Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

8. INCOME TAXES

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was enacted into law which significantly modified U.S. corporate income tax law. The TCJA contains significant changes to corporate income taxation, including but not limited to the reduction of the corporate income tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21% in 2018. Notwithstanding the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the overall impact of the new federal tax law is uncertain, including to what extent various states will conform to the newly enacted federal tax law. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates that the Company believes will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid. As a result, the Company remeasured the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities to reflect the reduction in the enacted U.S. corporate income tax rate.

The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes as regular (Subchapter C) corporation. As a result of continuing losses for tax purposes, the Company has historically not paid income taxes and has recorded a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset.

The Company’s deferred tax assets are primarily the result of net operating losses (or NOLs). The Company has recorded a valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2020 as it is more likely than not that not all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The valuation is based on management’s assessment that it is more likely than not the NOL carryforwards may not be realized in the foreseeable future due to objective negative evidence that the Company would not generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets for federal and state income taxes as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

	2020			2019
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	4,624,000		$	4,498,000
Payroll related accruals		235,000			-
Stock-based compensation		89,000			171,000
Intangible assets		89,000			78,000
Reserves		11,000			11,000
Research and development tax credits		411,000			333,000
Total deferred tax assets		5,459,000			5,091,000
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation		(24,000	)		(30,000	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(24,000	)		(30,000	)
Net deferred tax assets		5,435,000			5,061,000
Less: Valuation allowance		(5,435,000	)		(5,061,000	)
Deferred tax assets, net of allowance	$	-		$	-

There were no tax interest or penalties recorded in the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

The Company’s available NOL at December 31, 2020 was approximately $17 million. The federal and state NOL’s incurred in all years through 2020 are available to offset future taxable income and expire from 2021 through 2040 if not utilized.

The Company files numerous tax returns in various jurisdictions. The Company is not currently under examination by any taxing authority, nor has the Company signed any waiver of the statute of limitations with any taxing authority. The Company remains open to examination by major taxing jurisdictions from 2017 to date. ASC Topic 740-10 requires evaluation of uncertain tax positions. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has no material uncertain tax positions.

The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is different from the tax benefit that would result from applying the statutory tax rates primarily due to the recognition of valuation allowances. In 2020, the valuation allowance increased approximately $374,000 primarily related to the timing of payroll related costs and an increase of the Company’s NOLs. The Company had book income in 2020 and a tax NOL was generated primarily due to permanent differences that occurred during the year.