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Share Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

8. SHARE BASED COMPENSATION

The Company accounts for the issuance of equity awards to employees in accordance with ASC Topic 718 and 505, which requires that the cost resulting from all share-based payment transactions be recognized in the financial statements. These pronouncements establish fair value as the measurement objective in accounting for share based payment arrangements and requires all companies to apply a fair value based measurement method in accounting for all share based payment transactions with employees. All stock-based compensation is included in operating expenses for the periods as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Compensation cost recognized:
Selling, general & administrative	$	66,289	$	57,719	$	432,812	$	112,153
Research & development		6,753		6,274		9,969		12,548
	$	73,042	$	63,993	$	442,781	$	124,701

Stock Options

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value the options. The table below presents the weighted average expected life of the options in years. The expected life computation is based on the time to option expiration. Volatility is determined using changes in historical stock prices. The interest rate for periods within the expected life of the award is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

Stock option activity under the 2006 and 2015 Stock Option Plans (collectively, the “Plans”) during the periods indicated below were as follows:

	Number of Shares Subject to Issuance			Weighted- average Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2018		1,072,332		$	1.44	1.85 years	$	881,493

Granted		444,163			2.68
Forfeited or expired		-
Exercised		(79,872	)		2.14
Outstanding at June 30, 2019		1,436,623		$	1.78	2.46 years	$	5,757,618

Exercisable at June 30, 2019		1,078,292		$	1.50	1.85 years	$	4,630,496

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pretax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had they all exercised their options on June 30, 2019. This amount changes based upon the fair market value of the Company’s stock.

Restricted Stock Units

The Company issues Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) which are equity-based instruments that may be settled in shares of common stock of the Company. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company issued RSUs to certain directors as compensation. RSU agreements can vest immediately or with the passage of time. The vesting of all RSUs is contingent on continued board and employment services.

The compensation expense incurred by the Company for RSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and is amortized ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and charged to general and administrative expense with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital.

	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2018		-		$	-	$	-
Granted		5,799			5.01
Vested and settled in shares		(2,000	)		3.53

Outstanding at June 30, 2019		3,799		$	5.79	$	-

As of June 30, 2019, there was $587,195 of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to all unvested stock options and restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 3.33 years.

The Company had 796,141 shares available for future grants under the Plans at June 30, 2019.

Warrants

All previously granted warrants were issued with an exercise price that was equal to or above the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had 290,644 warrants outstanding with an exercise price of $2.20 which are exercisable through 2021. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had 448,481 warrants outstanding of which 48,625, 16,356 and 383,500 warrants have an exercise price of $4.48, $8.00 and $2.20, respectively, which are exercisable through 2021. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, there were 92,856 warrants exercised at an exercise price of $2.20 per share.