Major categories of loans and leases are summarized as follows (in thousands):

¹Purchased Credit Impaired loans and leases (“PCI loans and leases”) are loans and leases with evidence of credit deterioration at purchase.

For purposes of the disclosures required pursuant to ASC 310, the loan and lease portfolio was disaggregated into segments. A portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for loan and lease losses. There are six loan and lease portfolio segments that include commercial real estate, consumer real estate, construction and land development, commercial and industrial, leases, and consumer and other.

The following describe risk characteristics relevant to each of the portfolio segments:

Commercial Real Estate: Commercial real estate loans include owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and loans secured by income-producing properties. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans to operating businesses are long-

term financing of land and buildings. These loans are repaid by cash flow generated from the business operation. Real estate loans for income-producing properties such as apartment buildings, office and industrial buildings, and retail shopping centers are repaid from rent income derived from the properties. Loans within this portfolio segment are particularly sensitive to the valuation of real estate.

Consumer Real Estate: Consumer real estate loans include real estate loans secured by first liens, second liens, or open end real estate loans, such as home equity lines. These are repaid by various means such as a borrower’s income, sale of the property, or rental income derived from the property. Loans within this portfolio segment are particularly sensitive to the valuation of real estate.

Construction and Land Development: Loans for real estate construction and development are repaid through cash flow related to the operations, sale or refinance of the underlying property. This portfolio segment includes extensions of credit to real estate developers or investors where repayment is dependent on the sale of the real estate or income generated from the real estate collateral. Loans within this portfolio segment are particularly sensitive to the valuation of real estate.

Commercial and Industrial: The commercial and industrial loan portfolio segment includes commercial and financial loans. These loans include those loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases, or expansion projects. Loans are repaid by business cash flows. Collection risk in this portfolio is driven by the creditworthiness of the underlying borrower, particularly cash flows from the customers’ business operations.

Leases: The lease portfolio segment includes leases to small and mid-size companies for equipment financing leases. These leases are secured by a secured interest in the equipment being leased.

Consumer and Other: The consumer loan portfolio segment includes direct consumer installment loans, overdrafts and other revolving credit loans, and educational loans. Loans in this portfolio are sensitive to unemployment and other key consumer economic measures.

Credit Risk Management:

The Company employs a credit risk management process with defined policies, accountability and routine reporting to manage credit risk in the loan and lease portfolio segments. Credit risk management is guided by credit policies that provide for a consistent and prudent approach to underwriting and approvals of credits. Within the Credit Policy, procedures exist that elevate the approval requirements as credits become larger and more complex. All loans and leases are individually underwritten, risk-rated, approved, and monitored.

Responsibility and accountability for adherence to underwriting policies and accurate risk ratings lies in each portfolio segment. For the consumer real estate and consumer and other portfolio segments, the risk management process focuses on managing customers who become delinquent in their payments. For the other portfolio segments, the risk management process focuses on underwriting new business and, on an ongoing basis, monitoring the credit of the portfolios, including a third party review of the largest credits on an annual basis or more frequently, as needed. To ensure problem credits are identified on a timely basis, several specific portfolio reviews occur periodically to assess the larger adversely rated credits for proper risk rating and accrual status.

Credit quality and trends in the loan and lease portfolio segments are measured and monitored regularly. Detailed reports, by product, collateral, accrual status, etc., are reviewed by Director, Management and Loan Committees.

The allowance for loan and lease losses is a valuation reserve established through provisions for loan and lease losses charged against income. The allowance for loan and lease losses, which is evaluated quarterly, is maintained at a level that management deems sufficient to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio. Loans and leases deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan and lease losses, while recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are credited to the allowance for loan and lease losses. The allowance for loan and lease losses is comprised of

specific valuation allowances for loans and leases evaluated individually for impairment and general allocations for pools of homogeneous loans and leases with similar risk characteristics and trends.

The allowance for loan and lease losses related to specific loans and leases is based on management’s estimate of potential losses on impaired loans and leases as determined by (1) the present value of expected future cash flows; (2) the fair value of collateral if the loan or lease is determined to be collateral dependent or (3) the loan’s or leases’ observable market price. The Company’s homogeneous loan and lease pools include commercial real estate loans, consumer real estate loans, construction and land development loans, commercial and industrial loans, leases and consumer and other loans. The general allocations to these loan and lease pools are based on the historical loss rates for specific loan and lease types and the internal risk grade, if applicable, adjusted for both internal and external qualitative risk factors.

