NOTE 2: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations and cash flows are included. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year.

During 2017, we began presenting our borrowers’ escrows liability as a separate line item on our consolidated balance sheets. This liability was previously presented within the deferred taxes, borrowers’ escrows and other liabilities line item on our consolidated balance sheets. We have conformed prior periods to reflect this change.

The Consolidated Statement of Operations for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2016 includes the impact of correcting the reporting of certain activity that occurred in the three-month period ended March 31, 2016. Specifically, the correction adjusts a clerical error made in the determination of the amount of investment interest expense by increasing investment interest expense and decreasing interest expense by $1,424 for the three-month period ended March 31, 2016. This correction had no impact on any other periods. We evaluated this correction and determined, based on quantitative and qualitative factors, that the change was not material to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole for any previously filed consolidated financial statements.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, certain entities or distinguishable components of RAIT have been presented as discontinued operations. As of December 31, 2016, these discontinued operations were disposed of. See Note 16: Discontinued Operations for further information.

b. Going Concern Considerations

Accounting Guidance. An entity is required to evaluate on a quarterly basis whether the entity’s current financial condition, including its liquidity sources at the date that the financial statements are issued, will enable the entity to meet its obligations arising within one year of the date the entity’s financial statements are issued and to make a determination as to whether it is probable, under the application of this accounting guidance, that the entity will be able to continue as a going concern over the applicable period. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

The first step in the analysis requires the entity to evaluate whether relevant conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, indicate that it is probable that an entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due within one-year after the date that the financial statements are issued. If, the entity determines that its current financial condition is, by itself, insufficient to cover its obligations arising for the applicable period, the entity is next required to evaluate whether its approved plans and expectations for generating liquidity over that one-year period (including forecasted future cash flows), when implemented, will alleviate the substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The entity may then consider the mitigating effect of management’s plans and expectations for the applicable period in evaluating whether the substantial doubt is alleviated only to the extent that information available as of the date that the financial statements are issued indicates both of the following: (i) it is probable that management’s plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued and (ii) it is probable that management’s plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

In evaluating the first criterion of whether it is probable that management’s plans will be effectively implemented, the entity must make a determination as to the feasibility of implementation of management’s plans in light of an entity’s facts and circumstances. In evaluating the second criterion of whether it is probable that management’s plans will mitigate the events and conditions that raised substantial doubt, the entity must make a determination as to the expected magnitude and timing of the mitigating effect. The accounting guidance defines an event as being “probable” if it is likely to occur, which is interpreted as a high threshold. For example, if management’s plans involve the sale of assets, this interpretation will generally not permit a conclusion that the sale of that asset is probable to occur unless the asset is subject to an executed purchase and sale agreement or similar contractual arrangement at the time of the evaluation as there is uncertainty in obtaining a buyer and executing a transaction within a one year time period.

If, after the entity evaluates its plans, whether it is probable those plans will effectively be implemented and whether, once implemented, the plans will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, the entity determines that the plans are not probable of alleviating the substantial doubt, the entity is required to disclose information in its financial statements regarding the principal conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, management’s evaluation of the significance of those conditions or events in relation to the entity’s ability to meet those obligations and management’s plans that are intended to mitigate those conditions or events.

Analysis. In carrying out the steps required by this accounting guidance, management considered RAIT’s current financial condition and liquidity sources, including current funds available, forecasted future cash flows and RAIT’s conditional and unconditional obligations due over the next twelve months. Management considered the option of holders of the 4.0% convertible senior notes, which have an unpaid principal balance of $120,748 as of September 30, 2017, to require RAIT to redeem them in October 2018, the financial covenant compliance requirements of certain of RAIT’s indebtedness described below, RAIT’s existing non-compliance with and options to cure certain continued listing standards of the NYSE (including the potential implications thereof which are further discussed below) and RAIT’s recurring costs of operating its business.

