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Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Intangible Assets, Net (Excluding Goodwill) [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets Intangible Assets
Intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consist of the following:
December 31,
20232022
(In thousands)Useful Life (in years)Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationGross Carrying AmountAccumulated Amortization
Acquired technology
3 to 7
$43,869 $42,712 $42,022 $41,894 
Customer relationships
5 to 12
34,773 25,960 34,386 23,323 
Patents and trademarks
10 to 20
13,103 12,241 13,518 12,227 
        Total$91,745 $80,913 $89,926 $77,444 
Amortization expense was $2.8 million, $4.1 million, and $5.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense includes cost of sales amortization expense directly related to
delivering cloud subscription revenue of $0.4 million, $0, and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Costs are recorded in "Cost of goods sold - Services and other" on the consolidated statements of operations.
Certain intangible assets are denominated in local currencies and are subject to currency fluctuations.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company performed an impairment review of the customer relationships intangible assets obtained in its 2018 acquisition of Dealflo Limited (“Dealflo”). The impairment review was triggered by the Company’s July 2022 notification to customers regarding its intent to gradually sunset its Dealflo solution in the months leading up to December 31, 2023. As a result, substantially all Dealflo solution customer contracts will terminate on or before December 31, 2023. The results of the impairment review indicated that the carrying value of the Dealflo customer relationships exceeded the fair value, and the Company recorded a $3.8 million impairment charge on the entire remaining value of the asset during the year ended December 31, 2022. The charge is included in “Restructuring and other related charges” on the consolidated statements of operations and is included in "Operating income" of the Security Solutions reportable operating segment.
There were no additional impairments of intangible assets recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
The estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets as of December 31, 2023, is as follows:
2024$2,839 
20252,806 
20262,398 
20272,124 
202850 
Thereafter217 
Subject to amortization10,434 
Trademarks398 
Total intangible assets$10,832