Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
The Company and Basis of Presentation	AeroCentury Corp. (“AeroCentury”) is a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1997. AeroCentury together with its consolidated subsidiaries is referred to as the “Company.” In August 2016, AeroCentury formed two wholly-owned subsidiaries, ACY 19002 Limited (“ACY 19002”) and ACY 19003 Limited (“ACY 19003”) for the purpose of acquiring aircraft using a combination of cash and third-party financing (“UK LLC SPE Financing” or “special-purpose financing”) separate from AeroCentury’s credit facility (the “MUFG Credit Facility”). The UK LLC SPE Financing was repaid in full in February 2019 as part of a refinancing involving new non-recourse term loans totaling approximately $44.3 million (“Nord Term Loans”) made to ACY 19002, ACY 19003, and two other newly formed special-purpose subsidiaries of AeroCentury. See Note 6(b) for more information about the Nord Term Loans. On October 1, 2018, AeroCentury acquired JetFleet Holding Corp. (“JHC”) in a reverse triangular merger (“Merger”) for consideration of approximately $2.9 million in cash and 129,217 shares of common stock of AeroCentury, as determined pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) entered into by AeroCentury, JHC and certain other parties in October 2017. JHC is the parent company of JetFleet Management Corp. (“JMC”), which is an integrated aircraft management, marketing and financing business and the manager of the Company’s assets. Upon completion of the Merger, JHC became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and as a result, JHC's results are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements beginning on October 1, 2018. In November 2018, AeroCentury formed two wholly-owned subsidiaries, ACY SN 15129 LLC (“ACY 15129”) and ACY E-175 LLC (“ACY E-175”), for the purpose of refinancing four of the Company’s aircraft using the Nord Term Loans. Because the Nord Term Loans did not close until February 2019, the subject aircraft remained as collateral under the MUFG Credit Facility as of December 31, 2018, and ACY 15129 and ACY E-175 had no activity in 2018. Financial information for AeroCentury and its consolidated subsidiaries is presented on a consolidated basis in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) based upon the continuation of the business as a going concern. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Going Concern	As discussed in Note 6, the Company was in default under its MUFG Credit Facility as of December 31, 2019. The MUFG Credit Facility lenders (“Credit Facility Lenders”) have the right to exercise any and all remedies for default under the MUFG Credit Facility agreement. Such remedies include, but are not limited to, declaring the entire indebtedness immediately due and payable and, if the Company were unable to repay such accelerated indebtedness (including its obligation in connection with the termination of two interest rate swaps entered into in connection with the MUFG Credit Facility (the “MUFG Swaps”), foreclosing upon the assets of the Company that secure the MUFG Indebtedness, which consist of all of the Company’s assets except for certain assets held in the Company’s single asset special-purpose financing subsidiaries. In addition, as discussed in Note 15, the coronavirus pandemic has led to significant cash flow issues for airlines, including some of the Company’s customers, and some airlines may be unable to timely meet their obligations under their lease obligations with the Company unless government financial support is received, of which there can be no assurance. Any significant nonpayment or late payment of lease payments by a significant lessee or combination of lessees could in turn impose limits on the Company’s ability to fund its ongoing operations as well as cause new defaults under the Company’s debt obligations, which in turn could lead to an immediate acceleration of debt and foreclosure upon the Company’s assets. As a result of these factors, there is substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company is currently in negotiations with the Credit Facility Lenders to convert the MUFG Credit Facility into a term loan facility (as converted, the The Company is currently in negotiations with the Credit Facility Lenders to convert the MUFG Credit Facility into a term loan facility (as converted, the “MUFG Term Loan” and, collectively with the MUFG Credit Facility, “MUFG Indebtedness”). The Company has engaged an investment banking advisor to assist in obtaining additional debt or equity financing (the “Recapitalization Plan”) which, if successful, would be used to repay the MUFG Indebtedness. However, there is no assurance that this will occur. This is further exacerbated by the significance of the COVID-19 uncertainties discussed in Note 15. The consolidated financial statements presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments that might arise as a result of uncertainties about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
Use of Estimates	The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable for making judgments that are not readily apparent from other sources. The most significant estimates with regard to these consolidated financial statements are the residual values and useful lives of the Company’s long-lived assets, the amount and timing of future cash flows associated with each asset that are used to evaluate whether assets are impaired, accrued maintenance costs, accounting for income taxes, the assumptions used to value the Company’s derivative instruments, the valuation of the right of use asset and related lease liability associated with the Company’s office, and the amounts recorded as allowances for doubtful accounts.
Comprehensive Income/(Loss)	The Company reflects changes in the fair value of its interest rate swap derivatives that are designated as hedges in other comprehensive income/(loss). Such amounts are reclassified into earnings in the periods in which the hedged transaction occurs or when it is probable that the hedged transactions will no longer occur, and are included in interest expense.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	The Company considers highly liquid investments readily convertible into known amounts of cash, with original maturities of 90 days or less from the date of acquisition, as cash equivalents. The Company’s restricted cash is held in an account with the agent for the Company’s MUFG Credit Facility and disbursements from the account are subject to the control and discretion of the agent for payment of principal on the MUFG Credit Facility as well as for the Company’s operating expenses.
Securities	At December 31, 2018, the Company owned 121 shares of non-voting preferred stock in a non-public company. The stock, which had a cumulative preferred annual dividend of 10% and a liquidation value of $1,000 per share, was sold during 2019.