In addition, management considered that, RAIT received written notification, or the NYSE notice, from the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, effective September 21, 2017, that RAIT was not in compliance with an NYSE continued listing standard because the average closing price of RAIT’s common shares fell below $1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period ending September 15, 2017. In accordance with NYSE procedures, RAIT acknowledged receipt of the NYSE notice and notified the NYSE of its intention to seek to cure the deficiency set forth therein. RAIT is considering various options it may take in an effort to cure this deficiency and regain compliance with this continued listing standard, including, among other things, by exploring and evaluating strategic and financial alternatives and evaluating potential other strategies such a reverse stock split. There can be no assurance that RAIT will be able to cure this deficiency or that RAIT will be able to continue to comply with any other continued listing standard of the NYSE. RAIT’s ability to cure RAIT’s non-compliance with the continued listing standards of the NYSE is dependent, in part, on the market price of RAIT’s common shares, which is not within RAIT’s exclusive control. If RAIT’s common shares ultimately were to be delisted for any reason from the NYSE before RAIT was able to cure the deficiency, it could have material adverse consequences on RAIT’s ability to meet its obligations arising within one year of the date of issuance of these financial statements, including, among others: triggering the right of holders of RAIT’s senior secured notes and RAIT’s convertible notes to require us to repurchase their notes and could trigger non-compliance with covenants applicable to RAIT’s series D preferred shares. If RAIT failed to repay any senior secured notes or convertible notes for which the holders exercised repurchase rights, it could trigger cross defaults under, and ultimately the acceleration of, other RAIT indebtedness.

RAIT is currently engaged in (A) effectuating a strategic transformation into a pure play commercial real estate lender, which includes, among other things, concentrating our business on our core middle-market CRE lending business, divesting our legacy owned real estate portfolio, divesting our commercial property management business and reducing our total expense base; (B) exploring and evaluating strategic and financial alternatives including, without limitation, refinements of our operations or strategy, financial transactions, such as a recapitalization or other changes to our capital structure and/or strategic transactions, such as a sale of all or part of RAIT; and (C) seeking to undertake one or more options in an effort to cure RAIT’s non-compliance with the continued listing standard set forth under Rule 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual (as further discussed below). In addition to the above, RAIT expects to continue to control costs, to sell certain loans, and to continue to receive repayments of loans as they become due, and will control new investment activity, if and as needed. In furtherance of these matters: (i) RAIT originated $375,300 of loans during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017, (ii) RAIT sold $594,420 and divested another $92,300 of our properties and RAIT reduced $571,770 of related indebtedness from January 1, 2016 through the filing of this report, (iii) RAIT reduced total recourse debt, excluding RAIT’s secured warehouse facilities, by $115,823 from January 1, 2016 through the filing of this report, and (iv) the special committee of RAIT’s board of trustees has received expressions of interest from, and discussions are advancing with, multiple parties with respect to a potential strategic transaction involving RAIT. Due to the inherent risks, unknown results and significant uncertainties associated with each of these matters and the direct correlation between these matters and RAIT’s financial obligations that may arise over the applicable one-year period, RAIT is unable to conclude that it is probable (as such term is defined and interpreted under the accounting guidance) that RAIT will be able to meet its obligations arising within one year of the date of issuance of these financial statements within the parameters set forth in this accounting guidance.

Management determined that RAIT’s current financial condition and currently available sources of repayment for its obligations over the next twelve months, such as its available funds, which was $46,019 as of September 30, 2017, would not alone enable RAIT to meet its obligations within one year of the date these financial statements are issued. As a result, management evaluated whether this was mitigated by RAIT’s approved plans and expectations for the applicable period under the second step of this accounting standard.

RAIT’s ability to satisfy its obligations, excluding any obligations that may arise with respect to RAITs non-compliance with the continued listing standards of the NYSE, arising over the applicable one-year period including RAIT’s ability to satisfy any put option exercised by the holders of the 4.0% convertible senior notes and maintaining compliance with its debt covenants depends, in part, on several factors including (A) management’s ability to continue to successfully divest RAIT of the majority of RAIT’s remaining real estate assets releasing cash from those sales and/or distributions on our retained interests in our RAIT I and RAIT II securitizations, to continue to control costs, to sell certain loans, to continue to receive repayments of loans as they become due, and to control new investment activity, if and as needed, and/or (B) the results of a strategic transaction involving RAIT, if any. While controlling costs and new investment activities are within management’s control, management recognizes that selling real estate assets, selling loans, the timing of loan repayments and a strategic transaction involving RAIT involve performance by third parties. Management believes that its course of performance generating liquidity from, among other things, the sale by RAIT of its real estate assets, which includes the sale of $594,420 of real estate assets since January 1, 2016, has demonstrated its ability to generate liquidity through its currently approved plans. Any liquidity that is generated from these plans will be available for use to satisfy obligations as they become due, working capital and/or new investment activity. Since many of the real estate assets and loans that management plans to sell to satisfy its obligations are not subject to an executed purchase and sale agreement or contractual agreement as of the date hereof, the sale of those assets are not considered probable within the necessary time period and the proceeds from such sales, if any, are not considered sufficient, in each case, under the accounting standard. Therefore, management has not included the sale of such assets for purposes of this evaluation, notwithstanding the likelihood or expectation that management has of their occurrence based on, among other things, management’s prior course of performance of selling similar assets and/or management’s future expectations. As a result, under the accounting standard, management’s currently approved plans have not met the probable threshold to alleviate the conditions that initially indicated there is substantial doubt about RAIT’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued because of the matters described above.

c. Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements reflect our accounts and the accounts of our majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries. We also consolidate entities that are variable interest entities, or VIEs, where we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of such entities. The portions of these entities that we do not own are presented as noncontrolling interests as of the dates and for the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Under Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 810, “Consolidation”, the determination of whether to consolidate a VIE is based on the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance together with either the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the VIE. We define the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance as the ability to buy, sell, refinance, or recapitalize assets or entities, and solely control other material operating events or items of the entity. For our commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans, and preferred equity investments, certain rights we hold are protective in nature and would preclude us from having the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. Assuming both criteria are met, we would be considered the primary beneficiary and would consolidate the VIE. We will continually assess our involvement with VIEs and consolidate the VIEs when we are the primary beneficiary. See Note 8: Variable Interest Entities for additional disclosures pertaining to VIEs.

For entities that we do not consolidate, we account for our investment in them either under the equity method pursuant to ASC Topic 323, “Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures” or cost method pursuant to ASC Topic 325, “Investments – Other”.

d. Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. The items that include significant estimates are fair value of financial instruments and allowance for loan losses. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

e. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks and highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. Cash, including amounts restricted, may at times exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation deposit insurance limit of $250 per institution. We attempt to mitigate credit risk by placing cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions. To date, we have not experienced any losses on cash and cash equivalents.

f. Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists primarily of tenant escrows and borrowers’ funds held by us to fund certain expenditures or to be released at our discretion upon the occurrence of certain pre-specified events, and to serve as additional collateral for borrowers’ loans. As of September 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, we had $120,342 and $121,395 of restricted cash, respectively, which primarily relates to tenant escrows and borrowers’ funds.

Restricted cash also includes proceeds from the issuance of CDO notes payable by securitizations that are restricted for the purpose of funding additional investments in securities subsequent to the balance sheet date. As of September 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016, we had $22,147 and $68,784, respectively, of restricted cash held by securitizations.

g. Investments in Commercial Mortgage Loans, Mezzanine Loans and Preferred Equity Interests

We invest in commercial mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests. We account for our investments in commercial mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests at amortized cost. The carrying value of these investments is adjusted for origination discounts/premiums, nonrefundable fees and direct costs for originating loans which are amortized into income on a level yield basis over the terms of the loans.

h. Allowance for Loan Losses, Impaired Loans and Non-accrual Status

We maintain an allowance for loan losses on our investments in commercial mortgages, mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based upon expected and inherent risks in the portfolio, the estimated value of underlying collateral, and current economic conditions. The credit quality of our loans is monitored via quantitative and qualitative metrics. Quantitatively we evaluate items such as the current debt service coverage ratio and annual net operating income of the underlying property. Qualitatively we evaluate items such as recent operating performance of the underlying property and history of the borrower’s ability to provide financial support. These items together are considered in developing our view of each loan’s risk rating, which are categorized as either watchlist or satisfactory. Management reviews loans for impairment and establishes specific reserves when a loss is probable under the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 310, “Receivables.” A loan is impaired when it is probable that we may not collect all principal and interest payments according to the contractual terms. As part of the detailed loan review, we consider many factors about the specific loan, including payment history, asset performance, borrower’s financial capability and other characteristics. Management evaluates loans for non-accrual status each reporting period. A loan is placed on non-accrual status when the loan payment deficiencies exceed 90 days unless it is well secured and in the process of collection, or if the collection of principal and interest in full is not probable. Payments received for non-accrual loans are applied to principal until the loan is removed from non-accrual status. Loans are generally removed from non-accrual status when they are making current interest payments. The allowance for loan losses is increased by the provision for loan losses and decreased by charge-offs (net of recoveries). We charge off a loan when we determine that all commercially reasonable means of recovering the loan balance have been exhausted. This may occur at a variety of times, including when we receive cash or other assets in a pre-foreclosure sale or take control of the underlying collateral in full satisfaction of the loan upon foreclosure. We consider circumstances such as these to indicate that the loan collection process has ceased and that a loan is uncollectible.

i. Investments in Real Estate

Investments in real estate are shown net of accumulated depreciation. We capitalize those costs that have been determined to improve the real property and depreciate those costs on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset. We depreciate real property using the following useful lives: buildings and improvements—30 to 40 years; furniture, fixtures, and equipment—5 to 10 years; and tenant improvements—shorter of the lease term or the life of the asset. Costs for ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.

