately prior to the close of business on the Redemption Date (and the right to convert any such Securities shall be extended through such time), subject to payment of the above amount as aforesaid. At the direction of the Company, the Trustee shall hold and dispose of any such amount paid to it by the Purchasers to the Holders in the same manner as it would monies deposited with it by the Company for the redemption of Securities. Without the Trustee's prior written consent, no arrangement between the Company and such Purchasers for the purchase and conversion of any Securities shall increase or otherwise affect any of the powers, duties, responsibilities or obligations of the Trustee as set forth in this Indenture, and the Company agrees to indemnify the Trustee from, and hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense arising out of or in connection with any such arrangement for the purchase and conversion of any Securities between the Company and such Purchasers, including the costs and expenses, including reasonable legal fees, incurred by the Trustee in the defense of any claim or liability arising out of or in connection with the exercise or performance of any of its powers, duties, responsibilities or obligations under this Indenture. 75 ARTICLE XII CONVERSION OF SECURITIES SECTION 12.1 Conversion Privilege and Conversion Rate. ---------------------------------------- (a) Subject to and upon compliance with the provisions of this Article, at the option of the Holder thereof, any Security that is an integral multiple of $1,000 may be converted into fully paid and nonassessable shares (calculated as to each conversion to the nearest 1/100th of a share) of Common Stock of the Company at the Conversion Rate, determined as hereinafter provided, in effect at the time of conversion and subject to the adjustments described below, as follows: (1) if, on or prior to December 31, 2007, the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock for at least 20 Trading Days in the period of the 30 consecutive Trading Days ending on the first day of a Conversion Period was more than 110% of the then current Conversion Price on the Securities, then the Holder thereof will be entitled to convert such Security during that Conversion Period; (2) if, on any date after December 31, 2007 and prior to the Stated Maturity, the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock is more than 110% of the then current Conversion Price on the Securities, then the Holder thereof will be entitled to convert such Security at all times thereafter; (3) if the Company elects to call the Securities for redemption on or after July 1, 2008; (4) if the Company distributes to all or substantially all holders of Common Stock rights, options or warrants entitling them to purchase Common Stock at less than the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock on the last Trading Day preceding the declaration for such distribution; (5) if the Company distributes to all or substantially all holders of Common Stock cash, assets, debt securities or capital stock, which distribution has a per share value as determined by the Board of Directors exceeding 10% of the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock on the last Trading Day preceding the declaration for such distribution; or (6) if the Company becomes a party to a consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets where such consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets constitutes a Change in Control. A "Conversion Period" for the Securities is the period from and including the eleventh Trading Day in any fiscal quarter of the Company to, but excluding, the eleventh Trading Day of the immediately following fiscal quarter. 76 In the case of a distribution contemplated by clauses (4) and (5) of this Section 12.1(a), the Company will notify Holders at least 20 days prior to the ex-dividend date for such distribution (the "Distribution Notice"). Once the Company has given the Distribution Notice, Holders may surrender their Securities for conversion at any time until the earlier of the close of business on the last Business Day preceding the ex-dividend date or the Company's announcement that such distribution will not take place. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a distribution contemplated by clauses (4) and (5) of this Section 12.1(a), Holders may not convert the Securities if the Holders may participate in such distribution without converting their Securities. In the event of a consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets as contemplated by clause (6) of this Section 12.1(a), the Company will notify Holders at least 20 days prior to the anticipated closing date of such transaction (the "Merger Notice"). Once the Company has given the Merger Notice, the Holders may, in the event of such consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets, surrender Securities for conversion at any time from and after the date which is 15 days prior to the anticipated closing date of such transaction until the date which is 15 days after the actual closing date of such transaction. With respect to clause (1) of this Section 12.1(a), the Conversion Agent will determine, on behalf of the Company, on the first Business Day succeeding the first day of the Conversion Period whether the Securities are convertible as set forth in such clause (1) as a result of the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock and the then current Conversion Price and, if so, will notify the Company. With respect to clause (2) of this section 12.1(a), the Conversion Agent will determine, on behalf of the Company, daily on any date after December 31, 2007, whether the Securities are convertible as set forth in such clause (2) as a result of the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock and the then current Conversion Price and, if so, will notify the Company. (b) Subject to the further provisions of this Article 12, a Holder of a Security may also convert the principal amount of such Security (or any portion thereof equal to $1,000 or any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof) into Common Stock for the 5 Business Day period after any 5 consecutive Trading Day period in which the average Trading Prices for the Securities for such 5 Trading Day period was less than 95% of the average Conversion Value for the Securities during such period; provided, however, if on the Conversion Date, the Closing Price Per Share of Common Stock is greater than the then current Conversion Price of the Securities and less than or equal to 110% of the then current Conversion Price of the Securities, a Holder surrenders its Securities for conversion and the Securities are not otherwise convertible, then such Holder will receive, at the Company's option, cash, Common Stock or a combination of cash and Common Stock with a value equal to the principal amount of such Holder's Securities on such Conversion Date. If the Company elects to pay the Holder in Common Stock or in a combination of cash and Common Stock, the Common Stock will be valued at 100% of the average Closing Price Per Share of Common Stock for the 5 Trading Days ending on the third Trading Day preceding the Conversion Date. The "Conversion Value" for the Securities is equal to the product of (i) the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock on a given day and (ii) the then current Conversion Rate. 77 The "Trading Price" of the Securities on any Trading Day means the average of the secondary market bid quotations per Security obtained by the Conversion Agent for $5,000,000 principal amount of the Securities at approximately 3:30 p.m., New York City time, on such Trading Day from an independent nationally recognized securities dealers the Company selects; provided that if the Conversion Agent cannot reasonably obtain a bid for $5,000,000 principal amount of the Securities from a nationally recognized securities dealer or if in the Company's reasonable judgment, the bid quotations are not indicative of the secondary market value of the Securities, then the Trading Price of the Securities will be deemed to be equal to the product of the then current Conversion Rate and the Closing Price Per Share of Common Stock on such Trading Day. The Conversion Agent shall have no obligation to determine the Trading Price of the Securities unless the Company has requested such determination; and the Company shall have no obligation to make such request unless a Holder provides the Company with reasonable evidence that the Trading Price of the Securities is reasonably likely to be less than 95% of the Conversion Value; at which time, the Company shall instruct the Conversion Agent to determine the Trading Price of the Securities beginning on the next Trading Day and on each successive Trading Day until the Trading Price is greater than or equal to 95% of the Conversion Value. (c) The conversion right, subject to the conditions described in clauses (a) and (b) of this Section 12.1, shall commence on the initial issuance date of the Securities and expire at the close of business on the date of Maturity, subject, in the case of conversion of any Global Security, to any Applicable Procedures. In case a Holder of a Security exercises his right to require the Company to repurchase the Security, such conversion right in respect of the Security, or portion thereof so called, shall expire at the close of business on the Business Day immediately preceding the Repurchase Date unless the Company defaults in making the payment due upon repurchase (subject as aforesaid to any Applicable Procedures with respect to any Global Security). Provisions of this Indenture that apply to conversion of all of a Security also apply to conversion of a portion of a Security. A Holder of Securities is not entitled to any rights of a holder of Common Stock until such Holder has converted its Securities into Common Stock, and only to the extent such Securities are deemed to have been converted into Common Stock pursuant to this Article XII. The rate at which shares of Common Stock shall be delivered upon conversion (herein called the "Conversion Rate") shall be initially 107.565 shares of Common Stock for each U.S. $1,000 principal amount of Securities. The Conversion Rate shall be adjusted in certain instances as provided in this Article XII. SECTION 12.2 Exercise of Conversion Privilege. -------------------------------- In order to exercise the conversion privilege, the Holder of any Security to be converted shall surrender such Security, duly endorsed in blank, at any office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose pursuant to Section 10.2, accompanied by a duly signed conversion notice 78 substantially in the form set forth in Section 2.4 stating that the Holder elects to convert such Security or, if less than the entire principal amount thereof is to be converted, the portion thereof to be converted. Each Security surrendered for conversion (in whole or in part) during the Liquidated Damages Record Date Period shall (except in the case of any Security or portion thereof which has been called for redemption on a Redemption Date, or is repurchasable on a Repurchase Date or Purchase Date, occurring, in any such case, within such Liquidated Damages Record Date Period and, as a result, the right to convert such Security would otherwise terminate in such period if not exercised) be accompanied by payment in New York Clearing House funds or other funds acceptable to the Company of an amount equal to the Liquidated Damages, if any, payable on such Liquidated Damages Interest Payment Date on the principal amount of such Security (or part thereof, as the case may be) being surrendered for conversion. The Liquidated Damages so payable on such Liquidated Damages Payment Date with respect to any Security (or portion thereof, if applicable) that is surrendered for conversion during the Liquidated Damages Record Date Period shall be paid to the Holder of such Security as of such Liquidated Damages Record Date in an amount equal to the Liquidated Damages that would have been payable on such Security if such Security had been converted as of the close of business on such Liquidated Damages Payment Date. Liquidated Damages payable on any Liquidated Damages Payment Date in respect of any Security surrendered for conversion on or after such Liquidated Damages Payment Date shall be paid to the Holder of such Security as of the Liquidated Damages Record Date next preceding such Liquidated Damages Payment Date, notwithstanding the exercise of the right of conversion. Except as provided in this paragraph, no cash payment or adjustment shall be made upon any conversion on account of any amount accrued from the Liquidated Damages Payment Date next preceding the conversion date, in respect of any Security (or part thereof, as the case may be) surrendered for conversion, or on account of any dividends on the Common Stock issued upon conversion. The Company's delivery to the Holder of the number of shares of Common Stock (and cash in lieu of fractions thereof, as provided in this Indenture) into which a Security is convertible will be deemed to satisfy the Company's obligation to pay the principal amount of the Security. Securities shall be deemed to have been converted immediately prior to the close of business on the day of surrender of such Securities for conversion in accordance with the foregoing provisions, and at such time the rights of the Holders of such Securities as Holders shall cease, and the Person or Persons entitled to receive the Common Stock issuable upon conversion shall be treated for all purposes as the record holder or holders of such Common Stock at such time. As promptly as practicable on or after the Conversion Date, the Company shall issue and deliver to the Trustee, for delivery to the Holder (unless a different Person is indicated on the Conversion Notice), a certificate or certificates for the number of full shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion, together with payment in lieu of any fraction of a share, as provided in Section 12.3. All shares of Common Stock delivered upon such conversion of Restricted Securities shall bear restrictive legends substantially in the form of the legends required to be set forth on the Restricted Securities pursuant to Section 3.5 and shall be subject to the restrictions on transfer provided in such legends. Neither the Trustee nor any agent maintained for the purpose of such conversion shall have any responsibility for the inclusion or content of any such restrictive legends 79 on such Common Stock; provided, however, that the Trustee or any agent maintained for the purpose of such conversion shall have provided, to the Company or to the Company's transfer agent for such Common Stock, prior to or concurrently with a request to the Company to deliver such Common Stock, written notice that the Securities delivered for conversion are Restricted Securities. In the case of any Security which is converted in part only, upon such conversion the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver to the Holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security or Securities of authorized denominations in an aggregate principal amount equal to the unconverted portion of the principal amount of such Security. A Security may be converted in part, but only if the principal amount of such Security to be converted is any integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 and the principal amount of such security to remain Outstanding after such conversion is equal to U.S. $1,000 or any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof. If shares of Common Stock to be issued upon conversion of a Restricted Security, or Securities to be issued upon conversion of a Restricted Security in part only, are to be registered in a name other than that of the beneficial owner of such Restricted Security, then such Holder must deliver to the Conversion Agent a Surrender Certificate, dated the date of surrender of such Restricted Security and signed by such beneficial owner, as to compliance with the restrictions on transfer applicable to such Restricted Security. Neither the Trustee nor any Conversion Agent, Registrar or Transfer Agent shall be required to register in a name other than that of the beneficial owner, shares of Common Stock or Securities issued upon conversion of any such Restricted Security not so accompanied by a properly completed Surrender