csu-10k_20181231.htm

Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined by Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by a check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the 24,435,305 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (“Common Stock”), held by non-affiliates (defined to exclude all of the Registrant’s executive officers, directors, and certain significant stockholders) on June 30, 2018, based upon the adjusted closing price of the Registrant’s Common Stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on such date was approximately $260.7 million. As of February 22, 2019, the Registrant had 31,316,105 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement pertaining to its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and filed or to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this report.

Capital Senior Living Corporation, a Delaware corporation (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), is one of the largest operators of senior housing communities in the United States in terms of resident capacity. The Company and its predecessors have provided senior housing since 1990. As of December 31, 2018, the Company operated 129 senior housing communities in 23 states with an aggregate capacity of approximately 16,500 residents, including 83 senior housing communities which the Company owned and 46 senior housing communities the Company leased. During 2018, approximately 94.6% of total revenues for the senior housing communities operated by the Company were derived from private pay sources.

The Company’s operating strategy is to provide value to its senior living residents by providing quality senior living services at reasonable prices, while achieving and sustaining a strong, competitive position within its geographically concentrated regions, as well as continuing to enhance the performance of its operations. The Company provides senior living services to the elderly, including independent living, assisted living, and memory care services. Many of the Company’s communities offer a continuum of care to meet its residents’ needs as they change over time by integrating independent living, assisted living, and memory care, and is bridged by home care through independent home care agencies, sustaining residents’ autonomy and independence based on their physical and mental abilities.

The Company’s Internet website www.capitalsenior.com contains an Investor Relations section, which provides links to the Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, Section 16 filings and any amendments to those reports and filings. These reports and filings are available through the Company’s Internet website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The senior living industry encompasses a broad and diverse range of living accommodations and supportive services that are provided primarily to persons 75 years of age or older.

For the elderly who require limited services, independent living residences supplemented at times by home health care, offers a viable option. Most independent living communities typically offer community living packaged with basic services consisting of meals, housekeeping, laundry, 24-hour staffing, transportation, social and recreational activities and health care monitoring. Independent living residents typically are not reliant on assistance with activities of daily living (“ADLs”) although some residents may contract out for those services.

As a senior’s need for assistance increases, care in an assisted living residence is often preferable and more cost-effective than home-based care or nursing home care. Typically, assisted living represents a combination of housing and support services designed to aid elderly residents with ADLs such as ambulation, bathing, dressing, eating, grooming, personal hygiene and monitoring or assistance with medications. Certain assisted living residences may also provide assistance to residents with low acuity medical needs, or may offer higher levels of personal assistance for incontinent residents or residents with Alzheimer’s disease or other cognitive or physical frailties. Generally, assisted living residents require higher levels of care than residents of independent living residences and retirement living centers, but require lower levels of care than patients in skilled nursing facilities. For seniors who need the constant attention of a skilled nurse or medical practitioner, a skilled nursing facility may be required.

According to the American Seniors Housing Association, Seniors Housing Construction Monitor – Winter 2019 Report, as of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, 21.7% of the age-restricted seniors housing supply in the United States were assisted living units, 22.3% were independent living units, 48.8% were nursing care units, and 7.2% were memory care units.

The senior living industry is highly fragmented and characterized by numerous small operators. Moreover, the scope of senior living services varies substantially from one operator to another. Many smaller senior living providers do not operate purpose-built residences, do not have extensive professional training for staff and provide only limited assistance with ADLs. The Company believes that many senior living operators do not provide the required comprehensive range of senior living services designed to permit residents to “age in place” within the community as residents develop further physical or cognitive frailties. The Company believes that as one of the nation’s largest operators it has scale and resources that provide it with certain competitive advantages.

The Company believes that a number of demographic, regulatory and other trends will contribute to the continued growth in the senior living market, including the following:

The Company believes that senior housing communities are increasingly becoming the setting preferred by prospective residents and their families for the care of the elderly. Senior living offers residents greater independence and allows them to “age in place” in a residential setting, which the Company believes results in a higher quality of life than that experienced in more institutional or clinical settings.

The likelihood of living alone increases with age. Most of this increase is due to an aging population in which women outlive men. Societal changes, such as high divorce rates and the growing numbers of persons choosing not to marry, have further increased the number of Americans living alone. This growth in the number of elderly living alone has resulted in an increased demand for services that historically have been provided by a spouse, other family members or live-in caregivers.

The primary market for the Company’s senior living services is comprised of persons aged 75 and older. This age group is one of the fastest growing segments of the United States population. The older population itself is increasingly older. In 2011, the 75-84 age group in the United States (12.8 million persons) was 16 times larger than in 1900 and the 85 and over age group in the United States (5.7 million persons) was 40 times larger. The 85 and over population in the United States is projected to more than double from 5.7 million persons in 2011 to 14.1 million persons in 2040. As the number of persons aged 75 and older continues to grow, the Company believes that there will be corresponding increases in the number of persons who need assistance with ADLs.

The average net worth of senior citizens is typically higher than non-senior citizens, partially as a result of accumulated equity through home ownership. The Company believes that a substantial portion of the senior population has historically accumulated significant resources available for their retirement and long-term care needs. The Company’s target population is comprised of moderate to upper income seniors who have, either directly or indirectly through familial support, the financial resources to pay for senior housing communities, including an assisted living alternative to traditional long-term care.

Historically, the family has been the primary provider of care for seniors. The Company believes that the increase in the percentage of women in the work force, the reduction of average family size, and overall increased mobility in society is reducing the role of the family as the traditional caregiver for aging parents. The Company believes that these factors will make it necessary for many seniors to look outside the family for assistance as they age.

Several states in the United States have adopted Certificate of Need (“CON”) or similar statutes generally requiring that, prior to the addition of new skilled nursing beds, the addition of new services, or the making of certain capital expenditures, a state agency must determine that a need exists for the new beds or the proposed activities. The Company believes that this CON process tends to restrict the supply and availability of licensed nursing facility beds. High construction costs, limitations on government reimbursement, and start-up expenses also act to constrain growth in the supply of such facilities. At the same time, nursing facility operators are continuing to focus on improving occupancy and expanding services to sub-acute patients generally of a younger age and requiring significantly higher levels of nursing care. As a result, the Company believes that there has been a decrease in the number of skilled nursing beds available to patients with lower acuity levels and that this trend should increase the demand for the Company’s senior housing communities, including, particularly, the Company’s assisted living communities.

In response to rapidly rising health care costs, governmental and private pay sources have adopted cost containment measures that have reduced admissions and encouraged reduced lengths of stays in hospitals and other acute care settings. Private insurers have begun to limit reimbursement for medical services in general to predetermined charges, and managed care organizations (such as health maintenance organizations) are attempting to limit hospitalization costs by negotiating for discounted rates for hospital and acute care services and by monitoring and reducing hospital use. In response, hospitals are discharging patients earlier and referring elderly patients, who may be too sick or frail to manage their lives without assistance, to nursing homes and assisted living residences where the cost of providing care is typically lower than hospital care. In addition, third-party payors are increasingly becoming involved in determining the appropriate health care settings for their insureds or clients, based primarily on cost and quality of care. Based on industry data, the typical day-rate in an assisted living facility is one-fourth of the cost for comparable care in a nursing home and two-thirds of the cost of living at home with a third-party home health care provider.

Central to the Company’s operating strategy is its focus on providing quality care and services that are personalized and tailored to meet the individual needs of each community resident. The Company’s residences and services are designed to provide a broad range of care that permits residents to thrive and “age in place” as their needs change and as they develop further physical or cognitive frailties. By creating an environment that maximizes resident autonomy and provides individualized service programs, the Company seeks to attract seniors at an earlier stage, before they need the higher level of care provided in a skilled nursing facility. The Company also maintains a comprehensive quality assurance program designed to ensure the satisfaction of its residents and their family members. The Company conducts annual resident satisfaction surveys that allow residents at each community to express whether they are “very satisfied,” “satisfied” or “dissatisfied” with all major areas of a community, including, housekeeping, maintenance, activities and transportation, food service, security and management. In fiscal 2018, the Company achieved 93.5% overall approval ratings from the residents’ satisfaction surveys. In addition, the Company ranked third among senior living operators nationally in 2018 according to J.D. Powers 2018 Senior Living Satisfaction Study. The study measured resident and family overall satisfaction across factors important to them including community staff, convenience of location, food and beverage, room, building and grounds, senior service and activities among others.

The Company’s range of products and services is continually expanding to meet the evolving needs of its residents. The Company has developed a menu of products and service programs that may be further customized to serve both the moderate and upper income markets of a particular targeted geographic area. By offering a range of pricing options that are customized for each target market, the Company believes that it can develop synergies, economies of scale and operating efficiencies in its efforts to serve a larger percentage of the elderly population within a particular geographic market.

The Company continually seeks to maintain and improve occupancy rates by: (i) retaining residents as they “age in place” by extending optional care and service programs; (ii) attracting new residents through the use of technology to enhance Internet marketing and on-site marketing programs focused on residents and family members; (iii) selecting communities in underserved markets; (iv) aggressively seeking referrals from senior care referral services, professional community outreach sources, including area religious organizations, senior social service programs, civic and business networks, as well as the medical community; and (v) continually refurbishing and renovating its communities.

The Company seeks to improve operating efficiencies at its communities by actively monitoring and managing operating costs and by moving to a more centralized operating platform. By having an established portfolio of communities in geographically concentrated regions throughout the United States with regional management in place, the Company believes it has established a platform to achieve operating efficiencies through economies of scale in the purchase of bulk items, such as food and supplies, and in the spreading of fixed costs, such as corporate overhead, over a larger revenue base, and to provide more effective management supervision and financial controls.

The Company devotes special attention to the hiring, screening, training, supervising and retention of its employees and caregivers to ensure that quality standards are achieved. In addition to normal on-site training, the Company conducts national management meetings and encourages sharing of expertise among managers. The Company has also implemented a comprehensive online training program that addresses the specific challenges of working within the senior living environment. The Company’s commitment to the total quality management concept is emphasized throughout its training programs. This commitment to the total quality management concept means identification of the “best practices” in the senior living market and communication of those “best practices” to the Company’s executive directors and their staff. The identification of best practices is realized by a number of means, including: emphasis on regional and executive directors keeping up with professional trade publications; interaction with other professionals and consultants in the senior living industry through seminars, conferences and consultations; visits to other properties; leadership and participation at national and local trade organization events; and information derived from marketing studies and resident satisfaction surveys. This information is continually processed by regional managers and the executive directors and communicated to the Company’s employees as part of their training. The Company hires an executive director for each of its communities and provides them with autonomy, responsibility and accountability. The Company’s staffing of each community with an executive director allows it to hire more professional employees at these positions, while the Company’s developed career path helps it to retain the professionals it hires.

The Company provides senior living services to the elderly, including independent living, assisted living, and memory care services. By offering a variety of services and encouraging the active participation of the resident and the resident’s family and medical consultants, the Company is able to customize its service plan to meet the specific needs and desires of each resident. Additionally, the Company is actively working to expand service offerings through conversions of existing units to higher levels of care. As a result, the Company believes that it is able to maximize customer satisfaction and avoid the high cost of delivering unnecessary services to residents.

The Company’s operating philosophy is to provide quality senior housing communities and services to senior citizens and deliver a continuum of care for its residents as their needs change over time coordinated with third party post-acute care providers. This continuum of care, which integrates independent living, assisted living, and memory care services and is bridged by home care, sustains residents’ autonomy and independence based on their physical and mental abilities. As residents age, in many of the Company’s communities, they are able to obtain the additional services they need within the same community, avoiding the disruptive and often traumatic move to a different facility.

The Company provides independent living services to seniors who typically do not yet need assistance or support with ADLs, but who prefer the physical and psychological comfort of a residential community that offers health care and other services. As of December 31, 2018, the Company owned 40 communities and leased 15 communities that provide independent living services, which include communities that combine assisted living and other services, with an aggregate capacity for approximately 6,900 residents.

Independent living services provided by the Company include daily meals, transportation, social and recreational activities, laundry, housekeeping and 24-hour staffing. The Company also fosters the wellness of its residents by offering access to health screenings (such as blood pressure checks), periodic special services (such as influenza inoculations), dietary and similar programs, as well as ongoing exercise and fitness classes. Classes are given by health care professionals to keep residents informed about health and disease management. Subject to applicable government regulation, personal care and medical services are available to independent living residents through either the community staff or through the Company’s agency or other independent home care agencies. The Company’s independent living residents pay an average fee of $2,800 per month, in general, depending on the specific community, program of services, size of the unit and amenities offered. The Company’s contracts with its independent living residents are generally for a term of one year and are typically terminable by either party, under certain circumstances, upon providing 30 days’ notice unless state law stipulates otherwise.

The Company offers a wide range of assisted living care and services, including personal care services, 24-hour staffing, support services, and supplemental services. As of December 31, 2018, the Company owned 67 communities and leased 40 communities that provide assisted living services, which include communities that combine independent living and other services, with an aggregate capacity for approximately 9,600 residents. The residents of the Company’s assisted living residences generally need help with some or all ADLs, but do not require the more acute medical care traditionally given in nursing homes. Upon admission to the Company’s assisted living communities, and in consultation with the resident, the resident’s family and medical consultants, each resident is assessed to determine his or her health status, including functional abilities and need for personal care services. The resident also completes a lifestyles assessment to determine the resident’s preferences. From these assessments, a care plan is developed for each resident to ensure that all staff members who render care meet the specific needs and preferences of each resident where possible. Each resident’s care plan is reviewed periodically to determine whether a change in care is needed.

The Company has adopted a philosophy of assisted living care that allows a resident to maintain a dignified independent lifestyle. Residents and their families are encouraged to be partners in the residents’ care and to take as much responsibility for their well-being as possible. The basic types of assisted living services offered by the Company include the following:

Personal Care Services. These services include assistance with ADLs such as ambulation, bathing, dressing, eating, grooming, personal hygiene, and monitoring or assistance with medications.

Support Services. These services include meals, assistance with social and recreational activities, laundry services, general housekeeping, maintenance services and transportation services.

Supplemental Services. These services include extra transportation services, personal maintenance, extra laundry services, and special care services, such as services for residents with certain forms of dementia. Certain of these services require extra charges.

The Company’s assisted living residents pay an average fee of $4,000 per month, in general, depending on the specific community, the level of personal care services, support service and supplemental services provided to the resident, size of the unit and amenities offered. The Company’s contracts with its assisted living residents are generally for a term of one year and are typically terminable by either party, under certain circumstances, upon providing 30 days’ notice unless state law stipulates otherwise.

The Company maintains programs and special living accommodations at some of its communities for residents with certain forms of dementia, which provide the attention, care and services needed to help those residents maintain a higher quality of life. Specialized services include assistance with ADLs, behavior management and life skills-based activities programs, the goal of which is to provide a normalized environment that supports residents’ remaining functional abilities. Special living accommodations for residents with certain forms of dementia are located in a separate area of the community and have their own dining facilities, resident lounge areas, and specially trained staff. The special care areas are designed to allow residents the freedom to ambulate as they wish, while keeping them safely contained within a secure area with a minimum of disruption to other residents. Resident fees for these programs and special living accommodations are dependent on the level of services provided.

The Company’s memory care residents pay an average fee of $5,200 per month, in general, depending on the specific community, the level of personal care services, support service and supplemental services provided to the resident, size of the unit and amenities offered. The Company’s contracts with its memory care residents are generally for a term of one year and are typically terminable by either party, under certain circumstances, upon providing 30 days’ notice unless state law stipulates otherwise.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company made home care services available to clients at a majority of its senior housing communities through third-party providers. The Company believes that the provision of private pay, home care services is an attractive adjunct to its independent living services because it allows the Company to make available more services to its residents as they age in place and increases the length of stay in the Company’s communities. In addition, the Company makes available to residents certain customized physician, dentistry, podiatry and other health-related rehabilitation and therapy services that may be offered by third-party providers.

The table below sets forth certain information with respect to senior housing communities operated by the Company as of December 31, 2018.

				Resident Capacity¹									Commencement
Community	Location	Units		IL		AL		Total		Ownership			of Operations²
Owned:
Aspen Grove	Lamberville, MI		78		—		83		83		100	%	03/14
Autumn Glen	Greencastle, IN		49		—		64		64		100	%	06/13
Brookview Meadows	Green Bay, WI		78		—		156		156		100	%	01/15
Canton Regency	Canton, OH		239		162		145		307		100	%	03/91
Chateau of Batesville	Batesville, IN		41		—		43		43		100	%	10/12
Cottonwood Village	Cottonwood, AZ		163		131		58		189		100	%	03/91
Country Charm	Greenwood, IN		89		—		166		166		100	%	10/12
Courtyards at Lake Granbury	Granbury, TX		81		—		112		112		100	%	03/12
Georgetowne Place	Fort Wayne, IN		159		242		0		242		100	%	10/05
Good Tree Retirement and Memories	Stephenville, TX		60		20		75		95		100	%	03/12
Gramercy Hill	Lincoln, NE		143		34		113		147		100	%	10/98
Greenbriar Village	Indianapolis, IN		124		—		134		134		100	%	08/15
Harbor Court	Rocky River, OH		122		—		144		144		100	%	12/12
Harrison at Eagle Valley	Indianapolis, IN		104		138		0		138		100	%	03/91
Heritage at the Plains at Parish Homestead	Oneonta, NY		108		97		53		150		100	%	05/15
Independence Village of Peoria	Peoria, IL		158		158		—		158		100	%	08/00
Keystone Woods Assisted Living	Anderson, IN		58		—		70		70		100	%	07/11
Laurel Hurst Laurel Woods	Columbus, NC		102		70		60		130		100	%	10/11
Marquis Place of Elkhorn	Elkhorn, NE		65		—		69		69		100	%	03/13
Middletown	Middletown, OH		61		—		75		75		100	%	09/13
Montclair	Springfield, MO		156		178		—		178		100	%	12/12
North Pointe	Anderson, SC		64		—		70		70		100	%	10/11
Park-Oak Grove	Roanoke, VA		93		—		164		164		100	%	08/14
River Crossing Assisted Living	Charlestown, IN		100		—		106		106		100	%	12/13
Riverbend Independent and Assisted Living	Jeffersonville, IN		97		—		114		114		100	%	03/12
Remington at Valley Ranch	Irving, TX		127		158		—		158		100	%	04/12
Residence of Chardon	Chardon, OH		42		—		52		52		100	%	10/12
Rose Arbor	Maple Grove, MN		146		86		87		173		100	%	06/06
Rosemont Assisted Living and Memory Care	Humble, TX		96		—		120		120		100	%	09/16
Sugar Grove	Plainfield, IN		164		48		116		164		100	%	12/13
Summit Place	Anderson, SC		80		19		89		108		100	%	10/11
Summit Point Living	Macedonia, OH		163		126		98		224		100	%	08/11
Towne Centre Retirement Community	Merrillville, IN		210		163		75		238		100	%	03/91
Vintage Gardens	St. Joseph, MO		95		44		92		136		100	%	05/13
Waterford at Baytown	Baytown, TX		129		18		132		150		100	%	03/15
Waterford at Bridle Brook	Mahomet, IL		78		—		120		120		100	%	09/15
Waterford at Carpenter’s Creek	Pensacola, FL		94		—		105		105		100	%	02/16
Waterford at Colby	Colby, TX		44		—		48		48		100	%	01/16
Waterford at College Station	College Station, TX		53		—		87		87		100	%	03/12
Waterford at Columbia	Columbia, SC		117		141		—		141		100	%	11/00
Waterford at Corpus Christi	Corpus Christi, TX		50		—		56		56		100	%	10/12
Waterford at Creekside	Pensacola, FL		84		—		98		98		100	%	02/16
Waterford at Deer Park	Deer Park, TX		119		144		—		144		100	%	11/00
Waterford at Dillon Pointe	Spartanburg, SC		51		—		55		55		100	%	12/13
Waterford at Edison Lakes	South Bend, IN		116		—		138		138		100	%	12/00
Waterford at Fairfield	Fairfield, OH		120		140		—		140		100	%	11/00
Waterford at Fitchburg	Fitchburg, WI		82		—		150		150		100	%	10/13
Waterford at Fort Worth	Fort Worth, TX		154		177		—		177		100	%	06/00
Waterford at Hartford	Hartford, WI		39		—		53		53		100	%	05/15
Waterford at Hidden Lake	Canton, GA		43		—		98		98		100	%	12/14
Waterford at Highland Colony	Jackson, MS		119		143		—		143		100	%	11/00
Waterford at Ironbridge	Springfield, MO		118		142		—		142		100	%	06/01
Waterford at Levis Commons	Toledo, OH		146		163		44		207		100	%	04/09