Lease Accounting, Favorable Lease Acquired and Lease Right of Use Asset	In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Topic 842 - Leases in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). Topic 842 substantially modifies lessee accounting for leases, requiring that lessees recognize lease assets and liabilities for leases extending beyond one year. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. The Company adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019, electing to apply its provisions on the date of adoption and to record the cumulative effect as an adjustment to retained earnings. Lessor accounting under Topic 842 is similar to the prior accounting standard and the Company has elected to apply practical expedients under which the Company will not have to reevaluate whether a contract is a lease, the classification of its existing leases or its capitalized initial direct costs. In addition, the Company, as lessor, has elected the practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components as one combined component for its leased aircraft for purposes of determining whether that combined component should be accounted for under Topic 606, which establishes rules that affect the amount and timing of revenue recognition for contracts with customers, or Topic 842. The new standard requires a lessor to classify leases as sales-type, finance, or operating. A lease is treated as sales-type if it transfers all of the risks and rewards, as well as control of the underlying asset, to the lessee. If risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control, the lease is treated as a finance lease. If the lessor does not convey risks and rewards or control, an operating lease results. As a result of application of the practical expedients, the Company was not required to alter the classification or carrying value of its leased or finance lease assets. In connection with the Company’s acquisition of JHC, as discussed in Note 10, the Company recognized that the lease of its office facilities had rents that were substantially below the market for such office space. Consequently, the Company recorded $925,000 as the value of below-market rents at the October 1, 2018 date of the JHC acquisition, and amortized such amount on a level basis over the remaining term of the office lease, including two one-year bargain renewal options. The Company recorded $61,700 of amortization in 2018. Lessee reporting was changed by the new standard, requiring that the balance sheet reflect a liability for most operating lease obligations as well as a “right of use” asset. As such, in January 2019, the Company was required to record a lease obligation of approximately $610,000 in connection with the lease of its headquarters office, and to increase the capitalized leasehold interest / right of use asset by $610,000, as discussed in Note 8. There was no effect on retained earnings recorded as a result of adoption of the standard. The Company elected the lessee practical expedient to combine the lease and non-lease components.
Aircraft Capitalization and Depreciation	The Company’s interests in aircraft and aircraft engines are recorded at cost, which includes acquisition costs. Since inception, the Company has typically purchased only used aircraft and aircraft engines. It is the Company’s policy to hold aircraft for approximately twelve years unless market conditions dictate otherwise. Therefore, depreciation of aircraft is initially computed using the straight-line method over the anticipated holding period to an estimated residual value based on appraisal. For an aircraft engine held for lease as a spare, the Company estimates the length of time that it will hold the aircraft engine based upon estimated usage, repair costs and other factors, and depreciates it to the appraised residual value over such period using the straight-line method. The Company periodically reviews plans for lease or sale of its aircraft and aircraft engines and changes, as appropriate, the remaining expected holding period for such assets. Estimated residual values are reviewed and adjusted periodically, based upon updated estimates obtained from an independent appraiser. Decreases in the fair value of aircraft could affect not only the current value, discussed below, but also the estimated residual value. Assets that are held for sale are not subject to depreciation and are separately classified on the balance sheet. Such assets are carried at the lower of their carrying value or estimated fair values, less costs to sell.
Property, Equipment and Furnishings	The Company’s interests in equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over five years. The Company’s leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the respective assets.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets	The Company reviews assets for impairment when there has been an event or a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. In addition, the Company routinely reviews all long-lived assets for impairment semi-annually. Recoverability of an asset is measured by comparison of its carrying amount to the future estimated undiscounted cash flows (without interest charges) that the asset is expected to generate. Estimates are based on currently available market data and independent appraisals and are subject to fluctuation from time to time. If these estimated future cash flows are less than the carrying value of an asset at the time of evaluation, any impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined by reference to independent appraisals and other factors considered relevant by management. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasting of future operating results that are used in the preparation of estimated future undiscounted cash flows and, if different conditions prevail in the future, material write-downs may occur. As discussed in Note 9, the Company recorded impairment losses totaling $31.0 million and $3.0 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a result of the Company’s determination that the carrying values for certain aircraft were not recoverable. The 2019 impairment losses consisted of (i) $24.0 million resulting from appraised values for four aircraft that are held for sale, assuming sale in a reasonably short time (“Orderly Liquidation Value”) and (ii) $7.0 million resulting from estimated or actual sales proceeds for five assets held for sale, three of which were sold during 2019. The 2018 impairment losses consisted of (i) $2.7 million resulting from Orderly Liquidation Values for four aircraft held for sale and (ii) $0.3 million resulting from writing a fifth aircraft down to its appraised value.
Deferred Financing Costs and Commitment Fees	Costs incurred in connection with debt financing are deferred and amortized over the term of the debt using the effective interest method or, in certain instances where the differences are not material, using the straight-line method. Costs incurred in connection with the MUFG Credit Facility are deferred and amortized using the straight-line method. Commitment fees for unused funds are expensed as incurred.
Security Deposits	The Company’s leases are typically structured so that if any event of default occurs under a lease, the Company may apply all or a portion of the lessee’s security deposit to cure such default. If such application of the security deposit is made, the lessee typically is required to replenish and maintain the full amount of the deposit during the remaining lease term. All of the security deposits received by the Company are refundable to the lessee at the end of the lease upon satisfaction of all lease terms.
Taxes	As part of the process of preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, management estimates income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. This process involves estimating the Company’s current tax exposure under the most recent tax laws and assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and GAAP purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the balance sheet. Management also assesses the likelihood that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and, to the extent management believes it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. To the extent the Company establishes a valuation allowance or changes the allowance in a period, the Company reflects the corresponding increase or decrease within the tax provision in the statement of operations. Significant management judgment is required in determining the Company’s future taxable income for purposes of assessing the Company’s ability to realize any benefit from its deferred taxes. After considering the Company’s significant amounts of net deferred tax liabilities which are future reversing taxable temporary differences, the Company has determined that no valuation allowance is required for its deferred tax assets. The Company accrues non-income based sales, use, value added and franchise taxes as other tax expense in the statement of operations.
