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Pension, Retiree Medical and Retiree Savings Plans (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Funded status of pension plans
The following chart summarizes the balance sheet impact, as well as benefit obligations, assets, and funded status associated with our two significant U.S. pension plans.  The actuarial valuations for all plans reflect measurement dates coinciding with our fiscal year end.

 
 
2019
 
2018
Change in benefit obligation:
 
 
 
 
Benefit obligation at beginning of year
 
$
873

 
$
1,007

Service cost
 
6

 
8

Interest cost
 
39

 
38

Plan amendments
 
2

 
1

Special termination benefits
 
—

 
1

Benefits paid
 
(57
)
 
(73
)
Settlement payments
 
(1
)
 
—

Actuarial (gain) loss
 
153

 
(109
)
Benefit obligation at end of year
 
$
1,015

 
$
873

 
 
 
 
 

A significant component of the overall increase in the Company's benefit obligation for the year ended December 31, 2019 was due to an actuarial loss, which was primarily due to a decrease in the discount rate used to measure our benefit obligation from 4.60% at December 31, 2018 to 3.50% at December 31, 2019. A significant component of the overall decrease in the Company's benefit obligation for the year ended December 31, 2018 was due to an actuarial gain, which was primarily due to an increase in the discount rate used to measure our benefit obligation from 3.90% at December 31, 2017 to 4.60% at December 31, 2018.

Change in plan assets:
 
 
 
 
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
 
$
755

 
$
864

Actual return on plan assets
 
176

 
(49
)
Employer contributions
 
12

 
13

Benefits paid
 
(57
)
 
(73
)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year
 
$
886

 
$
755

 Funded status at end of year
 
$
(129
)
 
$
(118
)
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Accrued benefit liability - current
 
$
(4
)
 
$
(5
)
Accrued benefit liability - non-current
 
(125
)
 
(113
)
 
 
$
(129
)
 
$
(118
)
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of pan assets
Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Projected benefit obligation
 
$
1,015

 
$
873

Accumulated benefit obligation
 
984

 
849

Fair value of plan assets
 
886

 
755
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets
Information for pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Projected benefit obligation
 
$
1,015

 
$
873

Accumulated benefit obligation
 
984

 
849

Fair value of plan assets
 
886

 
755
Components of net periodic benefit cost
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Service cost
 
$
6

 
$
8

 
$
10

Interest cost
 
39

 
38

 
41

Amortization of prior service cost(a)
 
6


5


6

Expected return on plan assets
 
(44
)
 
(44
)
 
(45
)
Amortization of net loss
 
1

 
16

 
5

Net periodic benefit cost
 
$
8

 
$
23

 
$
17


Additional (gain) loss recognized due to:

Settlement charges(b)
 
$
3

 
$
—

 
$
19

Special termination benefits
 
$
—

 
$
1

 
$
2

Pension data adjustment(c)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
22


(a)
Prior service costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of employees expected to receive benefits.

(b)
Settlement losses result when benefit payments exceed the sum of the service cost and interest cost within a plan during the year. These losses were recorded in Other pension (income) expense.

(c)
Reflects a non-cash, out-of-year charge related to the adjustment of certain historical deferred vested liability balances in the Plan during the first quarter of 2017 recorded in Other pension (income) expense. See Note 4.
Pension losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Pension gains (losses) in AOCI:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Beginning of year
 
$
(123
)
 
$
(160
)
Net actuarial gain (loss)
 
(22
)
 
17

Curtailments
 
—

 
—

Amortization of net loss
 
1

 
16

Amortization of prior service cost
 
6

 
5

Prior service cost
 
(2
)
 
(1
)
Settlement charges
 
4

 
—

End of year
 
$
(136
)
 
$
(123
)
Schedule of Accumulated pre-tax losses recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated pre-tax losses recognized within AOCI:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Actuarial net loss
 
$
(118
)
 
$
(101
)
Prior service cost
 
(18
)
 
(22
)
 
 
$
(136
)
 
$
(123
)
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at the measurement dates:
 
 
2019
 
2018
Discount rate
 
3.50
%
 
4.60
%
Rate of compensation increase
 
3.00
%
 
3.00
%

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine the net periodic benefit cost for fiscal years:
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017(a)
Discount rate
 
4.60
%
 
3.90
%
 
4.53
%
Long-term rate of return on plan assets
 
5.75
%
 
5.65
%
 
6.06
%
Rate of compensation increase
 
3.00
%
 
3.75
%
 
3.75
%


(a)    Reflects a weighted average due to interim re-measurements in 2017.
Fair values of pension plan assets
The fair values of our pension plan assets at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by asset category and level within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

 
 
2019
 
2018
Level 1:
 
 
 
 
Cash
 
$
5

 
$
3

Cash Equivalents(a)
 
13

 
10

Fixed Income Securities - U.S. Corporate(b)
 
161

 
140

Equity Securities – U.S. Large cap(b)
 
268

 
215

Equity Securities – U.S. Mid cap(b)
 
44

 
35

Equity Securities – U.S. Small cap(b)
 
43

 
34

Equity Securities – Non-U.S.(b)
 
88

 
74

Level 2:
 
 
 
 
Fixed Income Securities – U.S. Corporate(c)
 
120

 
106

Fixed Income Securities – U.S. Government and Government Agencies(d)
 
274

 
161

Fixed Income Securities – Other(d)
 
39

 
18

Total fair value of plan assets(e)
 
$
1,055

 
$
796



(a)
Short-term investments in money market funds.

(b)
Securities held in common trusts.

(c)
Investments held directly by the Plan.

(d)
Includes securities held in common trusts and investments held directly by the Plan.

(e)
2019 and 2018 exclude net unsettled trade payables of $169 million and $41 million, respectively.
Expected benefit payments
The benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter are set forth below:

Year ended:
 
 
2020
 
$
43

2021
 
47

2022
 
49

2023
 
52

2024
 
53

2025 - 2029
 
287