Waterford at Mansfield	Mansfield, OH	118	97	45	142		100	%	10/00
Waterford at Mesquite	Mesquite, TX	153	176	—	176		100	%	09/99
Waterford at Oakwood	Oakwood, GA	64	—	70	70		100	%	09/13
Waterford at Oshkosh	Oshkosh, WI	91	—	109	109		100	%	08/14
Waterford at Pantego	Pantego, TX	118	143	—	143		100	%	12/00
Waterford at Park Falls	Park Falls, WI	36	—	36	36		100	%	01/16
Waterford at Plano	Plano, TX	135	109	57	166		100	%	12/00
Waterford at Plymouth	Plymouth, WI	69	—	82	82		100	%	08/14
Waterford at Richmond Heights	Richmond Heights, OH	148	117	110	227		100	%	04/09
Waterford at Thousand Oaks	San Antonio, TX	119	135	—	135		100	%	05/00
Waterford at Virginia Beach	Virginia Beach, VA	111	—	138	138		100	%	10/15
Waterford at West Bend	West Bend, WI	40	—	41	41		100	%	05/15
Waterford at Wisconsin Rapids	Wisconsin Rapids, WI	58	—	66	66		100	%	01/16
Waterford on Cooper	Arlington, TX	105	—	151	151		100	%	03/12
Waterford on Huebner	San Antonio, TX	119	135	—	135		100	%	04/99
Wellington at Arapaho	Richardson, TX	140	113	57	170		100	%	05/02
Wellington at Conroe	Conroe, TX	44	25	35	60		100	%	03/12
Wellington at Dayton	Dayton, OH	149	146	94	240		100	%	08/08
Wellington at Kokomo	Kokomo, IN	96	—	138	138		100	%	07/11
Wellington at North Bend Crossing	Cincinnati, OH	122	54	146	200		100	%	11/16
Wellington at North Richland Hills	North Richland Hills, TX	118	139	—	139		100	%	01/02
Wellington at Southport	Indianapolis, IN	64	—	105	105		100	%	10/12
Wellington at Springfield	Springfield, MA	235	119	117	236		100	%	09/16
Whispering Pines Village	Columbiana, OH	68	24	88	112		100	%	07/15
Whitcomb House	Milford, MA	87	—	87	87		100	%	10/13
Woodlands of Columbus	Columbus, OH	116	—	117	117		100	%	10/12
Woodlands of Hamilton	Hamilton, OH	77	—	100	100		100	%	10/12
Woodlands of Shaker Heights	Shaker Heights, OH	66	—	85	85		100	%	10/12
Woodview Assisted Living	Fort Wayne, IN	88	—	153	153		100	%	12/13
Wynnfield Crossing Assisted Living	Rochester, IN	50	—	79	79		100	%	07/11
		8,475	4,474	6,293	10,767
Leased:
Ventas:
Amberleigh	Buffalo, NY	267	387	66	453	N/A			01/92
Crown Pointe	Omaha, NE	136	85	80	165	N/A			08/00
Independence Village of East Lansing	East Lansing, MI	146	161	—	161	N/A			08/00
Independence Village of Olde Raleigh	Raleigh, NC	167	177	—	177	N/A			08/00
Villa Santa Barbara	Santa Barbara, CA	125	64	62	126	N/A			08/00
West Shores	Hot Springs, AR	137	131	42	173	N/A			08/00
Whitley Place	Keller, TX	47	—	65	65	N/A			02/08
Welltower:
Azalea Trails Assisted Living	Tyler, TX	56	—	70	70	N/A			09/10
Buffalo Creek Assisted Living	Waxahachie, TX	56	—	70	70	N/A			09/10
Dogwood Trails Assisted Living	Palestine, TX	65	—	75	75	N/A			09/10
Hawkins Creek Assisted Living	Longview, TX	56	—	70	70	N/A			09/10
Hearth at Prestwick	Avon, IN	132	—	150	150	N/A			08/06
Hearth at Windermere	Fishers, IN	128	—	150	150	N/A			08/06
Heritage Oaks Assisted Living	Conroe, TX	75	—	90	90	N/A			09/10
Keepsake Village of Columbus	Columbus, IN	42	—	48	48	N/A			08/06
Magnolia Court Assisted Living	Nacogdoches, TX	56	—	70	70	N/A			09/10
Martin Crest Assisted Living	Weatherford, TX	56	—	86	86	N/A			09/10
Pecan Point Assisted Living	Sherman, TX	56	—	70	70	N/A			09/10
Santa Fe Trails Assisted Living	Cleburne, TX	56	—	86	86	N/A			09/10
Spring Lake Assisted Living	Paris, TX	56	—	70	70	N/A			09/10
Spring Meadows Libertyville	Libertyville, IL	198	208	45	253	N/A			04/11
Spring Meadows Naperville	Naperville, IL	193	186	45	231	N/A			04/11
Spring Meadows at Summit	Summit, NJ	89	—	98	98	N/A			04/11
Spring Meadows at Trumbull	Trumbull, CT	152	182	56	238	N/A			04/11
Stonefield Assisted Living	McKinney, TX	75	—	90	90	N/A			09/10
Walnut Creek Assisted Living	Mansfield, TX	56	—	70	70	N/A			09/10
Waterford at Ames	Ames, IA	49	—	122	122	N/A			02/06

Waterford at Miracle Hills	Omaha, NE	54	—	70	70	N/A	03/06
Waterford at Roxbury Park	Omaha, NE	55	—	70	70	N/A	02/06
Waterford at Van Dorn	Lincoln, NE	63	—	84	84	N/A	02/06
Waterford at Woodbridge	Plattsmouth, NE	40	—	45	45	N/A	02/06
HCP:
Atrium of Carmichael	Sacramento, CA	151	155	—	155	N/A	01/92
Charlotte Square	Charlotte, NC	118	—	150	150	N/A	12/06
Chesapeake Place	Chesapeake, VA	103	—	153	153	N/A	12/06
Covenant Place of Abilene	Abilene, TX	50	—	55	55	N/A	08/04
Covenant Place of Burleson	Burleson, TX	74	—	80	80	N/A	08/04
Covenant Place of Waxahachie	Waxahachie, TX	50	—	55	55	N/A	08/04
Crescent Place	Cedar Hill, TX	80	—	85	85	N/A	11/05
Crescent Point	Cedar Hill, TX	111	134	—	134	N/A	08/04
Crosswood Oaks	Sacramento, CA	121	127	—	127	N/A	01/92
Good Place	North Richland Hills, TX	72	—	80	80	N/A	08/04
Greenville Place	Greenville, SC	85	—	153	153	N/A	12/06
Meadow Lakes	North Richland Hills, TX	118	145	—	145	N/A	08/04
Myrtle Beach Estates	Myrtle Beach, SC	101	—	156	156	N/A	12/06
Tesson Heights	St. Louis, MO	182	134	72	206	N/A	10/98
Veranda Club	Boca Raton, FL	186	129	97	226	N/A	01/92
		4,541	2,405	3,351	5,756
Total		13,016	6,879	9,644	16,523

The Company believes that the fragmented nature of the senior living industry and the limited capital resources available to many small, private operators provide an attractive opportunity for competitive differentiation. The Company believes that its current operations with geographic concentrations throughout the United States serve as the foundation on which the Company can build senior living networks in targeted geographic markets and thereby provide a broad range of high-quality care in a cost-efficient manner.

The following are the principal elements of the Company’s clear and differentiated operating strategy:

The Company intends to continue to focus on its occupancy, rents and operating margins of its stabilized communities. The Company continually seeks to improve occupancy rates and increase average rents by: (i) retaining residents as they “age in place” by extending optional care and service programs and converting existing units to higher levels of care; (ii) attracting new residents through the use of technology to enhance Internet marketing and on-site marketing programs focused on residents and family members; (iii) seeking referrals from senior care referral services, professional community outreach sources, including area religious organizations, senior social service programs, civic and business networks, as well as the medical community; and (iv) continually refurbishing and renovating its communities.

The Company intends to continue to develop relationships with local and regional hospital systems, managed care organizations and other referral sources to attract new residents to the Company’s communities. In certain circumstances these relationships may involve strategic alliances or joint ventures. The Company believes that such arrangements or alliances, which could range from joint marketing arrangements to priority transfer agreements, will enable it to be strategically positioned within the Company’s markets if, as the Company believes, senior living programs become an integral part of the evolving health care delivery system.

The Company centralizes its corporate and other administrative functions so that the community-based management and staff can focus their efforts on resident care. The Company maintains centralized accounting, finance, human resources, training and other operational functions at its national corporate office in Dallas, Texas. The Company’s corporate offices are generally responsible for: (i) establishing Company-wide policies and procedures relating to, among other things, resident care and operations; (ii) performing accounting functions; (iii) developing employee training programs and materials; (iv) coordinating human resources; (v) coordinating marketing functions; and (vi) providing strategic direction. In addition, financing, development, construction and acquisition activities, including feasibility and market studies, and community design, development, and construction management are conducted at the Company’s corporate offices.

The Company seeks to control operational expenses for each of its communities through proprietary expense management systems, standardized management reporting and centralized controls of capital expenditures, asset replacement tracking, and purchasing for larger and more frequently used supplies and food inventories through group purchasing programs. Community expenditures are monitored by regional and district managers who are accountable for the resident satisfaction and financial performance of the communities in their region.

The Company provides oversight and support to each of its senior housing communities through experienced regional and district managers. A district manager will generally oversee the marketing and operations of three to seven communities clustered in a small geographic area. A regional manager will generally cover a larger geographic area consisting of eight to thirteen communities. In most cases, the district and regional managers will office out of the Company’s senior housing communities. Currently, there are district and regional managers based in the East, Central Plains, South Central, Dallas, Indiana, Midwest, Texas, Southwest, and West regions.

The executive director at each community reports to a regional or district manager. The regional and district managers report on the operations of each community directly to senior management at the Company’s corporate office. The district and regional managers make regular site visits to each of their assigned communities. The site visits involve a physical plant inspection, quality assurance review, staff training, financial and systems audits, regulatory compliance, and team building.

An executive director manages the day-to-day operations at each senior housing community, including oversight of the quality of care, delivery of resident services, and monitoring of financial performance. The executive director is also responsible for all personnel, including food service, maintenance, activities, security, assisted living, housekeeping, and, where applicable, nursing or care services. In most cases, each community also has department managers who direct the environmental services, nursing or care services, business management functions, dining services, activities, transportation, housekeeping, and marketing functions.

The assisted living component of the senior housing communities is managed by licensed professionals, such as a nurse and/or a licensed administrator. These licensed professionals have many of the same operational responsibilities as the Company’s executive directors, but their primary responsibility is to oversee resident care. Many of the Company’s senior housing communities are part of a campus setting, which may include independent living and/or memory care. This campus arrangement allows for cross-utilization of certain support personnel and services, including administrative functions that result in greater operational efficiencies and lower costs than freestanding facilities.

The Company actively recruits personnel to maintain adequate staffing levels at its existing communities and hires new staff for new or acquired communities prior to opening. The Company has adopted comprehensive recruiting and screening programs for management positions that utilize corporate office team interviews and thorough background and reference checks. The Company offers system-wide training and orientation for all of its employees at the community level through a combination of Company-sponsored seminars and conferences.

Quality assurance programs are coordinated and implemented by the Company’s corporate and regional staff. The Company’s quality assurance is targeted to achieve maximum resident and resident family member satisfaction with the care and services delivered by the Company. The Company’s primary focus in quality control monitoring includes routine in-service training and performance evaluations of caregivers and other support employees. The Company has established a Corporate Quality Assurance Committee which consists of the Executive Vice-President, Senior Vice-President, and Vice-President of Operations, Quality and Clinical Directors, and General Counsel. The purpose of the committee is to monitor and evaluate the processes by which care is delivered to our residents and the appropriateness and quality of care provided within each of our communities. Additional quality assurance measures include:

Resident and Resident’s Family Input. On a routine basis, the Company provides residents and their family members the opportunity to provide valuable input regarding the day-to-day delivery of services. On-site management at each community has fostered and encouraged active resident councils and resident committees who meet independently. These resident bodies meet with on-site management on a monthly basis to offer input and suggestions as to the quality and delivery of services. Additionally, at each community the Company conducts annual resident satisfaction surveys to further monitor the satisfaction levels of both residents and their family members. These surveys are sent directly to a third-party firm for tabulation, then to the Company’s corporate headquarters for distribution to onsite staff. In fiscal 2018, the Company achieved 93.5% approval ratings from its residents. For any departmental area of service scoring below 90%, a corrective action plan is developed jointly by on-site, regional and corporate staff for immediate implementation. In addition, the Company ranked third among senior living operators nationally in 2018 according to J.D. Powers 2018 Senior Living Satisfaction Study. The study measured resident and family overall satisfaction across factors important to them including community staff, convenience of location, food and beverage, room, building and grounds, senior service and activities among others.

Regular Community Inspections. Each community is inspected, on at least a quarterly basis, by regional and/or corporate staff. Included as part of this inspection is the monitoring of the overall appearance and maintenance of the community interiors and grounds. The inspection also includes monitoring staff professionalism and departmental reviews of maintenance, housekeeping, activities, transportation, marketing, administration and food and health care services, if applicable. The inspections also include observing residents in their daily activities and the community’s compliance with government regulations.

Independent Service Evaluations. The Company engages the services of outside professional independent consulting firms to evaluate various components of the community operations. These services include mystery shops, competing community analysis, pricing recommendations and product positioning. This provides management with valuable unbiased product and service information. A plan of action regarding any areas requiring improvement or change is implemented based on information received. At communities where health care is delivered, these consulting service reviews include the on-site handling of medications, recordkeeping and general compliance with all applicable governmental regulations.

Most communities are staffed by on-site sales directors and additional sales/marketing staff depending on the community size and occupancy status. The primary focus of the on-site sales/marketing staff is to create awareness of the community and its services among prospective residents and family members, professional referral sources and other key decision makers. These efforts incorporate a strategic plan to include monthly, quarterly and annual goals for leasing, new lead generation, prospect follow up, community outreach, resident and family referrals, promotional events, and a market specific media program. On-site sales/marketing departments perform a competing community assessment quarterly.

Corporate personnel monitor the on-site sales department’s effectiveness and productivity on a weekly basis. Routine detailed department audits are performed on a quarterly basis or more frequently if deemed necessary. Corporate personnel assist in the development of marketing strategies for each community to address the continuously changing resident profile and maintain a focus on building brand awareness and increasing Internet website traffic and leads. The marketing strategies developed utilize the implementation of application program interface systems with certain website and Internet referral partners and the production of creative media and necessary marketing collateral. The Company has also implemented numerous web-based initiatives to attract prospects including certain e-mail and website triggers prompting interactive invitations with on-going follow-ups, as well as a nurturing program to actively engage prospects throughout the sales/marketing cycle. Ongoing sales training of on-site staff is implemented by corporate and regional personnel as well as third party professionals.

Changes in existing laws and regulations, adoption of new laws and regulations, and new interpretations of existing laws and regulations could have a material effect on the Company’s operations. Failure by the Company to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations. Accordingly, the Company monitors legal and regulatory developments on local and national levels.

The health care industry is subject to extensive regulation and frequent regulatory change. At this time, no federal laws or regulations specifically regulate assisted or independent living residences. While a number of states have not yet enacted specific assisted living regulations, certain of the Company’s assisted living communities are subject to regulation, licensing, CON and permitting by state and local health care and social service agencies and other regulatory authorities. While such requirements vary from state to state, they typically relate to staffing, training, physical design, patient privacy, required services and the quality thereof and resident characteristics. The Company believes that such regulation will increase in the future. In addition, health care providers are receiving increased scrutiny under anti-trust laws as integration and consolidation of health care delivery increases and affects competition. Moreover, robust state and federal enforcement of fraud and abuse laws continues. Because some of the Company’s communities receive a portion of their funds from Medicaid, such communities are also subject to state and federal Medicaid standards, the noncompliance with which may result in the imposition of penalties or sanctions or suspension or exclusion from participation in the Medicaid program. The Company’s communities are also subject to various zoning restrictions, local building codes, and other ordinances, such as fire safety codes. Failure by the Company to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations. Regulation of the assisted living industry is evolving. The Company is unable to predict the content of new regulations and their effect on its business. There can be no assurance that the Company’s operations will not be adversely affected by regulatory developments.

The Company believes that its communities are in substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. However, unannounced surveys or inspections may occur annually or bi-annually, or following a regulator’s receipt of a complaint about a community. In the ordinary course of business, one or more of the Company’s communities could be cited for deficiencies resulting from such inspections or surveys. Most inspection deficiencies are resolved through an agreed upon plan of corrective action relating to the community’s operations, but the reviewing agency typically has the authority to take further action against a licensed or certified community, which could result in the imposition of fines, repayment of amounts previously paid, imposition of a provisional or conditional license, suspension or revocation of a license, suspension or denial of admissions, loss of certification as a provider under federal health care programs or imposition of other sanctions, including criminal penalties. Loss, suspension or modification of a license may also cause us to default under our loan or lease agreements and/or trigger cross-defaults. Sanctions may be taken against providers or facilities without regard to the providers’ or facilities’ history of compliance. We may also expend considerable resources to respond to federal and state investigations or other enforcement action under applicable laws or regulations. To date, none of the deficiency reports received by us has resulted in a suspension, fine or other disposition that has had a material adverse effect on our revenues. However, any future substantial failure to comply with any applicable legal and regulatory requirements could result in a material adverse effect to our business as a whole. In addition, states’ Attorneys General vigorously enforce consumer protection laws as those laws relate to the senior living industry. State Medicaid Fraud and Abuse Units may also investigate assisted living communities even if the community or any of its residents do not receive federal or state funds.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, all places of public accommodation are required to meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. A number of additional federal, state and local laws exist that also may require modifications to existing and planned properties to permit access to the properties by disabled persons. While the Company believes that its communities are substantially in compliance with present requirements or are exempt therefrom, if required changes involve a greater expenditure than anticipated or must be made on a more accelerated basis than anticipated, additional costs would be incurred by the Company. Further legislation may impose additional burdens or restrictions with respect to access by disabled persons, the costs of compliance with which could be substantial.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), in conjunction with the federal regulations promulgated thereunder by the Department of Health and Human Services, has established, among other requirements, standards governing the privacy and security of certain protected and individually identifiable health information that is created, received or maintained by a range of covered entities. HIPAA has also established standards governing uniform health care transactions, the codes and identifiers to be used by the covered entities and standards governing the security of certain electronic transactions conducted by covered entities. Penalties for violations can range from civil money penalties for errors and negligent acts to criminal fines and imprisonment for knowing and intentional misconduct. In addition, the Company may be subject to a corrective action plan, the cost of compliance of which could be significant.

In addition, the Company is subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. Such laws and regulations often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of any required remediation or removal of these substances could be substantial and the liability of an owner or operator as to any property is generally not limited under such laws and regulations and could exceed the property’s value and the aggregate assets of the owner or operator. The presence of these substances or failure to remediate such contamination properly may also adversely affect the owner’s ability to sell or rent the property, or to borrow using the property as collateral. Under these laws and regulations, an owner, operator or an entity that arranges for the disposal of hazardous or toxic substances, such as asbestos-containing materials, at a disposal site may also be liable for the costs of any required remediation or removal of the hazardous or toxic substances at the disposal site. In connection with the ownership or operation of its properties, the Company could be liable for these costs, as well as certain other costs, including governmental fines and injuries to persons or properties. The Company has completed Phase I environmental audits of substantially all of the communities in which the Company owns interests, typically at the time of acquisition, and such audits have not revealed any material environmental liabilities that exist with respect to these communities.

The Company believes that the structure and composition of government and, specifically, health care regulations will continue to change and, as a result, regularly monitors developments in the law. The Company expects to modify its agreements and operations from time to time as the business and regulatory environments change. While the Company believes it will be able to structure all its agreements and operations in accordance with applicable law, there can be no assurance that its arrangements will not be successfully challenged.

The senior living industry is highly competitive, and the Company expects that all segments of the industry will become increasingly competitive in the future. Although there are a number of substantial companies active in the senior living industry and in the markets in which the Company operates, the industry continues to be very fragmented and characterized by numerous small operators. The Company primarily competes with national operators such as Brookdale Senior Living Inc. and Five Star Quality Care, Inc. and other regional and local independent operators. The Company believes that the primary competitive factors in the senior living industry are: (i) quality on-site staff; (ii) location; (iii) reputation for and commitment to a high quality of service; (iv) support service offerings (such as food services); (v) fair price for services provided; and (vi) physical appearance and amenities associated with the communities. The Company competes with other companies providing independent living, assisted living, skilled nursing, home health care, and other similar service and care alternatives, some of whom may have greater financial resources than the Company. Because seniors tend to choose senior housing communities near their homes, the Company’s principal competitors are other senior living and long-term care communities in the same geographic areas as the Company’s communities. The Company also competes with other health care businesses with respect to attracting and retaining nurses, technicians, aides and other high quality professional and non-professional employees and managers.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company employed 7,549 persons (108 of whom are employed at the Company’s corporate office), of which 4,541 were full-time employees and 3,008 were part-time employees. None of the Company’s employees are currently represented by a labor union and the Company is not aware of any union organizing activity among its employees. The Company believes that its relationship with its employees is good.

The following table sets forth certain information concerning each of the Company’s executive officers and other key employees as of February 28, 2019:

Kimberly S. Lody joined the Company as President and Chief Executive Officer in January 2019, having served as a director of the Company since May 2014. Her more than 25 years of experience in clinical and commercial health care settings includes leadership positions in medical devices, healthcare services, and complex regulatory and payor environments. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Lody served as President of GN Hearing North America, where she led seven consecutive years of above-market growth and expansion across multiple channels and brands. Prior to GN Hearing, Ms. Lody served as VP Marketing and then President, US Chronic Care at Coloplast from 2009 to 2011. From 2004 to 2009, she served as an independent consultant, providing interim leadership to companies in healthcare, consumer products, and insurance services. Ms. Lody served as Chief Operating Officer of Senior Home Care from 2003 to 2004, as Chief Marketing Officer of Gentiva Health Services from 1997 to 2003, and as VP Managed Care Programs for Apria Healthcare from 1994 to 1997. Ms. Lody received a BS in Business from Hiram College and an MBA in Finance from Wake Forest University.

Carey P. Hendrickson joined the Company in May 2014 and is currently the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. From 2010 through 2014, he served as the Senior Vice President/Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Belo Corp., a television company that owned and operated network-affiliated television stations and their associated websites (“Belo”). Prior to serving in such capacity, Mr. Hendrickson served Belo in various roles including Senior Vice President/Chief Accounting Officer, Vice President/Human Resources, Vice President/Investor Relations and Corporate Communications, and Vice President/Strategic & Financial Planning. He began his career with KPMG LLP and was the director of financial planning for Republic Financial Services before joining Belo in 1992. Mr. Hendrickson received a BBA in Accounting from Baylor University and a Master of Business Administration in Finance from the University of Texas in Arlington.