Revenue Recognition, Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	Revenue from leasing of aircraft assets pursuant to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the applicable lease agreements. Deferred payments are recorded as accrued rent when the cash rent received is lower than the straight-line revenue recognized. Such receivables decrease over the term of the applicable leases. Interest income is recognized on finance leases based on the interest rate implicit in the lease and the outstanding balance of the lease receivable. Maintenance reserves retained by the Company at lease-end are recognized as maintenance reserves revenue. In instances where collectability is not reasonably assured, the Company recognizes revenue as cash payments are received. The Company estimates and charges to income a provision for bad debts based on its experience with each specific customer, the amount and length of payment arrearages, and its analysis of the lessee’s overall financial condition. If the financial condition of any of the Company’s customers deteriorates, it could result in actual losses exceeding any estimated allowances. The Company had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,908,600 and $0 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Comprehensive Income	The Company reflects changes in the fair value of its interest rate swap derivatives that are designated as hedges in other comprehensive income/(loss). Such amounts are reclassified into earnings in the periods in which the hedged transaction occurs, and are included in interest expense.
Finance Leases	As of December 31, 2019, the Company had three aircraft subject to sales-type finance leases and three aircraft subject to direct financing leases. All six leases contain lessee bargain purchase options at prices substantially below the subject asset’s estimated residual value at the exercise date for the option. Consequently, the Company has classified each of these six leases as finance leases for financial accounting purposes. For such finance leases, the Company reports the discounted present value of (i) future minimum lease payments (including the bargain purchase option) and (ii) any residual value not subject to a bargain purchase option, as a finance lease receivable on its balance sheet, and accrues interest on the balance of the finance lease receivable based on the interest rate inherent in the applicable lease over the term of the lease. For each of the three sales-type finance leases, the Company recognized as a gain or loss the amount equal to (i) the net investment in the sales-type finance lease plus any initial direct costs and lease incentives less (ii) the net book value of the subject aircraft at inception of the applicable lease. The Company recognized interest earned on finance leases in the amount of $852,600 and $1,251,000 in 2019 and 2018, respectively. As a result of payment delinquencies by two customers that lease three of the Company’s aircraft subject to finance leases, the Company recorded a bad debt allowance of $2,957,800 during 2019.
Maintenance Reserves and Accrued Maintenance Costs	Maintenance costs under the Company’s triple net leases are generally the responsibility of the lessees. Some of the Company’s leases require payment of maintenance reserves, which are based upon lessee-reported usage and billed monthly, and are intended to accumulate and be applied by the Company toward reimbursement of most or all of the cost of the lessees’ performance of certain maintenance obligations under the leases. Such reimbursements reduce the associated maintenance reserve liability. Maintenance reserves are characterized as either refundable or non-refundable depending on their disposition at lease-end. The Company retains non-refundable maintenance reserves at lease-end, even if the lessee has met all of its obligations under the lease, including any return conditions applicable to the leased asset, while refundable reserves are returned to the lessee under such circumstances. Any reserves retained by the Company at lease-end are recorded as revenue at that time. Accrued maintenance costs include (i) maintenance for work performed for off-lease aircraft, which is not related to the release of maintenance reserves received from lessees and which is expensed as incurred, and (ii) lessor maintenance obligations assumed and recognized as a liability upon acquisition of aircraft subject to a lease with such provisions.
Interest Rate Hedging	During the first quarter of 2019, the Company entered into certain derivative instruments to mitigate its exposure to variable interest rates under the Term Loans debt and a portion of the MUFG Credit Facility debt. Hedge accounting is applied to such a transaction only if specific criteria have been met, the transaction is deemed to be “highly effective” and the transaction has been designated as a hedge at its inception. Under hedge accounting treatment, generally, the effects of derivative transactions are recorded in earnings for the period in which the hedge transaction affects earnings. A change in value of a hedging instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss) and is reclassified into earnings in the period in which the transaction being hedged affects earnings. If at any time after designation of a cash flow hedge, such as those entered into by the Company, it is no longer probable that the forecasted cash flows will occur, hedge accounting is no longer permitted and a hedge is “dedesignated.” After dedesignation, if it is still considered reasonably possible that the forecasted cash flows will occur, the amount previously recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss) will continue to be reversed as the forecasted transactions affect earnings. However, if after dedesignation it is probable that the forecasted transactions will not occur, amounts deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) will be recognized in earnings immediately. As noted in Note 7, in October 2019 the Company became aware that, as a result of certain defaults under its MUFG Credit Facility, certain of the forecasted transactions related to its MUFG Credit Facility interest rate swaps are no longer probable of occurring and, hence, those swaps were dedesignated from hedge accounting at that time. As discussed in Note 15, the two swaps related to the MUFG Credit Facility were terminated in March 2020 and the Company incurred a $3.1 million obligation in connection with such termination.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	ASU 2016-13 The FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), in June of 2016 (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 provides that financial assets measured at amortized cost are to be presented as a net amount, reflecting a reduction for a valuation allowance to present the amount expected to be collected (the “current expected credit loss” model of reporting). As such, expected credit losses will be reflected in the carrying value of assets and losses will be recognized before they become probable, as is required under the Company’s present accounting practice. In the case of assets held as available for sale, the amount of the valuation allowance will be limited to an amount that reflects the marketable value of the debt instrument. This amendment to GAAP is effective in the first quarter of 2023 for calendar-year SEC filers that are smaller reporting companies as of the one-time determination date. Early adoption is permitted beginning in 2019. The Company plans to adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2023, and has not determined the impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements. ASU 2019-12 In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), a new accounting standard update to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The new guidance removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intraperiod allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods. It also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