Certificate. SECTION 12.3 Fractions of Shares. ------------------- No fractional shares of Common Stock shall be issued upon conversion of any Security or Securities. If more than one Security shall be surrendered for conversion at one time by the same Holder, the number of full shares which shall be issuable upon conversion thereof shall be computed on the basis of the aggregate principal amount of the Securities (or specified portions thereof) so surrendered. Instead of any fractional share of Common Stock that would otherwise be issuable upon conversion of any Security or Securities (or specified portions thereof), the Company shall calculate and pay a cash adjustment in respect of such fraction (calculated to the nearest 1/100th of a share) in an amount equal to the same fraction of the Closing Price Per Share at the close of business on the day of conversion. SECTION 12.4 Adjustment of Conversion Rate. ----------------------------- The Conversion Rate shall be subject to adjustments from time to time as follows: (1) In case the Company shall pay or make a dividend or other distribution on shares of any class of capital stock payable in shares of Common Stock, the Conversion Rate in effect at the opening of business on the day following the date fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such dividend or other distribution shall be increased by dividing such Conversion 80 Rate by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at the close of business on the date fixed for such determination and the denominator shall be the sum of such number of shares and the total number of shares constituting such dividend or other distribution, such increase to become effective immediately after the opening of business on the day following the date fixed for such determination. If, after any such date fixed for determination, any dividend or distribution is not in fact paid, the Conversion Rate shall be immediately readjusted, effective as of the date the Board of Directors determines not to pay such dividend or distribution, to the Conversion Rate that would have been in effect if such determination date had not been fixed. For the purposes of this paragraph (1), the number of shares of Common Stock at any time outstanding shall not include shares held in the treasury of the Company but shall include shares issuable in respect of scrip certificates issued in lieu of fractions of shares of Common Stock. The Company will not pay any dividend or make any distribution on shares of Common Stock held in the treasury of the Company. (2) In case the Company shall issue rights, options or warrants to all holders of its Common Stock entitling them to subscribe for or purchase shares of Common Stock at a price per share less than the current market price per share (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section 12.4) of the Common Stock on the date fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such rights, options or warrants (other than any rights, options or warrants that by their terms will also be issued to any Holder upon conversion of a Security into shares of Common Stock without any action required by the Company or any other Person), the Conversion Rate in effect at the opening of business on the day following the date fixed for such determination shall be increased by dividing such Conversion Rate by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at the close of business on the date fixed for such determination plus the number of shares of Common Stock that the aggregate of the offering price of the total number of shares of Common Stock so offered for subscription or purchase would purchase at such current market price and the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at the close of business on the date fixed for such determination plus the number of shares of Common Stock so offered for subscription or purchase, such increase to become effective immediately after the opening of business on the day following the date fixed for such determination. If, after any such date fixed for determination, any such rights, options or warrants are not in fact issued, or are not exercised prior to the expiration thereof, the Conversion Rate shall be immediately readjusted, effective as of the date such rights, options or warrants expire, or the date the Board of Directors determines not to issue such rights, options or warrants, to the Conversion Rate that would have been in effect if the unexercised rights, options or warrants had never been granted or such determination date had not been fixed, as the case may be. For the purposes of this paragraph (2), the number of shares of Common Stock at any time outstanding shall not include shares held in the treasury of the Company but shall include shares issuable in respect of scrip certificates issued in lieu of fractions of shares of Common Stock. The Company will not issue any rights, options or warrants in respect of shares of Common Stock held in the treasury of the Company. (3) In case outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be subdivided into a greater number of shares of Common Stock, the Conversion Rate in effect at the opening of business on the 81 day following the day upon which such subdivision becomes effective shall be proportionately increased, and, conversely, in case outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be combined into a smaller number of shares of Common Stock, the Conversion Rate in effect at the opening of business on the day following the day upon which such subdivision or combination becomes effective shall be proportionately reduced, such increase or reduction, as the case may be, to become effective immediately after the opening of business on the day following the day upon which such subdivision or combination becomes effective. (4) In case the Company shall, by dividend or otherwise, distribute to all holders of its Common Stock evidences of its indebtedness, shares of any class of capital stock or other property (including cash or assets or securities, but excluding (i) any rights, options or warrants referred to in paragraph (2) of this Section, (ii) any dividend or distribution paid exclusively in cash, (iii) any dividend or distribution referred to in paragraph (1) of this Section and (iv) any consideration distributed in any merger or consolidation to which Section 12.11 applies), the Conversion Rate shall be adjusted so that the same shall equal the rate determined by dividing the Conversion Rate in effect immediately prior to the close of business on the date fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such distribution by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the current market price per share (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section 12.4) of the Common Stock on the date fixed for such determination less the then fair market value of the portion of the assets, shares or evidences of indebtedness so distributed applicable to one share of Common Stock and the denominator shall be such current market price per share of the Common Stock, such adjustment to become effective immediately prior to the opening of business on the day following the date fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such distribution. If after any such date fixed for determination, any such distribution is not in fact made, the Conversion Rate shall be immediately readjusted, effective as of the date of the Board of Directors determines not to make such distribution, to the Conversion Rate that would have been in effect if such determination date had not been fixed. In the event the Company distributes shares of capital stock of a Subsidiary, the Conversion Rate will be adjusted, if at all, based on the market value of the Subsidiary stock so distributed relative to the market value of the Common Stock, as described below. The Board of Directors shall determine fair market values for the purposes of this Section 12.4(4), whose determination shall be conclusive and described in a Board Resolution filed with the Trustee; provided, however, that in respect of a dividend or other distribution of shares of capital stock of a class or series, or similar equity interest, of or relating to a Subsidiary or other business unit of the Company which has a Subsidiary Closing Price (a "Spin-off"), the fair market value of the securities to be distributed shall equal the average of the daily Subsidiary Closing Price of such securities for the 5 consecutive Trading Days commencing on and including the sixth Trading Day of such securities after the effectiveness of the Spin-off; provided, further, that in the event that an underwritten initial public offering of the securities in the Spin-off occurs simultaneously with the Spin-off, fair market value of the securities distributed in the Spin-off shall be the initial public 82 offering price of such securities and the market price per share of the Common Stock shall mean the Closing Price Per Share for the Common Stock on the same Trading Day. (5) In case the Company shall, by dividend or otherwise, distribute to all holders of its Common Stock cash (excluding any cash that is distributed as part of a distribution referred to in paragraph (4) of this Section or cash distributed upon a merger or consolidation to which Section 12.11 applies) in an aggregate amount that, combined together with (I) the aggregate amount of any other all-cash distributions to all holders of its Common Stock made exclusively in cash within the 365-day period preceding the date of payment of such distribution and in respect of which no adjustment pursuant to this paragraph (5) has been made and (II) the aggregate of any cash plus the fair market value (as determined by the Board of Directors, whose determination shall be conclusive and described in a Board Resolution) of consideration payable in respect of any tender offer by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for all or any portion of the Common Stock concluded within the 365-day period preceding the date of payment of such distribution and in respect of which no adjustment pursuant to paragraph (6) of this Section 12.4 has been made (the "combined cash and tender amount") exceeds 10% of the product of the current market price per share (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section 12.4) of the Common Stock on the date for the determination of holders of shares of Common Stock entitled to receive such distribution times the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on such date (the "aggregate current market price"), then, and in each such case, immediately after the close of business on such date for determination, the Conversion Rate shall be adjusted so that the same shall equal the rate determined by dividing the Conversion Rate in effect immediately prior to the close of business on the date fixed for determination of the shareholders entitled to receive such distribution by a fraction (i) the numerator of which shall be equal to the current market price per share (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section) of the Common Stock on the date fixed for such determination less an amount equal to the quotient of (x) the excess of such combined cash and tender amount over 10% of such aggregate current market price divided by (y) the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on such date for determination and (ii) the denominator of which shall be equal to the current market price per share (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section 12.4) of the Common Stock on such date fixed for determination. (6) In case a tender offer made by the Company or any Subsidiary for all or any portion of the Common Stock shall expire and such tender offer (as amended upon the expiration thereof) shall require the payment to shareholders (based on the acceptance (up to any maximum specified in the terms of the tender offer) of Purchased Shares (as defined below)) of an aggregate consideration having a fair market value (as determined by the Board of Directors, whose determination shall be conclusive and described in a Board Resolution) that combined together with (I) the aggregate of the cash plus the fair market value (as determined by the Board of Directors, whose determination shall be conclusive and described in a Board Resolution), as of the expiration of such tender offer, of consideration payable in respect of any other tender offer by the Company or any Subsidiary for all or any portion of the Common Stock expiring within the 365-day period preceding the expiration of such tender offer and in respect of which no adjustment pursuant to this paragraph (6) has been made and (II) the aggregate amount of any cash distributions to all holders of the Common Stock within 83 365-day period preceding the expiration of such tender offer and in respect of which no adjustment pursuant to paragraph (5) of this Section has been made (the "combined tender and cash amount") exceeds 10% of the product of the current market price per share of the Common Stock (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section 12.4) as of the last time (the "Expiration Time") tenders could have been made pursuant to such tender offer (as it may be amended) times the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (including any tendered shares) as of the Expiration Time, then, and in each such case immediately prior to the opening of business on the day after the date of the Expiration Time, the Conversion Rate shall be adjusted so that the same shall equal the rate determined by dividing the Conversion Rate immediately prior to close of business on the date of the Expiration Time by a fraction (i) the numerator of which shall be equal to (A) the product of (I) the current market price per share of the Common Stock (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section 12.4) on the date of the Expiration Time multiplied by (II) the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (including any tendered shares) on the Expiration Time less (B) the combined tender and cash amount, and (ii) the denominator of which shall be equal to the product of (A) the current market price per share of the Common Stock (determined as provided in paragraph (8) of this Section 12.4) as of the Expiration Time multiplied by (B) the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (including any tendered shares) as of the Expiration Time less the number of all shares validly tendered and not withdrawn as of the Expiration Time (the shares deemed so accepted up to any such maximum, being referred to as the "Purchased Shares"). (7) The reclassification of Common Stock into securities other than Common Stock (other than any reclassification upon a consolidation or merger to which Section 12.11 applies) shall be deemed to involve (a) a distribution of such securities other than Common Stock to all holders of Common Stock (and the effective date of such reclassification shall be deemed to be "the date fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such distribution" and "the date fixed for such determination" within the meaning of paragraph (4) of this Section), and (b) a subdivision or combination, as the case may be, of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to such reclassification into the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately thereafter (and the effective date of such reclassification shall be deemed to be "the day upon which such subdivision becomes effective" or "the day upon which such combination becomes effective", as the case may be, and "the day upon which such subdivision or combination becomes effective" within the meaning of paragraph (3) of this Section 12.4). (8) For the purpose of any computation under paragraphs (2), (4), (5) or (6) of this Section 12.4, the current market price per share of Common Stock on any date shall be calculated by the Company and be the average of the daily Closing Prices Per Share for the 5 consecutive Trading Days selected by the Company commencing not more than 10 Trading Days before, and ending not later than the earlier of the day in question and the day before the "ex" date with respect to the issuance or distribution requiring such computation. For purposes of this paragraph, the term "'ex' date", when used with respect to any issuance or distribution, means the first date on which the Common Stock trades regular way in the applicable securities market or on the applicable securities exchange without the right to receive such issuance or distribution. 