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Share-based and Deferred Compensation Plans (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Compensation Related Costs [Abstract]  
Weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model
We estimated the fair value of each stock option and SAR award as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

 
 
2011
 
2010
 
2009
Risk-free interest rate
 
2.0
%
 
2.4
%
 
1.9
%
Expected term (years)
 
5.9

 
6.0

 
5.9

Expected volatility
 
28.2
%
 
30.0
%
 
32.3
%
Expected dividend yield
 
2.0
%
 
2.5
%
 
2.6
%
Summary of award activity
Stock Options and SARs

 
 
Shares
(in thousands)
 
Weighted-Average Exercise
Price
 
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term
 
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at the beginning of the year
 
36,438

 
 
 
$
26.91

 
 
 
 
Granted
 
5,023

 
 
 
49.59

 
 
 
 
Exercised
 
(6,645
)
 
 
 
20.33

 
 
 
 
Forfeited or expired
 
(1,308
)
 
 
 
35.52

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at the end of the year
 
33,508

(a) 
 
 
$
31.28

 
5.96

 
$
929

Exercisable at the end of the year
 
18,709

 
 
 
$
26.00

 
4.48

 
$
618


(a)
Outstanding awards include 8,161 options and 25,347 SARs with average exercise prices of $21.56 and $34.41, respectively.
Impact on net income
The components of share-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefits are shown in the following table:

 
 
2011
 
2010
 
2009
Options and SARs
 
$
49

 
$
40

 
$
48

Restricted Stock Units
 
5

 
5

 
7

Performance Share Units
 
5

 
2

 
1

Total Share-based Compensation Expense
 
$
59

 
$
47

 
$
56

Deferred Tax Benefit recognized
 
$
18

 
$
13

 
$
17

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EID compensation expense not share-based
 
$
2

 
$
4

 
$
4