AeroCentury Corp. (“AeroCentury”) is a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1997. AeroCentury together with its consolidated subsidiaries is referred to as the “Company.”

In August 2016, AeroCentury formed two wholly-owned subsidiaries, ACY 19002 Limited (“ACY 19002”) and ACY 19003 Limited (“ACY 19003”) for the purpose of acquiring aircraft using a combination of cash and third-party financing (“UK LLC SPE Financing” or “special-purpose financing”) separate from AeroCentury’s credit facility (the “MUFG Credit Facility”). The UK LLC SPE Financing was repaid in full in February 2019 as part of a refinancing involving new non-recourse term loans totaling approximately $44.3 million (“Nord Term Loans”) made to ACY 19002, ACY 19003, and two other newly formed special-purpose subsidiaries of AeroCentury. See Note 6(b) for more information about the Nord Term Loans.

On October 1, 2018, AeroCentury acquired JetFleet Holding Corp. (“JHC”) in a reverse triangular merger (“Merger”) for consideration of approximately $2.9 million in cash and 129,217 shares of common stock of AeroCentury, as determined pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) entered into by AeroCentury, JHC and certain other parties in October 2017. JHC is the parent company of JetFleet Management Corp. (“JMC”), which is an integrated aircraft management, marketing and financing business and the manager of the Company’s assets. Upon completion of the Merger, JHC became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and as a result, JHC's results are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements beginning on October 1, 2018.

