Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly- and majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The accounting estimates that require management’s most significant, difficult, and subjective judgments include the valuation and recognition of investments, the valuation of revenue and allowance for sales returns and doubtful accounts, the estimation of hedging transactions, the valuation of inventory, the valuation of and assessment of recoverability of intangible assets and their estimated useful lives, revenue recognition, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation, the recognition and measurement of current and deferred income tax assets, along with the assessment of recoverability, and liabilities, and legal contingencies estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

The carrying amounts for financial instruments consisting of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short maturities. Marketable securities and derivative instruments are stated at their estimated fair values, based on quoted market prices for the same or similar instruments. The counterparties to the agreements relating to the Company’s investment securities and derivative instruments consist of various major corporations, financial institutions, municipalities, and government agencies of high credit standing.

The Company’s accounts receivable are derived from net revenue to customers and distributors located throughout the world. The Company performs credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and, generally, requires no collateral from its customers. The Company provides reserves for potential credit losses but has not experienced significant losses to date.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity from date of purchase of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents.

Investments

Available-for-sale investments. The Company’s investments may consist of U.S. treasury and U.S. government agency securities, taxable and tax exempt municipal notes, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper, non-U.S. government agency securities, and money market funds. The Company has designated all investments as available-for-sale and, therefore, such investments are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). For securities sold prior to maturity, the cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are recorded in interest and other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Investments with remaining maturities at date of purchase greater than approximately three months and remaining maturities as of the reporting period less than one year are classified as short-term investments. Investments with remaining maturities greater than one year are classified as long-term investments.

Other-than-temporary impairment. All of the Company’s investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. The Company recognizes an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of its investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary included the extent and length of time the investment’s fair value has been lower than its cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, extent of the loss related to credit of the issuer, the expected cash flows from the security, the Company’s intent to sell the security, and whether or not the Company will be required to sell the security prior to the expected recovery of the investment’s amortized cost basis. No significant charges were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures the fair value of money market funds and certain U.S. treasury securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets as Level 1 securities. Marketable securities measured at fair value using Level 2 inputs are primarily comprised of commercial paper, corporate notes and bonds, U.S. and non-U.S. government agencies, and municipal notes. The Company reviews trading activity and pricing for these investments as of the measurement date. When sufficient quoted pricing for identical securities is not available, the Company uses market pricing and other observable market inputs for similar securities obtained from various third-party data providers. These inputs either represent quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or have been derived from observable market data. This approach results in the Level 2 classification of these securities within the fair value hierarchy.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of standard cost, which approximates actual costs, or net realizable value, on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory costs include direct materials, direct labor, and normal manufacturing overhead. The cost basis of the Company’s inventory is reduced for any products that are considered excessive or obsolete based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions.

Property, Plant, and Equipment

Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets generally as follows:



	Useful Lives
Building	Up to 30 years
Building improvements	Up to 15 years
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of useful life or term of lease
Equipment and furniture	5 years
Operating lease assets	Greater of lease term or 1 to 5 years
Computer and office equipment	3 years
Enterprise-wide software	5 years
Purchased software	Lesser of 3 years or life of license

Capitalized Software Costs for Internal Use

Internally developed software primarily includes enterprise-level business software that the Company customizes to meet its specific operational needs. The Company capitalized costs for internal use software of $17.4 million, $22.4 million, and $11.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Upon being placed in service, these costs are depreciated over an estimated useful life of up to 5 years.

Business Combinations

The Company includes the results of operations of the businesses that are acquired as of the acquisition date. The Company allocates the purchase price of acquisitions to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Acquisition related costs are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth fiscal quarter, or if circumstances indicate their value may no longer be recoverable. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net identifiable assets and liabilities. The Company continues to operate in one segment, which is considered to be the sole reporting unit and, therefore, goodwill was tested for impairment at the enterprise level. As of December 31, 2018, there has been no impairment of goodwill.

Intangible assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated amortization. The Company does not have intangible assets with indefinite useful lives other than goodwill. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the intangible assets’ useful lives, which range from approximately 1 to 9 years.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company evaluates long-lived assets, which include amortizable intangible and tangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of long-lived assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the net book value to the future undiscounted cash flows attributable to such assets. The Company recognizes an impairment charge equal to the amount by which the net book value exceeds its fair value. No material impairment losses were incurred in the periods presented.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, on January 1, 2018. The Company’s revenue consists of product revenue resulting from the sale of systems, system components, instruments and accessories, and service revenue. The Company accounts for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract between the Company and its customer, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of the contract consideration is probable. The Company’s revenues are measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with each customer, net of any sales incentives and taxes collected from customers that are remitted to government authorities.