Michael C. Fryar joined the Company as Chief Revenue Officer in February 2019. His 20 years of experience focusing on brands in complex, multi-channel environments includes leadership positions in medical device and marketing agency settings, with the majority of his career focused in senior healthcare. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Fryar served as Vice President of GN Hearing North America, where he was part of a leadership team responsible for seven consecutive years of above-market growth and expansion across multiple channels and brands. Prior to GN Hearing, Mr. Fryar served as Senior Director, Marketing at Starkey Hearing Technologies from 2006 to 2012. From 1998 to 2006, he served as an account director at marketing agency Colle McVoy, specializing in digital and traditional marketing, advertising and public relations. Mr. Fryar received a BA in Communications Studies with a minor in Economics Management from Gustavus Adolphus College.

David R. Brickman is currently the Senior Vice President, Secretary, and General Counsel of the Company. He served as Vice President and General Counsel of the Company and its predecessors since July 1992 and has served as Secretary of the Company since May 2007. From 1989 to 1992, Mr. Brickman served as in-house counsel with LifeCo Travel Management Company, a corporation that provided travel services to U.S. corporations. Mr. Brickman earned a Juris Doctor and Masters of Business Administration from the University of South Carolina and a Masters in Health Administration from Duke University. He currently serves on the Board of Advisors for the Southern Methodist University Corporate Counsel Symposium. He is also a member of the National Center for Assisted Living In-house Counsel Roundtable Task Force, as well as the Long-Term Care Risk Legal Forum. Mr. Brickman has either practiced law or performed in-house counsel functions for 32 years.

Jeremy D. Falke joined the Company as Senior Vice President – Human Resources in February 2018. Mr. Falke held various positions within Tenet Healthcare Corporation (“Tenet”) from November 2004 to February 2018, serving most recently as the Vice President, Talent, Culture and Performance Systems in Dallas. In this role, he was responsible for all talent planning, development, and cultural programming and transformation for an organization with over 75 acute-care hospitals and 450 outpatient facilities, employing more than 125,000 people. Prior to this role, Mr. Falke served as the Senior Director, Strategic Operations, Analytics and Reporting in Dallas and as the Chief Human Resources Officer for Creighton University Medical Center, which was then owned by Tenet in Omaha, Nebraska. Mr. Falke received a Bachelor of Science in Business Management from University of Phoenix in Scottsdale, and a Masters of Business Administration with a concentration in Healthcare Management from the University of Nebraska in Omaha.

David W. Beathard, Sr. is currently the Senior Vice President – Operations of the Company. He served as Vice President — Operations of the Company and its predecessors from August 1996 to June 2013. Mr. Beathard joined Life Care Services Corporation in 1977 where he served in various roles including Vice President and Director of Operations Management. From 1992 to 1996, he owned and operated a consulting firm, which provided operational, marketing, and feasibility consulting regarding senior housing communities. Mr. Beathard has served as an Advisory Board Member of the Texas Assisted Living Association. He earned a BA degree from Miami University where he also attended graduate school with a focus in business administration. Mr. Beathard has been active in the operational, sales and marketing, and construction oversight aspects of senior housing for 44 years.

Jeffrey P. Cellucci joined the Company as Vice President – Operations in May 2018. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Cellucci spent nine years with Kindred Healthcare where he most recently served as Division Vice President and was responsible for overseeing the operations and strategic planning of nine long-term acute care hospitals. He also led integration efforts for Kindred's post-acute care service lines in North Texas which included Home Health, Hospice and Rehab. Mr. Cellucci held a variety of other leadership roles with Kindred Hospitals including Hospital CEO and District Chief Operating Officer across the Midwest and Northeast. Mr. Cellucci received his Bachelor of Science in Economics from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and his Master of Business Administration from Northwestern University. He is currently the Board President for the American Lung Association in North Texas and previously served as a Board Trustee for the DFW Hospital Council. Mr. Cellucci was also selected to the 2018 class of the Texas Hospital Association Leadership Fellows Program.

John J. Klitsch joined the Company as Vice President – Sales/Business Development in March 2018. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Klitsch served as the Interim Chief Operating Officer of Baylor Scott & White Medical Center - Lake Pointe, part of a joint venture between Baylor Scott & White Health and Tenet Healthcare Corporation. From 2012 to 2017, Mr. Klitsch served Tenet Healthcare as the Associate Administrator of Operations and the Associate Administrator, Director of Business Development for the Dallas Market. Prior to joining Tenet, Mr. Klitsch served CIGNA Corporation in various sales leadership roles. Mr. Klitsch received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Business from Lafayette College and a Master of Business Administration in Health Sector Management from Duke University. Mr. Klitsch serves on the Board of the Garland Independent School District Education Foundation and is a Fellow of the American College of Healthcare Executives.

Gloria M. Holland has served as Vice President – Finance of the Company since June 2004. From 2001 to 2004, Ms. Holland served as Assistant Treasurer and a corporate officer for Aurum Technology, Inc., a privately held company that provided technology and outsourcing to community banks. From 1996 to 2001, Ms. Holland held positions in Corporate Finance and Treasury at Brinker International, an owner and operator of casual dining restaurants. From 1989 to 1996, Ms. Holland was a Vice President in the Corporate Banking division of NationsBank and predecessor banks. Ms. Holland received a BBA in Finance from the University of Mississippi in 1989.

Joseph G. Solari joined the Company as Vice President – Corporate Development in September 2010. Mr. Solari has more than 20 years of experience originating, structuring, negotiating and executing the acquisition, sale and divestiture of healthcare real estate and real estate operating companies. Prior to joining the Company, from 2007 to 2009, Mr. Solari was Managing Director, Acquisitions for Ventas, Inc., where he was responsible for the firm’s real estate investment activities in the seniors housing and skilled nursing industries. Prior to Ventas, Inc., from 1999 to 2007, Mr. Solari spent eight years in the healthcare investment banking group of Houlihan Lokey, where he was responsible for the origination and execution of merger and acquisition, private placement and financial restructuring engagements for the firm’s healthcare clients, with particular focus on facility-based, healthcare services companies. Mr. Solari earned his Masters in Business Administration degree from Virginia Commonwealth University.

Robert F. Hollister, a Certified Public Accountant, has served as Property Controller for the Company and its predecessors since April 1992. From 1985 to 1992, Mr. Hollister was Chief Financial Officer and Controller of Kavanaugh Securities, Inc., a National Association of Securities Dealers broker dealer.

Christopher H. Lane, a Certified Public Accountant, joined the Company in December 2008 and currently serves as Vice President – Financial Reporting. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Lane served as a Senior Manager in the financial services audit practice of KPMG LLP. Mr. Lane earned a Masters in Accounting from Texas Tech University and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Texas Society of Certified Public Accountants and Institute of Management Accountants.

Capital Senior Living Corporation is the parent company of several direct and indirect subsidiaries. Although Capital Senior Living Corporation and its subsidiaries are referred to collectively for ease of reference in this Form 10-K as the Company, these subsidiaries are separately incorporated and maintain their legal existence separate and apart from the parent, Capital Senior Living Corporation.

Our business involves various risks and uncertainties. When evaluating our business the following information should be carefully considered in conjunction with the other information contained in our periodic filings with the SEC. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us currently or that currently we deem to be immaterial also may impair our business operations. If we are unable to prevent events that have a negative effect from occurring, then our business may suffer. Negative events are likely to decrease our revenue, increase our costs, negatively impact our financial results and/or decrease our financial strength, and may cause our stock price to decline.

We have significant debt and our failure to generate cash flow sufficient to cover required interest and principal payments could result in defaults of the related debt.

As of December 31, 2018, we had mortgage and other indebtedness, excluding deferred loan costs, totaling approximately $983.2 million. We cannot assure you that we will generate cash flow from operations or receive proceeds from refinancings, other financings or the sales of assets sufficient to cover required interest and principal payments. Any payment or other default could cause the applicable lender to foreclose upon the communities securing the indebtedness with a consequent loss of income and asset value to us. Further, because some of our mortgages contain cross-default and cross-collateralization provisions, a payment or other default by us with respect to one community could affect a significant number of our other communities.

We have significant lease obligations and our failure to generate cash flows sufficient to cover these lease obligations could result in defaults under the lease agreements.

As of December 31, 2018, we leased 46 senior housing communities with future lease obligations totaling approximately $382.1 million, with minimum lease obligations of $65.6 million in fiscal 2019. We cannot assure you that we will generate cash flow from operations or receive proceeds from refinancings, other financings or the sales of assets sufficient to cover these required operating lease obligations. Any payment or other default under any such lease could result in the termination of the lease, with a consequent loss of income and asset value to us. Further, because our leases contain cross-default provisions, a payment or other default by us with respect to one leased community could affect all of our other leased communities with related lessors. Certain of our leases contain various financial and other restrictive covenants, which could limit our flexibility in operating our business. Failure to maintain compliance with the lease obligations as set forth in our lease agreements could have a material adverse impact on us. The termination of a significant portion of our facility lease agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

Our failure to comply with financial covenants and other restrictions contained in debt instruments and lease agreements could result in the acceleration of the related debt or lease or in the exercise of other remedies.

Our outstanding indebtedness and leases are secured by our communities, and, in certain cases, a guaranty by our Company or by one or more of our subsidiaries. Therefore, an event of default under the outstanding indebtedness or leases, subject to cure provisions in certain instances, would give the respective lenders or lessors, as applicable, the right to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable, terminate the lease, or foreclose on collateral securing the outstanding indebtedness and leases.

There are various financial covenants and other restrictions in certain of our debt instruments and lease agreements, including provisions which:

If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, then the related indebtedness or lease obligations could become due and payable prior to their stated dates. We cannot assure that we could pay these debt or lease obligations if they became due prior to their stated dates.

We will require additional financing and/or refinancings in the future and may issue equity securities.

Our ability to obtain such financing or refinancing on terms acceptable to us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations. Our ability to meet our long-term capital requirements, including the repayment of certain long-term debt obligations, will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain additional financing or refinancings on acceptable terms from available financing sources, including through the use of mortgage financing, joint venture arrangements, by accessing the debt and/or equity markets and possibly through operating leases or other types of financing, such as lines of credit. Turmoil in the financial markets can severely restrict the availability of funds for borrowing and may make it more difficult or costly for us to raise capital. There can be no assurance that financing or refinancings will be available or that, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. Moreover, raising additional funds through the issuance of equity securities could cause existing stockholders to experience dilution and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Disruptions in the financial markets may have a significant adverse effect on the market value of our common stock and other adverse effects on us and our business. Our inability to obtain additional financing or refinancings on terms acceptable to us could delay or eliminate some or all of our growth plans, necessitate the sales of assets at unfavorable prices or both, and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

Increases in market interest rates and/or the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) could significantly increase the costs of our floating rate debt and lease obligations, which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings.

Our floating rate debt and lease obligations and any future indebtedness and lease obligations, if applicable, exposes us to interest rate and CPI risk. Therefore, any increase in prevailing interest rates or CPI could increase our future interest and/or lease payment obligations, which could in the future have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

If we are unable to renovate, reposition, or redevelop our communities in accordance with our plans, our anticipated revenues, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

We are currently working on projects that will renovate, reposition, or redevelop a number of our existing senior housing communities. These projects are in various stages of development and are subject to a number of factors, some of which we have little or no control. Our ability to successfully renovate, reposition, or redevelop our senior housing communities will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to acquire suitable sites at reasonable prices; our success in obtaining necessary zoning, licensing, and other required governmental permits and authorizations; and our ability to control construction costs and accurately project completion schedules. We anticipate that the renovation, repositioning, or redevelopment of existing senior housing communities may involve a substantial commitment of capital for a period of time until completion and are operating and producing revenue. In addition, we may incur substantial costs prior to achieving stabilized occupancy for each project and cannot assure you that the costs will not be greater than we have anticipated. Our failure to achieve our renovation, repositioning, and redevelopment plans could adversely impact our anticipated revenues, results of operations, and cash flows.

Termination of resident agreements and resident attrition could affect adversely our revenues and earnings.

State regulations governing assisted living facilities require written resident agreements with each resident. Most of these regulations also require that each resident have the right to terminate the resident agreement for any reason on reasonable notice. Consistent with these regulations, the resident agreements signed by us allow residents to terminate their lease upon 0 to 30 days’ notice. Thus, we cannot contract with residents to stay for longer periods of time, unlike typical apartment leasing arrangements that involve lease agreements with specified leasing periods of up to a year or longer. Our resident agreements generally provide for termination of the lease upon death or allow a resident to terminate their lease upon the need for a higher level of care not provided at the community. In addition, the advanced age of our average resident means that the resident turnover rate in our senior living facilities may be difficult to predict. If a large number of residents elected to or otherwise terminate their resident agreements at or around the same time, then our revenues and earnings could be adversely affected.

We largely rely on private pay residents and circumstances that adversely affect the ability of the elderly to pay for our services could have a material adverse effect on us.

Approximately 94.6% of our total revenues from communities that we operated were attributable to private pay sources and approximately 5.4% of our revenues from these communities were attributable to reimbursements from Medicaid, in each case, during fiscal 2018. We expect to continue to rely primarily on the ability of residents to pay for our services from their own or family financial resources. Unfavorable economic conditions in the housing, financial, and credit markets, inflation, or other circumstances that adversely affect the ability of the elderly to pay for our services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

The senior living services industry is very competitive and some competitors may have substantially greater financial resources than us.

The senior living services industry is highly competitive, and we expect that all segments of the industry will become increasingly competitive in the future. We compete with other companies providing independent living, assisted living, home health care and other similar services and care alternatives. We also compete with other health care businesses with respect to attracting and retaining nurses, technicians, aides and other high quality professional and non-professional employees and managers. Although we believe there is a need for senior housing communities in the markets where we operate residences, we expect that competition will increase from existing competitors and new market entrants, some of whom may have substantially greater financial resources than us. In addition, some of our competitors operate on a not-for-profit basis or as charitable organizations and have the ability to finance capital expenditures on a tax-exempt basis or through the receipt of charitable contributions, neither of which are available to us. Furthermore, if the development of new senior housing communities outpaces the demand for those communities in the markets in which we have senior housing communities, those markets may become saturated. Regulation in the independent and assisted living industry is not substantial. Consequently, development of new senior housing communities could outpace demand. An oversupply of those communities in our markets could cause us to experience decreased occupancy, reduced operating margins and lower profitability.

We rely on the services of key executive officers and the transition of management or loss of these officers or their services could have a material adverse effect on us.

We depend on the services of our executive officers for our management. We have recently undergone changes in our senior management and may experience further changes in the future. The transition of management, loss of any of our executive officers or our inability to attract and retain qualified management personnel in the future, could affect our ability to manage our business and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

A significant increase in our labor costs could have a material adverse effect on us.

We compete with other providers of senior living services with respect to attracting and retaining qualified management personnel responsible for the day-to-day operations of each of our communities and skilled personnel responsible for providing resident care. A shortage of nurses or trained personnel may require us to enhance our wage and benefits package in order to compete in the hiring and retention of these personnel or to hire more expensive temporary personnel. We also will be dependent on the available labor pool of semi-skilled and unskilled employees in each of the markets in which we operate. No assurance can be given that our labor costs will not increase, or that, if they do increase, they can be matched by corresponding increases in rates charged to residents. Any significant failure by us to control our labor costs or to pass on any increased labor costs to residents through rate increases could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

We are subject to risks related to the provision for employee health care benefits and ongoing health care reform legislation.

We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance for employee health care plans. We record expenses under these plans based on estimates of the costs of expected claims, administrative costs and stop-loss premiums. These estimates are then adjusted to reflect actual costs incurred. Actual costs under these plans are subject to variability depending primarily upon participant enrollment and demographics, the actual costs of claims and whether stop-loss insurance covers these claims. In the event that our cost estimates differ from actual costs, we could incur additional unplanned health care costs which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

In March 2010, comprehensive health care reform legislation under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (HR 3590) and the Health Care Education and Affordability Reconciliation Act (HR 4872) was passed and signed into law. This legislation expands health care coverage to many uninsured individuals and expands health care coverage to those already insured under existing plans. The health care reform legislation includes, among other things, guaranteed coverage requirements, eliminates pre-existing condition exclusions and annual and lifetime maximum limits, restricts the extent to which policies can be rescinded, and imposes new and significant taxes on health insurers and health care benefits. Provisions of the health care reform legislation become effective at various dates over the next several years. The United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, Department of Labor and Treasury Department continue to issue necessary enabling regulations and guidance with respect to the health care reform legislation. Due to the breadth and complexity of the health care reform legislation, the lack of implementing regulations and interpretative guidance, and the phased-in nature of the implementation, it is difficult to predict the overall impact this legislation will have over the coming years; however, this legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

There is an inherent risk of liability in the provision of personal and health care services, not all of which may be covered by insurance.

The provision of personal and health care services in the long-term care industry entails an inherent risk of liability. In recent years, participants in the long-term care industry have become subject to an increasing number of lawsuits alleging negligence or related legal theories, many of which involve large claims and result in the incurrence of significant defense costs. Moreover, senior housing communities offer residents a greater degree of independence in their daily living. This increased level of independence may subject the resident and, therefore, us to risks that would be reduced in more institutionalized settings. We currently maintain insurance in amounts we believe are comparable to those maintained by other senior living companies based on the nature of the risks, our historical experience and industry standards, and we believe that this insurance coverage is adequate. However, we may become subject to claims in excess of our insurance or claims not covered by our insurance, such as claims for punitive damages, terrorism and natural disasters. A claim against us not covered by, or in excess of, our insurance could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

In addition, our insurance policies must be renewed annually. Based upon poor loss experience, insurers for the long-term care industry have become increasingly wary of liability exposure. A number of insurance carriers have stopped writing coverage to this market, and those remaining have increased premiums and deductibles substantially. Therefore, we cannot assure that we will be able to obtain liability insurance in the future or that, if that insurance is available, it will be available on acceptable economic terms.

We are subject to government regulations and compliance, some of which are burdensome and some of which may change to our detriment in the future.

Federal and state governments regulate various aspects of our business. The development and operation of senior housing communities and the provision of health care services are subject to federal, state and local licensure, certification and inspection laws that regulate, among other matters, the number of licensed beds, the provision of services, the distribution of pharmaceuticals, billing practices and policies, equipment, staffing (including professional licensing), operating policies and procedures, fire prevention measures, environmental matters, and compliance with building and safety codes. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in the denial of reimbursement, the imposition of fines, temporary suspension of admission of new residents, suspension or decertification from the Medicaid program, restrictions on the ability to acquire new communities or expand existing communities and, in extreme cases, the revocation of a community’s license or closure of a community. We believe that such regulation will increase in the future and we are unable to predict the content of new regulations or their effect on our business, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

Various states, including several of the states in which we currently operate, control the supply of licensed beds and assisted living communities through CON or other programs. In those states, approval is required for the addition of licensed beds and some capital expenditures at those communities. To the extent that a CON or other similar approval is required for the acquisition or construction of new communities, the expansion of the number of licensed beds, services, or existing communities, we could be adversely affected by our failure or inability to obtain that approval, changes in the standards applicable for that approval, and possible delays and expenses associated with obtaining that approval. In addition, in most states, the reduction of the number of licensed beds or the closure of a community requires the approval of the appropriate state regulatory agency and, if we were to seek to reduce the number of licensed beds at, or to close, a community, we could be adversely affected by a failure to obtain or a delay in obtaining that approval.

Federal and state anti-remuneration laws, such as “anti-kickback” laws, govern some financial arrangements among health care providers and others who may be in a position to refer or recommend patients to those providers. These laws prohibit, among other things, some direct and indirect payments that are intended to induce the referral of patients to, the arranging for services by, or the recommending of, a particular provider of health care items or services. Federal anti-kickback laws have been broadly interpreted to apply to some contractual relationships between health care providers and sources of patient referral. Similar state laws vary, are sometimes vague, and seldom have been interpreted by courts or regulatory agencies. Violation of these laws can result in loss of licensure, civil and criminal penalties, and exclusion of health care providers or suppliers from participation in the Medicaid program. There can be no assurance that those laws will be interpreted in a manner consistent with our practices.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, all places of public accommodation are required to meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. A number of additional federal, state and local laws exist that also may require modifications to existing and planned communities to create access to the properties by disabled persons. Although we believe that our communities are substantially in compliance with present requirements or are exempt therefrom, if required changes involve a greater expenditure than anticipated or must be made on a more accelerated basis than anticipated, additional costs would be incurred by us. Further legislation may impose additional burdens or restrictions with respect to access by disabled persons, the costs of compliance with which could be substantial.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, in conjunction with the federal regulations promulgated thereunder by the Department of Health and Human Services, has established, among other requirements, standards governing the privacy of certain protected and individually identifiable health information that is created, received or maintained by a range of covered entities. HIPAA has also established standards governing uniform health care transactions, the codes and identifiers to be used by the covered entities and standards governing the security of certain electronic transactions conducted by covered entities. Penalties for violations can range from civil money penalties for errors and negligent acts to criminal fines and imprisonment for knowing and intentional misconduct. HIPAA is a complex set of regulations and many unanswered questions remain with respect to the manner in which HIPAA applies to businesses such as those operated by us.