In November 2018, AeroCentury formed two wholly-owned subsidiaries, ACY SN 15129 LLC (“ACY 15129”) and ACY E-175 LLC (“ACY E-175”), for the purpose of refinancing four of the Company’s aircraft using the Nord Term Loans. Because the Nord Term Loans did not close until February 2019, the subject aircraft remained as collateral under the MUFG Credit Facility as of December 31, 2018, and ACY 15129 and ACY E-175 had no activity in 2018.

Financial information for AeroCentury and its consolidated subsidiaries is presented on a consolidated basis in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) based upon the continuation of the business as a going concern. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Going Concern

As discussed in Note 6, the Company was in default under its MUFG Credit Facility as of December 31, 2019. The MUFG Credit Facility lenders (“Credit Facility Lenders”) have the right to exercise any and all remedies for default under the MUFG Credit Facility agreement. Such remedies include, but are not limited to, declaring the entire indebtedness immediately due and payable and, if the Company were unable to repay such accelerated indebtedness (including its obligation in connection with the termination of two interest rate swaps entered into in connection with the MUFG Credit Facility (the “MUFG Swaps”), foreclosing upon the assets of the Company that secure the MUFG Indebtedness, which consist of all of the Company’s assets except for certain assets held in the Company’s single asset special-purpose financing subsidiaries. In addition, as discussed in Note 15, the coronavirus pandemic has led to significant cash flow issues for airlines, including some of the Company’s customers, and some airlines may be unable to timely meet their obligations under their lease obligations with the Company unless government financial support is received, of which there can be no assurance. Any significant nonpayment or late payment of lease payments by a significant lessee or combination of lessees could in turn impose limits on the Company’s ability to fund its ongoing operations as well as cause new defaults under the Company’s debt obligations, which in turn could lead to an immediate acceleration of debt and foreclosure upon the Company’s assets. As a result of these factors, there is substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company is currently in negotiations with the Credit Facility Lenders to convert the MUFG Credit Facility into a term loan facility (as converted, the The Company is currently in negotiations with the Credit Facility Lenders to convert the MUFG Credit Facility into a term loan facility (as converted, the “MUFG Term Loan” and, collectively with the MUFG Credit Facility, “MUFG Indebtedness”). The Company has engaged an investment banking advisor to assist in obtaining additional debt or equity financing (the “Recapitalization Plan”) which, if successful, would be used to repay the MUFG Indebtedness. However, there is no assurance that this will occur. This is further exacerbated by the significance of the COVID-19 uncertainties discussed in Note 15.

The consolidated financial statements presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments that might arise as a result of uncertainties about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Use of Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable for making judgments that are not readily apparent from other sources.