84 (9) No adjustment in the Conversion Rate shall be required unless such adjustment (plus any adjustments not previously made by reason of this paragraph (9)) would require an increase or decrease of at least one percent in such rate; provided, however, that any adjustments which by reason of this paragraph (9) are not required to be made shall be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustment. All calculations under this Article shall be made to the nearest cent or to the nearest one-hundredth of a share, as the case may be. (10) The Company may make such increases in the Conversion Rate, for the remaining term of the Securities or any shorter term, in addition to those required by paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of this Section 12.4, as it considers to be advisable in order to avoid or diminish any income tax to any holders of shares of Common Stock resulting from any dividend or distribution of stock or issuance of rights or warrants to purchase or subscribe for stock or from any event treated as such for income tax purposes. The Company shall have the power to resolve any ambiguity or correct any error in this paragraph (10) and its actions in so doing shall, absent manifest error, be final and conclusive. (11) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section, no adjustment of the Conversion Rate shall be required to be made (a) upon the issuance of shares of Common Stock pursuant to any present or future plan for the reinvestment of dividends or (b) because of a tender or exchange offer of the character described in Rule 13e-4(h)(5) under the Exchange Act or any successor rule thereto. (12) To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Company from time to time may increase the Conversion Rate by any amount for any period of time if the period is at least twenty (20) days, the increase is irrevocable during such period, and the Board of Directors shall have made a determination that such increase would be in the best interests of the Company, which determination shall be conclusive; provided, however, that no such increase shall be taken into account for purposes of determining whether the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock equals or exceeds 105% of the Conversion Price in connection with an event which would otherwise be a Change of Control pursuant to Section 14.4. Whenever the Conversion Rate is increased pursuant to the preceding sentence, the Company shall give notice of the increase to the Holders in the manner provided in Section 1.6 at least fifteen (15) days prior to the date the increased Conversion Rate takes effect, and such notice shall state the increased Conversion Rate and the period during which it will be in effect. (13) Pursuant to rights issued under the Company's Shareholder Rights Plan, dated as of December 4, 1998, if holders of the Securities exercising the right of conversion attaching after the date the rights separate from the underlying Common Stock are not entitled to receive the rights that would otherwise be attributable to the shares of Common Stock received upon conversion, the Conversion Rate will be adjusted as though the rights were being distributed to holders of Common Stock on the date of such separation. If such an adjustment is made and the rights are later redeemed, invalidated or terminated, then a corresponding reversing adjustment will be made to the Conversion Rate on an equitable basis. 85 SECTION 12.5 Notice of Adjustments of Conversion Rate. ---------------------------------------- Whenever the Conversion Rate is adjusted as herein provided: (1) the Company shall compute the adjusted Conversion Rate in accordance with Section 12.4 and shall prepare a certificate signed by the Chief Financial Officer of the Company setting forth the adjusted Conversion Rate and showing in reasonable detail the facts upon which such adjustment is based, and such certificate shall promptly be filed with the Trustee and with each Conversion Agent; and (2) upon each such adjustment, a notice stating that the Conversion Rate has been adjusted and setting forth the adjusted Conversion Rate shall be required, and as soon as practicable after it is required, such notice shall be provided by the Company to all Holders in accordance with Section 1.6. Neither the Trustee nor any Conversion Agent shall be under any duty or responsibility with respect to any such certificate or the information and calculations contained therein, except to exhibit the same to any Holder of Securities desiring inspection thereof at its office during normal business hours, and shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any adjustment in the Conversion Rate unless and until a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have received such a certificate. Until a Responsible Officer of the Trustee receives such a certificate, the Trustee and each Conversion Agent may assume without inquiry that the last Conversion Rate of which the Trustee has knowledge of remains in effect. SECTION 12.6 Notice of Certain Corporate Action. ---------------------------------- In case: (1) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution) on its Common Stock payable (i) otherwise than exclusively in cash or (ii) exclusively in cash in an amount that would require any adjustment pursuant to Section 12.4; or (2) the Company shall authorize the granting to all or substantially all of the holders of its Common Stock of rights, options or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any other rights; or (3) of any reclassification of the Common Stock, or of any consolidation, merger or share exchange to which the Company is a party and for which approval of any shareholders of the Company is required, or of the conveyance, sale, transfer or lease of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company; or (4) of the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Company; 86 then the Company shall cause to be filed at each office or agency maintained for the purpose of conversion of Securities pursuant to Section 10.2, and shall cause to be provided to all Holders in accordance with Section 1.6, at least 20 days (or 10 days in any case specified in clause (1) or (2) above) prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, rights, options or warrants, or, if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of Common Stock of record to be entitled to such dividend, distribution, rights, options or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer, sale, lease, dissolution, liquidation or winding up is expected to become effective, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of Common Stock of record shall be entitled to exchange their shares of Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer, sale, lease, dissolution, liquidation or winding up. Neither the failure to give such notice or the notice referred to in the following paragraph nor any defect therein shall affect the legality or validity of the proceedings described in clauses (1) through (4) of this Section 12.6. If at the time the Trustee shall not be the conversion agent, a copy of such notice shall also forthwith be filed by the Company with the Trustee. The Company shall cause to be filed at the Corporate Trust Office and each office or agency maintained for the purpose of conversion of Securities pursuant to Section 10.2, and shall cause to be provided to all Holders in accordance with Section 1.6, notice of any tender offer by the Company or any Subsidiary for all or any portion of the Common Stock at or about the time that such notice of tender offer is provided to the public generally. SECTION 12.7 Company to Reserve Common Stock. ------------------------------- The Company shall at all times reserve and keep available, free from preemptive rights, out of its authorized but unissued Common Stock, for the purpose of effecting the conversion of Securities, the full number of shares of Common Stock then issuable upon the conversion of all Outstanding Securities. SECTION 12.8 Taxes on Conversions. -------------------- Except as provided in the next sentence, the Company will pay any and all taxes and duties that may be payable in respect of the issue or delivery of shares of Common Stock on conversion of Securities pursuant hereto. The Company shall not, however, be required to pay any tax or duty that may be payable in respect of (i) income of the Holder, or (ii) any transfer involved in the issue and delivery of shares of Common Stock in a name other than that of the Holder of the Security or Securities to be converted, and no such issue or delivery shall be made unless and until the Person requesting such issue has paid to the Company the amount of any such tax or duty, or has established to the satisfaction of the Company that such tax or duty has been paid. 87 SECTION 12.9 Covenant as to Common Stock. ---------------------------- The Company agrees that all shares of Common Stock that may be delivered upon conversion of Securities, upon such delivery, will have been duly authorized and validly issued and will be fully paid and nonassessable and, except as provided in Section 12.8, the Company will pay all taxes, liens and charges with respect to the issue thereof. SECTION 12.10 Cancellation of Converted Securities. ------------------------------------- All Securities delivered for conversion shall be delivered to the Trustee or its agent to be canceled by or at the direction of the Trustee, which shall dispose of the same as provided in Section 3.9. SECTION 12.11 Provision in Case of Consolidation, Merger or Sale of ----------------------------------------------------- Assets. ------- In case of any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other Person, any merger of another Person with or into the Company (other than a consolidation or merger that does not result in any reclassification, conversion, exchange or cancellation of outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company) or any conveyance, sale, transfer or lease of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company (other than a conveyance, sale, transfer or lease of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company that does not result in any reclassification, conversion, exchange or cancellation of outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company or that is to one or more direct or indirect Subsidiaries of the Company), the Person formed by such consolidation or resulting from such merger or which acquires such assets, as the case may be, shall execute and deliver to the Trustee a supplemental indenture providing that the Holder of each Security then Outstanding shall have the right thereafter, during the period such Security shall be convertible as specified in Section 12.1, to convert such Security only into the kind and amount of securities, cash and other property receivable upon such consolidation, merger, conveyance, sale, transfer or lease by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock of the Company into which such Security might have been converted immediately prior to such consolidation, merger, conveyance, sale, transfer or lease, assuming such holder of Common Stock of the Company (i) is not (A) a Person with which the Company consolidated or merged with or into or which merged into or with the Company or to which such conveyance, sale, transfer or lease was made, as the case may be (a "Constituent Person"), or (B) an Affiliate of a Constituent Person and (ii) failed to exercise his rights of election, if any, as to the kind or amount of securities, cash and other property receivable upon such consolidation, merger, conveyance, sale, transfer or lease (provided that if the kind or amount of securities, cash and other property receivable upon such consolidation, merger, conveyance, sale, transfer, or lease is not the same for each share of Common Stock of the Company held immediately prior to such consolidation, merger, conveyance, sale, transfer or lease by others than a Constituent Person or an Affiliate thereof and in respect of which such rights of election shall not have been exercised ("Non-electing Share"), then for the purpose of this Section 12.11 the kind and amount of securities, cash and other property receivable upon such consolidation, merger, conveyance, sale, transfer or lease by the holders of each Non-electing Share shall be deemed to be the kind and 88 amount so receivable per share by a plurality of the Non-electing Shares). Such supplemental indenture shall provide for adjustments that, for events subsequent to the effective date of such supplemental indenture, shall be as nearly equivalent as may be practicable to the adjustments provided for in this Article. The above provisions of this Section 12.11 shall similarly apply to successive consolidations, mergers, conveyances, sales, transfers or leases. Notice of the execution of such a supplemental indenture shall be given by the Company to the Holder of each Security as provided in Section 1.6 promptly upon such execution. Neither the Trustee nor any Conversion Agent shall be under any responsibility to determine the correctness of any provisions contained in any such supplemental indenture relating either to the kind or amount of shares of stock or other securities or property or cash receivable by Holders of Securities upon the conversion of their Securities after any such consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer, sale or lease or to any such adjustment, but may accept as conclusive evidence of the correctness of any such provisions, and shall be protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel with respect thereto, which the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Trustee upon request. SECTION 12.12 Rights Issued in Respect of Common Stock. ---------------------------------------- Rights or warrants distributed by the Company to all holders of Common Stock entitling the holders thereof to subscribe for or purchase shares of the Company's capital stock (either initially or under certain circumstances), which rights or warrants, until the occurrence of a specified event or events ("Trigger Event"): (i) are deemed to be transferred with such shares of Common Stock, (ii) are not exercisable, and (iii) are also issued in respect of future issuances of Common Stock shall not be deemed distributed for purposes of Section 12.4(2) until the occurrence of the earliest Trigger Event. In addition, in the event of any distribution of rights or warrants, or any Trigger Event with respect thereto, that shall have resulted in an adjustment to the Conversion Rate under Section 12.4(2), (1) in the case of any such rights or warrants that shall all have been redeemed or repurchased without exercise by any holders thereof, the Conversion Rate shall be readjusted upon such final redemption or repurchase to give effect to such distribution or Trigger Event, as the case may be, as though it were a cash distribution, equal to the per share redemption or repurchase price received by a holder of Common Stock with respect to such rights or warrants (assuming such holder had retained such rights or warrants), made to all holders of Common Stock as of the date of such redemption or repurchase, and (2) in the case of any such rights or warrants all of which shall have expired without exercise by any holder thereof, the Conversion Price shall be readjusted as if such issuance had not occurred. 