Acquisitions of real estate assets and any related intangible assets are recorded initially at fair value under FASB ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” Fair value is determined by management based on market conditions and inputs at the time the asset is acquired. The fair value of the real estate acquired is allocated to the acquired tangible assets, consisting of land, building and tenant improvements, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases for acquired in-place leases and the value of tenant relationships, based in each case on their fair values. Purchase accounting is applied to assets and liabilities associated with the real estate acquired. Transaction costs and fees incurred related to acquisitions are expensed as incurred.

Upon the acquisition of properties, we estimate the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting of land, building and improvements) and identified intangible assets and liabilities (consisting of above and below-market leases, in-place leases and tenant relationships), and assumed debt at the date of acquisition, based on the evaluation of information and estimates available at that date. In determining the fair value of the identified intangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property, above-market and below-market in-place lease values are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the differences between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease. The capitalized above-market lease values and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an adjustment to property income over the lease term.

The aggregate value of in-place leases is determined by evaluating various factors, including an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods, current market conditions and similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, legal and other related costs. The value assigned to this intangible asset is amortized over the assumed lease up period.

Management reviews our investments in real estate for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The review of recoverability is based on an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the long-lived asset’s use and eventual disposition. These cash flows consider factors such as expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If impairment exists due to the inability to recover the carrying value of a long-lived asset, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized $3,121 and $91,989, respectively, of non-cash impairment charges on our real estate assets. Refer to Note 4: Investments in Real Estate for further discussion of the non-cash impairment charges.

j. Revenue Recognition

Interest income—We recognize interest income from investments in commercial mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, and preferred equity interests on a yield to maturity basis. Certain of our commercial mortgage loans, mezzanine loans and preferred equity interests provide for the accrual of interest at specified rates that differ from current payment terms. Interest income is recognized on such loans, the majority of which were originated prior to 2011, at the accrual rate subject to management’s determination that accrued interest and outstanding principal are ultimately collectible. Management will cease accruing interest on these loans when it determines that collection of the interest income is not probable based on the value of the underlying collateral using discounted cash flow models and market based assumptions. The accrued interest receivable associated with these loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $26,432 and $29,845, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the accrued interest receivable of $3,636 related to one of these loans was determined to be uncollectible and was written off as a reduction to investment interest income. These loans are considered to be impaired when the total contractual amount owed exceeds the estimated value of the underlying collateral. Three of these loans, with an unpaid principal balance of $24,214 were considered to be impaired as of September 30, 2017. One of these loans, with an unpaid principal balance of $12,869 was considered to be impaired as of December 31, 2016.

For investments that we do not elect to record at fair value under FASB ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments”, origination fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized to net investment income, using the effective interest method, over the contractual life of the underlying loan security or loan, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 310, “Receivables.”

For investments that we elect to record at fair value under FASB ASC Topic 825, origination fees and direct loan costs are recorded in income and are not deferred.

Property income—We generate property income from tenant rent and other tenant-related activities at our consolidated real estate properties. For multifamily real estate properties, property income is recorded when due from residents and recognized monthly as it is earned and realizable, under lease terms which are generally for periods of one year or less. For retail and office real estate properties, property income is recognized on a straight-line basis from the later of the date of the commencement of the lease or the date of acquisition of the property subject to existing leases, which averages minimum rents over the terms of the leases. For retail and office real estate properties, leases also typically provide for tenant reimbursement of a portion of common area maintenance and other operating expenses to the extent that a tenant’s pro rata share of expenses exceeds a base year level set in the lease.

Fee and other income—We generate fee and other income through our various subsidiaries by (a) funding conduit loans for sale into unaffiliated commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS, securitizations, (b) providing or arranging to provide financing to our borrowers, (c) providing ongoing asset management services to investment portfolios under cancelable management agreements, and (d) providing property management services to third parties. We recognize revenue for these activities when the fees are fixed or determinable, are evidenced by an arrangement, collection is reasonably assured and the services under the arrangement have been provided. While we may receive asset management fees when they are earned, we eliminate earned asset management fee income from securitizations while such securitizations are consolidated. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we earned $227 and $714, respectively, of asset management fees, which were eliminated as they were associated with consolidated securitizations. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we earned $340 and $1,118 respectively, of asset management fees, which were eliminated as they were associated with consolidated securitizations.

k. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Where available, fair value is based on observable market prices or parameters or derived from such prices or parameters. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, valuation models are applied. These valuation techniques involve management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency for the instruments or market and the instruments’ complexity for disclosure purposes. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their value. Hierarchical levels, as defined in FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” and directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuations of these assets and liabilities, are as follows:

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Level 1: Valuations are based on unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. The types of assets carried at Level 1 fair value generally are equity securities listed in active markets. As such, valuations of these investments do not entail a significant degree of judgment.