The most significant estimates with regard to these consolidated financial statements are the residual values and useful lives of the Company’s long-lived assets, the amount and timing of future cash flows associated with each asset that are used to evaluate whether assets are impaired, accrued maintenance costs, accounting for income taxes, the assumptions used to value the Company’s derivative instruments, the valuation of the right of use asset and related lease liability associated with the Company’s office, and the amounts recorded as allowances for doubtful accounts.

Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

The Company reflects changes in the fair value of its interest rate swap derivatives that are designated as hedges in other comprehensive income/(loss). Such amounts are reclassified into earnings in the periods in which the hedged transaction occurs or when it is probable that the hedged transactions will no longer occur, and are included in interest expense.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers highly liquid investments readily convertible into known amounts of cash, with original maturities of 90 days or less from the date of acquisition, as cash equivalents.

The Company’s restricted cash is held in an account with the agent for the Company’s MUFG Credit Facility and disbursements from the account are subject to the control and discretion of the agent for payment of principal on the MUFG Credit Facility as well as for the Company’s operating expenses.

Securities

At December 31, 2018, the Company owned 121 shares of non-voting preferred stock in a non-public company. The stock, which had a cumulative preferred annual dividend of 10% and a liquidation value of $1,000 per share, was sold during 2019.

Lease Accounting, Favorable Lease Acquired and Lease Right of Use Asset

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Topic 842 - Leases in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). Topic 842 substantially modifies lessee accounting for leases, requiring that lessees recognize lease assets and liabilities for leases extending beyond one year. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. The Company adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019, electing to apply its provisions on the date of adoption and to record the cumulative effect as an adjustment to retained earnings. Lessor accounting under Topic 842 is similar to the prior accounting standard and the Company has elected to apply practical expedients under which the Company will not have to reevaluate whether a contract is a lease, the classification of its existing leases or its capitalized initial direct costs. In addition, the Company, as lessor, has elected the practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components as one combined component for its leased aircraft for purposes of determining whether that combined component should be accounted for under Topic 606, which establishes rules that affect the amount and timing of revenue recognition for contracts with customers, or Topic 842.

The new standard requires a lessor to classify leases as sales-type, finance, or operating. A lease is treated as sales-type if it transfers all of the risks and rewards, as well as control of the underlying asset, to the lessee. If risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control, the lease is treated as a finance lease. If the lessor does not convey risks and rewards or control, an operating lease results. As a result of application of the practical expedients, the Company was not required to alter the classification or carrying value of its leased or finance lease assets.

In connection with the Company’s acquisition of JHC, as discussed in Note 10, the Company recognized that the lease of its office facilities had rents that were substantially below the market for such office space. Consequently, the Company recorded $925,000 as the value of below-market rents at the October 1, 2018 date of the JHC acquisition, and amortized such amount on a level basis over the remaining term of the office lease, including two one-year bargain renewal options. The Company recorded $61,700 of amortization in 2018.

Lessee reporting was changed by the new standard, requiring that the balance sheet reflect a liability for most operating lease obligations as well as a “right of use” asset. As such, in January 2019, the Company was required to record a lease obligation of approximately $610,000 in connection with the lease of its headquarters office, and to increase the capitalized leasehold interest / right of use asset by $610,000, as discussed in Note 8. There was no effect on retained earnings recorded as a result of adoption of the standard. The Company elected the lessee practical expedient to combine the lease and non-lease components.

Aircraft Capitalization and Depreciation

The Company’s interests in aircraft and aircraft engines are recorded at cost, which includes acquisition costs. Since inception, the Company has typically purchased only used aircraft and aircraft engines. It is the Company’s policy to hold aircraft for approximately twelve years unless market conditions dictate otherwise. Therefore, depreciation of aircraft is initially computed using the straight-line method over the anticipated holding period to an estimated residual value based on appraisal. For an aircraft engine held for lease as a spare, the Company estimates the length of time that it will hold the aircraft engine based upon estimated usage, repair costs and other factors, and depreciates it to the appraised residual value over such period using the straight-line method.

The Company periodically reviews plans for lease or sale of its aircraft and aircraft engines and changes, as appropriate, the remaining expected holding period for such assets. Estimated residual values are reviewed and adjusted periodically, based upon updated estimates obtained from an independent appraiser. Decreases in the fair value of aircraft could affect not only the current value, discussed below, but also the estimated residual value.