The qualitative factors considered by management include, among other factors, (1) changes in local and national economic conditions; (2) changes in asset quality; (3) changes in loan and lease portfolio volume; (4) the composition and concentrations of credit; (5) the impact of competition on loan and lease structuring and pricing; (6) the impact of the regulatory environment and changes in laws; (7) effectiveness of the Company’s loan and lease policies, procedures and internal controls; (8) COVID-19 loan modification factor and (9) COVID-19 Q factor, which is based upon active COVID cases within the Company’s footprint. The total allowance established for each homogeneous loan and lease pool represents the product of the historical loss ratio adjusted for qualitative factors and the total dollar amount of the loans and leases in the pool.

The determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses is based on estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the economic environment and market conditions. In connection with the determination of the estimated losses on loans and leases, management obtains independent appraisals for significant collateral.

The Company’s loans and leases are generally secured by specific items of collateral including real property, consumer assets, and business assets. Although the Company has a diversified loan and lease portfolio, a substantial portion of its debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent on local economic conditions.

While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans and leases, further reductions in the carrying amounts of loans and leases may be necessary based on changes in local economic conditions. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the estimated losses on loans and leases. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additional losses based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. Because of these factors, it is reasonably possible that the estimated losses on loans and leases may change materially in the near term.

At March 31, 2022, the net deferred fees outstanding was $972 thousand for the 2021 Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP“) loans and as of December 31, 2021, the net deferred fees outstanding for the 2021 PPP loans was $2.0 million. PPP loans are included in the Commercial and Industrial loan segments. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had 273 PPP loans outstanding, with an outstanding principal balance of $27.9 million and as of December 31, 2021, the Company had 587 PPP loans outstanding, with an outstanding principal balance of $52.2 million.

The composition of loans and leases by loan classification for performing, impaired and PCI loan and leases status is summarized in the tables below (in thousands):


					Construction		Commercial
	Commercial		Consumer		and Land		and				Consumer
	Real Estate		Real Estate		Development		Industrial		Leases		and Other		Total
March 31, 2022:
Performing loans and leases	$	1,454,728	$	471,368	$	311,992	$	458,674	$	57,662	$	11,225	$	2,765,649
Impaired loans and leases		858		2,070		—		—		—		—		2,928
		1,455,586		473,438		311,992		458,674		57,662		11,225		2,768,577
PCI loans and leases		20,270		9,791		2,662		2,479		2,230		17		37,449
Total loans and leases	$	1,475,856	$	483,229	$	314,654	$	461,153	$	59,892	$	11,242	$	2,806,026

December 31, 2021:
Performing loans and leases	$	1,362,423	$	463,374	$	275,504	$	485,411	$	50,538	$	11,780	$	2,649,030
Impaired loans and leases		858		2,065		—		97		—		—		3,020
		1,363,281		465,439		275,504		485,508		50,538		11,780		2,652,050
PCI loans and leases		20,875		11,833		2,882		2,516		3,170		71		41,347
Total loans and leases	$	1,384,156	$	477,272	$	278,386	$	488,024	$	53,708	$	11,851	$	2,693,397

The following tables show the allowance for loan and lease losses allocation by loan and lease classification for impaired, PCI, and performing (in thousands):


					Construction		Commercial				Consumer
	Commercial		Consumer		and Land		and				and
	Real Estate		Real Estate		Development		Industrial		Leases		Other		Total
March 31, 2022:
Performing loans and leases	$	9,945	$	3,267	$	2,120	$	3,501	$	548	$	115	$	19,496
Impaired loans and leases		395		—		—		—		—		—		395
		10,340		3,267		2,120		3,501		548		115		19,891
PCI loans and leases		65		121		—		—		—		1		187
Total loans and leases	$	10,405	$	3,388	$	2,120	$	3,501	$	548	$	116	$	20,078

December 31, 2021:
Performing loans and leases	$	9,355	$	3,237	$	1,882	$	3,685	$	330	$	123	$	18,612
Impaired loans and leases		396		69		—		96		—		—		561
		9,751		3,306		1,882		3,781		330		123		19,173
PCI loans and leases		30		148		—		—		—		1		179
Total loans and leases	$	9,781	$	3,454	$	1,882	$	3,781	$	330	$	124	$	19,352