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Level 2: Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Fair value assets and liabilities that are generally included in this category are derivatives where the fair value is based on observable market inputs.

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Level 3: Inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

The availability of observable inputs can vary depending on the financial asset or liability and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of investment, whether the investment is new, whether the investment is traded on an active exchange or in the secondary market, and the current market condition. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by us in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3.

Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, our own assumptions are set to reflect those that management believes market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. We use prices and inputs that management believes are current as of the measurement

date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be transferred from Level 1 to Level 2 or Level 2 to Level 3.

Many financial instruments have bid and ask prices that can be observed in the marketplace. Bid prices reflect the highest price that buyers in the market are willing to pay for an asset. Ask prices represent the lowest price that sellers in the market are willing to accept for an asset. For financial instruments whose inputs are based on bid-ask prices, we do not require that fair value always be a predetermined point in the bid-ask range. Our policy is to allow for mid-market pricing and adjusting to the point within the bid-ask range that results in our best estimate of fair value.

Fair value for certain of our Level 3 financial instruments is derived using internal valuation models. These internal valuation models include discounted cash flow analyses developed by management using current interest rates, estimates of the term of the particular instrument, specific issuer information and other market data for securities without an active market. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, the impact of our own credit spreads is also considered when measuring the fair value of financial assets or liabilities, including derivative contracts. Where appropriate, valuation adjustments are made to account for various factors, including bid-ask spreads, credit quality and market liquidity. These adjustments are applied on a consistent basis and are based on observable inputs where available. Management’s estimate of fair value requires significant management judgment and is subject to a high degree of variability based upon market conditions, the availability of specific issuer information and management’s assumptions.

l. Transfers of Financial Assets

We account for transfers of financial assets under FASB ASC Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing”, as either sales or financings. Transfers of financial assets that result in sales accounting are those in which (1) the transfer legally isolates the transferred assets from the transferor, (2) the transferee has the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and no condition both constrains the transferee’s right to pledge or exchange the assets and provides more than a trivial benefit to the transferor, and (3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. If the transfer does not meet these criteria, the transfer is accounted for as a financing. Financial assets that are treated as sales are removed from our accounts with any realized gain (loss) reflected in earnings during the period of sale. Financial assets that are treated as financings are maintained on the balance sheet with proceeds received from the legal transfer reflected as securitized borrowings or security-related receivables.

m. Deferred Financing Costs

Costs incurred in connection with debt financing are deferred and classified within indebtedness and charged to interest expense over the terms of the related debt agreements, under the effective interest method.

n. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheets represent identifiable intangible assets acquired in business acquisitions. We amortize identified intangible assets to expense over their estimated lives using the straight-line method. We evaluate intangible assets for impairment as events and circumstances change, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other.” The gross carrying amount for our customer relationships was $3,008 and $12,276 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The gross carrying amount for our in-place leases and above market leases was $12,854 and $26,122 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The gross carrying amount for our retail property manager’s trade name was $0 and $1,500 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The accumulated amortization for our intangible assets was $7,800 and $22,230 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. We recorded amortization expense of $1,202 and $2,333 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $5,763 and $10,105 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Based on the intangible assets identified above, we expect to record amortization expense of intangible assets of $599 for the remainder of 2017, $1,920 for 2018, $1,544 for 2019, $1,152 for 2020, $893 for 2021 and $1,954 thereafter. As a result of the declining profitability of our retail property manager subsidiary, which has been a product of the current challenges facing the retail property sector, we recognized non-cash impairment charges of $3,402 on our customer relationships and $963 on our retail property manager’s trade name during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. These non-cash impairment charges are presented in asset impairment on our consolidated statements of operations.

o. Derivative Instruments

In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”, we measure each derivative instrument at fair value and record such amounts in our consolidated balance sheet as either an asset or liability. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, derivatives not designated as hedges, or for derivatives designated as cash flow hedges associated with debt for which we elected the fair value option under FASB ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments”, the changes in fair value of the derivative instrument are recorded in earnings. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the changes in the fair value of the effective portions of the derivative are reported in other comprehensive income. Changes in the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges, if any, are recognized in earnings.

