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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Schedule of components of income tax expense associated with the TCJA [Table Text Block]
The amount of net tax expense recorded provisionally by the Company in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2017 and adjustments recorded during the measurement period in 2018 that are directly and indirectly related to the TCJA are summarized as follows:

     
Years ended December 31,
 
  
Total
  
2018
  
2017
 
Remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities
 
$
(76,027
)
 
$
(1,211
)
 
$
(74,816
)
Transition tax on unremitted foreign earnings
  
222,983
   
7,425
   
215,558
 
Incremental foreign taxes on assumed repatriation
  
232,282
   
19,282
   
213,000
 
Reversal of deferred taxes due to cancellation of 2015 repatriation plan
  
(118,887
)
  
-
   
(118,887
)
Total tax expense related to the enactment of the TCJA
 
$
260,351
  
$
25,496
  
$
234,855
 

Components of income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes and noncontrolling interest
Note 5 – Income Taxes (continued)

Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes and noncontrolling interests consists of the following components:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2018
  
2017
  
2016
 
 
         
Domestic
 
$
(39,861
)
 
$
(40,171
)
 
$
(135,953
)
Foreign
  
456,637
   
319,535
   
230,169
 
 
 
$
416,776
  
$
279,364
  
$
94,216
 

Components of income taxes
Significant components of income taxes are as follows:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2018
  
2017
  
2016
 
 
         
Current:
         
Federal
 
$
18,756
  
$
180,873
  
$
358
 
State and local
  
209
   
108
   
5
 
Foreign
  
263,247
   
65,566
   
46,999
 
   
282,212
   
246,547
   
47,362
 
Deferred:
            
Federal
  
(58,386
)
  
(101,896
)
  
6,163
 
State and local
  
(3,117
)
  
1,538
   
(3,039
)
Foreign
  
(150,470
)
  
152,735
   
(5,643
)
   
(211,973
)
  
52,377
   
(2,519
)
Total income tax expense
 
$
70,239
  
$
298,924
  
$
44,843
 
 
Deferred tax assets and liabilities
Note 5 – Income Taxes (continued)

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

 
 
December 31,
 
 
 
2018
  
2017
 
       
Deferred tax assets:
      
Pension and other retiree obligations
 
$
43,238
  
$
43,536
 
Inventories
  
9,795
   
9,658
 
Property and equipment
  
5,888
   
3,798
 
Net operating loss carryforwards
  
128,177
   
136,599
 
Tax credit carryforwards
  
72,708
   
13,328
 
Other accruals and reserves
  
19,645
   
22,930
 
Total gross deferred tax assets
  
279,451
   
229,849
 
Less valuation allowance
  
(200,809
)
  
(149,070
)
   
78,642
   
80,779
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
        
Earnings not permanently reinvested
  
(65,537
)
  
(213,000
)
Convertible debentures
  
(32,488
)
  
(135,576
)
Other - net
  
(7,370
)
  
(6,125
)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities
  
(105,395
)
  
(354,701
)
         
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
 
$
(26,753
)
 
$
(273,922
)

Federal statutory income tax rate reconciliation
A reconciliation of income tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to actual income tax provision is as follows:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2018
  
2017
  
2016
 
          
Tax at statutory rate
 
$
87,523
  
$
97,777
  
$
32,976
 
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit
  
(2,298
)
  
1,070
   
(1,972
)
Effect of foreign operations
  
5,736
   
(54,807
)
  
(26,551
)
Tax on earnings not permanently reinvested
  
9,304
   
88,311
   
(3,553
)
Unrecognized tax benefits
  
2,669
   
5,887
   
(8,453
)
Repurchase of senior convertible debentures
  
(52,312
)
  
-
   
-
 
TCJA - remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities
  
(1,211
)
  
(74,816
)
  
-
 
TCJA - transition tax on unremitted foreign earnings
  
7,425
   
215,558
   
-
 
Foreign income taxable in the U.S.
  
15,055
   
20,436
   
18,442
 
Termination of U.S. pension
  
-
   
-
   
34,853
 
Other
  
(1,652
)
  
(492
)
  
(899
)
Total income tax expense
 
$
70,239
  
$
298,924
  
$
44,843
 

Net operating loss carryforwards
At December 31, 2018, the Company had the following significant net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes:

 
    
Expires
 
       
Austria
 
$
15,763
  
No expiration
 
Belgium
  
162,787
  
No expiration
 
Brazil
  
11,774
  
No expiration
 
Israel
  
10,707
  
No expiration
 
Japan
  
5,052
   
2020 - 2026
 
Netherlands
  
12,216
   
2019 - 2026
 
The Republic of China (Taiwan)
  
18,833
   
2024 - 2028
 
         
California
  
53,377
   
2026 - 2038
 
Pennsylvania
  
688,932
   
2019 - 2038
 

Summary of significant tax credit carryforwards available
At December 31, 2018, the Company had the following significant tax credit carryforwards available:

 
    
Expires
 
       
U.S. Foreign Tax Credit
 
$
57,852
   
2028
 
California Research Credit
  
14,856
  
No expiration
 

Unrecognized tax benefits
The following table summarizes changes in the liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2018
  
2017
  
2016
 
 
         
Balance at beginning of year
 
$
17,056
  
$
16,805
  
$
23,527
 
Addition based on tax positions related to the current year
  
4,332
   
3,911
   
1,553
 
Addition based on tax positions related to prior years
  
2,066
   
1,837
   
1,047
 
Currency translation adjustments
  
(984
)
  
915
   
(96
)
Reduction based on tax positions related to prior years
  
-
   
(1,473
)
  
-
 
Reduction for settlements
  
(1,229
)
  
(4,077
)
  
(1,210
)
Reduction for lapses of statute of limitation
  
-
   
(862
)
  
(8,016
)
Balance at end of year
 
$
21,241
  
$
17,056
  
$
16,805