An increasing number of legislative initiatives have been introduced or proposed in recent years that would result in major changes in the health care delivery system on a national or a state level. Among the proposals that have been introduced are price controls on hospitals, insurance market reforms to increase the availability of group health insurance to small businesses, requirements that all businesses offer health insurance coverage to their employees and the creation of government health insurance plans that would cover all citizens and increase payments by beneficiaries. We cannot predict whether any of the above proposals or other proposals will be adopted and, if adopted, no assurances can be given that their implementation will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real estate may be required to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases at the property, and may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred by those parties in connection with the contamination. These laws typically impose clean-up responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner knew of or caused the presence of the contaminants, and liability under these laws has been interpreted to be joint and several unless the harm is divisible and there is a reasonable basis for allocation of responsibility. The costs of investigation, remediation or removal of the substances may be substantial, and the presence of the substances, or the failure to properly remediate the property, may adversely affect the owner’s ability to sell or lease the property or to borrow using the property as collateral. In addition, some environmental laws create a lien on the contaminated site in favor of the government for damages and costs it incurs in connection with the contamination. Persons who arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances also may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of the substances at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not the facility is owned or operated by the person. Finally, the owner of a site may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from a site. If we become subject to any of these claims the costs involved could be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

Damage from catastrophic weather and other natural events could result in losses.

A certain number of our properties are located in areas that have experienced and may experience in the future catastrophic weather and other natural events from time to time, including snow or ice storms, windstorm, tornados, hurricanes, fires, earthquakes, flooding or other severe weather. The Company maintains insurance policies, including coverage for business interruption, designed to mitigate financial losses resulting from such adverse weather and natural events; however, there can be no assurance that adverse weather or natural events will not cause substantial damages or losses to our communities that could exceed our insurance coverage. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, such loss could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

We rely on information technology in our operations, and failure to maintain the security and functionality of our information technology and computer systems, or to prevent a cybersecurity attack, breach or other unauthorized access, could adversely affect our business, reputation and relationships with our residents, employees and referral sources and may subject us to remediation costs, government inquiries and liabilities under HIPAA and data and consumer protection laws, any of which could materially and adversely impact our revenues, results of operations, cash flow and liquidity.

We rely upon the proper function and availability of our information technology and computer systems, including hardware, software, applications and electronic data storage, to communicate with our residents and patients, their doctors and other healthcare providers, and our employees and vendors and to store, process, safeguard and transmit our business information, including proprietary business information, private health information and personally identifiable information of our residents and employees. We have taken steps and expended significant resources to protect the cybersecurity and physical security of our information technology and computer systems and have developed and implemented policies and procedures to comply with HIPAA and other applicable privacy laws, rules and regulations. However, there can be no assurance that our security measures, policies and procedures and disaster recovery plans will prevent damage to, or interruption or breach of, our information systems or other unauthorized access to private information.

The cybersecurity risks to the Company and our third-party vendors are heightened by, among other things, the frequently changing techniques used to illegally or fraudulently obtain unauthorized access to systems, advances in computing technology and cryptogrophy, and the possibility that unauthorized access may be difficult to detect, which could lead to us or our vendors being unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures. In addition, components of our information systems that we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the security or functionality of our information systems. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities, or those of third parties with whom we do business or communicate, through computer viruses, hacking, fraud or other forms of deceiving our employees or contractors such as email phishing attacks. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our cybersecurity or to investigate and remediate any cybersecurity vulnerabilities, attacks or incidents.

In addition, we rely on software support of third parties to secure and maintain our information systems and data. Our inability, or the inability of these third parties, to continue to maintain and upgrade our information systems could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. Costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems could also disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations.

Failure to maintain the security and functionality of our information systems, or to prevent a cybersecurity attack or other unauthorized access to our information systems, could expose us to a number of adverse consequences, including: (i) interruptions to our business and operations; (ii) the theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of sensitive information, including proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our residents, patients and employees; (iii) significant remediation costs; (iv) negative publicity that could damage our reputation and our relationships with our residents, patients, employees and referral sources; (v) litigation and potential liability under privacy, security and consumer protection laws, including HIPAA, or other applicable laws, rules or regulations; and (vi) government inquiries that may result in sanctions and other criminal or civil fines or penalties. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely impact our revenues, results of operations, cash flow and liquidity.

Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents, governing law and material agreements may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that our stockholders may consider favorable or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management.

Certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that our stockholders may consider favorable or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. We have a number of anti-takeover devices in place that will hinder takeover attempts, including: a staggered board of directors consisting of three classes of directors, each of whom serve three-year terms; removal of directors only for cause, and only with the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the voting interest of stockholders entitled to vote; right of our directors to issue preferred stock from time to time with voting, economic and other rights superior to those of our common stock without the consent of our stockholders; provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated by-laws limiting the right of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders; advance notice requirements for stockholders with respect to director nominations and actions to be taken at annual meetings; requirement for two-thirds stockholder approval for amendment of our by-laws and certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation; and no provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock can elect all the directors standing for election.

Several of our leases, loan documents and other material agreements require approval in case of a change of control of our company. These provisions may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company even if this change of control would benefit our stockholders.

In addition to the anti-takeover provisions described above, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Section 203 generally prohibits a person beneficially owning, directly or indirectly, 15% or more of our outstanding common stock from engaging in a business combination with us for three years after the person acquired the stock. However, this prohibition does not apply if (A) our directors approve in advance the person’s ownership of 15% or more of the shares or the business combination or (B) the business combination is approved by our stockholders by a vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares not owned by the acquiring person.

Because we do not presently have plans to pay dividends on our common stock, stockholders must look solely to appreciation of our common stock to realize a gain on their investment.

It is the policy of our Board of Directors to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of the Company’s business. Accordingly, the Company has not and does not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on your common stock in the foreseeable future. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, the Company’s earnings, operations, capital requirements, financial condition, restrictions in then existing financing agreements and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Accordingly, stockholders must look solely to appreciation of our common stock to realize a gain on their investment. This appreciation may not occur.

The price of our common stock has fluctuated substantially over the past several years and may continue to fluctuate substantially in the future.

Our stock price may continue to be subject to significant fluctuations as a result of a variety of factors, which are described throughout this Annual report on Form 10-K, including those factors discussed under this section entitled “Risk Factors.” Some of these factors are beyond our control. We may fail to meet the expectations of our stockholders or securities analysts at some point in the future, and our stock price could decline as a result.

Future offerings of equity securities by us may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering additional equity securities. Additional equity offerings may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders and/or reduce the market price of our common stock. Our decision to issue equity securities in a future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their holdings in our Company.

The executive and administrative offices of the Company are located at 14160 Dallas Parkway, Suite 300, Dallas, Texas 75254, and consist of approximately 26,000 square feet. The lease on the premises currently extends through September 2020. The Company believes that its corporate office facilities are adequate to meet its requirements through at least fiscal 2019 and that suitable additional space will be available, as needed, to accommodate further physical expansion of corporate operations.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company owned or leased and managed the senior housing communities referred to in Item 1 above under the caption “Operating Communities.”

The Company has claims incurred in the normal course of its business. Most of these claims are believed by management to be covered by insurance, subject to normal reservations of rights by the insurance companies and possibly subject to certain exclusions in the applicable insurance policies. Whether or not covered by insurance, these claims, in the opinion of management, based on advice of legal counsel, should not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Company if determined adversely to the Company.

(a) Market Price of and Dividends on the Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters.

The Company’s shares of common stock are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “CSU”. At February 22, 2019, there were approximately 220 stockholders of record of the Company’s common stock.

The following table presents information relating to the Company’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018:

The following Performance Graph shows the cumulative total return for the five-year period ended December 31, 2018, in the value of $100 invested in: (1) the Company’s common stock; (2) the Standard & Poor’s Broad Market Index (the “S&P 500”); and (3) the common stock of the Peer Group (as defined below) of companies, whose returns represent the arithmetic average of such companies. The values with each investment as of the beginning of each year are based on share price appreciation and the reinvestment of any dividends on the respective ex-dividend dates.

The preceding graph assumes $100 invested at the beginning of the measurement period, including reinvestment of any dividends, in the Company’s common stock, the S&P 500, and the Peer Group and was plotted using the following data:

The Company’s Peer Group, which was selected in good faith on an industry basis, consists of Brookdale Senior Living, Inc. and Five Star Quality Care, Inc.

(b) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities.

The following information is provided pursuant to Item 703 of Regulation S-K. The information set forth in the table below reflects information regarding the aggregate shares repurchased by the Company pursuant to its share repurchase program (as described below) as of December 31, 2018.

The following table presents selected financial data of the Company which has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in this Annual Report.

	At and for the Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except per share and other data)
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Data:
Total revenues	$	460,018		$	466,997		$	447,448		$	412,177		$	383,925
Income from operations		7,603			7,842			14,390			18,835			13,900
Net loss		(53,596	)		(44,168	)		(28,017	)		(14,284	)		(24,126	)
Net loss per share:
Basic net loss per share	$	(1.80	)	$	(1.50	)	$	(0.97	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.83	)
Diluted net loss per share	$	(1.80	)	$	(1.50	)	$	(0.97	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.83	)
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents (excluding restricted cash)	$	31,309		$	17,646		$	34,026		$	56,087		$	39,209
Working capital (deficit) (1)		(11,572	)		(22,954	)		638			26,726			13,113
Total assets (1)		1,149,144			1,182,671			1,145,781			1,019,033			891,370
Long-term debt, excluding current portion (1)		959,408			938,206			882,504			754,949			592,884
Shareholders’ equity	$	35,265		$	80,433		$	116,918		$	135,746		$	141,174
Other Data:
Communities (at end of period)
Owned or leased		129			129			129			121			117
Joint ventures & managed		—			—			—			—			—
Total		129			129			129			121			117
Resident capacity:
Owned or leased		16,523			16,523			16,523			15,416			15,149
Joint ventures & managed		—			—			—			—			—
Total		16,523			16,523			16,523			15,416			15,149

Certain information contained in this report constitutes “Forward-Looking Statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “would,” “intend,” “could,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate” or “continue” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology. Examples of forward-looking statements, include, without limitation, those relating to the Company’s future business prospects and strategies, financial results, working capital, liquidity, capital needs and expenditures, interest costs, insurance availability and contingent liabilities. Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause the Company’s actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the Company’s ability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy its debt and lease obligations and to fund the Company’s capital improvement projects to expand, redevelop, and/or reposition its senior living communities; the Company’s ability to obtain additional capital on terms acceptable to it; the Company’s ability to extend or refinance its existing debt as such debt matures; the Company’s compliance with its debt and lease agreements, including certain financial covenants, and the risk of cross-default in the event such non-compliance occurs; the Company’s ability to complete acquisitions and dispositions upon favorable terms or at all; the risk of oversupply and increased competition in the markets which the Company operates; the risk of increased competition for skilled workers due to wage pressure and changes in regulatory requirements; the departure of the Company’s key officers and personnel; the cost and difficulty of complying with applicable licensure, legislative oversight, or regulatory changes; the risks associated with a decline in economic conditions generally; the adequacy and continued availability of the Company’s insurance policies and the Company’s ability to recover any losses it sustains under such policies; changes in accounting principles and interpretations; and the other risks and factors identified from time to time in the Company’s reports filed with the SEC.

The following discussion and analysis addresses (i) the Company’s results of operations on a historical consolidated basis for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, and (ii) liquidity and capital resources of the Company and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s historical consolidated financial statements and the selected financial data contained elsewhere in this report.

The Company is one of the largest operators of senior housing communities in the United States. The Company’s operating strategy is to provide value to its senior living residents by providing quality senior living services at reasonable prices, while achieving and sustaining a strong, competitive position within its geographically concentrated regions, as well as continuing to enhance the performance of its operations. The Company provides senior living services to the elderly, including independent living, assisted living, and memory care services at reasonable prices. Many of the Company’s communities offer a continuum of care to meet its residents’ needs as they change over time. This continuum of care, which integrates independent living, assisted living, and memory care, and is bridged by home care through independent home care agencies, sustains residents’ autonomy and independence based on their physical and mental abilities.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company operated 129 senior housing communities in 23 states with an aggregate capacity of approximately 16,500 residents, including 83 senior housing communities which the Company owned and 46 senior housing communities the Company leased.

The Company primarily derives its revenue by providing senior living housing and services to the elderly. When comparing fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2017, the Company generated total revenues of approximately $460.0 million compared to total revenues of approximately $467.0 million, respectively, representing a decrease of approximately $7.0 million, or 1.5%. Our resident revenue continues to be negatively impacted from the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, which resulted in the full evacuation of our residents at two of our senior housing communities located in southeast Texas during the third quarter of fiscal 2017. Although physical repairs were substantially completed and both of these communities began accepting residents during the third quarter of fiscal 2018, unoccupied units at these communities resulted in a decrease of approximately $4.6 million in our resident revenue during fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017. In addition to the decrease in resident revenue from the two senior housing communities negatively impacted by Hurricane Harvey, we also experienced a decrease in resident revenue at our other remaining senior housing communities of $2.4 million, which was primarily due to a 1.6% decrease in average financial occupancies.

Excluding the two senior housing communities impacted by Hurricane Harvey, the weighted average financial occupancy rate for fiscal 2018 and 2017 was 85.2% and 86.8%, respectively. Although our occupancies declined, we achieved a 1.0% increase in average monthly rental rates when comparing fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2017. The increase in average monthly rental rates during fiscal 2018 was primarily the result of annual rent increases for our existing residents and the capital improvements we have invested in our communities for unit conversions which enable us to provide a broader range of senior living services at higher levels of care.

As mentioned above, the Company had two of its senior housing communities located in southeast Texas impacted by Hurricane Harvey during the third quarter of fiscal 2017. We maintain insurance coverage on these communities which includes damage caused by flooding. The insurance claim for this incident required a deductible of $100,000 that was expensed as a component of operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in the third quarter of fiscal 2017. Physical repairs have been substantially completed to restore the communities to their condition prior to the incident and these communities reopened and began accepting residents in July 2018. Through December 31, 2018, we have incurred approximately $6.9 million in clean-up and physical repair costs which we believe are probable of being recovered through insurance proceeds. In addition to the repairs of physical damage to the buildings, the Company’s insurance coverage includes loss of business income (“Business Interruption”). Business Interruption includes reimbursement for lost revenue as well as incremental expenses incurred as a result of the hurricane. The Company received payments from our insurance underwriters during fiscal 2018 totaling approximately $9.2 million of which approximately $5.1 million related to Business Interruption, which has been included as a reduction to operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company leased 46 senior housing communities from certain real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). The lease terms are generally for 10-15 years with renewal options for 5-20 years at the Company’s option. Under these lease agreements, the Company is responsible for all operating costs, maintenance and repairs, insurance and property taxes. No new facility leases were entered into by the Company during fiscal 2018.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company leased seven senior housing communities (collectively the “Ventas Lease Agreements”) from Ventas, Inc. (“Ventas”). Effective January 31, 2017, the Company acquired from Ventas the underlying real estate associated with four of its operating leases for a total acquisition price of $85.0 million (the “Four Property Lease Transaction”). The Company obtained interim, interest only, bridge financing from Berkadia for $65.0 million of the acquisition price with an initial variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.0% and a 36-month term, with an option to extend 6 months, and the balance of the acquisition price paid from the Company’s existing cash resources. For additional information refer to Note 3, “Acquisitions”, within the notes to consolidated financial statements. Prior to the Four Property Lease Transaction, the Company previously leased 11 senior housing communities from Ventas.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to facilitate up to $24.5 million of leasehold improvements for 10 communities within the Ventas lease portfolio and extend the lease terms until September 30, 2025, with two five-year renewal extensions available at the Company’s option. During the second quarter of fiscal 2016, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to increase the funds budgeted for leasehold improvements (the “Special Project Funds”) from $24.5 million to $28.5 million and extend the date for completion of the leasehold improvements to June 30, 2017. During the second quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to decrease the Special Project Funds for leasehold improvements from $28.5 million to approximately $17.0 million due to the Four Property Lease Transaction and extend the date for completion of the leasehold improvements to June 30, 2018. During the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to increase the Special Project Funds for leasehold improvements from approximately $17.0 million to approximately $20.0 million and extend the date for completion of the leasehold improvements to June 30, 2019. The initial lease rates under each of the Ventas Lease Agreements ranged from 6.75% to 8% and are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses which will be recognized when probable or incurred. The Company initially incurred $11.4 million in lease acquisition and modification costs related to the Ventas Lease Agreements, of which a portion of these costs were written-off upon closing the Four Property Lease Transaction leaving $8.7 million in lease acquisition and modification costs associated with the remaining properties. These deferred lease acquisition and modification costs are being amortized over the lease terms and are included in facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company accounts for five of the Ventas Lease Agreements as an operating lease and two as a capital lease and financing obligation.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company leased 15 senior housing communities (collectively the “HCP Lease Agreements”) from HCP, Inc. (“HCP”). During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2013, the Company executed an amendment to the master lease agreement with HCP to facilitate up to $3.3 million of leasehold improvements for one community within the HCP lease portfolio and extend the initial lease terms for nine communities until October 31, 2020, with two 10-year renewal extensions available at the Company’s option. During the second quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company exercised its right to extend the lease term with HCP for the remaining six communities in the HCP lease portfolio until April 30, 2026, with one 10-year renewal extension available at the Company’s option. The initial lease rates under the HCP Lease Agreements ranged from 7.25% to 8% and are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses, which will be recognized when probable or incurred. The Company incurred $1.6 million in lease acquisition and modification costs related to the HCP Lease Agreements. These deferred lease acquisition and modification costs are being amortized over the lease terms and are included in facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company accounts for each of the HCP Lease Agreements as an operating lease.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company leased 24 senior housing communities (collectively the “Welltower Lease Agreements”) from Welltower, Inc., formerly Health Care REIT, Inc. (“Welltower”). The Welltower Lease Agreements each have an initial term of 15 years, with one 15-year renewal extension available at the Company’s option. The initial lease rates under the Welltower Lease Agreements ranged from 7.25% to 8.5% and are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses, which will be recognized when probable or incurred. The initial terms on the Welltower Lease Agreements expire on various dates through from April 2025 through April 2026. The Company incurred $2.1 million in lease acquisition costs related to the Welltower Lease Agreements. These deferred lease acquisition costs are being amortized over the lease terms and are included in facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company accounts for each of the Welltower Lease Agreements as an operating lease.

The following table summarizes each of the Company’s facility lease agreements as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in millions):

Landlord	Initial Date of Lease	Number of Communities		Value of Transaction		Current Expiration and Renewal Term	Initial Lease Rate (1)			Lease Acquisition and Modification Costs (2)			Deferred Gains / Lease Concessions (3)
Ventas	September 30, 2005		4	$	61.4	September 30, 2025 (4) (Two five-year renewals)		8	%	$	7.7		$	4.2
Ventas	January 31, 2008		1		5.0	September 30, 2025 (4) (Two five-year renewals)		7.75	%		0.2			—
Ventas	June 27, 2012		2		43.3	September 30, 2025 (4) (Two five-year renewals)		6.75	%		0.8			—
HCP	May 1, 2006		3		54.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		8	%		0.3			12.8
HCP	May 31, 2006		6		43.0	April 30, 2026 (6) (One 10-year renewal)		8	%		0.2			0.6
HCP	December 1, 2006		4		51.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		8	%		0.7			—
HCP	December 14, 2006		1		18.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		7.75	%		0.3			—
HCP	April 11, 2007		1		8.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		7.25	%		0.1			—
Welltower	April 16, 2010		5		48.5	April 30, 2025 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		8.25	%		0.6			0.8
Welltower	May 1, 2010		3		36.0	April 30, 2025 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		8.25	%		0.2			0.4
Welltower	September 10, 2010		12		104.6	September 30, 2025 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		8.50	%		0.4			2.0
Welltower	April 8, 2011		4		141.0	April 30, 2026 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		7.25	%		0.9			16.3
Subtotal											12.4			37.1
Accumulated amortization through December 31, 2018											(7.9	)		—
Accumulated deferred gains / lease concessions recognized through December 31, 2018											—			(26.2	)
Net lease acquisition costs / deferred gains / lease concessions as of December 31, 2018										$	4.5		$	10.9

Facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss includes rent expense plus amortization expense relating to leasehold acquisition costs offset by the amortization of deferred gains and lease incentives. There are various financial covenants and other restrictions in the Company’s lease agreements. The Company was in compliance with all of its lease covenants at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

On December 18, 2018, the Company repaid certain mortgage loans associated with 21 of its senior living communities totaling approximately $170.6 million from Fannie Mae which were scheduled to mature on various dates beginning August 2021 through April 2026. The repayment of these mortgage loans facilitated the establishment of a MCF with Berkadia whereby the Company obtained approximately $201.0 million of new mortgage financing. The MCF will allow the Company to make future advances, should the Company decide to do so, assuming certain borrowing conditions are satisfied. The MCF consists of two separate loans which are cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized. Approximately $150.8 million of the new financing is long-term fixed interest rate debt at a fixed interest rate of 5.13% with a 10-year term and interest only for the first 36 months and the principal amortized over a 30-year term thereafter. Approximately $50.3 million of the new financing is long-term variable interest rate debt at a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 2.14% with a 10-year term and interest only for the first 36 months and a fixed monthly principal component of $67,000 thereafter. The Company incurred approximately $3.0 million in deferred financing costs related to the MCF, which are being amortized over 10 years. As a result of the early repayment of the Fannie Mae mortgage debt, the Company accelerated the amortization of approximately $1.5 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and incurred prepayment premiums of approximately $11.1 million.

On December 1, 2018, the Company renewed certain insurance policies and entered into a finance agreement totaling approximately $0.8 million. The finance agreement has a fixed interest rate of 4.40% with the principal being repaid over an 11-month term.

Effective June 29, 2018, the Company extended its mortgage loan with Berkadia on one of its senior living communities located in Canton, Ohio. The maturity date was extended to October 10, 2021 with an initial variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 5.0% with principal amortized over 25 years.

Effective May 31, 2018, the Company renewed certain insurance policies and entered into a finance agreement totaling approximately $1.7 million. The finance agreement has a fixed interest rate of 3.64% with the principal being repaid over an 11-month term.