The Company’s system sale arrangements generally contain multiple products and services. For these bundled sale arrangements, the Company accounts for individual products and services as separate performance obligations if they are a distinct product or service that is separately identifiable from other items in bundled packages; and if a customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The Company’s system sale arrangements include a combination of the following performance obligations: system(s); system components; system accessories; instruments; accessories; and system service. The Company’s system sale arrangements generally include a five-year period of service. The first year of service is generally free and included in the system sale arrangement and the remaining four years are generally included at a stated service price. The Company considers the service terms in the arrangements that are legally enforceable to be performance obligations. Other than service, the Company generally satisfies all of the performance obligations up-front. System components, system accessories, instruments, accessories, and service are also sold on a stand-alone basis.

The Company recognizes revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to a customer. The Company generally recognizes revenue for the performance obligations at the following points in time:

System sales. For systems (including system components and system accessories) sold directly to end customers, revenue is recognized when the Company transfers control to the customer, which is generally at the point when acceptance occurs that indicates customer acknowledgment of delivery or installation, depending on the terms of the arrangement. For systems sold through distributors, revenue is recognized generally at the time of shipment. The Company’s system arrangements generally do not provide a right of return. The systems are generally covered by a one-year warranty. Warranty costs were not material for the periods presented.

Instruments and accessories. Revenue from sales of instruments and accessories is recognized when control is transferred to the customers, which generally occurs at the time of shipment, but also occurs at the time of delivery depending on the customer arrangement. The Company allows its customers in the normal course of business to return unused products for a limited period of time subsequent to initial purchase and records an allowance against revenue for estimated returns.

Service. Service revenue is recognized over the term of the service period as the customer benefits from the services throughout the service period. Revenue related to services performed on a time-and-materials basis is recognized when performed.

The Company offers its customers the opportunity to trade in their older systems for a credit towards the purchase of a newer generation system. The Company generally does not provide specified price trade-in rights or upgrade rights at the time of system purchase. Such trade-in or upgrade transactions are separately negotiated based on the circumstances at the time of the trade-in or upgrade, based on the then fair value of the system, and are generally not based on any pre-existing rights granted by the Company. Accordingly, such trade-ins and upgrades are not considered as separate performance obligations in the arrangement for a system sale.

As part of a trade-in transaction, the customer receives a new generation system in exchange for its pre-owned system. The trade-in credit is negotiated at the time of the trade-in and is applied towards the purchase price of the new unit. Traded-in systems generally can be reconditioned and resold. The Company accounts for the fair value of the traded-in system in the total consideration in the arrangement by including the net realizable value of the traded-in system less a normal profit margin. The value of the traded-in system is determined as the amount, after reconditioning costs are added, that will allow a normal profit margin on the sale of the reconditioned unit to be generated. When there is no market for the traded-in units, no value is assigned. Traded-in units are reported as a component of inventory until resold, or otherwise disposed.

In addition, customers may also have the opportunity to upgrade their systems at a price determined at the time of the upgrade, for example, by adding a second surgeon console for use with the da Vinci Surgical System. Such upgrades are performed by completing component level upgrades at the customer’s site. Upgrade revenue is recognized when the component level upgrades are complete and all revenue recognition criteria are met.

For multiple-element arrangements, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling prices are based on observable prices at which the Company separately sells the products or services. If a standalone selling price is not directly observable, then the Company estimates the standalone selling price considering market conditions and entity-specific factors including, but not limited to, features and functionality of the products and services, geographies, and type of customer. The Company regularly reviews standalone selling prices and updates these estimates as necessary.

The following table presents revenue disaggregated by types and geography (in millions):



	Years Ended December 31,
U.S.	2018		2017		2016
Instruments and accessories	$	1,485.2	$	1,263.1	$	1,077.3
Systems	692.2		603.5		501.3
Services	456.1		419.2		377.8
Total U.S. revenue	$	2,633.5	$	2,285.8	$	1,956.4

Outside of U.S. (“OUS”)
Instruments and accessories	$	476.8	$	373.8	$	318.5
Systems	434.9		324.9		298.7
Services	179.0		153.7		132.9
Total OUS revenue	$	1,090.7	$	852.4	$	750.1

Total
Instruments and accessories	$	1,962.0	$	1,636.9	$	1,395.8
Systems	1,127.1		928.4		800.0
Services	635.1		572.9		510.7
Total revenue	$	3,724.2	$	3,138.2	$	2,706.5

The transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations relates to amounts allocated to products and services for which revenue has not yet been recognized. A significant portion of this amount relates to performance obligations in the Company’s service contracts that will be satisfied and recognized as revenue in future periods. Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was approximately $1,448.7 million as of December 31, 2018.