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and the London Clearing House (“LCH”) recently made amendments to their respective rules that resulted in the prospective accounting treatment of variation margin payments (certain daily payments that were historically accounted for as collateral) being considered settlements of their related derivatives. While the CME rule, which became effective in January 2017, is mandatory, the LCH rule allows a clearing member institution the option to adopt the rule changes on an individual contract or portfolio basis. As of September 30, 2017, $12,650 of notional amount of our derivative contracts were cleared on the LCH. During the second quarter of 2017, our LCH clearing member institution adopted the new rule change. As of September 30, 2017, $98 of variation margin payments related to these derivatives have been accounted for as settlements of the derivatives.

p. Goodwill

Goodwill on our consolidated balance sheet represented the amounts paid in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired from business acquisitions accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations.” Pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 350, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other”, goodwill is not amortized to expense but rather is analyzed for impairment. We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and as events and circumstances change, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had $0 and $8,342, respectively, of goodwill that is included in Other Assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As a result of the declining profitability of our retail property manager subsidiary, which has been a product of the current challenges facing the retail property sector, we concluded that a triggering event had occurred leading to a $8,342 non-cash impairment charge on our goodwill, which was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This non-cash impairment charge is presented in goodwill impairment on our consolidated statements of operations.

q. Income Taxes

RAIT, Taberna Realty Finance Trust, or TRFT, the RAIT Venture REITs, and IRT have each elected to be taxed as a REIT and to comply with the related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code. As of October 5, 2016, IRT was no longer consolidated by RAIT. Refer to Note 16: Discontinued Operations for further discussion of IRT. In February 2016 and January 2017, in conjunction with the ventures described in Note 5: Indebtedness and Note 8: Variable Interest Entities, we created two new entities that elected to be taxed as REITs, which we refer to as the RAIT Venture VIEs. These entities hold the FL-5 and FL-6 junior notes for the aforementioned ventures. Accordingly, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of our dividends to shareholders and as long as certain asset, income and share ownership tests are met. If we were to fail to meet these requirements, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and amounts available for dividends to our shareholders. Management believes that all of the criteria to maintain RAIT’s, TRFT’s, the RAIT Venture VIEs and, in the relevant period, IRT’s REIT qualification have been met for the applicable periods, but there can be no assurance that these criteria will continue to be met in subsequent periods.

We maintain various taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, which may be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and foreign taxes. Current and deferred taxes are provided on the portion of earnings (losses) recognized by us with respect to our interest in domestic TRSs. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed based on temporary differences between our GAAP consolidated financial statements and the federal and state income tax basis of assets and liabilities as of the consolidated balance sheet date. We evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets (e.g., net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards) and recognize a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of our deferred tax assets, we consider estimates of expected future taxable income, existing and projected book/tax differences, tax planning strategies available, and the general and industry specific economic outlook. This realizability analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires management to forecast our business and general economic environment in future periods. Changes in estimates of deferred tax asset realizability, if any, are included in income tax expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

In prior years, our TRS entities generated taxable revenue primarily from (i) advisory fees for services provided to IRT, (ii) property management fees for services provided to RAIT properties, IRT properties and third-party properties, and (iii) fees and other income from our CMBS lending business. In the current year, our TRS entities generate taxable revenue primarily from (i) property management fees for services provided to RAIT properties and third-party properties, and (ii) fees and other income from our CMBS lending business. In consolidation, the advisory fees and property management fees related to IRT were eliminated through October 5, 2016 and property management fees related to RAIT properties were eliminated in their entirety. Nonetheless, all income taxes are expensed and are paid by the TRSs in the year in which the revenue is received. These income taxes are not eliminated when the related revenue is eliminated in consolidation.

The TRS entities may be subject to tax laws that are complex and potentially subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, we must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws. Actual income taxes paid may vary from estimates depending upon changes in income tax laws, actual results of operations, and the final audit of tax returns by taxing authorities. Tax assessments may arise several years after tax returns have been filed. We review the tax balances of our TRS entities quarterly and, as new information becomes available, the balances are adjusted as appropriate.

As part of our change in strategic direction and to decrease administrative processes, during the year ended December 31, 2016, we moved our active TRS entities under a single holding company. We elected a November 30^th taxable year end for the TRS holding company. We estimated the effective tax rate and current income tax liability as of December 31, 2016 by projecting activity for the full taxable year ended November 30, 2017. As we projected ordinary taxable income for the TRS holding company for its taxable year ended November 30, 2017, we recognized a current income tax liability as of December 31, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we updated our projections for 2017 and are now projecting an ordinary loss position for taxable year 2017 for the TRS holding company. As a result, we reversed the current income tax liability accrued as of December 31, 2016, which generated a current income tax benefit of $249 during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, a current income tax benefit of $34 was also recognized related to insignificant activities occurring in our TRS entities during the period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a net current income tax benefit of $12 was recognized, which includes a deferred income tax expense that had been disclosed in previous periods.