The Company issued standby letters of credit with Wells Fargo Bank (“Wells Fargo”), totaling approximately $3.4 million, for the benefit of Hartford Financial Services (“Hartford”) associated with the administration of workers compensation which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

The Company issued standby letters of credit with JPMorgan Chase Bank (“Chase”), totaling approximately $6.7 million, for the benefit of Welltower, on certain leases between Welltower and the Company which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

The Company issued standby letters of credit with Chase, totaling approximately $2.9 million, for the benefit of HCP on certain leases between HCP and the Company which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the accompanying financial statements and related notes. Management bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience, observance of industry trends and various other sources of information and factors, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, and potentially could result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The Company believes the following are our most critical accounting policies and/or typically require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

The Company's senior housing communities have residency agreements which generally require the resident to pay a community fee prior to moving into the community and are recorded initially by the Company as deferred revenue. The deferred amounts are amortized over the respective residents’ initial lease term which is consistent with the contractual obligation associated with the estimated stay of the resident.

Revenues from the Medicaid program accounted for approximately 5.4% of the Company’s revenue in fiscal 2018, 5.6% of the Company’s revenue in fiscal 2017, and 5.5% of the Company’s revenue in fiscal 2016. During fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, 40, 41, and 40, respectively, of the Company’s communities were providers of services under Medicaid programs. Accordingly, these communities were entitled to reimbursement under the foregoing program at established rates that were lower than private pay rates. Patient service revenue for Medicaid patients was recorded at the reimbursement rates as the rates were set prospectively by the applicable state upon the filing of an annual cost report. None of the Company’s communities were providers of services under the Medicare program during fiscal 2018, 2017, or 2016.

Laws and regulations governing the Medicaid program are complex and subject to interpretation. The Company believes that it is in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations and is not aware of any pending or threatened investigations involving allegations of potential wrongdoing. While no such regulatory inquiries have been made, compliance with such laws and regulations can be subject to future government review and interpretation as well as significant regulatory action including fines, penalties, and exclusion from the Medicaid program.

In determining the allocation of the purchase price of senior housing communities acquired to net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, the Company makes estimates of fair value using information obtained as a result of pre-acquisition due diligence, leasing activities and/or independent appraisals. The Company assigns the purchase price for senior living communities to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on

their estimated fair values. The determination of fair value involves the use of significant judgments and estimates which is generally assessed as follows:

The Company allocates the fair values of buildings acquired on an as-if-vacant basis and depreciates the building values over the estimated remaining lives of the buildings, not to exceed 40 years. The Company determines the allocated values of other fixed assets, such as site improvements and furniture, fixtures and equipment, based upon the replacement cost and depreciates such values over the assets’ estimated remaining useful lives as determined at the acquisition date. The Company determines the value of land by considering the sales prices of similar properties in recent transactions.

The fair value of acquired lease-related intangibles reflects the estimated fair value of existing resident in-place leases as represented by the cost to obtain residents and an estimated absorption period to reflect the value of the rent and recovery costs foregone during a reasonable lease-up period as if the property acquired was vacant. The Company amortizes any acquired resident in-place lease intangibles to depreciation and amortization expense over the estimated remaining useful life of the respective resident operating leases.

The Company’s resident receivables are generally due within 30 days from the date billed. Accounts receivable are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $6.8 million and $4.9 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and represent the Company’s estimate of the amount that ultimately will be collected. The adequacy of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed on an ongoing basis, using historical payment trends, write-off experience, analyses of receivable portfolios by payor source and aging of receivables, as well as a review of specific accounts, and adjustments are made to the allowance as necessary. Credit losses on resident receivables have historically been within management’s estimates, and management believes that the allowance for doubtful accounts adequately provides for expected losses.

The Company had no material off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2018.

The Company determines whether to account for its leases as operating, capital or financing leases depending on the underlying terms of each lease agreement. This determination of classification requires significant judgment relating to certain information, including the estimated fair value and remaining economic life of the community, the Company’s cost of funds, minimum lease payments and other lease terms. The lease rates under the Company’s lease agreements are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses which are recognized when probable or incurred and are based on changes in the consumer price index or certain operational performance measures. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company leased 46 communities, two of which the Company classified as capital lease and financing obligations with the remaining classified as operating leases. The Company incurs lease acquisition costs and amortizes these costs over the term of the respective lease agreement. Certain leases entered into by the Company qualified as sale/leaseback transactions, and as such, any related gains have been deferred and are being amortized over the respective lease term. No new communities were leased by the Company during fiscal 2018 or 2017. Effective January 31, 2017, the Company acquired from Ventas the underlying real estate associated with four of its operating leases. For additional information refer to Note 3, “Acquisitions”, within the notes to consolidated financial statements.

Facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive loss includes rent expense plus amortization expense relating to leasehold acquisition costs offset by the amortization of deferred gains and lease incentives.

Employee Health and Dental Benefits, Workers’ Compensation, and Insurance Reserves

health and dental benefits, net of employee contributions, is shared between the corporate office and the senior housing communities based on the respective number of plan participants. Funds collected are used to pay the actual program costs including estimated annual claims, third-party administrative fees, network provider fees, communication costs, and other related administrative costs incurred by the plans. Claims are paid as they are submitted to the Company’s third-party administrator. The Company records a liability for outstanding claims and claims that have been incurred but not yet reported. This liability is based on the historical claim reporting lag and payment trends of health insurance claims. Management believes that the liability for outstanding losses and expenses is adequate to cover the ultimate cost of losses and expenses incurred at December 31, 2018; however, actual claims and expenses may differ. Any subsequent changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined.

The Company uses a combination of insurance and self-insurance for workers’ compensation. Determining the reserve for workers’ compensation losses and costs that the Company has incurred as of the end of a reporting period involves significant judgments based on projected future events, including potential settlements for pending claims, known incidents which may result in claims, estimates of incurred but not yet reported claims, changes in insurance premiums, estimated litigation costs and other factors. The Company regularly adjusts these estimates to reflect changes in the foregoing factors. However, since this reserve is based on estimates, the actual expenses incurred may differ from the amounts reserved. Any subsequent changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined.

Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. At each balance sheet date, the Company reviews the carrying value of its property and equipment to determine if facts and circumstances suggest that they may be impaired or that the depreciation period may need to be changed. The Company considers internal factors such as net operating losses along with external factors relating to each asset, including contract changes, local market developments, and other publicly available information. If an indicator of impairment is identified, the carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the anticipated undiscounted cash flows from such asset is separately identifiable and is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount the carrying value exceeds the fair market value, generally based on discounted cash flows, of the long-lived asset. For property and equipment where indicators of impairment were identified, tests of recoverability were performed and the Company has concluded its property and equipment is recoverable and does not warrant adjustment to the carrying value or remaining useful lives as of December 31, 2018. The Company does not believe there were any indicators of impairment that would require an adjustment to the carrying value of the property and equipment or their remaining useful lives as of December 31, 2017.

Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method and current income taxes are recorded based on amounts refundable or payable. Deferred income taxes are recorded based on the estimated future tax effects of loss carryforwards and temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect those carryforwards and temporary differences to be recovered or settled. Management regularly evaluates the future realization of deferred tax assets and provides a valuation allowance, if considered necessary, based on such evaluation. As part of the evaluation, management has evaluated taxable income in carryback years, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, feasible tax planning strategies, and future expectations of income. Based upon this evaluation, a valuation allowance has been recorded to reduce the Company’s net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. However, in the event that we were to determine that it would be more likely than not that the Company would realize the benefit of deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amounts, adjustments to deferred tax assets would increase net income in the period we made such a determination. The benefits of the net deferred tax assets might not be realized if actual results differ from expectations. The effective tax rates for fiscal 2018 and 2017 differ from the statutory tax rates due to state income taxes, permanent tax differences, and changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance. The Company is impacted by the Texas Margin Tax (“TMT”), which effectively imposes tax on modified gross revenues for communities within the State of Texas. During each of fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Company consolidated 38 Texas communities and the TMT increased the overall provision for income taxes.

is required to recognize a tax benefit in its financial statements for an uncertain tax position only if management’s assessment is that its position is “more likely than not” (i.e., a greater than 50 percent likelihood) to be upheld on audit based only on the technical merits of the tax position. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as interest expense and penalties as income tax expense. The Company is generally no longer subject to federal and state income tax audits for years prior to 2015.

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-01, Business Combinations – Clarifying the Definition of a Business. ASU 2017-01 provides guidance in accounting for business combinations when determining if the transaction represents acquisitions or disposals of assets or of a business. Under ASU 2017-01, when determining whether an integrated set of assets and activities constitutes a business, entities must compare the fair value of gross assets acquired to the fair value of a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in the single identifiable assets or group of similar identifiable assets, the integrated set of assets and activities is not characterized as a business. ASU 2017-01 is applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2017-01 on January 1, 2018 and beginning from the date of adoption will apply the accounting guidance provided to the Company’s acquisition activities. Management expects the adoption to require the accounting for acquisitions of senior housing communities to be reflected as acquisitions of assets rather than as a business combination; however, management does not expect the adoption of ASU 2017-01 to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). ASU 2016-18 requires an entity to include in its cash and cash-equivalent balances in the statement of cash flows those amounts that are deemed to be restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. ASU 2016-18 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and should be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018 and the adoption resulted in the Company no longer reporting changes in restricted cash balances in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows within net cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities which did not have a material impact on the Company’s cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 amends the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 230, which often requires judgment to determine the appropriate classification of cash flows as operating, investing or financing activities and has resulted in diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are classified. ASU 2016-15 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and should be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Current U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require an “incurred loss” methodology for recognizing credit losses that delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. ASU 2016-13 replaces the current incurred loss methodology for credit losses and removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial statements measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to form credit loss estimates. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years and for interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. ASU 2016-02 amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. The new lease standard requires lessees to recognize on the balance sheet a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. Additionally, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases, Targeted Improvements, which provided entities with a transition method option to not restate comparative periods presented, but to recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. The FASB retained a dual model for lease classification, requiring leases to be classified as finance or operating leases to determine recognition in the statements of operations and cash flows; however, substantially all leases will be required to be recognized on the balance sheet. The standards update will also require quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding key information about leasing arrangements and provides a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. The Company expects to utilize certain practical expedients that, upon adoption, allows entities to (1) not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) retain the classification of leases (e.g., operating or finance lease) existing as of the date of adoption, (3) not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases, and (4) not record a right-of-use asset and related lease liability for leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less. The Company is in the final stages of evaluating its existing lease portfolio, including accumulating all of the necessary information required to properly account for leases under the new accounting guidance, and believes the most significant impact relates to its accounting for real estate leases. The Company plans to elect a transition option which allows for the recognition of a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption without recasting the financial statements in periods prior to adoption. At adoption, the Company expects to recognize a material increase in assets and liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheet resulting from the recognition of lease liabilities initially measured at the present value of its future operating lease payments and the related right of use assets. The Company has concluded that the previously unrecognized right of use assets will be reviewed for impairment which could result in a reduction to the initially recognized right of use assets and a cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. The Company continues to evaluate the impacts of adopting ASU 2016-02 on its financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, and is updating its systems, processes, and internal controls to meet the new reporting and disclosure requirements. The adoption of this standard will have no impact on the Company’s covenant compliance under its current debt and lease agreements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU 2014-09 affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets. Under ASU 2014-09, an entity will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects what it expects in exchange for the goods or services. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 under the modified retrospective approach. Under the modified retrospective approach, the guidance is applied to the most current period presented, recognizing the cumulative effect of the adoption to beginning retained earnings. The Company has determined that the adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not result in an adjustment to beginning retained earnings and did not result in significant changes to the amount and/or timing of revenue reported within the Company’s consolidated financial statements; however, ASU 2014-09 requires enhanced disclosures related to the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue arrangements. Additionally, our contracts with residents are generally short term in nature and revenue is recognized when services are provided; as such, ASU 2014-09 provides an entity need not disclose information related to performance obligations when the performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less.

The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, selected historical Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss data in thousands of dollars and expressed as a percentage of total revenues.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018						2017						2016
	$			%			$			%			$			%
Revenues:
Resident revenue	$	460,018			100.0	%	$	466,997			100.0	%	$	447,448			100.0	%
Expenses:
Operating expenses (exclusive of facility lease expense and depreciation and amortization expense shown below)		294,661			64.1			290,662			62.2			273,899			61.2
General and administrative expenses		26,961			5.9			23,574			5.0			23,671			5.3
Facility lease expense		56,551			12.3			56,432			12.1			61,718			13.8
Loss on facility lease termination		—			—			12,858			2.8			—			—
Provision for bad debts		2,990			0.7			1,748			0.4			1,727			0.4
Stock-based compensation expense		8,428			1.6			7,682			1.6			11,645			2.6
Depreciation and amortization expense		62,824			13.7			66,199			14.2			60,398			13.5
Total expenses		452,415			98.3			459,155			98.3			433,058			96.8
Income from operations		7,603			1.7			7,842			1.7			14,390			3.2
Other income (expense):
Interest income		165			0.0			73			0.0			67			0.0
Interest expense		(50,543	)		(11.0	)		(49,471	)		(10.6	)		(42,207	)		(9.4	)
Write-off of deferred loan costs and prepayment premium		(12,623	)		(2.7	)		—			—			—			—
Gain (Loss) on disposition of assets, net		28			0.0			(123	)		(0.0	)		(65	)		(0.0	)
Other income		3			0.0			7			0.0			233			0.0
Loss before benefit (provision) for income taxes		(55,367	)		(12.0	)		(41,672	)		(8.9	)		(27,582	)		(6.2	)
Benefit (Provision) for income taxes		1,771			0.4			(2,496	)		(0.5	)		(435	)		(0.1	)
Net loss and comprehensive loss	$	(53,596	)		(11.6	)%	$	(44,168	)		(9.4	)%	$	(28,017	)		(6.3	)%

Resident revenue was $460.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $467.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, representing a decrease of $7.0 million, or 1.5%. The decrease in resident revenue primarily results from the negative impacts of Hurricane Harvey, which resulted in the full evacuation of our residents at two of our senior housing communities located in southeast Texas during the third quarter of fiscal 2017. Although these communities reopened and began accepting residents in July 2018, unoccupied units at these communities resulted in a decrease of approximately $4.6 million in our resident revenue during fiscal 2018 when compared to fiscal 2017. Additionally, we experienced a decrease in resident revenue at our other remaining senior housing communities of $2.4 million primarily due to a 1.6% decrease in average financial occupancies.

Total expenses were $452.4 million during fiscal 2018 compared to $459.2 million during fiscal 2017, representing a decrease of $6.7 million, or 1.5%. This decrease is primarily the result of a $12.9 million loss on facility lease termination incurred by the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2017 and a $3.4 million decrease in depreciation and amortization expense, partially offset by a $4.0 million increase in operating expenses, a $3.4 million increase in general and administrative expenses, a $1.2 million increase in provision for bad debts, a $0.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, and a $0.1 million increase in facility lease costs.

Benefit for income taxes for fiscal 2018 was $1.8 million, or 3.2% of loss before income taxes, compared to a provision for income taxes of $2.5 million, or 6.0% of loss before income taxes, for fiscal 2017. The effective tax rates for fiscal 2018 and 2017 differ from the statutory tax rates due to state income taxes, permanent tax differences, and changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance. The Company is impacted by the TMT, which effectively imposes tax on modified gross revenues for communities within the State of Texas. During each of fiscal 2018 and 2017, the Company consolidated 38 Texas communities and the TMT increased the overall provision for income taxes. The variation in benefit (provision) for income taxes was attributable to slightly lower state income taxes and final remeasurement adjustments from recent tax legislation changes associated with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), which was enacted on December 22, 2017.

Management regularly evaluates the future realization of deferred tax assets and provides a valuation allowance, if considered necessary, based on such evaluation. As part of the evaluation, management has evaluated taxable income in carryback years, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, feasible tax planning strategies, and future expectations of income. Based upon this evaluation, adjustments to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $9.5 million and $5.9 million were recorded during fiscal 2018 and 2017, respectively, to reduce the Company’s net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

As a result of the foregoing factors, the Company reported net loss and comprehensive loss of $(53.6 million) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and net loss and comprehensive loss of $(44.2 million) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.

Resident revenue was $467.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $447.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, representing an increase of $19.5 million, or 4.4%. The increase in resident revenue primarily results from an increase of $15.3 million from a full year of activity for the senior housing communities acquired by the Company during fiscal 2016 and an increase of $4.3 million due to a 2.8% increase in average monthly rental rates at the Company’s same-store communities which was primarily the result of annual rent increases for our existing residents and recent capital improvements we have invested in our communities for unit conversions which enable us to provide a broader range of senior living services at higher levels of care. The increase in resident revenue at our same-store communities was negatively impacted by Hurricane Harvey which resulted in the full evacuation of our residents at two of our communities located in southeast Texas. Both of these communities were undergoing repairs and remained fully vacated at December 31, 2017, which resulted in a decrease in our same-store resident revenue of approximately $3.5 million.

Total expenses were $459.2 million during fiscal 2017 compared to $433.1 million during fiscal 2016, representing an increase of $26.1 million, or 6.0%. This increase is primarily the result of a $16.8 million increase in operating expenses, a $12.9 million loss on facility lease termination, and a $5.8 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense, slightly offset by a $5.3 million decrease in facility lease expense and a $4.0 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense.

Provision for income taxes for fiscal 2017 was $2.5 million, or 6.0% of loss before income taxes, compared to a provision for income taxes of $0.4 million, or 1.6% of loss before income taxes, for fiscal 2016. The effective tax rates for fiscal 2017 and 2016 differ from the statutory tax rates due to state income taxes, permanent tax differences, and changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance. The Company is impacted by the Texas Margin Tax (“TMT”), which effectively imposes tax on modified gross revenues for communities within the State of Texas. During each of fiscal 2017 and 2016, the Company consolidated 38 Texas communities and the TMT increased the overall provision for income taxes. The increase in provision for income taxes for fiscal 2017 was attributable to an increase of $0.2 million for higher state income taxes with the remaining $1.9 million due to recent tax legislation changes associated with the TCJA.

Management regularly evaluates the future realization of deferred tax assets and provides a valuation allowance, if considered necessary, based on such evaluation. As part of the evaluation, management has evaluated taxable income in carryback years, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, feasible tax planning strategies, and future expectations of income. Based upon this evaluation, adjustments to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $5.9 million and $8.6 million were recorded during fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively, to reduce the Company’s net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

As a result of the foregoing factors, the Company reported net loss and comprehensive loss of $(44.2 million) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, compared to net loss and comprehensive loss of $(28.0 million) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

The following table presents certain unaudited quarterly financial information for each of the four quarters ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. This information has been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company appearing elsewhere in this report and include, in the opinion of the Company’s management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the quarterly results when read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and the related notes thereto.

In addition to approximately $31.3 million of unrestricted cash balances on hand as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s principal sources of liquidity are expected to be cash flows from operations, supplemental debt financings, additional proceeds from debt refinancings, equity issuances, and/or proceeds from the sale of assets. The Company expects its available cash and cash flows from operations, supplemental debt financings, additional proceeds from debt refinancings, and proceeds from the sale of assets to be sufficient to fund its short-term working capital requirements. The Company’s long-term capital requirements, primarily for acquisitions and other corporate initiatives, could be dependent on its ability to access additional funds through joint ventures and the debt and/or equity markets. The Company from time to time considers and evaluates transactions related to its portfolio including supplemental debt financings, debt refinancings, equity issuances, purchases and sales of assets, reorganizations and other transactions. There can be no assurance that the Company will continue to generate cash flows at or above current levels or that the Company will be able to obtain the capital necessary to meet the Company’s short and long-term capital requirements.

Changes in the current economic environment could result in decreases in the fair value of assets, slowing of transactions, and tightening liquidity and credit markets. These impacts could make securing debt for acquisitions or refinancings for the Company, its joint ventures, or buyers of the Company’s properties more difficult or on terms not acceptable to the Company. Additionally, the Company may be more susceptible to being negatively impacted by operating or performance deficits based on the exposure associated with certain lease coverage requirements.

The Company had net cash provided by operating activities of $36.9 million, $55.6 million, and $52.3 million in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2018 primarily results from net non-cash charges of $87.1 million, a decrease in other assets of $1.4 million, an increase in accounts payable of $1.3 million, a decrease in tax and insurance deposits of $1.2 million, a decrease in prepaid expenses of $1.1 million, an increase in accrued expenses of $1.1 million, and an increase in deferred resident revenue of $0.6 million, partially offset by net loss of $(53.6 million) and an increase in accounts receivable of $3.2 million. The net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2017 primarily results from net non-cash charges of $96.0 million, a decrease in other assets of $4.1 million, an increase in other liabilities of $5.0 million, and an increase in accounts payable of $2.8 million, and in increase in accrued expenses of $1.7 million, partially offset by net loss of $(44.2 million), an increase in accounts receivable of $8.2 million, and a decrease in deferred resident revenue of $1.9 million. The net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2016 primarily results from net non-cash charges of $82.1 million, an increase in accrued expenses of $4.8 million and an increase in accounts payable of $1.7 million, partially offset by net loss of $(28.0 million), an increase in accounts receivable of $2.5 million, an increase in other assets of $2.2 million, an increase in prepaid expenses of $2.0 million, and a decrease in deferred resident revenue of $1.1 million.

The Company had net cash used in investing activities of $21.9 million, $124.9 million, and $201.0 million in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The net cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2018 primarily results from capital expenditures associated with ongoing capital renovations and refurbishments at the Company’s senior housing communities. The net cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2017 primarily results from capital expenditures of $40.0 million associated with ongoing capital renovations and refurbishments at the Company’s senior housing communities and the acquisition of senior housing communities by the Company of $85.0 million. The net cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2016 primarily results from capital expenditures of $62.4 million associated with ongoing capital renovations and refurbishments at the Company’s senior housing communities and acquisitions of senior housing communities by the Company of $138.8 million.

