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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Schedule of components of income tax expense associated with the TCJA [Table Text Block]
The provisional amount of net tax expense recorded by the Company in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2017 that is directly and indirectly related to the TCJA is summarized as follows:

Remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities
 
$
(74,816
)
Transition tax on unremitted foreign earnings
  
215,558
 
Incremental foreign taxes on assumed repatriation
  
213,000
 
Reversal of deferred taxes due to cancellation of 2015 repatriation plan
  
(118,887
)
Total tax expense related to the enactment of the TCJA
 
$
234,855
 
 
 
Components of income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes and noncontrolling interest
Note 5 – Income Taxes (continued)

Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes and noncontrolling interests consists of the following components:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2017
  
2016
  
2015
 
 
         
Domestic
 
$
(40,171
)
 
$
(135,953
)
 
$
(40,929
)
Foreign
  
319,535
   
230,169
   
115,669
 
 
 
$
279,364
  
$
94,216
  
$
74,740
 

Components of income taxes
Significant components of income taxes are as follows:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2017
  
2016
  
2015
 
 
         
Current:
         
Federal
 
$
180,873
  
$
358
  
$
290
 
State and local
  
108
   
5
   
163
 
Foreign
  
65,566
   
46,999
   
63,573
 
   
246,547
   
47,362
   
64,026
 
Deferred:
            
Federal
  
(101,896
)
  
6,163
   
78,933
 
State and local
  
1,538
   
(3,039
)
  
311
 
Foreign
  
152,735
   
(5,643
)
  
39,203
 
   
52,377
   
(2,519
)
  
118,447
 
Total income tax expense
 
$
298,924
  
$
44,843
  
$
182,473
 

Deferred tax assets and liabilities
Note 5 – Income Taxes (continued)

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

 
 
December 31,
 
 
 
2017
  
2016
 
       
Deferred tax assets:
      
Pension and other retiree obligations
 
$
43,536
  
$
47,104
 
Inventories
  
9,658
   
7,691
 
Property and equipment
  
3,798
   
(1,025
)
Net operating loss carryforwards
  
136,599
   
183,562
 
Tax credit carryforwards
  
13,328
   
25,432
 
Other accruals and reserves
  
22,930
   
29,401
 
Total gross deferred tax assets
  
229,849
   
292,165
 
Less valuation allowance
  
(149,070
)
  
(165,269
)
   
80,779
   
126,896
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
        
Earnings not permanently reinvested
  
(213,000
)
  
(139,165
)
Convertible debentures
  
(135,576
)
  
(203,641
)
Other - net
  
(6,125
)
  
(10,646
)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities
  
(354,701
)
  
(353,452
)
         
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)
 
$
(273,922
)
 
$
(226,556
)

Federal statutory income tax rate reconciliation
A reconciliation of income tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to actual income tax provision is as follows:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2017
  
2016
  
2015
 
          
Tax at statutory rate
 
$
97,777
  
$
32,976
  
$
26,159
 
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit
  
1,070
   
(1,972
)
  
309
 
Effect of foreign operations
  
(54,807
)
  
(26,551
)
  
(13,212
)
Tax on earnings not permanently reinvested
  
88,311
   
(3,553
)
  
163,699
 
Unrecognized tax benefits
  
5,887
   
(8,453
)
  
(1,353
)
Change in valuation allowance on non-U.S. deferred tax assets
  
-
   
991
   
(8,888
)
TCJA - remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities
  
(74,816
)
  
-
   
-
 
TCJA - transition tax on unremitted foreign earnings
  
215,558
   
-
   
-
 
Foreign income taxable in the U.S.
  
20,436
   
18,442
   
7,025
 
Termination of U.S. pension
  
-
   
34,853
   
-
 
Tax effect of impairment charges
  
-
   
(454
)
  
8,305
 
Other
  
(492
)
  
(1,436
)
  
429
 
Total income tax expense
 
$
298,924
  
$
44,843
  
$
182,473
 

Net operating loss carryforwards
At December 31, 2017, the Company had the following significant net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes:

 
    
Expires
 
       
Austria
 
$
16,836
  
No expiration
 
Belgium
  
171,122
  
No expiration
 
Brazil
  
12,622
  
No expiration
 
Germany
  
6,272
  
No expiration
 
Israel
  
10,707
  
No expiration
 
Japan
  
5,358
   
2018 - 2026
 
Netherlands
  
19,073
   
2018 - 2026
 
The Republic of China (Taiwan)
  
14,594
   
2024 - 2027
 
         
California
  
55,479
   
2026 - 2037
 
Pennsylvania
  
722,277
   
2018 - 2037
 

Summary of significant tax credit carryforwards available
At December 31, 2017, the Company had the following significant tax credit carryforward available:

 
  
Expires
         
California Research Credit
 
$
13,327
 
No expiration
 
Unrecognized tax benefits
The following table summarizes changes in the liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits:

 
 
Years ended December 31,
 
 
 
2017
  
2016
  
2015
 
 
         
Balance at beginning of year
 
$
16,805
  
$
23,527
  
$
26,583
 
Addition based on tax positions related to the current year
  
3,911
   
1,553
   
1,439
 
Addition based on tax positions related to prior years
  
1,837
   
1,047
   
1,894
 
Currency translation adjustments
  
915
   
(96
)
  
(1,370
)
Reduction based on tax positions related to prior years
  
(1,473
)
  
-
   
-
 
Reduction for settlements
  
(4,077
)
  
(1,210
)
  
(4,879
)
Reduction for lapses of statute of limitation
  
(862
)
  
(8,016
)
  
(140
)
Balance at end of year
 
$
17,056
  
$
16,805
  
$
23,527