The following tables detail the changes in the allowance for loan and lease losses by loan and lease classification (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
			Consumer		Construction		Commercial
	Commercial		Real		and Land		and				Consumer
	Real Estate		Estate		Development		Industrial		Leases		and Other		Total
Beginning balance	$	9,781	$	3,454	$	1,882	$	3,781	$	330	$	124	$	19,352
Charged-off loans and leases		—		(33)		—		(188)		(85)		(182)		(488)
Recoveries of charge-offs		1		7		—		17		157		26		208
Provision charged to expense		623		(40)		238		(109)		146		148		1,006
Ending balance	$	10,405	$	3,388	$	2,120	$	3,501	$	548	$	116	$	20,078


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
			Consumer		Construction		Commercial
	Commercial		Real		and Land		and				Consumer
	Real Estate		Estate		Development		Industrial		Leases		and Other		Total
Beginning balance	$	7,579	$	3,471	$	2,076	$	5,107	$	—	$	113	$	18,346
Charged-off loans and leases		—		—		—		—		—		(120)		(120)
Recoveries of charge-offs		3		16		—		3		—		55		77
Provision charged to expense		55		(179)		(108)		237		—		62		67
Ending balance	$	7,637	$	3,308	$	1,968	$	5,347	$	—	$	110	$	18,370

We maintain the allowance at a level that we deem appropriate to adequately cover the probable losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio. Our provision for loan and lease losses for the three months ended March 31, 2022, is $1.0 million compared to $67 thousand in the same period in 2021, an increase of $939 thousand. As of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, our allowance for loan and lease losses was $20.1 million and $19.4 million, respectively, which we deemed to be adequate at each of the respective dates. Our allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total loans and leases was 0.72% at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2021.

A description of the general characteristics of the risk grades used by the Company is as follows:

Pass: Loans and leases in this risk category involve borrowers of acceptable-to-strong credit quality and risk who have the apparent ability to satisfy their loan and lease obligations. Loans and leases in this risk grade would possess sufficient mitigating factors, such as adequate collateral or strong guarantors possessing the capacity to repay the debt if required, for any weakness that may exist.

Watch: Loans and leases in this risk category involve borrowers that exhibit characteristics, or are operating under conditions that, if not successfully mitigated as planned, have a reasonable risk of resulting in a downgrade within the next six to twelve months. Loans and leases may remain in this risk category for six months and then are either upgraded or downgraded upon subsequent evaluation.

Special Mention: Loans and leases in this risk grade are the equivalent of the regulatory definition of "Other Assets Especially Mentioned" classification. Loans and leases in this category possess some credit deficiency or potential weakness, which requires a high level of management attention. Potential weaknesses include declining trends in operating earnings and cash flows and /or reliance on the secondary source of repayment. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in noticeable deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position.

Substandard: Loans and leases in this risk grade are inadequately protected by the borrower’s current financial condition and payment capability or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans and leases so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly repayment of debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans and leases in this risk grade have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or orderly repayment in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the exposure, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined.

Uncollectible: Loans and leases in this risk grade are considered to be non-collectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This does not mean the loan or lease has absolutely no recovery value, but rather it is neither practical nor desirable to defer writing off the loan or lease, even though partial recovery may be obtained in the future. Charge-offs against the allowance for loan and lease losses are taken in the period in which the loan or lease becomes uncollectible. Consequently, the Company typically does not maintain a recorded investment in loans or leases within this category.

The Company evaluates the loan risk grading system definitions and allowance for loan loss methodology on an ongoing basis. No significant changes have been made.

The following tables outline the amount of each loan and lease classification and the amount categorized into each risk rating (in thousands):


	March 31, 2022
					Construction		Commercial
	Commercial		Consumer		and Land		and				Consumer
Non PCI Loans and Leases:	Real Estate		Real Estate		Development		Industrial		Leases		and Other		Total
Pass	$	1,421,096	$	467,908	$	311,618	$	454,048	$	57,662	$	11,190	$	2,723,522
Watch		26,938		1,610		297		4,392		—		24		33,261
Special mention		6,524		1,512		69		109		—		—		8,214
Substandard		1,028		2,408		8		125		—		11		3,580
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total		1,455,586		473,438		311,992		458,674		57,662		11,225		2,768,577

