REVENUE

QAD offers its software using the same underlying technology via

two

models: a traditional on-premises licensing model and a cloud-based subscription model. The on-premises model involves the sale or license of software on a perpetual basis to customers who take possession of the software and install and maintain the software on their own hardware. Under the cloud-based subscription delivery model, QAD provides access to its software on a hosted basis as a service and customers generally do

not

have the contractual right to take possession of the software.

The Company generates revenue through sales of licenses and maintenance provided to its on-premises customers and through subscriptions of its cloud-based software. QAD offers professional services to both its on-premises and cloud customers to assist them with the design, testing and implementation of its software.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

-	Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

-	Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

-	Determination of the transaction price;

-	Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

-	Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenue is presented net of sales, value-added and other taxes collected from customers and remitted to government authorities.

The Company adopted ASU

2014

09,

Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic

606

)

on the

first

day of fiscal

2019.

Periods prior to the adoption date were

not

adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historical, pre-Topic

606

accounting.

Performance Obligations

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account under Topic

606

The transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised good or service to the customer. The Company identifies and tracks the performance obligations at contract inception so that the Company can monitor and account for the performance obligations over the life of the contract.

The Company’s contracts which contain multiple performance obligations generally consist of the initial purchase of subscription or licenses and a professional services engagement. License purchases generally have multiple performance obligations as customers purchase maintenance in addition to the licenses. The Company’s single performance obligation arrangements are typically maintenance renewals, subscription renewals and services engagements.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations where the contracted price differs from the stand-alone selling price (SSP) for any distinct good or service, the Company

may

be required to allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using its best estimate for the SSP. SSP is assessed annually using a historical analysis of contracts with customers executed in the most recently completed fiscal year to determine the range of selling prices applicable to a distinct good or service.

Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. In instances where SSP is

not

directly observable because the Company does

not

sell the license, product or service separately, the Company determines the SSP using information that

may

include market conditions and other observable inputs. In making these judgments, the Company analyzes various factors, including its pricing methodology and consistency, size of the arrangement, length of term, customer demographics and overall market and economic conditions. Based on these results, the estimated SSP is set for each distinct product or service delivered to customers. The Company rarely sells licenses on a stand-alone basis, as the majority of its license sales to customers include

first

year maintenance with the license purchase. The Company frequently sells subscription, maintenance and services on a stand-alone basis.

Subscription

Subscription revenue is recognized ratably over the initial subscription period committed to by the customer commencing when the cloud environment is made available to the customer. The initial subscription period is typically

months. The Company generally invoices its customers in advance on a quarterly or annual basis and typical payment terms provide that customers make payment within

days of invoice.

Software Licenses

Transfer of control for software is considered to have occurred upon electronic delivery of the license key that provides immediate availability of the product to the customer. The Company’s typical payment terms tend to vary by region but its standard payment terms are within

days of invoice.

Maintenance

Revenue from support services and product updates, referred to as maintenance revenue, is recognized ratably over the term of the maintenance period, which in most instances is

one

year. Software license updates provide customers with rights to unspecified software product updates, maintenance releases and patches released during the term of the support period on a when-and-if available basis. Product support includes Internet access to technical content, as well as Internet and telephone access to technical support personnel. The Company’s customers purchase both product support and license updates via the Company’s maintenance offering when they acquire new software licenses. In addition, a majority of customers renew their maintenance contracts annually and typical payment terms provide that customers make payment within

days of invoice.

Professional Services

Revenue from professional services is typically comprised of implementation, development, training or other consulting services. Consulting services are generally sold on a time-and-materials or fixed fee basis and can include services ranging from software installation to data conversion and building non-complex interfaces to allow the software to operate in integrated environments. The Company recognizes revenue for time-and-materials arrangements as the services are performed. In fixed fee arrangements, revenue is recognized as services are performed as measured by costs incurred to date, compared to total estimated costs to complete the services project. Management applies judgment when estimating project status and the costs necessary to complete the services projects. A number of internal and external factors can affect these estimates, including labor rates, utilization and efficiency variances and specification and testing requirement changes. Services are generally invoiced upon milestones in the contract or upon consumption of the hourly resources and payments are typically due

days after invoice.

Indirect Sales Channels

The Company executes arrangements through indirect sales channels via sales agents and distributors who are authorized to market its software products to end users. In arrangements with sales agents, QAD contracts directly with the customer and sales agents are compensated on a commission basis. Distributor arrangements are those in which the resellers are authorized to market and distribute the Company’s software products to end users in specified territories and the distributor bears the risk of collection from the end user customer. The Company recognizes revenue from transactions with distributors when the distributor submits a signed agreement and transfer of control has occurred to the distributor in accordance with the

five

revenue recognition steps noted above. Revenue from distributor transactions is recorded on a net basis (the amount actually received by the Company from the distributor). QAD does

not

offer rights of return, product rotation or price protection to any of its distributors. During the fiscal year ended

January 31, 2020,

the Company’s revenue from sales agents and distributors was less than

10%

of total subscription, license and maintenance revenue.

Disaggregated Revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers by geography and by the customers’ industry within manufacturing, as it believes it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The Company’s revenue by geography is as follows:

	Years Ended January 31,
	2020		2019		2018
	(in thousands)
North America	$	151,097	$	162,307	$	141,614
EMEA		90,885		96,989		89,693
Asia Pacific		46,363		51,628		50,689
Latin America		22,427		22,092		23,022
Total revenue	$	310,772	$	333,016	$	305,018

The Company’s revenue by industry is as follows:

	Years Ended January 31,
	2020		2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Automotive	$	110,900	$	128,249	$	113,579
Consumer products and food and beverage		46,915		53,637		47,273
High technology and industrial products		106,807		106,658		99,990
Life sciences and other		46,150		44,472		44,176
Total revenue	$	310,772	$	333,016	$	305,018

Management Judgments

Due to the complexity of certain contracts, the actual revenue recognition treatment required under Topic

606

for the Company’s arrangements

may

be dependent on contract-specific terms and

may

vary in some instances.