Assets that are held for sale are not subject to depreciation and are separately classified on the balance sheet. Such assets are carried at the lower of their carrying value or estimated fair values, less costs to sell.

Property, Equipment and Furnishings

The Company’s interests in equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over five years. The Company’s leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the respective assets.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company reviews assets for impairment when there has been an event or a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. In addition, the Company routinely reviews all long-lived assets for impairment semi-annually. Recoverability of an asset is measured by comparison of its carrying amount to the future estimated undiscounted cash flows (without interest charges) that the asset is expected to generate. Estimates are based on currently available market data and independent appraisals and are subject to fluctuation from time to time. If these estimated future cash flows are less than the carrying value of an asset at the time of evaluation, any impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined by reference to independent appraisals and other factors considered relevant by management. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasting of future operating results that are used in the preparation of estimated future undiscounted cash flows and, if different conditions prevail in the future, material write-downs may occur.

As discussed in Note 9, the Company recorded impairment losses totaling $31.0 million and $3.0 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a result of the Company’s determination that the carrying values for certain aircraft were not recoverable.

The 2019 impairment losses consisted of (i) $24.0 million resulting from appraised values for four aircraft that are held for sale, assuming sale in a reasonably short time (“Orderly Liquidation Value”) and (ii) $7.0 million resulting from estimated or actual sales proceeds for five assets held for sale, three of which were sold during 2019.

The 2018 impairment losses consisted of (i) $2.7 million resulting from Orderly Liquidation Values for four aircraft held for sale and (ii) $0.3 million resulting from writing a fifth aircraft down to its appraised value.

Deferred Financing Costs and Commitment Fees

Costs incurred in connection with debt financing are deferred and amortized over the term of the debt using the effective interest method or, in certain instances where the differences are not material, using the straight-line method. Costs incurred in connection with the MUFG Credit Facility are deferred and amortized using the straight-line method. Commitment fees for unused funds are expensed as incurred.

Security Deposits

The Company’s leases are typically structured so that if any event of default occurs under a lease, the Company may apply all or a portion of the lessee’s security deposit to cure such default. If such application of the security deposit is made, the lessee typically is required to replenish and maintain the full amount of the deposit during the remaining lease term. All of the security deposits received by the Company are refundable to the lessee at the end of the lease upon satisfaction of all lease terms.

Taxes

As part of the process of preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, management estimates income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. This process involves estimating the Company’s current tax exposure under the most recent tax laws and assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and GAAP purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the balance sheet. Management also assesses the likelihood that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and, to the extent management believes it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. To the extent the Company establishes a valuation allowance or changes the allowance in a period, the Company reflects the corresponding increase or decrease within the tax provision in the statement of operations. Significant management judgment is required in determining the Company’s future taxable income for purposes of assessing the Company’s ability to realize any benefit from its deferred taxes. After considering the Company’s significant amounts of net deferred tax liabilities which are future reversing taxable temporary differences, the Company has determined that no valuation allowance is required for its deferred tax assets.

The Company accrues non-income based sales, use, value added and franchise taxes as other tax expense in the statement of operations.

Revenue Recognition, Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Revenue from leasing of aircraft assets pursuant to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the applicable lease agreements. Deferred payments are recorded as accrued rent when the cash rent received is lower than the straight-line revenue recognized. Such receivables decrease over the term of the applicable leases. Interest income is recognized on finance leases based on the interest rate implicit in the lease and the outstanding balance of the lease receivable.

Maintenance reserves retained by the Company at lease-end are recognized as maintenance reserves revenue.

In instances where collectability is not reasonably assured, the Company recognizes revenue as cash payments are received. The Company estimates and charges to income a provision for bad debts based on its experience with each specific customer, the amount and length of payment arrearages, and its analysis of the lessee’s overall financial condition. If the financial condition of any of the Company’s customers deteriorates, it could result in actual losses exceeding any estimated allowances.