PCI Loans and Leases:
Pass		15,490		8,063		2,119		2,479		2,230		17		30,398
Watch		1,228		483		89		—		—		—		1,800
Special mention		14		64		—		—		—		—		78
Substandard		3,538		1,181		454		—		—		—		5,173
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total		20,270		9,791		2,662		2,479		2,230		17		37,449
Total loans and leases	$	1,475,856	$	483,229	$	314,654	$	461,153	$	59,892	$	11,242	$	2,806,026


	December 31, 2021
					Construction		Commercial
	Commercial		Consumer		and Land		and				Consumer
Non PCI Loans and Leases:	Real Estate		Real Estate		Development		Industrial		Leases		and Other		Total
Pass	$	1,330,888	$	460,190	$	275,124	$	480,677	$	50,538	$	11,724	$	2,609,141
Watch		27,246		1,334		237		4,345		—		42		33,204
Special mention		4,120		1,525		70		228		—		—		5,943
Substandard		1,027		2,390		73		213		—		14		3,717
Doubtful		—		—		—		45		—		—		45
Total		1,363,281		465,439		275,504		485,508		50,538		11,780		2,652,050

PCI Loans and Leases:
Pass		16,019		9,714		2,335		2,516		3,170		71		33,825
Watch		1,271		539		91		—		—		—		1,901
Special mention		15		68		—		—		—		—		83
Substandard		3,570		1,512		456		—		—		—		5,538
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total		20,875		11,833		2,882		2,516		3,170		71		41,347
Total loans and leases	$	1,384,156	$	477,272	$	278,386	$	488,024	$	53,708	$	11,851	$	2,693,397

Past Due Loans and Leases:

A loan or lease is considered past due if any required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were required to be made under the terms of the loan or lease agreement. Generally, management places a loan or lease on nonaccrual when there is a clear indicator that the borrower’s cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due, which is generally when a loan or lease is 90 days past due.

The following tables present an aging analysis of our loan and lease portfolio (in thousands):


	March 31, 2022
	30-60 Days		61-89 Days		Past Due 90				Total
	Past Due and		Past Due and		Days or More				Past Due and
	Accruing		Accruing		and Accruing		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual		PCI		Current		Total
Commercial real estate	$	118	$	—	$	—	$	858	$	976	$	20,270	$	1,454,610	$	1,475,856
Consumer real estate		846		—		—		2,383		3,229		9,791		470,209		483,229
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—		—		2,662		311,992		314,654
Commercial and industrial		158		—		—		92		250		2,479		458,424		461,153
Leases		336		—		—		—		336		2,230		57,326		59,892
Consumer and other		308		—		—		9		317		17		10,908		11,242
Total	$	1,766	$	—	$	—	$	3,342	$	5,108	$	37,449	$	2,763,469	$	2,806,026


	December 31, 2021
	30-60 Days		61-89 Days		Past Due 90				Total
	Past Due and		Past Due and		Days or More				Past Due and
	Accruing		Accruing		and Accruing		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual		PCI		Current		Total
Commercial real estate	$	172	$	—	$	—	$	858	$	1,030	$	20,875	$	1,362,251	$	1,384,156
Consumer real estate		884		10		—		2,139		3,033		11,833		462,406		477,272
Construction and land development		91		—		—		—		91		2,882		275,413		278,386
Commercial and industrial		1,191		119		45		116		1,471		2,516		484,037		488,024
Leases		361		—		—		—		361		3,170		50,177		53,708
Consumer and other		99		4		19		11		133		71		11,647		11,851
Total	$	2,798	$	133	$	64	$	3,124	$	6,119	$	41,347	$	2,645,931	$	2,693,397

Impaired Loans and Leases:

A loan or lease held for investment is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the loan or lease agreement.