89 SECTION 12.13 Responsibility of Trustee for Conversion Provisions. --------------------------------------------------- The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.1, and any Conversion Agent shall not at any time be under any duty or responsibility to any Holder of Securities to determine whether any facts exist which may require any adjustment of the Conversion Rate, or with respect to the nature or extent of any such adjustment when made, or with respect to the method employed, herein or in any supplemental indenture provided to be employed, in making the same, or whether a supplemental indenture need be entered into. Neither the Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.1, nor any Conversion Agent shall be accountable with respect to the validity or value (or the kind or amount) of any Common Stock, or of any other securities or property or cash, which may at any time be issued or delivered upon the conversion of any Security; and it or they do not make any representation with respect thereto. Neither the Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.1, nor any Conversion Agent shall be responsible for any failure of the Company to make or calculate any cash payment or to issue, transfer or deliver any shares of Common Stock or share certificates or other securities or property or cash upon the surrender of any Security for the purpose of conversion; and the Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.1, and any Conversion Agent shall not be responsible for any failure of the Company to comply with any of the covenants of the Company contained in this Article. ARTICLE XIII SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES SECTION 13.1 Securities Subordinate to Senior Debt. ------------------------------------- The Company covenants and agrees, and each Holder of a Security, by its acceptance thereof, likewise covenants and agrees, that, to the extent and in the manner hereinafter set forth in this Article (subject to the provisions of Article IV), the indebtedness represented by the Securities and the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on, each and all of the Securities (including, but not limited to, the Redemption Price with respect to the Securities to be called for redemption in accordance with Article XI or the Repurchase Price or Purchase Price with respect to Securities submitted for repurchase in accordance with Article XIV), are hereby expressly made subordinate and subject in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all Senior Debt. SECTION 13.2 No Payment in Certain Circumstances, Payment over of ---------------------------------------------------- Proceeds upon Dissolution, Etc. ------------------------------- No payment shall be made with respect to the principal of, or premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities (including, but not limited to, the Redemption Price with respect to the Securities to be called for redemption in accordance with Article XI or the Repurchase Price or Purchase Price with respect to Securities submitted for repurchase in accordance with Article XIV), except payments and distributions made by the Trustee as permitted by Section 13.9, if: 90 (i) a default in the payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest (including a default under any repurchase or redemption obligation) or other amounts with respect to any Senior Debt occurs and is continuing (or, in the case of Senior Debt for which there is a period of grace, in the event of such a default that continues beyond the period of grace, if any, specified in the instrument or lease evidencing such Senior Debt) unless and until such default shall have been cured or waived or shall have ceased to exist; or (ii) any other event of default occurs and is continuing with respect to Designated Senior Debt that then permits holders of such Designated Senior Debt to accelerate its maturity and the Trustee has received a notice of the default (a "Payment Blockage Notice") from a Representative or holder of Designated Senior Debt or the Company. If the Trustee receives any Payment Blockage Notice pursuant to clause (ii) above, no subsequent Payment Blockage Notice shall be effective for purposes of this Section unless and until: (A) at least 365 days shall have elapsed since the initial effectiveness of the immediately prior Payment Blockage Notice; and (B) all scheduled payments of principal, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities that have come due have been paid in full in cash.. No nonpayment default that existed or was continuing on the date of delivery of any Payment Blockage Notice to the Trustee shall be, or be made, the basis for a subsequent Payment Blockage Notice. The Company may and shall resume payments on and distributions in respect of the Securities upon the earlier of: (1) in the case of a default referred to in clause (i) above, the date upon which the default is cured or waived or ceases to exist, or (2) in the case of a default referred to in clause (ii) above, the date upon which the default is cured or waived or ceases to exist or 179 days pass after notice is received if the maturity of such Designated Senior Debt has not been accelerated, unless this Article XIII otherwise prohibits the payment or distribution at the time of such payment or distribution. In the event of (a) any insolvency or bankruptcy case or proceeding, or any receivership, liquidation, reorganization or other similar case or proceeding in connection therewith, relative to the Company or to its creditors, as such, or to its assets, or (b) any liquidation, dissolution or other winding up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary and whether or not involving insolvency or bankruptcy, or (c) any assignment for the benefit of creditors or any other marshaling of assets and liabilities of the Company, then and in any such event the holders of Senior Debt shall be entitled to receive payment in full of all amounts due or to become due on or in respect of all Senior Debt in cash before the Holders of the Securities are entitled to receive any payment on account of principal of (or premium, if any) or Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities or on account of the purchase, redemption or other acquisition of Securities, and to that end the holders of Senior Debt shall be entitled to receive, for application to the payment thereof, any payment or distribution of any kind or character, whether in cash, property or securities, which may be payable 91 or deliverable in respect of the Securities in any such case, proceeding, dissolution, liquidation or other winding up or event. In the event that, notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section, the Trustee or the Holder of any Security shall have received any payment or distribution of assets of the Company of any kind or character, whether in cash, securities or other property, before all Senior Debt is paid in full, and if such fact shall, at or prior to the time of such payment or distribution, have been made known to the Trustee or, as the case may be, such Holder, then and in such event such payment or distribution shall be paid over or delivered forthwith to the trustee in bankruptcy, receiver, liquidating trustee, custodian, assignee, agent or other Person making payment or distribution of assets of the Company for application to the payment of all Senior Debt remaining unpaid, to the extent necessary to pay all Senior Debt in full, after giving effect to any concurrent payment or distribution to or for the holders of Senior Debt. For purposes of this Article only, the words "cash, securities or other property" shall not be deemed to include shares of capital stock of the Company as reorganized or readjusted, or securities of the Company or any other corporation provided for by a plan of reorganization or readjustment, which shares of stock or securities are subordinated in right of payment to all then outstanding Senior Debt to substantially the same extent as, or to a greater extent than, the Securities are so subordinated as provided in this Article. The consolidation of the Company with, or the merger of the Company into, another Person or the liquidation or dissolution of the Company following the conveyance or transfer of its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to another Person upon the terms and conditions set forth in Article VII shall not be deemed a dissolution, winding up, liquidation, reorganization, assignment for the benefit of creditors or marshaling of assets and liabilities of the Company for the purposes of this Section if the Person formed by such consolidation or into which the Company is merged or which acquires by conveyance or transfer such properties and assets substantially as an entirety, as the case may be, shall, as a part of such consolidation, merger, conveyance or transfer, comply with the conditions set forth in Article VII. In the event that, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall make any payment to the Trustee or the Holder of any Security prohibited by the foregoing provisions of this Section, and if such fact shall, at or prior to the time of such payment, have been made known to the Trustee or, as the case may be, such Holder, then and in such event such payment shall be paid over and delivered forthwith to the Company, in the case of the Trustee, or the Trustee, in the case of such Holder. SECTION 13.3 Prior Payment to Senior Debt upon Acceleration of Securities. ------------------------------------------------------------ In the event of the acceleration of the Securities because of an Event of Default, no payment or distribution shall be made to the Trustee or any holder of Securities in respect of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities (including, but not limited to, the Redemption Price with respect to the Securities called for redemption in accordance with Article XI or the Repurchase Price or Purchase Price with respect to the Securities submitted for repurchase in accordance with Article XIV), except payments and distributions made by the Trustee as permitted 92 by Section 13.9, until all Senior Debt has been paid in full in cash or other payment satisfactory to the holders of Senior Debt or such acceleration is rescinded in accordance with the terms of this Indenture. If payment of the Securities is accelerated because of an Event of Default, the Company shall promptly notify holders of Senior Debt of the acceleration. SECTION 13.4 Payment Permitted If No Default. ------------------------------- Nothing contained in this Article or elsewhere in this Indenture or in any of the Securities shall prevent (a) the Company, at any time except during the pendency of any case, proceeding, dissolution, liquidation or other winding up, assignment for the benefit of creditors or other marshaling of assets and liabilities of the Company referred to in Section 13.2, or during the circumstances referred to in the first paragraph of Section 13.2, or under the conditions described in Section 13.3, from making payments at any time of principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities, or (b) the application by the Trustee of any money deposited with it hereunder to the payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities or the retention of such payment by the Holders, if, at the time of such application by the Trustee, it did not have knowledge that such payment would have been prohibited by the provisions of this Article. SECTION 13.5 Subrogation to Rights of Holders of Senior Debt. ----------------------------------------------- Subject to the payment in full of all Senior Debt, the Holders of the Securities shall be subrogated to the extent of the payments or distributions made to the holders of such Senior Debt pursuant to the provisions of this Article to the rights of the holders of such Senior Debt to receive payments and distributions of cash, property and securities applicable to the Senior Debt until the principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities shall be paid in full. For purposes of such subrogation, no payments or distributions to the holders of the Senior Debt of any cash, property or securities to which the Holders of the Securities or the Trustee would be entitled except for the provisions of this Article, and no payments over pursuant to the provisions of this Article to the holders of Senior Debt by Holders of the Securities or the Trustee, shall, as among the Company, its creditors other than holders of Senior Debt and the Holders of the Securities, be deemed to be a payment or distribution by the Company to or on account of the Senior Debt. SECTION 13.6 Provisions Solely to Define Relative Rights. ------------------------------------------- The provisions of this Article are and are intended solely for the purpose of defining the relative rights of the Holders of the Securities on the one hand and the holders of Senior Debt on the other hand. Nothing contained in this Article or elsewhere in this Indenture or in the Securities is intended to or shall (i) impair, as among the Company, its creditors other than holders of Senior Debt and the Holders of the Securities, the obligation of the Company, which is absolute and unconditional, to pay to the Holders of the Securities the principal of, premium, if any, and Liquidated Damages, if any, on the Securities as and when the same shall become due and payable in accordance with their terms; or (ii) affect the relative rights against the Company of the Holders of the Securities and creditors of the Company other than the holders of Senior Debt; or (iii) prevent the 93 Trustee or the Holder of any Security from exercising all remedies otherwise permitted by applicable law upon default under this Indenture, subject to the rights, if any, under this Article of the holders of Senior Debt to receive cash, property and securities otherwise payable or deliverable to the Trustee or such Holder. SECTION 13.7 Trustee to Effectuate Subordination. ----------------------------------- Each Holder of a Security by its acceptance thereof authorizes and directs the Trustee on its behalf to take such action as may be necessary or appropriate to effectuate the subordination provided in this Article and appoints the Trustee its attorney-in-fact for any and all such purposes. SECTION 13.8 No Waiver of Subordination Provisions. ------------------------------------- No right of any present or future holder of any Senior Debt to enforce subordination as herein provided shall at any time in any way be prejudiced or impaired by any act or failure to act on the part of the Company, or by any non-compliance by the Company with the terms, provisions and covenants of this Indenture, regardless of any knowledge thereof any such holder may have or be otherwise charged with. Without in any way limiting the generality of the foregoing paragraph, the holders of Senior Debt may, at any time and from time to time, without the consent of or notice to the Trustee or the Holders of the Securities, without incurring responsibility to the Holders of the Securities and without impairing or releasing the subordination provided in this Article or the obligations hereunder of the Holders of the Securities to the holders of Senior Debt, do any one or more of the following: (i) change the manner, place or terms of payment or extend the time of payment of, or renew or alter, Senior Debt, or otherwise amend or supplement in any manner Senior Debt or any instrument evidencing the same or any agreement under which Senior Debt is outstanding; (ii) sell, exchange, release or otherwise deal with any property pledged, mortgaged or otherwise securing Senior Debt; (iii) release any Person liable in any manner for the collection of Senior Debt; and (iv) exercise or refrain from exercising any rights against the Company and any other Person. SECTION 13.9 Notice to Trustee. ----------------- The Company shall give prompt written notice to the Trustee of any fact known to the Company that would prohibit the making of any payment to or by the Trustee in respect of the Securities. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article or any other provision of this Indenture, the Trustee shall not be charged with knowledge of the existence of any facts which would prohibit the making of any payment to or by the Trustee in respect of the Securities, unless and until a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have received written notice thereof from the Company or a Representative or a holder of Senior Debt (including, without limitation, a holder of Designated Senior Debt) and, prior to the receipt of any such written notice, the Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.1, shall be entitled in all respects to assume that no such facts exist; provided, however, that if the Trustee shall not have received the notice provided for in this Section 13.9 at least two Business Days prior to the date upon which by the terms hereof any money may become 94 payable for any purpose (including, without limitation, the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Security), then, anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding, the Trustee shall have full power and authority to receive such money and to apply the same to the purpose for which such money was received and shall not be affected by any notice to the contrary which may be received by it within one Business Day prior to such date. Notwithstanding anything in this Article XIII to the contrary, nothing shall prevent any payment by the Trustee to the Holders of monies deposited with it pursuant to Section 4.1, and any such payment shall not be subject to the provisions of Section 13.2 or 13.3. Subject to the provisions of Section 6.1, the Trustee shall be entitled to rely on the delivery to it of a written notice by a Person representing himself to be a Representative or a holder of Senior Debt (including, without limitation, a holder of Designated Senior Debt) to establish that such notice has been given by a Representative or a holder of Senior Debt (including, without limitation, a holder of Designated Senior Debt). In the event that the Trustee determines in good faith that further evidence is required with respect to the right of any Person as a holder of Senior Debt to participate in any payment or distribution pursuant to this Article, the Trustee may request such Person to furnish evidence to the reasonable satisfaction of the Trustee as to the amount of Senior Debt held by such Person, the extent to which such Person is entitled to participate in such payment or distribution and any other facts pertinent to the rights of such Person under this Article, and if such evidence is not furnished, the Trustee may defer any payment to such Person pending judicial determination as to the right of such Person to receive such payment. SECTION 13.10 Reliance on Judicial Order or Certificate of Liquidating Agent. -------------------------------------------------------------- Upon any payment or distribution of assets of the Company referred to in this Article, the Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.1, and the Holders of the Securities shall be entitled to rely upon any order or decree entered by any court of competent jurisdiction in which such insolvency, bankruptcy, receivership, liquidation, reorganization, dissolution, winding up or similar case or proceeding is pending, or a certificate of the trustee in bankruptcy, receiver, liquidating trustee, custodian, assignee for the benefit of creditors, agent or other Person making such payment or distribution, delivered to the Trustee or to the Holders of Securities, for the purpose of ascertaining the Persons entitled to participate in such payment or distribution, the holders of the Senior Debt and other indebtedness of the Company, the amount thereof or payable thereon, the amount or amounts paid or distributed thereon and all other facts pertinent thereto or to this Article. SECTION 13.11 Trustee Not Fiduciary for Holders of Senior Debt. ------------------------------------------------ The Trustee shall not be deemed to owe any fiduciary duty to the holders of Senior Debt and shall not be liable to any such holders if it shall in good faith mistakenly pay over or distribute to Holders of Securities or to the Company or to any other Person cash, property or securities to which any holders of Senior Debt shall be entitled by virtue of this Article or otherwise. 95 SECTION 13.12 Reliance by Holders of Senior Debt on Subordination Provisions. -------------------------------------------------------------- Each Holder by accepting a Security acknowledges and agrees that the foregoing subordination provisions are, and are intended to be, an inducement and a consideration to each holder of any Senior Debt, whether such Senior Debt was created or acquired before or after the issuance of the Securities, to acquire and continue to hold, or to continue to hold, such Senior Debt and such holder of Senior Debt shall be deemed conclusively to have relied on such subordination provisions in acquiring and continuing to hold, or in continuing to hold, such Senior Debt, and no amendment or modification of the provisions contained herein shall diminish the rights of such holders of Senior Debt unless such holders shall have agreed in writing thereto. SECTION 13.13 Rights of Trustee as Holder of Senior Debt; Preservation of ----------------------------------------------------------- Trustee's Rights. ----------------- The Trustee in its individual capacity shall be entitled to all the rights set forth in this Article with respect to any Senior Debt which may at any time be held by it, to the same extent as any other holder of Senior Debt, and nothing in this Indenture shall deprive the Trustee of any of its rights as such holder. Nothing in this Article shall apply to claims of, or payments to, the Trustee under or pursuant to Section 6.7. SECTION 13.14 Article Applicable to Paying Agents. ------------------------------------ In case at any time any Paying Agent other than the Trustee shall have been appointed by the Company and be then acting hereunder, the term "Trustee" as used in this Article shall in such case (unless the context otherwise requires) be construed as extending to and including such Paying Agent within its meaning as fully for all intents and purposes as if such Paying Agent were named in this Article in addition to or in place of the Trustee; provided, however, that Section 13.13 shall not apply to the Company or any Affiliate of the Company if it or such Affiliate acts as Paying Agent. SECTION 13.15 Certain Conversions and Repurchases Deemed Payment. --------------------------------------------------- For the purposes of this Article only, (i) the issuance and delivery of junior securities upon conversion of Securities in accordance with Article XII or upon the repurchase of Securities in accordance with Article XIV shall not be deemed to constitute a payment or distribution on account of the principal of or premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on Securities or on account of the purchase or other acquisition of Securities, and (ii) the payment, issuance or delivery of cash (except in satisfaction of fractional shares pursuant to Section 12.3 or 14.3(7)), property or securities (other than junior securities) upon conversion of a Security shall be deemed to constitute payment on account of the principal of such Security. For the purposes of this Section, the term "junior securities" means (a) shares of any stock of any class of the Company and securities into which the Securities are convertible pursuant to Article XII and (b) securities of the Company which are subordinated in right of payment to all Senior Debt that may be outstanding at the time of issuance or delivery of such securities to substantially the same extent as, or to a greater extent than, the 96 Securities are so subordinated as provided in this Article. Nothing contained in this Article or elsewhere in this Indenture or in the Securities is intended to or shall impair, as among the Company, its creditors other than holders of Senior Debt and the Holders of the Securities, the right, which is absolute and unconditional, of the Holder of any Security to convert such Security in accordance with Article XII or to exchange such Security for Common Stock in accordance with Article XIV if the Company elects to satisfy the obligations under Article XIV by the delivery of Common Stock. ARTICLE XIV REPURCHASE OF SECURITIES AT THE OPTION OF THE HOLDER SECTION 14.1 Right to Require Repurchase upon a Change in Control. ---------------------------------------------------- In the event that a Change in Control (as hereinafter defined) shall occur, then each Holder shall have the right, at the Holder's option, but subject to the provisions of Section 14.2, to require the Company to repurchase, and upon the exercise of such right the Company shall repurchase, all of such Holder's Securities not theretofore called for redemption, or any portion of the principal amount thereof that is equal to U.S. $1,000 or any integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof (provided that no single Security may be repurchased in part unless the portion of the principal amount of such Security to be Outstanding after such repurchase is equal to U.S. $1,000 or integral multiples of U.S. $1,000 in excess thereof), on the date (the "Repurchase Date") that is 45 days after the date of the Company Notice (as defined in Section 14.3) at a purchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Securities to be repurchased plus accrued and unpaid Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Repurchase Date (the "Repurchase Price"); provided, however, that installments of Liquidated Damages, if any, on Securities whose Stated Maturity is on or prior to the Repurchase Date shall be payable to the Holders of such Securities, or one or more Predecessor Securities, registered as such on the relevant Liquidated Damages Record Date according to their terms. Such right to require the repurchase of the Securities shall not continue after a discharge of the Company from its obligations with respect to the Securities in accordance with Article IV, unless a Change in Control shall have occurred prior to such discharge. At the option of the Company, the Repurchase Price may be paid in cash or, subject to the fulfillment by the Company of the conditions set forth Section 14.2, by delivery of shares of Common Stock having a fair market value equal to the Repurchase Price. Whenever in this Indenture (including Sections 2.2, 3.1, 5.1(1) and 5.8) there is a reference, in any context, to the principal of any Security as of any time, such reference shall be deemed to include reference to the Repurchase Price payable in respect of such Security to the extent that such Repurchase Price is, was or would be so payable at such time, and express mention of the Repurchase Price in any provision of this Indenture shall not be construed as excluding the Repurchase Price in those provisions of this Indenture when such express mention is not made; provided, however, that for the purposes of Article XIII such reference shall be deemed to include reference to the Repurchase Price only to the extent the Repurchase Price is payable in cash. 97 SECTION 14.2 Conditions to the Company's Election to Pay the Repurchase Price ---------------------------------------------------------------- in Common Stock. ---------------- The Company may elect to pay the Repurchase Price by delivery of shares of Common Stock pursuant to Section 14.1 if and only if the following conditions shall have been satisfied: (1) The shares of Common Stock deliverable in payment of the Repurchase Price shall have a fair market value as of the Repurchase Date of not less than the Repurchase Price. For purposes of Section 14.1 and this Section 14.2, the fair market value of shares of Common Stock shall be determined by the Company and shall be equal to 95% of the average of the Closing Prices Per Share of the Common Stock for the 5 consecutive Trading Days immediately preceding and including the third Trading Day prior to the Repurchase Date; (2) The Repurchase Price shall be paid only in cash in the event any shares of Common Stock to be issued upon repurchase of Securities hereunder (i) require registration under any federal securities law before such shares may be freely transferable without being subject to any transfer restrictions under the Securities Act upon repurchase and if such registration is not completed or does not become effective prior to the Repurchase Date, and/or (ii) require registration with or approval of any governmental authority under any state law or any other federal law before such shares may be validly issued or delivered upon repurchase and if such registration is not completed or does not become effective or such approval is not obtained prior to the Repurchase Date; (3) Payment of the Repurchase Price may not be made in Common Stock unless such stock is, or shall have been, approved for quotation on the Nasdaq National Market or listed on a national securities exchange, in either case, prior to the Repurchase Date; and (4) All shares of Common Stock that may be issued upon repurchase of Securities will be issued out of the Company's authorized but unissued Common Stock and, will upon issue, be duly and validly issued and fully paid and non-assessable and free of any preemptive or similar rights. If all of the conditions set forth in this Section 14.2 are not satisfied in accordance with the terms thereof, the Repurchase Price shall be paid by the Company only in cash. SECTION 14.3 Notices; Method of Exercising Repurchase Right, Etc. ---------------------------------------------------- (1) Unless the Company shall have theretofore called for redemption all of the Outstanding Securities, on or before the 30th day after the occurrence of a Change in Control, the Company or, at the request and expense of the Company on or before the 15th day after such occurrence, the Trustee, shall give to all Holders of Securities, in the manner provided in Section 1.6, notice (the "Company Notice") of the occurrence of the Change of Control and of the repurchase right set forth herein arising as a result thereof and the Company shall issue a Press Release including the information required to be included in such Company Notice hereunder. The Company shall also deliver a copy of such Company Notice to the Trustee. 98 Each Company Notice shall state: (i) the Repurchase Date, (ii) the date by which the repurchase right must be exercised, (iii) the Repurchase Price, and whether the Repurchase Price shall be paid by the Company in cash or by delivery of shares of Common Stock, (iv) a description of the procedure that a Holder must follow to exercise a repurchase right, and the place or places where such Securities are to be surrendered for payment of the Repurchase Price, (v) that on the Repurchase Date the Repurchase Price will become due and payable upon each such Security designated by the Holder to be repurchased, and that Liquidated Damages will cease to accrue on and after such date, (vi) the Conversion Rate then in effect, the date on which the right to convert the principal amount of the Securities to be repurchased will terminate and the place or places where such Securities may be surrendered for conversion, and (vii) the place or places that the Security certificate with the Election of Holder to Require Repurchase as specified in Section 2.2 shall be delivered. No failure of the Company to give the foregoing notices or defect therein shall limit any Holder's right to exercise a repurchase right or affect the validity of the proceedings for the repurchase of Securities. If any of the foregoing provisions or other provisions of this Article XIV are inconsistent with applicable law, such law shall govern. (2) To exercise a repurchase right, a Holder shall deliver to the Trustee on or before the 30th day after the date of the Company Notice (i) irrevocable written notice of the Holder's exercise of such right, which notice shall set forth the name of the Holder, the principal amount of the Securities to be repurchased (and, if any Security is to repurchased in part, the serial number thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof to be repurchased and the name of the Person in which the portion thereof to remain Outstanding after such repurchase is to be registered) and a statement that an election to exercise the repurchase right is being made thereby, and, in the event that the Repurchase Price shall be paid in shares of Common Stock, the name or names (with addresses) in which the certificate or certificates for shares of Common Stock shall be issued, and (ii) the Securities with respect to which the repurchase right is being exercised. Such written notice shall be irrevocable, except that the right of the Holder to convert the Securities with respect to which the repurchase right is being exercised shall continue until the close of business on the Business Day immediately preceding the Repurchase Date. 99 (3) In the event a repurchase right shall be exercised in accordance with the terms hereof, the Company shall pay or cause to be paid to the Trustee the Repurchase Price in cash or shares of Common Stock, as provided above, for payment to the Holder on the Repurchase Date or, if shares of Common Stock are to be paid, on the date that is 45 days after the date of the Company's notice. (4) If any Security (or portion thereof) surrendered for repurchase shall not be so paid on the Repurchase Date, each such Security shall remain convertible into Common Stock until the principal of such Security (or portion thereof, as the case may be) shall have been paid or duly provided for. (5) Any Security that is to be repurchased only in part shall be surrendered