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Income Tax
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax

12. Income Tax

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was -62.7%, compared to -64.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The negative effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 is the result of net tax expense recorded against a pre-tax loss for the period. The change in the effective tax rate between the periods was primarily a result of increased valuation allowances in the U.S. and in various foreign countries, changes in nondeductible expenses, and mix of earnings in jurisdictions with differing tax rates.