Revenue is recognized over time for the Company’s subscription, maintenance and fixed fee professional services that are separate performance obligations. For the Company’s professional services, revenue is recognized over time, generally using costs incurred or hours expended to measure progress. Judgment is required in estimating project status and the costs necessary to complete projects. A number of internal and external factors can affect these estimates, including labor rates, utilization, specification variances and testing requirement changes.

If a group of agreements are entered at or near the same time and so closely related that they are, in effect, part of a single arrangement, such agreements are deemed to be combined as

one

arrangement for revenue recognition purposes. The Company exercises judgment to evaluate the relevant facts and circumstances in determining whether agreements should be accounted for separately or as a single arrangement. The Company’s judgments about whether a group of contracts comprise a single arrangement can affect the allocation of consideration to the distinct performance obligations, which could have an effect on results of operations for the periods involved.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition

may

differ from the timing of invoicing to customers and these timing differences result in receivables, contract assets, or contract liabilities (deferred revenue) on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. QAD records a contract asset when the Company has transferred goods or services but does

not

yet have the right to consideration. QAD records deferred revenue when the Company has received or has the right to receive consideration but has

not

yet transferred goods or services to the customer. The Company presents the contract asset and liability balance on a net basis at the contract level.

The contract assets indicated below are presented as other current and non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These assets primarily relate to professional services and subscription and consist of the Company’s rights to consideration for goods or services transferred but

not

billed as of

January 31, 2020

and

2019.

The contract assets are transferred to receivables when the rights to consideration become unconditional, usually upon completion of a milestone.

The Company’s contract balances are as follows:

	As of
	January 31, 2020		January 31, 2019
	(In thousands)
Contract assets, short-term (in Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net)	$	1,595	$	2,058
Contract assets, long-term (in Other assets, net)		214		—
Total contract assets	$	1,809	$	2,058
Deferred revenue, short-term	$	118,413	$	115,253
Deferred revenue, long-term (in Other liabilities)		2,811		1,465
Total deferred revenue	$	121,224	$	116,718

During the fiscal year ended

January 31, 2020,

the Company recognized

$117.5

million of revenue that was included in the gross deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period. All other activity in deferred revenue is due to the timing of invoicing in relation to the timing of revenue recognition.

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, which includes unearned revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. Contracted but unsatisfied performance obligations were approximately

$293.4

million as of

January 31, 2020,

of which the Company expects to recognize approximately

$171.5

million as revenue over the next

months and the remainder thereafter. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, QAD has determined that its contracts generally do

not

include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing the Company’s products and services, and

not

to facilitate financing arrangements.

Deferred Revenue

The Company typically invoices its customers for subscription and support fees in advance on a quarterly or annual basis, with payment due at the start of the subscription or support term. Unpaid invoice amounts for non-cancelable services starting in future periods are included in accounts receivable and deferred revenue. The portion of deferred revenue that QAD anticipates will be recognized after the succeeding

twelve

-month period is recorded as non-current deferred revenue, and the remaining portion is recorded as current deferred revenue.

Deferred revenues consisted of the following:

	As of
	January 31, 2020		January 31, 2019
	(in thousands)
Deferred maintenance	$	69,650	$	77,037
Deferred subscription		45,702		34,020
Deferred professional services		2,705		2,146
Deferred license and other revenue		356		2,050
Deferred revenues, current		118,413		115,253
Deferred revenues, non-current (in Other liabilities)		2,811		1,465
Total deferred revenues	$	121,224	$	116,718

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

There are several practical expedients and exemptions allowed under Topic

606

that impact timing of revenue recognition and the Company’s disclosures. Below is a list of the practical expedients applied by the Company:

•

The Company does

not

evaluate a contract for a significant financing component if payment is expected within

one

year or less from the transfer of the promised items to the customer.

•

The Company generally expenses sales commissions and sales agent fees when incurred when the amortization period would have been

one

year or less. These costs are recorded within sales and marketing expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

•

The Company does

not

disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed (applies to time-and-material engagements).

Costs to Obtain and Fulfill a Contract

The Company’s incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract consist of sales commissions and sales agent fees which are deferred and amortized ratably over the term of economic benefit which the Company has determined to be

five

years. These deferred costs are classified as current or non-current based on the timing of when the Company expects to recognize the expense. The current and non-current portions of deferred commissions are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, net and other assets, net, respectively, in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. At

January 31, 2020

and

January 31, 2019,

the Company had

$12.3

million and

$11.0

million, respectively, of deferred commissions and sales agent fees. For the fiscal years ended

January 31, 2020

and

2019,

$3.9

million and

$3.6

million, respectively, of amortization expense related to deferred commissions and sales agent fees was recorded in sales and marketing expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Costs to fulfill a contract, which are incurred upon initiation of certain services contracts and are related to initial customer setup, are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, net and other assets, net in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. At

January 31, 2020

and

January 31, 2019

the Company had deferred setup costs of

$1.4

million and

$1.5

million, respectively. These costs are amortized over the term of economic benefit which the Company has determined to be

five

years. During the fiscal years ended

January 31, 2020

and

2019,

$0.6

million and

$0.5

million, respectively, of amortization expense related to deferred setup costs was recorded in cost of subscription in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Recoverability of these costs is subject to various business risks. Quarterly, the Company compares the carrying value of these assets with the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by them to determine if there is impairment. If impaired, these assets are reduced to an estimated fair value on a discounted cash flow basis.

impairment losses were recognized during the

twelve

months ended

January 31, 2020

and

2019.