The Company had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,908,600 and $0 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Comprehensive Income

Finance Leases

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had three aircraft subject to sales-type finance leases and three aircraft subject to direct financing leases. All six leases contain lessee bargain purchase options at prices substantially below the subject asset’s estimated residual value at the exercise date for the option. Consequently, the Company has classified each of these six leases as finance leases for financial accounting purposes. For such finance leases, the Company reports the discounted present value of (i) future minimum lease payments (including the bargain purchase option) and (ii) any residual value not subject to a bargain purchase option, as a finance lease receivable on its balance sheet, and accrues interest on the balance of the finance lease receivable based on the interest rate inherent in the applicable lease over the term of the lease. For each of the three sales-type finance leases, the Company recognized as a gain or loss the amount equal to (i) the net investment in the sales-type finance lease plus any initial direct costs and lease incentives less (ii) the net book value of the subject aircraft at inception of the applicable lease.

The Company recognized interest earned on finance leases in the amount of $852,600 and $1,251,000 in 2019 and 2018, respectively. As a result of payment delinquencies by two customers that lease three of the Company’s aircraft subject to finance leases, the Company recorded a bad debt allowance of $2,957,800 during 2019.

Maintenance Reserves and Accrued Maintenance Costs

Maintenance costs under the Company’s triple net leases are generally the responsibility of the lessees. Some of the Company’s leases require payment of maintenance reserves, which are based upon lessee-reported usage and billed monthly, and are intended to accumulate and be applied by the Company toward reimbursement of most or all of the cost of the lessees’ performance of certain maintenance obligations under the leases. Such reimbursements reduce the associated maintenance reserve liability.

Maintenance reserves are characterized as either refundable or non-refundable depending on their disposition at lease-end. The Company retains non-refundable maintenance reserves at lease-end, even if the lessee has met all of its obligations under the lease, including any return conditions applicable to the leased asset, while refundable reserves are returned to the lessee under such circumstances. Any reserves retained by the Company at lease-end are recorded as revenue at that time.

Accrued maintenance costs include (i) maintenance for work performed for off-lease aircraft, which is not related to the release of maintenance reserves received from lessees and which is expensed as incurred, and (ii) lessor maintenance obligations assumed and recognized as a liability upon acquisition of aircraft subject to a lease with such provisions.

Interest Rate Hedging

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company entered into certain derivative instruments to mitigate its exposure to variable interest rates under the Term Loans debt and a portion of the MUFG Credit Facility debt. Hedge accounting is applied to such a transaction only if specific criteria have been met, the transaction is deemed to be “highly effective” and the transaction has been designated as a hedge at its inception. Under hedge accounting treatment, generally, the effects of derivative transactions are recorded in earnings for the period in which the hedge transaction affects earnings. A change in value of a hedging instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss) and is reclassified into earnings in the period in which the transaction being hedged affects earnings.

If at any time after designation of a cash flow hedge, such as those entered into by the Company, it is no longer probable that the forecasted cash flows will occur, hedge accounting is no longer permitted and a hedge is “dedesignated.” After dedesignation, if it is still considered reasonably possible that the forecasted cash flows will occur, the amount previously recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss) will continue to be reversed as the forecasted transactions affect earnings. However, if after dedesignation it is probable that the forecasted transactions will not occur, amounts deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) will be recognized in earnings immediately.

As noted in Note 7, in October 2019 the Company became aware that, as a result of certain defaults under its MUFG Credit Facility, certain of the forecasted transactions related to its MUFG Credit Facility interest rate swaps are no longer probable of occurring and, hence, those swaps were dedesignated from hedge accounting at that time. As discussed in Note 15, the two swaps related to the MUFG Credit Facility were terminated in March 2020 and the Company incurred a $3.1 million obligation in connection with such termination.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

ASU 2016-13

The FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), in June of 2016 (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 provides that financial assets measured at amortized cost are to be presented as a net amount, reflecting a reduction for a valuation allowance to present the amount expected to be collected (the “current expected credit loss” model of reporting). As such, expected credit losses will be reflected in the carrying value of assets and losses will be recognized before they become probable, as is required under the Company’s present accounting practice. In the case of assets held as available for sale, the amount of the valuation allowance will be limited to an amount that reflects the marketable value of the debt instrument. This amendment to GAAP is effective in the first quarter of 2023 for calendar-year SEC filers that are smaller reporting companies as of the one-time determination date. Early adoption is permitted beginning in 2019. The Company plans to adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2023, and has not determined the impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2019-12

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), a new accounting standard update to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The new guidance removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intraperiod allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods. It also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.