r. Shareholder Activism Expenses

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred additional expenses beyond those normally associated with soliciting proxies for our annual meeting of shareholders as a result of responding to an unsolicited and nonbinding externalization of management proposal as well as an activist campaign threatened by an activist investor. On May 26, 2017, we entered into a cooperation agreement with this investor pursuant to which, among other things, the investor agreed to terminate its proxy contest against us and withdraw the notice of proposed trustee candidates it submitted to us and we agreed to reimburse the investor $250 for the out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the investor in connection with its unsolicited and nonbinding externalization of management proposal and its activist campaign against us. Refer to Note 12: Related Party Transactions for further discussion. Our expenses as a result of responding to an unsolicited and nonbinding externalization of management proposal as well as an activist campaign threatened by an activist investor totaled $155 and $2,464 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and are presented as shareholder activism expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. We incurred certain shareholder activism expenses subsequent to the period ended June 30, 2017, related to the cooperation agreement discussed above.

s. Employee Separation Expense

On September 27, 2017, we entered into a settlement agreement and general release with Paul W. Kopsky, Jr. Mr. Kopsky was previously employed by RAIT as RAIT’s Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer pursuant to an employment agreement between RAIT and Mr. Kopsky executed on February 17, 2017. The purpose of the settlement agreement, which provided for the termination of Mr. Kopsky’s employment from RAIT retroactive to August 20, 2017, was to provide for a complete and final settlement of all existing and potential disputes between RAIT and Mr. Kopsky, including, but not limited to, all disputes related to Mr. Kopsky’s previous employment by RAIT and the termination of such employment. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred an expense in the amount of $575 related to this settlement agreement, which is presented as employee separation expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

t. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

We consider the applicability and impact of all accounting standards updates (ASUs) issued by the FASB. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Adopted within these Financial Statements

In March 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. This accounting standard clarifies that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument under Topic 815 does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. This standard was effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. This standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. This accounting standard clarifies the requirements for assessing whether contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. This accounting standard clarifies what steps are required when assessing whether the economic characteristics and risks of call (put) options are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of their debt hosts, which is one of the criteria for bifurcating an embedded derivative. Consequently, when a call (put) option is contingently exercisable, an entity does not have to assess whether the event that triggers the ability to exercise a call (put) option is related to interest rates or credit risks. This standard was effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. This standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation”. This accounting standard simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including: (i) income tax consequences; (ii) classification of awards as either equity or liabilities; and (iii) classification on the statement of cash flows. This standard was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. This standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 810, “Consolidation”. The amendments in this accounting standard provide guidance on how a reporting entity that is the single decision maker of a VIE should treat indirect interests in the entity held through related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity when determining whether it is the primary beneficiary of that VIE. The amendments in this accounting standard do not change the characteristics of a primary beneficiary in current GAAP. A primary beneficiary of a VIE has both of the following characteristics: (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If a reporting entity satisfies the first characteristic of a primary beneficiary (such that it is the single decision maker of a VIE), the amendments in this accounting standard require that the reporting entity, in determining whether it satisfies the second characteristic of a primary beneficiary, to include all of its direct variable interest in a VIE and, on a proportionate basis, its indirect variable interest in a VIE held through related parties, including related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity. If after performing that assessment, a reporting entity that is the single decision maker of a VIE concludes that it does not have the characteristics of a primary beneficiary, the amendments continue to require that the reporting entity evaluate whether it and one or more of its related parties under common control, as a group, have the characteristics of a primary beneficiary. The amendments in this accounting standard were effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. This standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 350, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other”. The amendments in this accounting standard removes step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. As a result, a goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this standard is permitted. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements, however, we applied the guidance contained in this accounting standard in measuring the goodwill impairment referred to above in section p. Goodwill.