The following is an analysis of the impaired loan and lease portfolio, including PCI loans and leases, detailing the related allowance recorded (in thousands):


	March 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
			Unpaid						Unpaid
	Recorded		Principal		Related		Recorded		Principal		Related
	Investment		Balance		Allowance		Investment		Balance		Allowance
Impaired loans and leases without a valuation allowance:
Commercial real estate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer real estate		2,070		2,069		—		1,805		1,806		—
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—		—		—
Leases		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other		—		—		—		—		—		—
		2,070		2,069		—		1,805		1,806		—
Impaired loans and leases with a valuation allowance:
Commercial real estate		858		858		395		858		859		396
Consumer real estate		—		—		—		260		262		69
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		97		96		96
Leases		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other		—		—		—		—		—		—
		858		858		395		1,215		1,217		561
PCI loans and leases:
Commercial real estate		1,232		1,513		65		707		926		30
Consumer real estate		901		865		121		1,129		1,251		148
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—		—		—
Leases		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other		3		2		1		5		3		1
		2,136		2,380		187		1,841		2,180		179
Total impaired loans and leases	$	5,064	$	5,307	$	582	$	4,861	$	5,203	$	740


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022				2021
	Average		Interest		Average		Interest
	Recorded		Income		Recorded		Income
	Investment		Recognized		Investment		Recognized
Impaired loans and leases without a valuation allowance:
Commercial real estate	$	—	$	—	$	2,001	$	1
Consumer real estate		1,937		17		1,384		12
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—
Leases		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other		—		—		—		—
		1,937		17		3,385		13
Impaired loans and leases with a valuation allowance:
Commercial real estate		858		—		1,577		102
Consumer real estate		130		—		444		5
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		49		—		128		2
Leases		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other		—		—		—		—
		1,037		—		2,149		109
PCI loans and leases:
Commercial real estate		1,231		24		—		—
Consumer real estate		901		16		1,215		22
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		268		1
Leases		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other		3		—		19		—
		2,135		40		1,502		23
Total impaired loans and leases	$	5,109	$	57	$	7,036	$	145

Troubled Debt Restructurings:

For the periods presented, impaired loans included loans that were classified as trouble debt restricting (“TDRs”). The restructuring of a loan is considered a TDR if both (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and (ii) the creditor has granted a concession.

In assessing whether or not a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, the Company considers information currently available regarding the financial condition of the borrower. This information includes, but is not limited to, whether (i) the debtor is currently in payment default on any of its debt; (ii) a payment default is probable in the foreseeable future without the modification; (iii) the debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy; and (iv) the debtor’s projected cash flow is sufficient to satisfy contractual payments due under the original terms of the loan without a modification.

The Company considers all aspects of the modification to loan terms to determine whether or not a concession has been granted to the borrower. Key factors considered by the Company include the debtor’s ability to access funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics, the significance of the modification relative to unpaid principal balance or collateral value of the debt, and the significance of a delay in the timing of payments relative to the original contractual terms of the loan.

The most common concessions granted by the Company generally include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt, such as (i) a reduction in the interest rate for the remaining life of the debt; (ii) an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; (iii) a temporary period of interest-only payments; and (iv) a reduction in the contractual payment amount for either a short period or remaining term of the loan.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, management had approximately $625 thousand and $206 thousand, respectively, in loans that met the criteria for TDR, none of which were on nonaccrual. A loan is placed back on accrual status when both principal and interest are current, and it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due (both principal and interest) according to the terms of the loan agreement.

There was one loan for $516 thousand that was modified as a TDR during the three months ended March 31, 2022, and no loans were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2021. There were no loans that were modified as TDRs during the past three months and for which there was a subsequent payment default.

Foreclosure Proceedings and Balances:

As of March 31, 2022, there were no residential properties secured by real estate included in other real estate owned and there were no residential real estate loans in the process of foreclosure.

Purchased Credit Impaired Loans and Leases:

The Company has acquired loans and leases where there was, at acquisition, evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and it was probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected. The carrying amount of those loans and leases are as follows (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Commercial real estate	$	30,981	$	31,600
Consumer real estate		11,954		14,215
Construction and land development		3,127		3,699
Commercial and industrial		3,467		3,424
Leases		2,542		3,557
Consumer and other		65		125
Total loans and leases		52,136		56,620
Less: Remaining purchase discount		(14,687)		(15,273)
Total loans and leases, net of purchase discount		37,449		41,347
Less: Allowance for loan and leases losses		(187)		(179)
Carrying amount, net of allowance	$	37,262	$	41,168

Activity related to the accretable yield on loans and leases acquired with deteriorated credit quality is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022		2021
Accretable yield, beginning of period	$	14,618	$	16,889
Additions		—		—
Accretion income		(1,096)		(1,931)
Reclassification		269		337
Other changes, net		7,490		(590)
Accretable yield, end of period	$	21,281	$	14,705