to the Trustee (with, if the Company or the Trustee so requires, due endorsement by, or a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the Company and the Trustee duly executed by, the Holder thereof or his attorney duly authorized in writing), and the Company shall execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and make available for delivery to the Holder of such Security without service charge, a new Security or Securities, containing identical terms and conditions, each in an authorized denomination in aggregate principal amount equal to and in exchange for the unrepurchased portion of the principal of the Security so surrendered. (6) Any issuance of shares of Common Stock in respect of the Repurchase Price shall be deemed to have been effected immediately prior to the close of business on the Repurchase Date and the Person or Persons in whose name or names any certificate or certificates for shares of Common Stock shall be issuable upon such repurchase shall be deemed to have become on the Repurchase Date the holder or holders of record of the shares represented thereby; provided, however, that any surrender for repurchase on a date when the stock transfer books of the Company shall be closed shall constitute the Person or Persons in whose name or names the certificate or certificates for such shares are to be issued as the record holder or holders thereof for all purposes at the opening of business on the next succeeding day on which such stock transfer books are open. No payment or adjustment shall be made for dividends or distributions on any Common Stock issued upon repurchase of any Security declared prior to the Repurchase Date. (7) No fractions of shares shall be issued upon repurchase of Securities. If more than one Security shall be repurchased from the same Holder and the Repurchase Price shall be payable in shares of Common Stock, the number of full shares that shall be issuable upon such repurchase shall be computed on the basis of the aggregate principal amount of the Securities so repurchased. Instead of any fractional share of Common Stock that would otherwise be issuable on the repurchase of any Security or Securities, the Company will deliver to the applicable Holder its check for the current market value of such fractional share. The current market value of a fraction of a share is determined by multiplying the current market price of a full share by the fraction, and rounding the result to the nearest cent. For purposes of this Section, the current market price of a share of Common Stock is the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately preceding the Repurchase Date. 100 (8) Any issuance and delivery of certificates for shares of Common Stock on repurchase of Securities shall be made without charge to the Holder of Securities being repurchased for such certificates or for any tax or duty in respect of the issuance or delivery of such certificates or the securities represented thereby; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to pay any tax or duty that may be payable in respect of (i) income of the Holder or (ii) any transfer involved in the issuance or delivery of certificates for shares of Common Stock in a name other than that of the Holder of the Securities being repurchased, and no such issuance or delivery shall be made unless and until the Person requesting such issuance or delivery has paid to the Company the amount of any such tax or duty or has established, to the satisfaction of the Company, that such tax or duty has been paid. (9) If shares of Common Stock to be delivered upon repurchase of a Security are to be registered in a name other than that of the beneficial owner of such Security, then such Holder must deliver to the Trustee a Surrender Certificate, dated the date of surrender of such Restricted Security and signed by such beneficial owner, as to compliance with the restrictions on transfer applicable to such Restricted Security. Neither the Trustee nor any Registrar or Transfer Agent or other agents shall be required to register in a name other than that of the beneficial owner shares of Common Stock issued upon repurchase of any such Restricted Security not so accompanied by a properly completed Surrender Certificate. (10) All Securities delivered for repurchase shall be delivered to the Trustee to be canceled at the direction of the Trustee, which shall dispose of the same as provided in Section 3.9. SECTION 14.4 Certain Definitions. ------------------- For purposes of the foregoing sections of this Article XIV, (1) the term "beneficial owner" shall be determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3, as in effect on the date of the original execution of this Indenture, promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act; (2) a "Change in Control" shall be deemed to have occurred at the time, after the original issuance of the Securities, of: (i) the acquisition by any Person of beneficial ownership, directly or indirectly, through a purchase, merger or other acquisition transaction or series of transactions, of shares of capital stock of the Company entitling such person to exercise 50% or more of the total voting power of all shares of capital stock of the Company entitled to vote generally in the elections of directors, other than any such acquisition by the Company, any subsidiary of the Company or any employee benefit plan of the Company; or (ii) any consolidation of the Company with, or merger of the Company into, any other Person, any merger of another Person into the Company, or any conveyance, sale, transfer or lease of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company to another Person (other than (a) any 101 such transaction pursuant to which the holders of 50% or more of the total voting power of all shares of the Company's capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors immediately prior to such transaction have the entitlement to exercise, directly or indirectly, 50% or more of the total voting power of all shares of capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors of the continuing or surviving corporation immediately after such transaction or (b) any transaction which is effected solely to change the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Company and results in a reclassification, conversion or exchange of outstanding shares of Common Stock into solely shares of common stock); provided, however, that a Change in Control shall not be deemed to have occurred if (I) the Closing Price Per Share of the Common Stock for any 5 Trading Days within the period of 10 consecutive Trading Days ending immediately after the later of the Change in Control or the public announcement of the Change in Control (in the case of a Change in Control under clause (i) above) or the period of 10 consecutive Trading Days ending immediately before the Change in Control (in the case of a Change in Control under clause (ii) above) shall, in the case of each of such 5 Trading Days, equal or exceed 105% of the Conversion Price of the Securities in effect on each of such 5 Trading Days or (II) all of the consideration (excluding cash payments for fractional shares and cash payments made pursuant to dissenters' appraisal rights) in a merger or consolidation otherwise constituting a Change in Control under clause (i) and/or clause (ii) above consists of shares of common stock, depository receipts or other certificates representing common equity interests traded on a national securities exchange or quoted on the Nasdaq National Market (or will be so traded or quoted immediately following such merger or consolidation) and as a result of such merger or consolidation the notes become convertible into such common stock, depository receipts or other certificates representing common equity interests. (3) the term "Conversion Price" shall equal U.S. $1,000 divided by the Conversion Rate (rounded to the nearest cent); and (4) for purposes of Section 14.4(2)(i), the term "Person" shall include any syndicate or group which would be deemed to be a "person" under Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act, as in effect on the date of the original execution of this Indenture. SECTION 14.5 Consolidation, Merger, etc. -------------------------- In the case of any merger, consolidation, conveyance, sale, transfer or lease of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company to which Section 12.11 applies, in which the Common Stock of the Company is changed or exchanged as a result into the right to receive shares of stock and other securities or property or assets (including cash) which includes shares of Common Stock of the Company or common stock of another Person that are, or upon issuance will be, traded on a United States national securities exchange or approved for trading on an established automated over-the-counter trading market in the United States and such shares constitute at the time such change or exchange becomes effective in excess of 50% of the aggregate fair market value of such shares of stock and other securities, property and assets (including cash) (as determined by the Company, 102 which determination shall be conclusive and binding), then the Person formed by such consolidation or resulting from such merger or combination or which acquires the properties or assets (including cash) of the Company, as the case may be, shall execute and deliver to the Trustee a supplemental indenture (which shall comply with the Trust Indenture Act as in force at the date of execution of such supplemental indenture) modifying the provisions of this Indenture relating to the right of Holders to cause the Company to repurchase the Securities following a Change in Control, including without limitation the applicable provisions of this Article XIV and the definitions of the Common Stock and Change in Control, as appropriate, and such other related definitions set forth herein as determined in good faith by the Company (which determination shall be conclusive and binding), to make such provisions apply in the event of a subsequent Change in Control to the common stock and the issuer thereof if different from the Company and Common Stock of the Company (in lieu of the Company and the Common Stock of the Company). SECTION 14.6 Repurchase at the Option of the Holder on the Purchase Date ----------------------------------------------------------- (a) General. At the option of the Holder, the Securities shall be purchased by the Company as of July 1, 2008 (the "Purchase Date"), in whole or in part, at 100% of the principal amount in cash, on the Purchase Date, of such Securities to be purchased, together with accrued and unpaid Liquidated Damages, if any, to, but excluding, the Purchase Date (the "Purchase Price") upon delivery to the Paying Agent by the Holder, of a written notice of purchase (a "Purchase Notice") at any time from the opening of business on the date that is 20 Business Days prior to the Purchase Date until the close of business on the Purchase Date. The Purchase Notice shall include the following information: (1) if certificated Securities have been issued, the certificate number of the Securities that the Holder will deliver to be purchased, or if no certificated Securities have been issued, such information as may be required under the applicable procedures of the Depositary and the Indenture; (2) the portion of the principal amount of the Securities that the Holder will deliver to be purchased, which portion must be $1,000 or an integral multiple thereof; (3) that such Securities shall be purchased by the Company as of the Purchase Date pursuant to the terms and conditions specified in this Indenture, and (4) that delivery of such Security to the Paying Agent prior to, on or after the Purchase Date (together with all necessary endorsements) (at the offices of the Paying Agent in the case of certificated Securities or otherwise by book-entry transfer) is a condition to receipt by the Holder of the Purchase Price therefor; provided, however, that such Purchase Price shall be so paid pursuant to this Section 14.6 only if the Security so delivered to the Paying Agent shall conform in all respects to the description thereof in the related Purchase Notice. The Paying Agent shall promptly notify the Company of the receipt by it of a Purchase Notice. 103 Any purchase by the Company contemplated pursuant to the provisions of this Section 14.6 shall be consummated by the delivery of the consideration from the Company to the Paying Agent, to be received by the Holder promptly following the later of the Purchase Date and the time of delivery of the Security. If the Paying Agent holds money or securities sufficient to pay the Purchase Price of the Securities on the Business Day following the Purchase Date in accordance with the terms of this Indenture, then, immediately after the Purchase Date, the Securities will cease to be Outstanding whether or not the Securities have been delivered to the Paying Agent. Thereafter, all other rights of the Holders shall terminate, other than the right to receive the Purchase Price upon delivery of the Securities. Provisions of this Indenture that apply to the purchase of all of a Security also apply to the purchase of a portion of a Security. (b) Notice of Optional Repurchase. The Company is required to give notice (the "Notice of Optional Repurchase") to the Holders on a date that is no less that 20 Business Days prior to the Purchase Date. The Notice of Optional Repurchase shall be delivered to all Holders at their respective addresses shown in the Register and to beneficial owners as required by law, and shall include the following information: (1) the name and address of the Paying Agent; (2) that the Purchase Notice must be delivered by each Holder electing to have the Company repurchase such Holder's Securities (or a portion thereof) as of the Purchase Date, to the Paying Agent the Notice of Optional Repurchase shall include a form of Purchase Notice; (3) that the Securities must be surrendered (by physical delivery at the office of the Paying Agent in the case of certificated Securities, or otherwise by book-entry transfer) to the Paying Agent to collect payment; (4) that the Purchase Price for any security as to which a Purchase Notice has been given and not withdrawn will be paid promptly following the later of the Purchase Date and the time of surrender of such Security; (5) a brief summary of the conversion rights of the Securities; (6) the procedures for withdrawing a Purchase Notice and a sample form of Notice of Withdrawal; and (7) the CUSIP number or numbers of the Securities being purchased. 104 At the Company's request, the Trustee shall give the Notice of Optional Repurchase in the Company's name and at the Company's expense; provided, however, that, in all cases, the text of such Notice of Optional Repurchase shall be prepared by the Company. (c) Notice of Withdrawal. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, any Holder delivering to the Paying Agent the Purchase Notice contemplated by this Section 14.6 shall have the right to withdraw such Purchase Notice at any time prior to the close of business on the Purchase Date by delivery of a written notice of withdrawal (a "Notice of Withdrawal") to the Paying Agent. The Notice of Withdrawal shall indicate the following: (1) the principal amount being withdrawn; (2) if certificated Securities have been issued, the certificate numbers of the Securities being withdrawn or if certificated Securities have not been issued, such information as may be required under the applicable procedures of the Depositary; and (3) the principal amount, if any, that remains subject to the Purchase Notice. The Paying Agent shall promptly notify the Company of the receipt by it of any written notice of withdrawal. ARTICLE XV HOLDERS LISTS AND REPORTS BY TRUSTEE AND COMPANY; NON-RECOURSE SECTION 15.1 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Holders. --------------------------------------------------------- The Company will furnish or cause to be furnished to the Trustee: (1) if Liquidated Damages have accrued and remain unpaid, not more than fifteen days after the Liquidated Damages Record Date, if any, a list, in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the Holders of Securities as of such date as the Trustee may reasonably request, and (2) at such other times as the Trustee may reasonably request in writing, within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that no such list need be furnished so long as the Trustee is acting as Security Registrar. SECTION 15.2 Preservation of Information. ---------------------------- (1) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, the names and addresses of Holders contained in the most recent list furnished to the Trustee as provided 105 in Section 15.1 and the names and addresses of Holders received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar. The Trustee may destroy any list, if any, furnished to it as provided in Section 15.1 upon receipt of a new list so furnished. (2) After this Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act, the rights of Holders to communicate with other Holders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities, and the corresponding rights, and duties of the Trustee, shall be as provided by the Trust Indenture Act. (3) Every Holder of Securities, by receiving and holding the same, agrees with the Company and the Trustee that neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any agent of either of them shall be held accountable by reason of any disclosure of information as to names and addresses of Holders made pursuant to the Trust Indenture Act. SECTION 15.3 Reports by Trustee. ------------------ (1) After this Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee shall transmit to Holders such reports concerning the Trustee and its actions under this Indenture as may be required pursuant to the Trust Indenture Act at the times and in the manner provided pursuant thereto. (2) After this Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act, a copy of each such report shall, at the time of such transmission to Holders, be filed by the Trustee with each stock exchange upon which the Securities are listed, with the Commission and with the Company. The Company will notify the Trustee when the Securities are listed on any stock exchange. SECTION 15.4 Reports by Company. ------------------ After this Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act, the Company shall file with the Trustee and the Commission, and transmit to Holders, such information, documents and other reports, and such summaries thereof, as may be required pursuant to the Trust Indenture Act at the times and in the manner provided pursuant to such Act; provided that any such information, documents or reports required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 shall be filed with the Trustee within 15 days after the same is so required to be filed with the Commission. ARTICLE XVI IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, SHAREHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS SECTION 16.1 Indenture and Securities Solely Corporate Obligations. ----------------------------------------------------- No recourse for the payment of the principal of or premium, if any, or Liquidated Damages, if any, on any Security and no recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of the Company in this Indenture or in any supplemental indenture or in any Security, or because of the 106 creation of any indebtedness represented thereby, shall be had against any incorporator, shareholder, employee, agent, officer, or director or subsidiary, as such, past, present or future, of the Company or of any successor corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood that all such liability is hereby waived and released as a condition of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issue of the Securities. This instrument may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which so executed shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument. 107 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written. REALNETWORKS, INC. By: /s/ Robert Kimball ------------------------------------------- Name: Robert Kimball ------------------------------------------- Title: Vice President and General Counsel ------------------------------------------- U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, as Trustee By: /s/ Paula Oswald ------------------------------------------- Name: Paula Oswald ------------------------------------------- Title: Vice President ------------------------------------------- ANNEX A -- Form of Unrestricted Securities Certificate UNRESTRICTED SECURITIES CERTIFICATE (For removal of Restricted Securities Legend pursuant to Section 3.5(3)) U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION 550 S. Hope Street, Suite 500 Los Angeles, California 90071 Attention: Corporate Trust Services RE: ZERO COUPON CONVERTIBLE SUBORDINATED NOTES DUE JULY 1, 2010, OF REALNETWORKS, INC. (THE "SECURITIES") Reference is made to the Indenture, dated as of June 17, 2003 (the "Indenture"), from REALNETWORKS, INC. (the "Company") to U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, as Trustee. Terms used herein and defined in the Indenture or in Rule 144 under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act") are used herein as so defined. This certificate relates to U.S.$_______________ principal amount of Securities, which are evidenced by the following certificate(s) (the "Specified Securities"): CUSIP No. ----------------------------------- CERTIFICATE No(s). -------------------------- The person in whose name this certificate is executed below (the "Undersigned") hereby certifies that either (i) it is the sole beneficial owner of the Specified Securities or (ii) it is acting on behalf of all the beneficial owners of the Specified Securities and is duly authorized by them to do so. Such beneficial owner or owners are referred to herein collectively as the "Owner". If the Specified Securities are represented by a Global Security, they are held through the Depositary or an Agent Member in the name of the Undersigned, as or on behalf of the Owner. If the Specified Securities are not represented by a Global Security, they are registered in the name of the Undersigned, as or on behalf of the Owner. The Owner has requested that the Specified Securities be exchanged for Securities bearing no Restricted Securities Legend pursuant to Section 3.5(3) of the Indenture. In connection with such exchange, the Owner hereby certifies that the exchange is occurring after a period of at least two years has elapsed since the date the Specified Securities were acquired from the Company or from an "affiliate" (as such term is defined in Rule 144) of the Company, whichever is later, and the Owner is not, and during the preceding three months has not been, an affiliate of the Company. The Owner also acknowledges that any future transfers of the Specified Securities must comply with all applicable securities laws of the states of the United States and other jurisdictions. This certificate and the statements contained herein are made for your benefit and the benefit of the Company and the Initial Purchaser. Dated: ______________ (Print the name of the Undersigned, as such term is defined in the second paragraph of this certificate.) By: ------------------------------------------------- Name: ------------------------------------------------ Title: ---------------------------------------------- (If the Undersigned is a corporation, partnership or fiduciary, the title of the person signing on behalf of the Undersigned must be stated.) -2- ANNEX B -- Form of Surrender Certificate In connection with the certification contemplated by Section 12.2 or 14.3(9) relating to compliance with certain restrictions relating to transfers of Restricted Securities, such certification shall be provided substantially in the form of the following certificate, with only such changes thereto as shall be approved by the Company and Goldman, Sachs & Co.: CERTIFICATE REALNETWORKS, INC. ZERO COUPON CONVERTIBLE SUBORDINATED NOTES DUE JULY 1, 2010 This is to certify that as of the date hereof with respect to U.S. $______ principal amount of the above-captioned securities surrendered on the date hereof (the "Surrendered Securities") for registration of transfer, or for conversion or repurchase where the securities issuable upon such conversion or repurchase are to be registered in a name other than that of the undersigned Holder (each such transaction being a "transfer"), the undersigned Holder (as defined in the Indenture) certifies that the transfer of Surrendered Securities associated with such transfer complies with the restrictive legend set forth on the face of the Surrendered Securities for the reason checked below: _________ The transfer of the Surrendered Securities complies with Rule 144A under the Securities Act; or _________ The transfer of the Surrendered Securities complies with Rule 144 under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"); or _________ The transfer of the Surrendered Securities has been made to an institution that is an "accredited investor" within the meaning of Rule 501(a)(1), (2), (3) or (7) under the Securities Act in a transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act and a signed letter containing certain representations and agreements relating to restrictions on transfer of the Securities (and if such transfer is for an aggregate principal amount less than $250,000 an opinion of counsel acceptable to the Company if requested by the Company, that such transfer is exempt from registration; or _________ The transfer of the Surrendered Securities has been made pursuant to an exemption from registration under the Securities Act and an opinion of counsel has been delivered to the Company with respect to such transfer. [Name of Holder] Dated: ------------------------------------- *To be dated the date of surrender EX-5.1 4 v92745a1exv5w1.txt EXHIBIT 5.1 Exhibit 5.1 November 18, 2003 RealNetworks, Inc. 2601 Elliot Avenue, Suite 1000 Seattle, Washington 98121 RE: REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON FORM S-3 Ladies and Gentlemen: We are acting as counsel for RealNetworks, Inc., a Washington corporation (the "Company") in connection with the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of $100,000,000 aggregate principal amount of Zero Coupon Convertible Senior Notes due July 1, 2010 (the "Notes") and 10,756,500 shares of Common Stock as may be required for issuance upon conversion of the Notes (the "Conversion Shares"). The Notes and the Conversion Shares are to be offered and sold by certain securityholders of the Company (the "Selling Securityholders"). In this regard we have participated in the preparation of a Registration Statement on Form S-3 relating to the Notes and the Conversion Shares (such Registration Statement, as it may be amended from time to time, is herein referred to as the "Registration Statement"). The Notes are to be issued pursuant to an Indenture, which has been filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, dated as of June 17, 2003, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. We have examined instruments, documents, and records which we deemed relevant and necessary for the basis of our opinion hereinafter expressed. In such examination, we have assumed (a) the authenticity of original documents and the genuineness of all signatures, (b) the conformity to the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies, and (c) the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the information, representations, and warranties contained in the records, documents, instruments, and certificates we have reviewed. We are of the opinion that the Notes have been duly authorized and that when the Notes, in the form included in the Indenture, have been duly completed, executed, authenticated, and delivered in accordance with the Indenture and sold and delivered as described in the Registration Statement and its related prospectus, the Notes will be valid and binding obligations of the Company entitled to the benefits of the Indenture. We are of the further opinion that the Conversion Shares have been duly authorized and, when issued by the Company upon conversion of the Notes in accordance with the Indenture, will be validly issued, fully paid, and nonassessable. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit 5.1 to the Registration Statement and to the use of our name under the caption "Legal Matters" in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus included therein. The foregoing opinion is subject to the qualifications that we express no opinion as to (i) waivers of defenses or statutory or constitutional rights or waivers of unmatured claims or rights, (ii) rights to indemnification, contribution or exculpation to the extent that they purport to indemnify any party against, or release or limit any party's liability for, its own breach or failure to comply with statutory obligations, or to the extent such provisions are contrary to public policy, or (iii) rights to collection or liquidated damages or penalties on overdue or defaulted obligations. We are members of the bar of the State of Washington. We do not purport to be experts in, and do not express any opinion on, any laws other than the law of the State of Washington and the Federal laws of the United States of America. Sincerely, WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI Professional Corporation /s/ Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati EX-12.1 5 v92745a1exv12w1.txt EXHIBIT 12.1 . . . EXHIBIT 12.1
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nine Months Ended September 30, Fiscal Year Ended December 31, ----------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 2002 2003 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------- Net income (loss) before income taxes $ (29,941) $ (15,996) $ (19,953) $ 6,926 $(107,155) $ (78,821) $ (32,381) Total fixed charges 2,832 2,973 2,601 3,992 3,923 3,817 3,769 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Total income (loss) before income taxes and fixed charges $ (27,109) $ (13,023) $ (17,352) $ 10,918 $(103,232) $ (75,004) $ (28,612) ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= Fixed Charges Interest expense $ -- $ 179 $ 65 $ 90 $ 62 $ -- $ -- Assumed interest attributable to rentals 2,832 2,794 2,536 3,902 3,861 3,817 3,769 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- Total fixed charges $ 2,832 $ 2,973 $ 2,601 $ 3,992 $ 3,923 $ 3,817 $ 3,769 ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= ========= Earnings available to cover fixed charges N/A N/A N/A 6,926 N/A N/A N/A Ratio of earnings to fixed charges(1) N/A N/A N/A 1.73 N/A N/A N/A Deficiency of earnings available to cover fixed charges(2) $ (29,941) $ (15,996) $ (19,953) $ N/A $(107,155) $ (78,821) $ (32,381)
(1) Ratio of earnings to fixed charges means the ratio of net income (before fixed charges and income taxes) to fixed charges, where fixed charges are the aggregate of interest expense, the portion of interest expense under operating leases deemed by us to be representative of the interest factor and amortization of debt issuance costs. (2) Due to net losses incurred in the nine months ended September 30, 2002 and 2003 and the years ended December 31, 1998, 2000, 2001 and 2002, the ratio of earnings to fixed charges in those periods was less than 1:1. We would have had to generate additional earnings in the amounts indicated in the table to have achieved a ratio of 1:1. EX-23.1 6 v92745a1exv23w1.txt EXHIBIT 23.1 EXHIBIT 23.1 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' CONSENT The Board of Directors RealNetworks, Inc.: We consent to the use of our reports dated January 17, 2003, with respect to the consolidated balance sheets of RealNetworks, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2002 and 2001, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2002, and the related consolidated financial statement schedule, incorporated herein by reference and to the reference to our firm under the heading "Experts" in the prospectus. Our report covering the December 31, 2002 consolidated financial statements refers to a change in the method of accounting for goodwill and other intangible assets. /s/ KPMG LLP Seattle, Washington November 14, 2003 EX-23.3 7 v92745a1exv23w3.txt EXHIBIT 23.3 EXHIBIT 23.3 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of our report dated May 1, 2003 relating to the financial statements of Listen.Com, Inc., which appears in the Current Report on Form 8-K/A of RealNetworks, Inc., dated September 12, 2003. We also consent to the references to us under the headings "Experts" in such Registration Statement. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP San Jose, California November 14, 2003 -----END PRIVACY-ENHANCED MESSAGE-----