Not Yet Adopted Within These Financial Statements

In May 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. This accounting standard establishes a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes the most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. This accounting standard generally replaces existing guidance by requiring an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This accounting standard applies to all contracts with customers, except those that are within the scope of other Topics in the FASB ASC. During 2016 and 2017, the FASB issued multiple amendments to this accounting standard that provide further clarification to this accounting standard. These standards amending FASB ASC Topic 606 are currently effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We have not yet completed our final review of the impact of this guidance, although we currently do not anticipate a material impact on our revenue recognition practices. In 2017, we identified a project team and commenced an initial impact assessment for ASU 2014-09. This assessment included identification of the sources of revenue that will be impacted by the new standard, which include the following: tenant reimbursement revenue, parking revenue, property management fee income, and leasing commission income. To date, we have reviewed a sample of contracts with our customers and made preliminary assessments of the impact on revenue based on these reviews; however, the assessment of the impact to our results of operations, financial position and cash flows as a result of this guidance is not finalized. We will adopt this new standard as of January 1, 2018, and currently expect to apply the modified retrospective method, which is not expected to result in a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. We also do not expect the impact on future period results to be significant. Both our initial assessment and our selected transition method may change depending on the results of our final assessment of the impact to our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments”. This accounting standard addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. Among other things, the amendment (i) eliminates certain disclosure requirements for financial instruments measured at amortized cost; (ii) requires the use of the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; (iii) requires separate presentation, in other comprehensive income, of the change in fair value of a liability, when the fair value option has been elected, resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk; and (iv) requires separate presentation of financial instruments by measurement category and form. This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for the separate presentation of changes in fair value due to changes in instrument-specific credit risk. Management does not expect the adoption of these standards to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases”. This accounting standard states that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from all leases with a term greater than 12 months. The core principle requires the lessee to recognize a liability to make lease payments and a "right-of-use" asset. The accounting applied by the lessor is relatively unchanged. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application of the amendments in this standard is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this standard may have on our consolidated financial statements. The recognition of operating leases on the consolidated balance sheets is expected to be the most significant impact of the adoption of this accounting standard.

In June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 326, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses”. The amendments in this standard provide an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. The amendments also modify the impairment model for available for sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The amendments in this standard expand the disclosure requirements regarding an entity’s assumptions, models, and methods for estimating the allowance for loan and lease losses. In addition, public business entities will need to disclose the amortized cost balance for each class of financial asset by credit quality indicator, disaggregated by the year of origination. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application of the guidance will be permitted for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 230, “Statement of Cash Flows”. This accounting standard provides guidance on eight specific cash flow issues; (i) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; (ii) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; (iii) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; (iv) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; (v) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; (vi) distributions received from equity method investees; (vii) beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and (viii) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated statement of cash flows.

In October 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”. The amendments in this accounting standard provide that the current and deferred income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory should be recognized when the transfer occurs rather than when the asset has been sold to an outside party. Two common examples of assets included in the scope of this accounting standard are intellectual property and property, plant, and equipment. The amendments in this standard are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted for all entities as of the beginning of an annual reporting period for which financial statements (interim or annual) have not been issued. The amendments in this accounting standard should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. Management does not expect the adoption of these standards to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 230, “Statement of Cash Flows”. The amendments in this accounting standard require that the statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The adoption of this standard will change the presentation of the statement of cash flows for the Company and we will utilize a retrospective transition method for each period presented within financial statements for periods subsequent to the date of adoption. As the adoption of this standard only requires the presentation of additional detail on the statement of cash flows, the adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations’. The amendments in this accounting standard clarify the definition of a business by more clearly outlining the requirements for an integrated set of assets and activities to be considered a business and by establishing a practical framework to determine when the integrated set of assets and activities is a business. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for transactions not yet reflected in the financial statements. Management expects that this standard will result in fewer acquisitions of real estate meeting the definition of a business and fewer acquisition-related costs being expensed in the period incurred.

In February 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Subtopic 610-20, “Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets”. The amendments in this accounting standard clarify what constitutes an “in substance nonfinancial asset” and changes the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets to be more consistent with the accounting for a sale of a business. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this standard is permitted. Management does not expect the adoption of these standards to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Subtopic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation”. The amendments in this accounting standard are to provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this standard is permitted. Management does not expect the adoption of these standards to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Subtopic 260, “Earnings per Share”, Subtopic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”, and Subtopic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. The amendments in this accounting standard change the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features and recharacterize the indefinite deferral of certain provisions of Topic 480 to a scope exception. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this standard is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this standard may have on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. This accounting standard states specific limitations in current GAAP by expanding hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and by refining the measurement of hedge results to better reflect an entity’s hedging strategies. The amendments in this accounting standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this standard is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this standard may have on our consolidated financial statements.

In September 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”, Topic 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, Topics 840 & 842 “Leases”. This accounting standard establishes a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes the most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. This accounting standard generally replaces existing guidance by requiring an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This accounting standard applies to all contracts with customers, except those that are within the scope of other Topics in the FASB ASC. During 2016 and 2017, the FASB issued multiple amendments to this accounting standard that provide further clarification to this accounting standard. These standards amending FASB ASC Topic 606 are currently effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Management does not expect the adoption of these standards to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.