The Company had net cash (used in) provided by financing activities of ($1.7 million), $53.0 million, and $126.8 million in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The net cash used in financing activities for fiscal 2018 primarily results from notes payable proceeds of $208.8 million, of which approximately $206.3 million resulted from mortgage debt refinancings and supplemental mortgage debt financings and the remaining $2.5 million related to insurance premium financing, partially offset by repayments of notes payable of $204.1 million, deferred financing charges paid of $3.3 million, and payments on capital lease and financing obligations of $3.2 million. The net cash provided by financing activities for fiscal 2017 primarily results from notes payable proceeds of $77.2 million, of which $65.0 million is related to new mortgage debt associated with the acquisition of senior housing communities by the Company, approximately $7.1 million related to supplemental mortgage debt obtained on the Company’s existing owned senior housing communities, and approximately $5.1 million related to insurance premium financing, partially offset by repayments of notes payable of $20.1 million, payments on capital lease and financing obligations of $2.9 million, and

deferred financing charges paid of $1.2 million associated with the acquisition of senior housing communities by the Company. The net cash provided by financing activities for fiscal 2016 primarily results from notes payable proceeds of $150.8 million, of which approximately $101.5 million is related to new mortgage debt associated with the acquisition of senior housing communities by the Company, approximately $44.4 million related to supplemental mortgage debt obtained on existing senior housing communities, and approximately $4.9 million related to insurance premium financing, partially offset by repayments of notes payable of $17.7 million, purchases of treasury stock of $2.5 million, deferred financing charges paid of $2.5 million, and payments on capital lease and financing obligations of $1.3 million.

The following table provides the amounts due under specified contractual obligations for the periods indicated as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

Long-term debt relates to the aggregate maturities of the Company’s notes payable. As of December 31, 2018, the Company leases its corporate headquarters in Dallas, 46 senior housing communities and certain equipment used at the Company’s corporate headquarters and communities.

To date, inflation has not had a significant impact on the Company. However, inflation could affect the Company’s future revenues and results of operations because of, among other things, the Company’s dependence on senior residents, many of whom rely primarily on fixed incomes to pay for the Company’s services. As a result, during inflationary periods, the Company may not be able to increase resident service fees to account fully for increased operating expenses. In structuring its fees, the Company attempts to anticipate inflation levels, but there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to anticipate fully or otherwise respond to any future inflationary pressures.

The Company’s primary market risk is exposure to changes in interest rates on debt and lease instruments. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $983.2 million in outstanding debt comprised of various fixed and variable interest rate debt instruments of $853.2 million and $130.0 million, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, the Company had $382.1 million in future facility lease obligations with contingent rent increases on certain leases based on changes in the consumer price index or certain operational performance measures.

Changes in interest rates would affect the fair market value of the Company’s fixed interest rate debt instruments, but would not have an impact on the Company’s earnings or cash flows. Fluctuations in interest rates on the Company’s variable interest rate debt instruments, which are tied to LIBOR, would affect the Company’s earnings and cash flows but would not affect the fair market values of the variable interest rate debt. Each percentage point increase in interest rates would impact the Company’s annual interest expense by approximately $1.3 million based on the Company’s outstanding variable interest rate debt as of December 31, 2018. Increases in the consumer price index could have an effect on future facility lease expense if the leased community exceeds the contingent rent escalation thresholds set forth in each of the Company’s lease agreements.

The following table summarizes information on the Company’s debt instruments outstanding as of December 31, 2018. The table presents the principal due and weighted average interest rates by expected maturity date for the Company’s debt instruments by fiscal year.

Principal Amount, which excludes deferred loan costs, and Average Interest Rate by Expected Maturity Date at December 31, 2018 ($ in thousands):

The consolidated financial statements of the Company are included under Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company had no disagreements on accounting or financial disclosure matters with its independent accountants to report under this Item 9.

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based upon the controls evaluation, the Company’s CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management of the Company, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal controls were designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on our assessment, we believe that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as stated in their report which is included as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Ernst & Young LLP report is on page F-33 of this report.

The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this Report. See “Index to Financial Statements” at page F-1.

All schedules have been omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the financial statements or related notes.

The following documents are filed as a part of this report. Those exhibits previously filed and incorporated herein by reference are identified below. Exhibits not required for this report have been omitted.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Each person whose signature to this report appears below hereby appoints Kimberly S. Lody and Carey P. Hendrickson and each of them, any one of whom may act without the joinder of the other, as his or her attorney-in-fact to sign on his behalf, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file all amendments to this report, which amendment or amendments may make such changes in and additions to the report as any such attorney-in-fact may deem necessary or appropriate.

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Capital Senior Living Corporation

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Capital Senior Living Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 1, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

	December 31,
	2018			2017
	(In thousands)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	31,309		$	17,646
Restricted cash		13,011			13,378
Accounts receivable, net		10,581			12,307
Federal and state income taxes receivable		152			—
Property tax and insurance deposits		13,173			14,386
Prepaid expenses and other		5,232			6,332
Total current assets		73,458			64,049
Property and equipment, net		1,059,049			1,099,786
Deferred taxes, net		152			—
Other assets, net		16,485			18,836
Total assets	$	1,149,144		$	1,182,671
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	9,095		$	7,801
Accrued expenses		41,880			40,751
Current portion of notes payable, net of deferred loan costs		14,342			19,728
Current portion of deferred income		14,892			13,840
Current portion of capital lease and financing obligations		3,113			3,106
Federal and state income taxes payable		406			383
Customer deposits		1,302			1,394
Total current liabilities		85,030			87,003
Deferred income		8,151			10,033
Capital lease and financing obligations, net of current portion		45,647			48,805
Deferred taxes, net		—			1,941
Other long-term liabilities		15,643			16,250
Notes payable, net of deferred loan costs and current portion		959,408			938,206
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value:		—			—
Authorized shares — 15,000; no shares issued or outstanding
Common stock, $.01 par value:
Authorized shares — 65,000; issued and outstanding shares 31,273 and 30,505 in 2018 and 2017, respectively		318			310
Additional paid-in capital		187,879			179,459
Retained deficit		(149,502	)		(95,906	)
Treasury stock, at cost — 494 shares in 2018 and 2017		(3,430	)		(3,430	)
Total shareholders’ equity		35,265			80,433
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,149,144		$	1,182,671

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Revenues:
Resident revenue	$	460,018		$	466,997		$	447,448
Expenses:
Operating expenses (exclusive of facility lease expense and depreciation and amortization expense shown below)		294,661			290,662			273,899
General and administrative expenses		26,961			23,574			23,671
Facility lease expense		56,551			56,432			61,718
Loss on facility lease termination		—			12,858			—
Provision for bad debts		2,990			1,748			1,727
Stock-based compensation expense		8,428			7,682			11,645
Depreciation and amortization expense		62,824			66,199			60,398
Total expenses		452,415			459,155			433,058
Income from operations		7,603			7,842			14,390
Other income (expense):
Interest income		165			73			67
Interest expense		(50,543	)		(49,471	)		(42,207	)
Write-off of deferred loan costs and prepayment premiums		(12,623	)		—			—
Gain (Loss) on disposition of assets, net		28			(123	)		(65	)
Other income		3			7			233
Loss before benefit (provision) for income taxes		(55,367	)		(41,672	)		(27,582	)
Benefit (Provision) for income taxes		1,771			(2,496	)		(435	)
Net loss	$	(53,596	)	$	(44,168	)	$	(28,017	)
Per share data:
Basic net loss per share	$	(1.80	)	$	(1.50	)	$	(0.97	)
Diluted net loss per share	$	(1.80	)	$	(1.50	)	$	(0.97	)
Weighted average shares outstanding — basic		29,812			29,453			28,909
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted		29,812			29,453			28,909
Comprehensive loss	$	(53,596	)	$	(44,168	)	$	(28,017	)

	Common Stock					Additional Paid-In			Retained			Treasury
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Deficit			Stock			Total
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2016		29,539			299		159,920			(23,539	)		(934	)		135,746
Exercise of stock options		6			—		60			—			—			60
Restricted stock awards		611			6		1			—			—			7
Stock-based compensation		—			—		11,645			—			—			11,645
Excess tax benefits on stock options exercised		—			—		(27	)		—			—			(27	)
Treasury stock		(144	)		—		—			—			(2,496	)		(2,496	)
Net loss		—			—		—			(28,017	)		—			(28,017	)
Balance at December 31, 2016		30,012			305		171,599			(51,556	)		(3,430	)		116,918
Restricted stock unit conversions		3			—		—			—			—			—
Restricted stock awards		490			5		(4	)		—			—			1
Stock-based compensation		—			—		7,864			(182	)		—			7,682
Net loss		—			—		—			(44,168	)		—			(44,168	)
Balance at December 31, 2017		30,505		$	310	$	179,459		$	(95,906	)	$	(3,430	)	$	80,433
Restricted stock awards		768			8		(8	)		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—		8,428			—			—			8,428
Net loss		—			—		—			(53,596	)		—			(53,596	)
Balance at December 31, 2018		31,273		$	318	$	187,879		$	(149,502	)	$	(3,430	)	$	35,265

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	(in thousands)
Operating Activities
Net loss	$	(53,596	)	$	(44,168	)	$	(28,017	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		62,824			66,199			60,398
Amortization of deferred financing charges		1,709			1,626			1,193
Amortization of deferred lease costs and lease intangibles, net		849			859			679
Amortization of lease incentives		(2,074	)		(1,336	)		(710	)
Deferred income		(1,391	)		(1,397	)		(414	)
Deferred taxes		(2,245	)		1,941			—
Lease incentives		3,376			5,673			7,530
Loss on facility lease termination		—			12,858			—
Write-off of deferred loan costs and prepayment premiums		12,623			—			—
(Gain) Loss on disposition of assets, net		(28	)		123			65
Provision for bad debts		2,990			1,748			1,727
Stock-based compensation expense		8,428			7,682			11,645
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(3,173	)		(8,159	)		(14,519	)
Property tax and insurance deposits		1,213			279			(267	)
Prepaid expenses and other		1,100			33			(1,995	)
Other assets		1,350			4,061			(2,228	)
Accounts payable		1,294			2,750			1,695
Accrued expenses		1,129			1,689			4,798
Other liabilities		—			5,017			12,014
Federal and state income taxes receivable/payable		23			165			107
Deferred resident revenue		561			(1,898	)		(1,148	)
Customer deposits		(92	)		(151	)		(274	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		36,870			55,594			52,279
Investing Activities
Capital expenditures		(21,965	)		(39,959	)		(62,371	)
Cash paid for acquisitions		—			(85,000	)		(138,750	)
Proceeds from disposition of assets		57			19			72
Net cash used in investing activities		(21,908	)		(124,940	)		(201,049	)
Financing Activities
Proceeds from notes payable		208,841			77,197			150,798
Repayments of notes payable		(204,093	)		(20,099	)		(17,680	)
Cash payments for capital lease and financing obligations		(3,151	)		(2,869	)		(1,314	)
Cash proceeds from the issuance of common stock		—			—			67
Excess tax benefits on stock options exercised		—			—			(27	)
Purchases of treasury stock		—			—			(2,496	)
Deferred financing charges paid		(3,263	)		(1,182	)		(2,501	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(1,666	)		53,047			126,847
Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		13,296			(16,299	)		(21,923	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		31,024			47,323			69,246
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year	$	44,320		$	31,024		$	47,323
Supplemental Disclosures
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	$	49,225		$	47,022		$	40,585
Income taxes	$	555		$	543		$	582

Capital Senior Living Corporation, a Delaware corporation (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), is one of the largest operators of senior housing communities in the United States in terms of resident capacity. The Company owns, operates, develops and manages senior housing communities throughout the United States. As of December 31, 2018, the Company operated 129 senior housing communities in 23 states with an aggregate capacity of approximately 16,500 residents, including 83 senior housing communities which the Company owned and 46 senior housing communities that the Company leased. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Capital Senior Living Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition to be cash equivalents. The Company has deposits in banks that exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. Management believes that credit risk related to these deposits is minimal. Restricted cash consists of deposits required by certain lenders as collateral pursuant to letters of credit. The deposit must remain so long as the letter of credit is outstanding which is subject to renewal annually.

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (in thousands):

The Company had no material off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2018.

The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions through consideration of accounting and reporting guidance on criteria, measurement, derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition that is intended to provide better financial-statement comparability among different companies. The Company is required to recognize a tax benefit in its financial statements for an uncertain tax position only if management’s assessment is that its position is “more likely than not” (i.e., a greater than 50 percent likelihood) to be upheld on audit based only on the technical merits of the tax position. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as interest expense and penalties as income tax expense.

Resident revenue consists of fees for basic housing and certain support services and fees associated with additional housing and expanded support requirements such as assisted living care, memory care, and ancillary services. Basic housing and certain support services revenue is recorded when services are rendered and amounts billed are due from residents in the period in which the rental and other services are provided which totaled approximately $452.5 million and $458.3 million, respectively, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Residency agreements are generally short term in nature with durations of one year or less and are typically terminable by either party, under certain circumstances, upon providing 30 days’ notice, unless state law provides otherwise, with resident fees billed monthly in advance. The Company had contract liabilities for deferred fees paid by our residents prior to the month housing and support services were to be provided totaling approximately $4.5 million and $3.9 million, respectively, which are included as a component of deferred income within current liabilities of the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Deferred fees paid by our residents recognized into revenue during fiscal 2018 and 2017 totaled approximately $3.9 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Revenue for certain ancillary services is recognized as services are provided, and includes fees for services such as medication management, daily living activities, beautician/barber, laundry, television, guest meals, pets, and parking which are generally billed monthly in arrears. Deferred fees totaled approximately $4.7 million and $5.1 million, respectively, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and were recognized as a component of resident revenue within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

The Company's senior housing communities have residency agreements which generally require the resident to pay a community fee prior to moving into the community and are recorded initially by the Company as deferred revenue. At each of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had contract liabilities for deferred community fees totaling approximately $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, which are included as a component of deferred income within current liabilities of the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognized community fees as a component of resident revenue within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss of approximately $2.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Revenues from the Medicaid program accounted for approximately 5.4% of the Company’s revenue in fiscal 2018, 5.6% of the Company’s revenue in fiscal 2017, and 5.5% of the Company’s revenue in fiscal 2016. During fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, 40, 41, and 40, respectively, of the Company’s communities were providers of services under the Medicaid program. Accordingly, these communities were entitled to reimbursement under the foregoing program at established rates that were lower than private pay rates. Patient service revenue for Medicaid patients was recorded at the reimbursement rates as the rates were set prospectively by the applicable state upon the filing of an annual cost report. None of the Company’s communities were providers of services under the Medicare program during fiscal 2018, 2017, or 2016.

The Company determines whether to account for its leases as operating, capital or financing leases depending on the underlying terms of the lease agreement. This determination of classification requires significant judgment relating to certain information, including the estimated fair value and remaining economic life of the community, the Company’s cost of funds, minimum lease payments and other lease terms. The lease rates under the Company’s lease agreements are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses which are recognized when probable or incurred and are based on changes in the consumer price index or certain operational performance measures. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company leased 46 communities, two of which the Company classified as capital lease and financing obligations with the remaining classified as operating leases. The Company incurs lease acquisition costs and amortizes these costs over the term of the lease agreement. Certain leases entered into by the Company qualified as sale/leaseback transactions, and as such, any related gains have been deferred and are being amortized over the respective lease term. No new communities were leased by the Company during fiscal 2018 or 2017. Effective January 31, 2017, the Company acquired from Ventas the underlying real estate associated with four of its operating leases. For additional information refer to Note 3, “Acquisitions”.

Employee Health and Dental Benefits, Workers’ Compensation, and Insurance Reserves

The Company offers full-time employees an option to participate in its health and dental plans. The Company is self-insured up to certain limits and is insured if claims in excess of these limits are incurred. The cost of employee health and dental benefits, net of employee contributions, is shared between the corporate office and the senior housing communities based on the respective number of plan participants. Funds collected are used to pay the actual program costs, including estimated annual claims, third-party administrative fees, network provider fees, communication costs, and other related administrative costs incurred by the plans. Claims are paid as they are submitted to the Company’s third-party administrator. The Company records a liability for outstanding claims and claims that have been incurred but not yet reported. This liability is based on the historical claim reporting lag and payment trends of health insurance claims. Management believes that the liability for outstanding losses and expenses is adequate to cover the ultimate cost of losses and expenses incurred at December 31, 2018; however, actual claims and expenses may differ. Any subsequent changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined.

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Potentially dilutive securities consist of unvested restricted shares and shares that could be issued under outstanding stock options. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of net loss per common share if their effect is antidilutive.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except for per share amounts):

Awards of unvested restricted stock representing approximately 1.3 million, 0.9 million, and 0.8 million shares were outstanding for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, and are antidilutive.

The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method and includes treasury stock as a component of shareholders’ equity until it is canceled. There were no repurchases of the Company’s common stock during fiscal 2018 or 2017.

The Company recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards to certain employees and directors, including grants of stock options and awards of restricted stock, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss based on their fair values.

On May 8, 2007, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2007 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan for Capital Senior Living Corporation (as amended, the “2007 Plan”) which provides for, among other things, the grant of restricted stock awards and stock options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The 2007 Plan authorizes the Company to issue up to 4.6 million shares of common stock and the Company currently has 286,000 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance pursuant to awards under the 2007 Plan.

The Company evaluates the performance and allocates resources of its senior living facilities based on current operations and market assessments on a property-by-property basis. The Company does not have a concentration of operations geographically or by product or service as its management functions are integrated at the property level. The Company has determined that all of its operating units meet the criteria in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 280, Segment Reporting, to be aggregated into one reporting segment. As such, the Company operates in one segment.

cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the period of adoption. The FASB retained a dual model for lease classification, requiring leases to be classified as finance or operating leases to determine recognition in the statements of operations and cash flows; however, substantially all leases will be required to be recognized on the balance sheet. The standards update will also require quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding key information about leasing arrangements and provides a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. The Company expects to utilize certain practical expedients that, upon adoption, allows entities to (1) not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) retain the classification of leases (e.g., operating or finance lease) existing as of the date of adoption, (3) not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases, and (4) not record a right-of-use asset and related lease liability for leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less. The Company is in the final stages of evaluating its existing lease portfolio, including accumulating all of the necessary information required to properly account for leases under the new accounting guidance, and believes the most significant impact relates to its accounting for real estate leases. The Company plans to elect a transition option which allows for the recognition of a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption without recasting the financial statements in periods prior to adoption. At adoption, the Company expects to recognize a material increase in assets and liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheet resulting from the recognition of lease liabilities initially measured at the present value of its future operating lease payments and the related right of use assets. The Company has concluded that the previously unrecognized right of use assets will be reviewed for impairment which could result in a reduction to the initially recognized right of use assets and a cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. The Company continues to evaluate the impacts of adopting ASU 2016-02 on its financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, and is updating its systems, processes, and internal controls to meet the new reporting and disclosure requirements. The adoption of this standard will have no impact on the Company’s covenant compliance under its current debt and lease agreements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the accompanying financial statements and related footnotes. Management bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience, observance of industry trends and various other sources of information and factors, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, and potentially could result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The Company believes revenue recognition, purchase accounting, credit risk and allowance for doubtful accounts, lease accounting, employee health and dental benefits,

workers’ compensation and insurance reserves, long-lived assets, and income taxes are its most critical accounting policies and/or require management’s most subjective judgments.

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to current period presentation.

Effective January 31, 2017 (the “Closing Date”), the Company acquired the underlying real estate through an asset acquisition associated with four of the senior housing communities previously leased from Ventas, Inc. (“Ventas”) for an acquisition price of $85.0 million (the “Four Property Lease Transaction”). The Company obtained interest only, bridge financing from Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC (“Berkadia”) for $65.0 million of the acquisition price with an initial variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.0% and a 36-month term, with an option to extend 6 months, and the balance of the acquisition price paid from the Company’s existing cash resources. Additionally, the Company agreed to continue paying $2.3 million of the annual rents associated with the four communities acquired over the remaining lease term of the seven communities remaining in the Ventas Lease Portfolio. As such, the total additional lease payments to be paid over the remaining lease term were discounted back to the Closing Date utilizing a credit-adjusted risk-free rate to determine the fair value of the lease termination financing obligation of $16.0 million. The fair value of the four communities acquired was determined to approximate $88.1 million. The fair values of the property, plant, and equipment of the acquired communities were determined utilizing a direct capitalization method considering facility net operating income and market capitalization rates. These fair value measurements were based on current market conditions as of the acquisition date and are considered Level 3 measurements (fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs) within the fair value hierarchy of ASC 820-10, Fair Value Measurement. The range of capitalization rates utilized was 7.25% to 8.50%, depending upon the property type, geographical location, and overall quality of each respective community. The acquisition price of $85.0 million and lease termination obligation of $16.0 million resulted in total aggregate consideration by the Company for the acquisition of the four communities of $101.0 million. The Company recorded the difference between the total aggregate consideration ($101.0 million) and the estimated fair value of the four communities acquired ($88.1 million) of $12.9 million as a loss on facility lease termination during the first quarter of fiscal 2017. Additionally, the Company incurred approximately $0.4 million in transaction costs related to this acquisition which have been capitalized as a component of the cost of the assets acquired.

As a result of this asset acquisition, the Company recorded additions to property and equipment of approximately $88.1 million within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets which is being depreciated or amortized over the estimated useful lives.

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, furniture and equipment included $3.8 million and $3.2 million of capitalized computer software development costs of which $3.1 million and $3.0 million, respectively, has been amortized and is included as a component of accumulated depreciation and amortization.