Washington	2601 Elliott Avenue, Suite 1000	91-1628146
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	Seattle, Washington 98121 (206) 674-2700	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)






Title of Each Class		Proposed Maximum	Proposed Maximum
of Securities to	Amount	Offering Price	Aggregate	Amount of
be Registered	to be Registered	Per Share(1)	Offering Price	Registration Fee


Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010	$100,000,000	100%	$100,000,000	$8,090(2)

Common stock, $0.001 par value per share(3)	10,756,500(4)	(4)	(4)	(5)


SUMMARY
RISK FACTORS
DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
USE OF PROCEEDS
DESCRIPTION OF THE NOTES
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
CERTAIN UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
LEGAL MATTERS
EXPERTS
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
SIGNATURES
EXHIBIT INDEX
EXHIBIT 4.1
EXHIBIT 5.1
EXHIBIT 12.1
EXHIBIT 23.1
EXHIBIT 23.3


	Page

SUMMARY		1
RISK FACTORS		6
DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		28
USE OF PROCEEDS		30
DESCRIPTION OF THE NOTES		30
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK		47
CERTAIN UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS		49
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS		54
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION		56
LEGAL MATTERS		57
EXPERTS		57
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION		57


Securities offered		$100,000,000 principal amount of Zero Coupon Convertible Subordinated Notes due July 1, 2010, and shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes.

Interest		Interest on the notes will be zero.

Conversion		Unless we have previously redeemed, purchased or repurchased the notes, you will have the right, at your option, to convert your notes, in whole or in part, into shares of our common stock prior to maturity, subject to adjustments described herein, at a rate of 107.5650 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes (which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $9.30 per share), as follows:

		• you will have such conversion right in a conversion period (as defined in this prospectus) on any date on or prior to December 31, 2007, if the closing sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days in the period of the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the first day of such conversion period was more than 110% of the then current conversion price of the notes;

		• if, on any date after December 31, 2007, the closing sale price of our common stock is more than 110% of the then current conversion price of the notes, then you will have such conversion right at all times thereafter;

		• you will have the right to convert the notes until the close of business on the business day prior to the redemption date if we elect to call the notes for redemption on or after July 1, 2008;

		• if we distribute to all or substantially all holders of our common stock rights, options or warrants entitling them to purchase common stock at less than the closing sale price of our common stock on the day preceding the declaration for such distribution;

		• if we distribute to all or substantially all holders of our common stock cash, assets, debt securities or capital stock, which distribution has a per share value as determined by our board of directors exceeding 10% of the closing sale price of our common stock on the day preceding the declaration for such distribution; or


		• if we become a party to a consolidation, merger or sale of all or substantially all of our assets that constitutes a change in control transaction as defined in “Description of the Notes — Repurchase at Option of Holders Upon a Change in Control.”

		You may also convert your notes into shares of our common stock for the five business day period after any five consecutive trading-day period in which the average trading prices for the notes for such five trading-day period was less than 95% of the average conversion value (as defined in this prospectus) for the notes during that period; provided, however, if, at the time of the conversion, the closing sale price of shares of our common stock is greater than the then current conversion price on the notes and less than or equal to 110% of the then current conversion price on the notes and you surrender your notes for conversion, you will receive, at our option, cash, common stock or a combination of cash and common stock with a value equal to the principal amount of your notes on such conversion date. If we elect to pay you in common stock or in a combination of cash and common stock, our common stock will be valued at 100% of the average closing sale price for the five trading days ending on the third trading day preceding the conversion date.

		The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon certain events. See “Description of the Notes — Conversion Rights.”


Subordination		The notes are subordinated to our present and future “senior debt,” as that term is defined in “Description of the Notes — Subordination.” The notes are also effectively subordinated in right of payment to all indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2003, we had no outstanding senior debt, and the aggregate amount of indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries was approximately $10.8 million (excluding intercompany liabilities). The indenture under which the notes were issued does not restrict the incurrence of “senior debt” by us or the incurrence of indebtedness or liabilities by us or any of our subsidiaries. See “Description of the Notes — Subordination.”


Optional redemption by RealNetworks		On or after July 1, 2008, we have the option to redeem all or a portion of the notes at 100% of the principal amount of the notes. See “Description of the Notes — Optional Redemption by RealNetworks.”

Purchase of the notes at the option of the holder		You may require us to purchase all or a portion of your notes in cash on July 1, 2008, at 100% of the principal amount of the notes. See “Description of the Notes — Purchase of Notes at the Option of the Holder.”

Repurchase at the option of the holders upon a change in control		Upon a change in control, as that term is defined in “Description of the Notes — Repurchase at Option of Holders Upon a Change in Control,” you will have the right, subject to conditions and restrictions, to require us to repurchase some or all of your notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount. The repurchase price



	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						Fiscal Year Ended December 31,

	2002			2003			1998			1999		2000			2001			2002

Ratio of earnings to fixed charges		N/A			N/A			N/A			1.73		N/A			N/A			N/A
Deficiency of earnings to fixed charges (in 000’s)	$	(29,941	)		(15,996	)		(19,953	)		N/A		(107,155	)		(78,821	)		(32,381	)


	*We have a relatively limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business.*


	*Our operating results are likely to fluctuate significantly, which may cause our stock price to fluctuate.*


	*Our revenue may be harmed if general economic conditions do not improve.*


	*Anticipated losses from our Listen.Com acquisition may harm our business.*


	*There are a number of risks associated with our recently announced Helix initiative.*


	*If we do not continue to add subscribers to our subscription services or if we experience excessive rates of subscriber churn, our revenue and business will be harmed.*


	*Our online music services initiatives, including our acquisition of Listen.Com, may not be successful.*


	*Our online music offerings may not be able to successfully compete with other online music services or traditional music distribution channels.*


	*We may be unable to successfully compete with Microsoft and other companies in the media delivery market.*


	*We may not be successful in the market for downloadable media and personal music management systems.*


	*Our industry is experiencing consolidation that may intensify competition.*


	*We rely on content provided by third parties to increase market acceptance of our products and services.*


	*We may not successfully develop new products and services.*


	*We depend on key personnel who may not continue to work for us.*


	*Our failure to attract, train or retain highly qualified personnel could harm our business.*


	*Potential acquisitions involve risks we may not adequately address.*


	*We may not be successful in making strategic investments.*


	*The growth of our business depends on the increased use of the Internet for communications, electronic commerce and advertising and the growth of the wireless data market.*


	*Rate of adoption of broadband technologies poses risks to our business.*


	*Changes in network infrastructure, transmission methods and broadband technologies pose risks to our business.*


	More individuals are utilizing non-PC devices to access the Internet and we may not be successful in developing versions of our products and services that will gain widespread adoption by users of such devices.


	*We could lose strategic relationships that are essential to our business.*


	*Our business will suffer if our systems fail or become unavailable.*


	*Our network is subject to security risks that could harm our business and reputation and expose us to litigation or liability.*


	*Our international operations involve operational and financial risks.*


	We may be unable to adequately protect our proprietary rights and may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which are costly to defend and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future.


	*We are subject to risks associated with governmental regulation and legal uncertainties.*


	*We may be subject to market risk and legal liability in connection with the data collection capabilities of our products and services.*