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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The following is a reconciliation of income taxes on continuing operations at the statutory rate of 21% to the provision for income taxes as shown in AFG’s Statement of Earnings (dollars in millions):
202320222021
Amount% of EBTAmount% of EBTAmount% of EBT
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes (“EBT”)$1,073 $1,123 $1,335 
Income taxes at statutory rate$225 21 %$236 21 %$280 21 %
Effect of:
Employee stock ownership plan dividend paid deduction(5)(1 %)(8)(1 %)(16)(1 %)
Tax exempt interest(5)(1 %)(6)(1 %)(8)(1 %)
Adjustment to prior year taxes(5)— %(3)— %(1)— %
Stock-based compensation(2)— %(5)— %(13)(1 %)
Change in valuation allowance(2)— %(9)(1 %)(4)— %
Dividend received deduction(2)— %(2)— %(2)— %
Nondeductible expenses11 1 %8 1 %8 1 %
Foreign operations6 1 %7 1 %— — %
Other— — %7 — %10 — %
Provision for income taxes as shown in the statement of earnings$221 21 %$225 20 %$254 19 %

On January 1, 2023, the two major tax provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA”) became effective. The IRA created a new corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) based on the earnings that a company reports in its financial statements and imposes a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases. Any CAMT incurred would be available to offset taxes payable under the standard calculation in future periods. Accordingly, the CAMT is a timing difference and would result in the recording of an offsetting deferred tax asset with no impact on overall income tax expense. Based on current guidance, while AFG meets the financial statement income thresholds to be subject to CAMT, management does not believe AFG will incur a CAMT liability for 2023. The excise tax on stock repurchases in excess of any issuances is recorded as part of the cost of the repurchases directly in shareholders’ equity.

Since almost all of AFG’s earnings are taxable based on U.S. tax rates, the Global Intangible Low-taxed Income (“GILTI”) provision is not expected to be material to AFG’s results of operations and will be recorded in the period that any tax arises.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, an intergovernmental organization with 38 member countries, has proposed a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% (“Pillar Two”). Due to AFG’s limited international operations and the tax rate AFG is subject to in those jurisdictions, management does not believe Pillar Two will have a material impact on AFG’s results of operations.

AFG’s 2013 — 2018 and 2020 — 2023 tax years remain subject to examination by the IRS.
Total earnings before income taxes include earnings subject to tax in foreign jurisdictions of $32 million in 2023, $64 million in 2022 and $33 million in 2021.

The total income tax provision of continuing operations consists of (in millions):
202320222021
Current taxes:
Federal$176 $192 $162 
State9 10 7 
Foreign(1)1 1 
Deferred taxes:
Federal37 22 84 
Provision for income taxes$221 $225 $254 
For income tax purposes, AFG and its subsidiaries had the following carryforwards available at December 31, 2023 (in millions):
ExpiringAmount
Operating Loss – U.S.
2024 - 2041
$10 
Operating Loss – United Kingdomindefinite38 (*)
(*)£30 million

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities reflect temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts recognized for tax purposes. The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities included in AFG’s Balance Sheet at December 31 were as follows (in millions):
20232022
Deferred tax assets:
Federal net operating loss carryforwards$2 $2 
Foreign underwriting losses10 10 
Insurance claims and reserves269 255 
Employee benefits111 108 
Other, net25 24 
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance
417 399 
Valuation allowance against deferred tax assets(14)(16)
Total deferred tax assets403 383 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Investment securities(177)(52)
Deferred policy acquisition costs(70)(66)
Insurance claims and reserves transition liability(8)(12)
Real estate, property and equipment(12)(23)
Total deferred tax liabilities(267)(153)
Net deferred tax asset$136 $230 

AFG’s net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet. The decrease in AFG’s net deferred tax asset at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 reflects lower net unrealized losses on fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 and the increase in fair value of equity securities still owned.

The likelihood of realizing deferred tax assets is reviewed periodically. Any adjustments required to the valuation allowance are made in the period during which developments requiring an adjustment become known.

At both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there are unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties of less than $1 million that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. AFG’s provision for income taxes in 2023, 2022 and 2021 included interest expense of less than $1 million related to unrecognized tax benefits. There were liabilities of less than $1 million for interest related to unrecognized tax benefits at both December 31, 2023 and
December 31, 2022. There were no penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits included in AFG’s provision for income taxes in 2023, 2022 and 2021. There is no liability for penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Cash payments for income taxes, net of refunds, were $201 million, $242 million and $212 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.