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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Components of income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes and noncontrolling interest
Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes and noncontrolling interests consists of the following components:

   
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
 
                 
Domestic
 
$
(25,884
)
 
$
(10,992
)
 
$
(39,861
)
Foreign
   
184,212
     
237,290
     
456,637
 
 
 
$
158,328
   
$
226,298
   
$
416,776
 
Components of income taxes
Significant components of income taxes are as follows:

   
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
 
                 
Current:
                 
Federal
 
$
7,327
   
$
9,137
   
$
18,756
 
State and local
   
218
     
415
     
209
 
Foreign
   
55,399
     
113,779
     
263,247
 
     
62,944
     
123,331
     
282,212
 
Deferred:
                       
Federal
   
(6,068
)
   
(13,731
)
   
(58,386
)
State and local
   
(538
)
   
(802
)
   
(3,117
)
Foreign
   
(21,793
)
   
(47,290
)
   
(150,470
)
     
(28,399
)
   
(61,823
)
   
(211,973
)
Total income tax expense
 
$
34,545
   
$
61,508
   
$
70,239
 
Deferred tax assets and liabilities
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

   
December 31,
 
 
 
2020
   
2019
 
             
Deferred tax assets:
           
Pension and other retiree obligations
 
$
53,585
   
$
48,434
 
Inventories
   
19,539
     
19,318
 
Net operating loss carryforwards
   
124,251
     
119,420
 
Tax credit carryforwards
   
85,651
     
76,140
 
Other accruals and reserves
   
31,347
     
29,273
 
Total gross deferred tax assets
   
314,373
     
292,585
 
Less valuation allowance
   
(206,950
)
   
(194,797
)
     
107,423
     
97,788
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
               
Property and equipment
   
(1,604
)
   
(2,391
)
Earnings not permanently reinvested
   
-
     
(16,448
)
Convertible debentures
   
(12,777
)
   
(25,219
)
Other - net
   
(6,364
)
   
(6,499
)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities
   
(20,745
)
   
(50,557
)
                 
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
 
$
86,678
   
$
47,231
 
Federal statutory income tax rate reconciliation
A reconciliation of income tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to actual income tax provision is as follows:

   
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
                   
Tax at statutory rate
 
$
33,249
   
$
47,523
   
$
87,523
 
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit
   
(252
)
   
(301
)
   
(2,298
)
Effect of foreign operations
   
(9,896
)
   
9,242
     
5,736
 
Tax on earnings not permanently reinvested
   
4,227
     
6,256
     
9,304
 
Unrecognized tax benefits
   
4,351
     
5,584
     
2,669
 
Repurchase of senior convertible debentures
   
(1,358
)
   
(1,461
)
   
(52,312
)
TCJA - remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities
   
-
     
-
     
(1,211
)
TCJA - transition tax on unremitted foreign earnings
   
-
     
-
     
7,425
 
Foreign income taxable in the U.S.
   
4,155
     
6,090
     
15,055
 
Deferred tax rate impact of corporate reorganization
   
-
     
(12,121
)
   
-
 
Other
   
69
     
696
     
(1,652
)
Total income tax expense
 
$
34,545
   
$
61,508
   
$
70,239
 
Net operating loss carryforwards
At December 31, 2020, the Company had the following significant net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes:

         
Expires
 
Austria
 
$
19,490
   
No expiration
 
Belgium
   
172,952
   
No expiration
 
Israel
   
10,706
   
No expiration
 
Italy
   
16,779
   
No expiration
 
Japan
   
8,490
     
2023 - 2030
 
Netherlands
   
13,216
     
2021 - 2026
 
The Republic of China (Taiwan)
   
18,184
     
2026 - 2028
 
                 
California
   
27,893
     
2021 - 2040
 
Pennsylvania
   
614,410
     
2021 - 2040
 
Summary of significant tax credit carryforwards available
At December 31, 2020, the Company had the following significant tax credit carryforwards available:

         
Expires
 
U.S. Foreign Tax Credit
 
$
68,874
     
2028 - 2030
 
California Research Credit
   
16,478
   
No expiration
 
Unrecognized tax benefits
The following table summarizes changes in the liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits:

   
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
 
                 
Balance at beginning of year
 
$
36,868
   
$
21,241
   
$
17,056
 
Addition based on tax positions related to the current year
   
663
     
2,383
     
4,332
 
Addition based on tax positions related to prior years
   
8,358
     
16,190
     
2,066
 
Currency translation adjustments
   
1,361
     
1,211
     
(984
)
Reduction based on tax positions related to prior years
   
(3,152
)
   
-
     
-
 
Reduction for settlements
   
(3,446
)
   
(3,121
)
   
(1,229
)
Reduction for lapses of statute of limitation
   
-
     
(1,036
)
   
-
 
Balance at end of year
 
$
40,652
   
$
36,868
   
$
21,241