Property and equipment includes $31.8 million of assets under capital lease in connection with the Ventas Lease Transaction, as discussed at Note 15, “Leases,” of which $16.3 million and $15.4 million has been amortized and is included as a component of accumulated depreciation and amortization at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In connection with the Company’s acquisitions and certain of its lease transactions, subject to final valuation adjustments, the Company records additions to in-place lease intangibles in order to reflect the value associated with the resident operating leases acquired. In-place lease intangibles are being amortized over the estimated remaining useful life of the respective resident operating leases. The value of in-place leases includes lost revenue that would be realized if the resident operating leases were to be replaced by the Company.

	Average Monthly		Net Book Value		Interest		Maturity	Notes Payable December 31,
Lender	Payment		Of Collateral (1)		Rate		Date	2018		2017
Fannie Mae	$	—	$	—		5.69	August 2021	$	—	$	12,283
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.97	October 2021		—		4,331
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.92	October 2021		—		17,097
Fannie Mae		—		—		5.19	October 2021		—		4,839
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.92	November 2021		—		19,886
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.38	March 2022		—		4,831
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.76	April 2022		—		10,403
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.85	April 2022		—		3,470
Fannie Mae		135		25,781		4.69	April 2022		23,127		23,637
Fannie Mae		11		4,140		4.97	April 2022		1,991		2,022
Fannie Mae		60		14,707		4.48	May 2022		10,462		10,699
Fannie Mae		20		14,707		4.85	May 2022		3,640		3,697
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.34	November 2022		—		26,382
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.50	November 2022		—		5,881
Fannie Mae		—		—		5.49	November 2022		—		7,403
Fannie Mae		84		16,577		4.32	January 2023		15,194		15,532
Fannie Mae		49		16,577		5.39	January 2023		8,327		8,453
Fannie Mae		39		7,943		4.58	January 2023		6,808		6,953
Fannie Mae		17		7,943		5.49	January 2023		2,990		3,029
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.66	April 2023		—		15,131
Fannie Mae		—		—		5.46	April 2023		—		3,068
Fannie Mae		45		8,166		5.93	October 2023		7,092		7,205
Fannie Mae		67		12,893		5.50	November 2023		10,992		11,180
Fannie Mae		67		12,202		5.38	November 2023		11,042		11,236
Fannie Mae		282		50,722		5.56	January 2024		45,892		46,662
Fannie Mae		632		109,519		4.24	July 2024		118,715		121,141
Fannie Mae		120		25,091		4.48	July 2024		21,963		22,394
Fannie Mae		81		19,891		4.30	July 2024		15,156		15,462
Fannie Mae		91		65,624		4.98	July 2024		16,322		16,579
Fannie Mae		11		9,290		6.30	July 2024		1,796		—
Fannie Mae		134		26,589		4.59	September 2024		24,342		24,805
Fannie Mae		22		13,433		5.72	September 2024		3,634		3,682
Fannie Mae		54		10,256		4.70	September 2024		9,683		9,864
Fannie Mae		53		11,808		4.50	January 2025		9,731		9,915
Fannie Mae		95		6,351		4.46	January 2025		17,686		18,023
Fannie Mae		70		15,106		4.35	February 2025		13,179		13,434
Fannie Mae		109		8,496		3.85	March 2025		21,633		22,086
Fannie Mae		102		23,648		3.84	April 2025		20,324		20,749
Fannie Mae		31		23,648		5.53	April 2025		5,300		5,372
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.55	June 2025		—		8,794
Fannie Mae		—		—		4.79	June 2025		—		10,753
Fannie Mae		81		15,219		5.30	June 2025		13,335		13,580

Fannie Mae		—	—		5.71		June 2025		—		4,079
Fannie Mae		58	12,481		4.69		October 2025		10,595		10,780
Fannie Mae		44	9,256		4.70		October 2025		8,008		8,147
Fannie Mae		273	38,141		4.68		December 2025		50,295		51,163
Fannie Mae		9	7,577		5.81		December 2025		1,426		1,445
Fannie Mae		—	—		5.43		April 2026		—		10,443
Fannie Mae		—	—		5.84		April 2026		—		4,903
Fannie Mae		98	21,982		4.10		October 2026		19,498		19,854
Fannie Mae		108	24,350		4.24		December 2026		21,243		21,617
Fannie Mae		652	160,096		5.13		January 2029		150,782		—
Fannie Mae		194	160,096		(3	)	January 2029		50,261		—
Protective Life		96	24,088		3.55		April 2025		19,787		20,234
Protective Life		49	10,994		4.25		August 2025		9,350		9,535
Protective Life		78	17,506		4.25		September 2025		14,871		15,163
Protective Life		138	32,096		4.25		November 2025		26,478		26,993
Protective Life		57	13,460		4.50		February 2026		10,761		10,959
Protective Life		187	41,379		4.38		March 2026		32,920		33,705
Protective Life		70	15,019		4.13		October 2031		12,326		12,645
Berkadia		378	93,631		(4	)	February 2020		65,000		65,000
Berkadia		18	7,292		(5	)	July 2020		3,500		—
Berkadia		97	18,785		(6	)	October 2021(5)		11,255		11,505
HUD		16	5,356		4.48		September 2045		2,933		2,989
Insurance Financing		—	—		2.76		May 2018		—		725
Insurance Financing		—	—		3.04		November 2018		—		3,505
Insurance Financing		160	—		3.64		May 2019		799		—
Insurance Financing		70	—		4.40		November 2019		763		—
	$	5,412		4.64% (2)				$	983,207	$	967,332
Less deferred loan costs, net									9,457		9,398
								$	973,750	$	957,934
Less current portion									14,342		19,728
								$	959,408	$	938,206

The aggregate scheduled maturities of notes payable at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):

On December 18, 2018, the Company repaid certain mortgage loans associated with 21 of its senior living communities totaling approximately $170.6 million from Fannie Mae which were scheduled to mature on various dates beginning August 2021 through April 2026. The repayment of these mortgage loans facilitated the establishment of a Master Credit Facility (“MCF”) with Berkadia whereby the Company obtained approximately $201.0 million of new mortgage financing. The MCF will allow the Company to make future advances, should the Company decide to do so, assuming certain borrowing conditions are satisfied. The MCF consists of two separate loans which are cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized. Approximately $150.8 million of the new financing is long-term fixed interest rate debt at a fixed interest rate of 5.13% with a 10-year term and interest only for the first 36 months and the principal amortized over a 30-year term thereafter. Approximately $50.3 million of the new financing is long-term variable interest rate debt at a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 2.14% with a 10-year term and interest only for the first 36 months and a fixed monthly principal component of $67,000 thereafter. The Company incurred approximately $3.0 million in deferred financing costs related to the MCF, which are being amortized over 10 years. As a result of the early repayment of the Fannie Mae mortgage debt, the Company accelerated the amortization of approximately $1.5 million in unamortized deferred financing costs and incurred prepayment premiums of approximately $11.1 million. The MCF was subsequently assigned to Fannie Mae on December 28, 2018, and is reported as such in preceding notes payable summary table.

On December 18, 2018, the Company completed mortgage financing of $3.5 million from Berkadia at a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 3.75% on one community located in Kokomo, Indiana. The mortgage loan is interest-only and has an 18-month term maturing in July 2020. The Company incurred approximately $91,000 in deferred financing costs related to this loan, which are being amortized over 18 months.

On November 30, 2018, the Company completed supplemental mortgage financing of approximately $1.8 million from Fannie Mae at a fixed interest rate of 6.30% on one community located in Mesquite, Texas. The supplemental mortgage loan is coterminous, cross-collateralized and cross-defaulted with the original existing mortgage debt maturing in July 2024. The Company incurred approximately $0.1 million in deferred financing costs related to this loan, which are being amortized over the remaining initial loan term.

The Company issued standby letters of credit with JPMorgan Chase Bank (“Chase”), totaling approximately $6.7 million, for the benefit of Welltower, Inc. (“Welltower”), formerly Healthcare REIT, Inc. on certain leases between Welltower and the Company which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

The Company issued standby letters of credit with Chase, totaling approximately $2.9 million, for the benefit of HCP, Inc. (“HCP”) on certain leases between HCP and the Company which remain outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

On December 15, 2017, the Company completed supplemental mortgage financing of approximately $4.1 million from Fannie Mae at a fixed interest rate of 5.71% on one community located in Oneonta, New York. The supplemental mortgage loan is coterminous, cross-collateralized and cross-defaulted with the original existing mortgage debt maturing in June 2025. The Company incurred approximately $0.2 million in deferred financing costs related to this loan, which are being amortized over the remaining initial loan term.

On December 1, 2017, the Company renewed certain insurance policies and entered into a finance agreement totaling approximately $3.5 million. The finance agreement has a fixed interest rate of 3.04% with the principal being repaid over an 11-month term.

On November 30, 2017, the Company completed supplemental mortgage financing of approximately $3.0 million from Fannie Mae at a fixed interest rate of 5.49% on one community located in Rocky River, Ohio. The supplemental mortgage loan is coterminous, cross-collateralized and cross-defaulted with the original existing mortgage debt maturing in January 2023. The Company incurred approximately $0.1 million in deferred financing costs related to this loan, which are being amortized over the remaining initial loan term.

On May 31, 2017, the Company renewed certain insurance policies and entered into a finance agreement totaling approximately $1.6 million. The finance agreement has a fixed interest rate of 2.76% with the principal being repaid over an 11-month term.

On January 31, 2017, in conjunction with the Four Property Lease Transaction, the Company obtained $65.0 million of mortgage debt from Berkadia. The new mortgage loan is interest-only and has a three-year term, with an option to extend 6 months, and an initial variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.00%. The Company incurred approximately $0.9 million in deferred financing costs related to this loan, which are being amortized over three years.

In connection with the Company’s loan commitments described above, the Company incurred financing charges that were deferred and amortized over the life of the notes. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had gross deferred loan costs of $14.1 million and $14.0 million, respectively. Accumulated amortization was $4.7 million and $4.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense is expected to be approximately $1.7 million in each of the next five fiscal years. The Company was in compliance with all aspects of its outstanding indebtedness at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The Company is authorized to issue preferred stock in series and to fix and state the voting powers and such designations, preferences and relative participating, optional or other special rights of the shares of each such series and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof. Such action may be taken by the Board without stockholder approval. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of common stock are subject to the rights of the holders of preferred stock. No preferred stock was outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

On January 22, 2009, the Company’s board of directors approved a share repurchase program that authorized the Company to purchase up to $10.0 million of the Company’s common stock. Purchases may be made from time to time using a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or block trades, or by any combination of such methods, in accordance with applicable insider trading and other securities laws and regulations. The size, scope and timing of any purchases will be based on business, market and other conditions and factors, including price, regulatory and contractual requirements or consents, and capital availability. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock and the share repurchase authorization has no stated expiration date. Shares of stock repurchased under the program will be held as treasury shares. Pursuant to this authorization, during fiscal 2009, the Company purchased 349,800 shares at an average cost of $2.67 per share for a total cost to the Company of approximately $0.9 million. On January 14, 2016, the Company announced that its board of directors approved a continuation of the share repurchase program. Pursuant to this authorization, during fiscal 2016, the Company purchased 144,315 shares of its common stock at an average cost of $17.29 per share for a total cost to the Company of approximately $2.5 million. All such purchases were made in open market transactions. There were no repurchases of the Company’s common stock during fiscal 2018 or 2017.

The Company’s stock option program is a long-term retention program that is intended to attract, retain and provide incentives for employees, officers and directors and to more closely align stockholder and employee interests. The Company’s stock options generally vest over one to five years and the related expense is amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is presented below:

No stock options were outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, as all outstanding options have fully vested and have been exercised or forfeited.

The Company may grant restricted stock awards and units to employees, officers, and directors in order to attract, retain, and provide incentives for such individuals and to more closely align stockholder and employee interests. For restricted stock awards and units without performance and market-based vesting conditions, the Company records compensation expense for the entire award on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally a period of one to four years, unless the award is subject to certain accelerated vesting requirements. Restricted stock awards are considered outstanding at the time of grant since the holders thereof are entitled to dividends, upon vesting, and voting rights. For restricted stock awards with performance and market-based vesting conditions, total compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period once the performance target is deemed probable of achievement. Performance goals are evaluated periodically and if such goals are not ultimately met or it is not probable the goals will be achieved, no compensation expense is recognized and any previously recognized compensation expense is reversed. If the achievement of a market condition varies from initial estimates on the date of grant, compensation expense will not be adjusted to reflect the difference since the grant date fair value of the performance award gave consideration to the probability of market condition achievement.

The Company recognizes compensation expense of a restricted stock award over its respective vesting or performance period based on the fair value of the award on the grant date, net of actual forfeitures. A summary of the Company’s restricted common stock awards activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is presented below:

The restricted stock outstanding at December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, had an aggregate intrinsic value of $9.1 million, $13.0 million, and $13.3 million, respectively.

During fiscal 2018, the Company awarded 830,794 shares of restricted common stock to certain employees and directors of the Company, of which 237,840 shares were subject to performance and market-based vesting conditions. The average market value of the common stock on the date of grant was $11.08. These awards of restricted shares vest over a one to four-year period, unless the award is subject to certain accelerated vesting requirements, and had an intrinsic value of $9.2 million on the date of grant. Additionally, during fiscal 2018, the Company awarded 67,356 restricted stock units to certain directors of the Company with average market value of $10.69 on the date of grant. These awards of restricted units vest over a one-year period and had an intrinsic value of approximately $0.7 million on the date of grant.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of its stock options. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of certain assumptions including expected volatility, expected dividend yield, expected life of the option and the risk-free interest rate. The expected volatility used by the Company is based primarily on an analysis of historical prices of the Company’s common stock. The expected term of options granted is based primarily on historical exercise patterns on the Company’s outstanding stock options. The risk-free rate is based on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the date of grant with the same period as the expected option life. The Company does not expect to pay dividends on its common stock and therefore has used a dividend yield of zero in determining the fair value of its awards. The option forfeiture rate assumption used by the Company is based primarily on the Company’s historical option forfeiture patterns. At December 31, 2018, the Company had no stock options outstanding.

The Company uses the Monte-Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value of performance awards which include market-based vesting conditions. The Monte-Carlo simulation model uses the same input assumptions as the Black-Scholes model, however, it also further incorporates into the fair-value determination the possibility that the market condition may not be satisfied. Compensation costs related to awards with a market-based condition are recognized regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been provided. During fiscal 2018, in accordance with the Company’s long-term incentive compensation plan, the Company granted 237,840 shares of restricted common stock with performance and market-based vesting conditions to certain employees of the Company. These performance awards are subject to a market-based condition that may increase or decrease the number of shares vested if the Company’s 2020 Total Stockholder Return (“TSR”) exceeds or falls below certain achievement level parameters when ranked against the Company’s designated Peer Group. These restricted performance shares vest over a three-year period based on the Company’s Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortization, and Rent (“EBITDAR”) financial performance target set by the Company’s compensation committee for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. The number of shares of restricted common stock ultimately issued will be prorated between performance level targets achieved.

The Company recognized $8.4 million, $7.7 million, and $11.6 million in stock-based compensation expense during fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, which primarily is associated with employees whose corresponding salaries and wages are included in general and administrative expenses within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is $9.5 million at December 31, 2018. The Company expects stock-based compensation expense to be recognized over a one to three-year period for performance restricted stock awards and a one to four-year period for nonperformance-based restricted stock awards and units.

The (benefit) provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

The (benefit) provision for income taxes differed from the amounts of income tax (benefit) provision determined by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to income before (benefit) provision for income taxes as a result of the following (in thousands):

The Company is impacted by the Texas Margin Tax (“TMT”), which effectively imposes tax on modified gross revenues for communities within the State of Texas and accounts for the majority of the Company’s current state tax expense. During each of fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016 the Company consolidated 38 Texas communities and the TMT increased the overall provision for income taxes. The effective tax rate for fiscal 2018 differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, and other permanent tax differences. The effective tax rate for fiscal 2017 differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, tax reform impact on deferred income taxes, adoption of ASU 2016-09, and other permanent tax differences. The effective tax rate for fiscal 2016 differs from the statutory tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, and other permanent tax differences. The Company is generally no longer subject to federal and state tax audits for years before 2015.

A summary of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities, are as follows (in thousands):

and provides a valuation allowance, if considered necessary, based on such evaluation. As part of the evaluation, management has evaluated taxable income in carryback years, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, feasible tax planning strategies, and future expectations of income. Based upon this evaluation, a valuation allowance has been recorded to reduce the Company’s net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. A significant component of objective evidence evaluated was the cumulative losses before income taxes incurred by the Company over the past several fiscal years. Such objective evidence severely limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence such as the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods to fully recover the deferred tax assets. However, in the event that we were to determine that it would be more likely than not that the Company would realize the benefit of deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amounts, adjustments to deferred tax assets would increase net income in the period we made such a determination. The benefits of the net deferred tax assets might not be realized if actual results differ from expectations.

At December 31, 2017, the Company completed an analysis determining its best estimate for provisional tax adjustments based on the revised tax legislation associated with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), which was enacted on December 22, 2017. Additionally, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (“SAB 118”), to address the accounting and reporting of the Act. SAB 118 allowed companies to take a reasonable period, which should not extent beyond one year from enactment of the TCJA, to measure and recognize the effects of the new tax law. Based upon the Company’s analysis of the TCJA and consideration of SAB 118, the Company remeasured its deferred income taxes on a provisional basis as of December 31, 2017, which resulted in a net $14.0 million reduction in the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities. The remeasurement consisted of a $15.9 million reduction to the Company’s deferred tax assets for the change in the corporate statutory tax rate from 34% to 21% and a $0.3 million reduction to the Company’s deferred tax asset valuation allowance for the repeal of the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“AMT”), partially offset by a $2.2 million increase to the Company’s deferred tax asset valuation allowance for maximum deduction limits for future net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards to 80% of taxable income for losses arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

The Company completed its assessment of the TCJA under SAB 118 as of December 31, 2018, resulting in a net $2.2 million reduction to the Company’s deferred tax asset valuation allowance. The $2.2million reduction was primarily related to guidance released in December 2018 for companies electing real property trade or business under Section 163(j)(7)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code to opt out of the interest expense limitation. This guidance requires residential rental property to be depreciated under the Alternative Depreciation System (“ADS”), including assets placed in service prior to 2018.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has federal and state NOL carryforwards of $147.2 million and $121.2 million and related deferred tax assets of $30.9 million and $6.7 million, respectively, and a federal AMT credit carryforward of $0.2 million. The federal and state NOL carryforwards in the income tax returns filed included unrecognized tax benefits. The deferred tax assets recognized for those NOLs are presented net of the unrecognized benefits. If not used, the federal NOL generated prior to fiscal 2018 will expire during fiscal 2033 to 2037 and state NOL’s will expire during fiscal 2019 to 2038. Federal NOL’s generated in fiscal 2018 and beyond currently have no expiration due to changes to tax laws enacted with the TCJA.

A summary of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is presented below (in thousands):

The Company has a 401(k) salary deferral plan (the “Plan”) in which certain employees of the Company meeting minimum service and age requirements are eligible to participate. Contributions to the Plan are in the form of employee salary deferrals, which are subject to employer matching contributions of 50% of up to 4% of the employee’s annual salary. The Company’s contributions are funded semi-monthly to the Plan administrator. Matching contributions of $0.5 million were contributed to the Plan in each of fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016. The Company incurred administrative expenses related to the Plan of $25,000, $21,300, and $24,600 in fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

The Company had two of its senior housing communities located in southeast Texas impacted by Hurricane Harvey during the third quarter of fiscal 2017. We maintain insurance coverage on these communities which includes damage caused by flooding. The insurance claim for this incident required a deductible of $100,000 that was expensed as a component of operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in the third quarter of fiscal 2017. Physical repairs have been substantially completed to restore the communities to their condition prior to the incident and these communities reopened and began accepting residents in July 2018. Through December 31, 2018, we have incurred approximately $6.9 million in clean-up and physical repair costs which we believe are probable of being recovered through insurance proceeds. In addition to the repairs of physical damage to the buildings, the Company’s insurance coverage includes loss of business income (“Business Interruption”). Business Interruption includes reimbursement for lost revenue as well as incremental expenses incurred as a result of the hurricane. The Company received payments from our insurance underwriters during fiscal 2018 totaling approximately $9.2 million and during fiscal 2017 totaling approximately $2.7 million, of which approximately $5.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, related to Business Interruption which has been included as a reduction to operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

In July 2018, the Company received notifications from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) pursuant to the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) that the Company may be liable for an Employer Shared Responsibility Payment (“ESRP”) in the amount of approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The ESRP is applicable to employers that had 50 or more full-time equivalent employees, did not offer minimum essential coverage (“MEC”) to at least 70% of full-time employees and their dependents, or did offer MEC to at least 70% of

full-time employees and their dependents which did not meet the affordable or minimum value criteria and had one or more full-time employees certified as being allowed the premium tax credit (“PTC”). The IRS determines the amount of the proposed ESRP from information returns completed by employers and from income tax returns completed by employees. Based upon the Company’s review of the notifications provided by the IRS, the Company initially concluded it would be liable for approximately $0.2 million of the ESRP assessments which was accrued within certain employee benefit reserves. The Company formally responded to the notifications from the IRS and received favorable decisions revising the ESRP to $83,200 during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018.

The carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted cash: The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash equal fair value, which represent level 1 inputs as defined in the accounting standards codification.

Notes payable: The fair value of notes payable is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis, based on current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, which represent level 2 inputs as defined in the accounting standards codification.

The estimated fair value of these assets and liabilities could be affected by market changes and this effect could be material.

The components of the allowance for doubtful accounts are as follows (in thousands):

The following table summarizes each of the Company’s facility lease agreements as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in millions):

Landlord	Initial Date of Lease	Number of Communities		Value of Transaction		Current Expiration and Renewal Term	Initial Lease Rate (1)			Lease Acquisition and Modification Costs (2)			Deferred Gains /Lease Concessions (3)
Ventas	September 30, 2005		4	$	61.4	September 30, 2025 (4) (Two five-year renewals)		8	%	$	7.7		$	4.2
Ventas	January 31, 2008		1		5.0	September 30, 2025 (4) (Two five-year renewals)		7.75	%		0.2			—
Ventas	June 27, 2012		2		43.3	September 30, 2025 (4) (Two five-year renewals)		6.75	%		0.8			—
HCP	May 1, 2006		3		54.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		8	%		0.3			12.8
HCP	May 31, 2006		6		43.0	April 30, 2026 (6) (One 10-year renewal)		8	%		0.2			0.6
HCP	December 1, 2006		4		51.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		8	%		0.7			—
HCP	December 14, 2006		1		18.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		7.75	%		0.3			—
HCP	April 11, 2007		1		8.0	October 31, 2020 (5) (Two 10-year renewals)		7.25	%		0.1			—
Welltower	April 16, 2010		5		48.5	April 30, 2025 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		8.25	%		0.6			0.8
Welltower	May 1, 2010		3		36.0	April 30, 2025 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		8.25	%		0.2			0.4
Welltower	September 10, 2010		12		104.6	September 30, 2025 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		8.50	%		0.4			2.0
Welltower	April 8, 2011		4		141.0	April 30, 2026 (15 years) (One 15-year renewal)		7.25	%		0.9			16.3
Subtotal											12.4			37.1
Accumulated amortization through December 31, 2018											(7.9	)		—
Accumulated deferred gains / lease concessions recognized through December 31, 2018											—			(26.2	)
Net lease acquisition costs / deferred gains / lease concessions as of December 31, 2018										$	4.5		$	10.9

As of December 31, 2018, the Company leased seven senior housing communities from Ventas. Effective January 31, 2017, the Company closed the Four Property Lease Transaction and acquired four of the senior housing communities leased from Ventas for a total acquisition price of $85.0 million. The Company obtained interim, interest only, bridge financing from Berkadia for $65.0 million of the acquisition price with an initial variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 4.0% and a 36-month term, with an option to extend the term 6 months, and the balance of the acquisition price paid from the Company’s existing cash resources. For additional information refer to Note 3, “Acquisitions.” Prior to the Four Property Lease Transaction, the Company previously leased 11 senior housing communities from Ventas. During the second quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to facilitate up to $24.5 million of leasehold improvements for 10 communities within the Ventas lease portfolio and extend the lease terms until September 30, 2025, with two five-year renewal extension available at the Company’s option. Additionally, during the second quarter of fiscal 2016, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to increase the Special Project Funds for leasehold improvements from $24.5 million to $28.5 million and extend the date for completion of the leasehold improvements to June 30, 2017. During the second quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to decrease the Special Project Funds for leasehold improvements from $28.5 million to approximately $17.0 million due to the Four Property Lease Transaction and extend the date for completion of the leasehold improvements to June 30, 2018. During the second quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company executed amendments to the master lease agreements with Ventas to increase the Special Project Funds for leasehold improvements from approximately $17.0 million to approximately $20.0 million and extend the date for completion of the leasehold improvements to June 30, 2019. The initial lease rates under each of the Ventas Lease Agreements range from 6.75% to 8% and are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses that will be recognized when probable or incurred. The Company initially incurred $11.4 million in lease acquisition and modification costs related to the Ventas Lease Agreements, of which a portion of these costs were written-off upon closing the Four Property Lease Transaction leaving $8.7 million in lease acquisition and modification costs associated with the remaining properties. These deferred lease acquisition and modification costs are being amortized over the lease terms and are included in facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive loss. The Company accounts for five of the Ventas Lease Agreements as an operating lease and two as a Capital lease and financing obligation.

Effective June 27, 2012, the Company closed a lease modification transaction with Ventas which resulted in the Company exchanging two of its owned communities for one of the communities in the existing Ventas lease portfolio and simultaneously leasing back the two communities exchanged (the “Ventas Lease Transaction”). This transaction was the result of negotiations for a solution to the anticipation of the Company not meeting certain lease coverage ratio requirements for its lease portfolio of ten properties with Ventas. The two communities previously owned by the Company are located in East Lansing, Michigan (the “East Lansing Community”) and Raleigh, North Carolina (the “Raleigh Community”) and were exchanged for a community located in Merrillville, Indiana (the “Towne Centre Community”). All three communities continue to be operated by the Company. In conjunction with

this transaction, Ventas assumed approximately $18.3 million of existing mortgage debt from Berkadia and the Company received the Towne Centre Community unencumbered. All of the leased communities in the Ventas lease portfolio were modified to be coterminous with the East Lansing and Raleigh Community leases expiring on September 30, 2020, which were extended to September 30, 2025 during fiscal 2015, with two 5-year renewal extensions available at the Company’s option, eliminate property-level lease covenants, and contain substantially similar terms and conditions. These leases were re-evaluated by the Company at the modification date and continue to be treated as operating leases. Under the terms of the original lease agreements with Ventas, the Company had previously deposited additional cash collateral of approximately $3.4 million, which was returnable to the Company once certain performance targets were reached. However, due to the rebalanced lease portfolio meeting the lease coverage ratio requirements, the Company negotiated the return of these deposits as a condition to the lease modification. Additionally, due to the extension of the lease terms for the Ventas lease portfolio to fiscal 2020, the rights of Ventas to reset the underlying values of the leased communities were deferred for five years.

Pursuant to ASC 840, Leases, the Company performed a sale/leaseback analysis to determine whether the East Lansing Community and Raleigh Community could be removed from its Consolidated Balance Sheets. Based upon the analysis performed, the Company concluded certain aspects of the lease modification would be considered forms of “continuing involvement” which precludes the Company from derecognizing these assets from its Consolidated Balance Sheets under sale/leaseback accounting criteria. Therefore, the Company recorded financing obligations equal to the fair market value of the communities exchanged and the mortgage debt assumed by Ventas. At the end of the lease term, including exercise of any renewal options, the net remaining financing obligation less the net carrying value of the leased assets will be recognized as a non-cash gain on sale of the East Lansing Community and Raleigh Community. Rental payments under these leases will not be reflected as a component of facility lease expense but will be recognized as a reduction of the financing obligation and interest expense based upon the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the time the transaction was closed. As a result of this transaction, the Company recorded additions to property and equipment of approximately $13.2 million and other assets, primarily consisting of lease intangibles, of approximately $11.8 million within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, which will be depreciated or amortized over the estimated useful lives. The additions to property and equipment were reduced by approximately $4.9 million, which represented the unamortized portion of the deferred gain previously recognized by the Company when the Towne Centre Community had been sold in fiscal 2006. Lease intangibles consist of the fair value of in-place leases associated with the Towne Centre Community and the fair value attributable to Ventas deferring its right to reset the underlying values of the lease portfolio five years until fiscal 2020.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company leased 15 senior housing communities from HCP. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2013, the Company executed an amendment to the master lease agreement with HCP to facilitate up to $3.3 million of leasehold improvements for one community within the HCP lease portfolio and extend the initial lease terms for nine communities until October 31, 2020, with two 10-year renewal extensions available at the Company’s option. During the second quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company exercised its right to extend the lease term with HCP for the remaining six communities in the HCP lease portfolio until April 30, 2026, with one 10-year renewal extension available at the Company’s option. The initial lease rates under the HCP Lease Agreements range from 7.25% to 8% and are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses, which will be recognized when probable or incurred. The Company incurred $1.6 million in lease acquisition and modification costs related to the HCP Lease Agreements. These deferred lease acquisition and modification costs are being amortized over the lease terms and are included in facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company accounts for each of the HCP Lease Agreements as an operating lease.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company leased 24 senior housing communities from Welltower. The Welltower Lease Agreements each have an initial term of 15 years, with one 15-year renewal extension available at the Company’s option. The initial lease rates under the Welltower Lease Agreements range from 7.25% to 8.5% and are subject to certain conditional escalation clauses, which will be recognized when probable or incurred. The initial terms on the Welltower Lease Agreements expire on various dates from April 2025 through April 2026. The Company incurred $2.1 million in lease acquisition costs related to the Welltower Lease Agreements. These deferred lease acquisition costs are being amortized over the lease terms and are included in facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company accounts for each of the Welltower Lease Agreements as an operating lease.

Facility lease expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss includes rent expense plus amortization expense relating to leasehold acquisition costs offset by the amortization of deferred gains and lease incentives. The Company leases its corporate headquarters in Dallas, Texas, and has various lease contracts for a duration of 5 years or less on automobiles, buses and office equipment. The lease on the corporate headquarters currently expires on September 30, 2020.

The Company incurred $60.6 million, $59.7 million, and $64.5 million in lease expense during fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Future minimum lease commitments as of December 31, 2018, are as follows (in thousands):

At each of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had gross deferred lease costs of $12.4 million. Accumulated amortization at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $8.0 million and $7.2 million, respectively, and amortization expense is expected to be approximately $0.8 million in each of the next five fiscal years. There are various financial covenants and other restrictions in the Company’s lease agreements. The Company was in compliance with all of its lease covenants at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The following table presents certain unaudited quarterly financial information for each of the four quarters ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. This information has been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and include, in the opinion of the Company’s management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the quarterly results when read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company.

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Capital Senior Living Corporation

We have audited Capital Senior Living Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Capital Senior Living Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and our report dated March 1, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Delaware		75-2678809
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

14160 Dallas Parkway, Suite 300 Dallas, Texas		75254
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

		Page Number
	PART I
Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	18
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	25
Item 2.	Properties	25
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	25
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	25
	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity; Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	26
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	29
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	47
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	47
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	47
Item 9B.	Other Information	48
	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	49
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	49
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	49
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	49
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	49
	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	50
Signatures		54
Index to Financial Statements		F-1

	Cumulative Total Returns
	12/13		12/14		12/15		12/16		12/17		12/18
Capital Senior Living Corporation		100.00		103.83		86.95		66.90		56.23		28.35
S&P 500		100.00		113.69		115.26		129.05		157.22		150.33
Peer Group		100.00		130.57		66.74		45.42		34.91		23.60

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
Total at September 30, 2018		494,115	$	6.94		494,115	$	6,570,222
October 1 – October 31, 2018		—		—		—		6,570,222
November 1 – November 30, 2018		—		—		—		6,570,222
December 1 – December 31, 2018		—		—		—		6,570,222
Total at December 31, 2018		494,115	$	6.94		494,115	$	6,570,222

	2018 Calendar Quarters
	First			Second			Third			Fourth (1)
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Total revenues	$	114,643		$	114,627		$	115,650		$	115,098
Income (Loss) from operations		5,386			3,643			1,696			(3,122	)
Net loss and comprehensive loss		(7,156	)		(9,060	)		(11,089	)		(26,291	)
Net loss per share, basic	$	(0.24	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.37	)	$	(0.88	)
Net loss per share, diluted	$	(0.24	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.37	)	$	(0.88	)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic		29,627			29,831			29,877			29,908
Weighted average shares outstanding, fully diluted		29,627			29,831			29,877			29,908

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☑
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

Name	Age	Position(s) with the Company
Kimberly S. Lody	53	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Carey P. Hendrickson	56	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Michael C. Fryar	42	Senior Vice President and Chief Revenue Officer
David R. Brickman	60	Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel
Jeremy D. Falke	45	Senior Vice President – Human Resources
David W. Beathard, Sr.	71	Senior Vice President – Operations
Jeffery P. Cellucci	31	Vice President – Operations
John J. Klitsch	39	Vice President – Sales/Business Development
Gloria M. Holland	51	Vice President – Finance
Joseph G. Solari	54	Vice President – Corporate Development
Robert F. Hollister	63	Property Controller
Christopher H. Lane	47	Vice President – Financial Reporting

Plan Category	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Weighted-Average Exercise Price of the Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in First Column)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders		—	$	—		285,502
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders		—		—		—
Total		—	$	—		285,502

	2017 Calendar Quarters
	First			Second			Third			Fourth
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Total revenues	$	115,990		$	116,718		$	117,318		$	116,971
(Loss) Income from operations		(9,610	)		4,691			4,513			8,248
Net loss and comprehensive loss		(21,842	)		(7,835	)		(8,132	)		(6,359	)
Net loss per share, basic	$	(0.75	)	$	(0.27	)	$	(0.28	)	$	(0.22	)
Net loss per share, diluted	$	(0.75	)	$	(0.27	)	$	(0.28	)	$	(0.22	)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic		29,288			29,478			29,512			29,531
Weighted average shares outstanding, fully diluted		29,288			29,478			29,512			29,531

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	36,870		$	55,594		$	52,279
Net cash used in investing activities		(21,908	)		(124,940	)		(201,049	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(1,666	)		53,047			126,847
Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	13,296		$	(16,299	)	$	(21,923	)

	Less Than One Year		One to Three Years		Three to Five Years		More Than Five Years		Total
Long-term debt, including interest expense (1)	$	62,886	$	194,507	$	203,827	$	809,015	$	1,270,235
Operating and capital leases (2)		66,455		116,022		104,088		97,165		383,730
Total contractual cash obligations	$	129,341	$	310,529	$	307,915	$	906,180	$	1,653,965

	2019			2020			2021			2022			2023			Thereafter			Total		Fair Value
Long-term debt:
Fixed rate debt	$	15,777		$	14,803		$	15,564		$	53,648		$	73,930		$	679,470		$	853,192	$	815,303
Average interest rate		4.64	%		4.64	%		4.65	%		4.65	%		4.61	%		4.61	%
Variable rate debt		273			68,793			10,689			733			800			48,728			130,016		130,016
Average interest rate		6.06	%		5.15	%		4.57	%		4.57	%		4.57	%		4.57	%
Total debt																			$	983,208	$	945,319

Exhibit Number			Description
3.1			Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registration Statement No. 333-33379 on Form S-1/A filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 8, 1997.)

3.1.1			Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 1999, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

3.2			Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 8, 2013.)

4.1			2007 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan for Capital Senior Living Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2007.)

4.2			First Amendment to 2007 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan for Capital Senior Living Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2007.)

4.3			Amended and Restated Second Amendment to the 2007 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan for Capital Senior Living Corporation, as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 22, 2015.)

10.1			Employment Agreement, dated as of November 26, 1996, by and between Capital Senior Living, Inc. and David R. Brickman (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registration Statement No. 333-33379 on Form S-1 filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.2			Agreement of Limited Partnership of Triad Senior Living II, L.P., dated September 23, 1998 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.3			Agreement of Limited Partnership of Triad Senior Living III, L.P., dated November 10, 1998 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

Exhibit Number			Description
10.4			Agreement of Limited Partnership of Triad Senior Living IV, L.P., dated December 22, 1998 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.59 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.5			Employment Agreement, dated May 26, 1999, by and between Lawrence A. Cohen and Capital Senior Living Corporation (Incorporated by reference to the Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 1999, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.6			Second Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Triad Senior Living I, L.P. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.78 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, dated March 30, 2000, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.6.1			Amendment No. 1 to Second Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Triad Senior Living I, LP. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.105 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2002, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.7			First Amendment to Triad II Partnership Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 15, 2000, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.8			Second Amendment to the Employment Agreement of Lawrence A. Cohen, dated January 27, 2003, by and between Lawrence A. Cohen and Capital Senior Living Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.106 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, dated March 26, 2003, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.9			Second Amendment to the Employment Agreement of David R. Brickman, dated January 27, 2003, by and between David R. Brickman and Capital Senior Living Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.109 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, dated March 26, 2003, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.10			Master Lease Agreement, dated June 30, 2005, between Ventas Amberleigh, LLC and Capital Senior Management 2, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, dated June 30, 2005, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 11, 2005.)

10.11			Schedule identifying substantially identical agreements to Exhibit 10.10 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, dated June 30, 2005, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 11, 2005.)

10.12			Master Lease Agreement, dated October 18, 2005, between Ventas Georgetowne, LLC and Capital Senior Management 2, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated October 18, 2005, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.13			Master Lease Agreement, dated May 31, 2006, between subsidiaries of the Company and HCP (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 31, 2006, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.14			Lease, dated May 31, 2006, between subsidiaries of the Company and HCP regarding the Crosswood Oaks Facility in Citrus Heights, California (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 31, 2006, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.15			Schedule identifying substantially identical agreements to Exhibit 10.14 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 31, 2006, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

Exhibit Number			Description
10.16			Fourth Amendment to the Employment Agreement of Lawrence A. Cohen (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 20, 2010.)

10.17			Master Lease Agreement, dated as of September 10, 2010, between Capital Texas S, LLC and the Landlord parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 16, 2010.)

10.18			Employment Agreement dated July 22, 2010, by and between Capital Senior Living, Inc. and Joseph G. Solari (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.50 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, dated March 12, 2012, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.19			Employment Agreement dated April 25, 2014, by and between Capital Senior Living, Inc. and Carey P. Hendrickson (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated April 28, 2014, filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.)

10.20			Form of Outside Director’s Restricted Share Unit Award Under the 2007 Omnibus Stock and Incentive Plan for Capital Senior Living Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2015.)

10.21			Second Amendment to Employment Agreement of Joseph G. Solari, dated August 31, 2013, by and between Capital Senior Living Corporation and Joseph G. Solari (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 6, 2015.)

10.22			Retirement and Separation Agreement dated August 21, 2018, by and between Capital Senior Living Corporation and Lawrence A. Cohen (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2018.)

10.23			Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated September 11, 2018, by and between Capital Senior Living, Inc. and Brett D. Lee (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 12, 2018.)

10.24			Employment Agreement dated January 7, 2019, by and between Capital Senior Living Corporation and Kimberly S. Lody (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2019.)

10.25			Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement dated January 7, 2019, by and between Capital Senior Living Corporation and Kimberly S. Lody (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2019.)

10.26			Performance Award Agreement dated January 7, 2019, by and between Capital Senior Living Corporation and Kimberly S. Lody (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2019.)

10.27			Restricted Stock Award Agreement dated January 7, 2019, by and between Capital Senior Living Corporation and Kimberly S. Lody (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2019.)

Exhibit Number			Description

*21.1			Subsidiaries of the Company

*23.1			Consent of Ernst & Young LLP

*31.1			Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)

*31.2			Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)

*32.1			Certification of Kimberly S. Lody pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

*32.2			Certification of Carey P. Hendrickson pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

*101.INS			XBRL Instance Document

*101.SCH			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

*101.CAL			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

*101.LAB			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

*101.PRE			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*101.DEF			XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document


CAPITAL SENIOR LIVING CORPORATION

By:	/s/ KIMBERLY S. LODY
	Kimberly S. Lody
	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

Date: March 1, 2019

Signature	Title	Date

/s/ KIMBERLY S. LODY	President,	March 1, 2019
Kimberly S. Lody	Chief Executive Officer (Principal
	Executive Officer) and Director

/s/ CAREY P. HENDRICKSON	Executive Vice President and	March 1, 2019
Carey P. Hendrickson	Chief Financial Officer (Principal
	Financial and Accounting Officer)

/s/ MICHAEL W. REID	Chairman of the Board	March 1, 2019
Michael W. Reid

/s/ PHILIP A. BROOKS	Director	March 1, 2019
Philip A. Brooks

/s/ ED A. GRIER	Director	March 1, 2019
Ed A. Grier

/s/ E. RODNEY HORNBAKE	Director	March 1, 2019
E. Rodney Hornbake

/s/ PAUL J. ISAAC	Director	March 1, 2019
Paul J. Isaac

/s/ JILL M. KRUEGER	Director	March 1, 2019
Jill M. Krueger

/s/ ROSS B. LEVIN	Director	March 1, 2019
Ross B. Levin

/s/ RONALD A. MALONE	Director	March 1, 2019
Ronald A. Malone


	Page
Consolidated Financial Statements of Capital Senior Living Corporation
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Ernst & Young LLP	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets — December 31, 2018 and 2017	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss — For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity — For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, Ernst & Young LLP	F-33

		December 31,
	Asset Lives	2018			2017
Land		$	69,842		$	69,842
Land improvements	5 to 20 years		25,373			24,665
Buildings and building improvements	10 to 40 years		1,158,577			1,148,816
Furniture and equipment	5 to 10 years		66,202			62,614
Automobiles	5 to 7 years		6,344			6,236
Leasehold improvements	(1)		98,396			85,384
Construction in progress	NA		421			5,711
			1,425,155			1,403,268
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization			(366,106	)		(303,482	)
Property and equipment, net		$	1,059,049		$	1,099,786

2019	$	16,050
2020		83,595
2021		26,254
2022		54,381
2023		74,729
Thereafter		728,198
	$	983,207

	Outstanding Beginning of Year		Granted		Exercised		Forfeited		Outstanding End of Year		Options Exercisable
December 31, 2018
Shares		—		—		—		—		—		—
Weighted average price	$	—		—	$	—		—	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2017
Shares		—		—		—		—		—		—
Weighted average price	$	—		—	$	—		—	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2016
Shares		3,000		—		3,000		—		—		—
Weighted average price	$	10.97		—	$	10.97		—	$	—	$	—

	Outstanding Beginning of Year		Issued		Vested			Forfeited			Outstanding End of Year
December 31, 2018
Shares		964,484		830,794		(386,900	)		(63,219	)		1,345,159
December 31, 2017
Shares		829,766		565,745		(355,400	)		(75,627	)		964,484
December 31, 2016
Shares		783,310		666,883		(565,224	)		(55,203	)		829,766

	2018				2017
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	31,309	$	31,309	$	17,646	$	17,646
Restricted cash		13,011		13,011		13,378		13,378
Notes payable, excluding deferred loan costs		983,207		945,318		967,332		929,000