The following information summarizes the Company’s contract assets and liabilities (in millions):



	As of
	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Contract assets	$	12.4	$	8.3
Deferred revenue	$	327.3	$	268.6

The Company invoices its customers based on the billing schedules in its sales arrangements. Payments are generally due 30 days from date of invoice. Contract assets for the periods presented primarily represent the difference between the revenue that was recognized based on the relative standalone selling price of the related performance obligations satisfied and the contractual billing terms in the arrangements. Deferred revenue for the periods presented primarily relates to service contracts where the service fees are billed up-front, generally quarterly or annually, prior to those services having been performed. The associated deferred revenue is generally recognized over the term of the service period. The Company did not have any significant impairment losses on its contract assets for the periods presented.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized $268.9 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized $225.5 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2016.

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

The Company has determined that certain sales incentives provided to the Company’s sales team are required to be capitalized when the Company expects to generate future economic benefits from the related revenue-generating contracts subsequent to the initial capital sales transaction. When determining the economic life of the contract acquisition assets recognized, the Company considers historical service renewal rates, expectations of future customer renewals of service contracts, and other factors that could impact the economic benefits that the Company expects to generate from the relationship with its customers. The costs capitalized as contract acquisition costs included in intangible and other assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets were $34.2 million and $31.4 million as of December 31, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The Company did not incur any impairment losses during the periods presented.

Leases

The Company enters into sales-type lease and operating lease arrangements with certain qualified customers. Sales-type leases have terms that generally range from 24 to 84 months and are usually collateralized by a security interest in the underlying assets. Revenue related to multiple-element arrangements are allocated to lease and non-lease elements based on their relative standalone selling prices as prescribed by the Company’s revenue recognition policy. Lease elements generally include a da Vinci Surgical System or system component, while non-lease elements generally include service, instruments and accessories. In determining whether a transaction should be classified as a sales-type or operating lease, the Company considers the following terms: (1) whether title of the system transfers automatically or for a nominal fee at the end of the term of the lease, (2) whether the present value of the minimum lease payments are equal to or greater than 90% of the fair market value of the leased asset at the inception of the lease, (3) whether the lease term exceeds 75% of the economic life of the leased asset, and (4) whether there is an option to purchase the leased asset at a “bargain price” at the end of the lease term.

The Company generally recognizes revenue from sales-type lease arrangements at the time the system is accepted by the customer, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Revenue from sales-type leases is presented as product revenue. Revenue from operating lease arrangements is recognized as earned over the lease term, which is generally on a straight-line basis and is presented as product revenue.

Allowance for Sales Returns and Doubtful Accounts

The allowance for sales returns is based on the Company’s estimates of potential future returns of certain products and other allowances related to current period product revenue. The Company analyzes historical returns, current economic trends, and changes in customer demand and acceptance of the Company’s products. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the Company’s assessment of the collectability of customer accounts. The Company regularly reviews the allowance by considering factors such as historical experience, credit quality, the age of the accounts receivable balances, and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based employee compensation plans using the fair value recognition and measurement provisions under U.S. GAAP. The Company’s share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company estimates expected forfeitures at the time of grant and revises, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimated.

Expected Term: The expected term represents the weighted-average period that the stock options are expected to be outstanding prior to being exercised. The Company determines expected term based on historical exercise patterns and its expectation of the time it will take for employees to exercise options still outstanding.

Expected Volatility: The Company uses market-based implied volatility for purposes of valuing stock options granted. Market-based implied volatility is derived based on at least one-year traded options on the Company’s common stock. The extent to which the Company relies on market-based volatility when valuing options, depend among other things, on the availability of traded options on the Company’s stock and the term of such options. Due to sufficient volume of the traded options, the Company used 100% market-based implied volatility to value options granted, which the Company believes is more representative of future stock price trends than historical volatility.

Risk-Free Interest Rate: The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the stock option.

The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the closing quoted price of the Company’s common stock on the day of the grant. See “Note 9. Share-Based Compensation,” for a detailed discussion of the Company’s stock plans and share-based compensation expense.

Computation of Net Income per Share

Basic net income per share attributable to Intuitive Surgical, Inc. is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share attributable to Intuitive Surgical, Inc. is computed using the weighted average number of the Company’s shares and dilutive potential shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive potential shares primarily consist of employee stock options, restricted stock units, and shares to be purchased by employees under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan.

U.S. GAAP requires that employee equity share options, non-vested shares, and similar equity instruments granted by the Company be treated as potential common shares outstanding in computing diluted earnings per share. Diluted shares outstanding include the dilutive effect of equity awards, which is calculated based on the average share price for each fiscal period using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, the amount the employee must pay for exercising stock options and the amount of compensation cost for future service that the Company has not yet recognized are assumed to be used to repurchase shares.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include amortization of intangible assets, costs associated with co-development research and development licensing arrangements, costs of prototypes, salaries, benefits and other headcount related costs, contract and other outside service fees, and facilities and overhead costs.

Foreign Currency and Other Hedging Instruments

For subsidiaries whose local currency is their functional currency, their assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates at the balance sheet date and revenues and expenses are translated using average exchange rates in effect during the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency translation are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For all non-functional currency account balances, the re-measurement of such balances to the functional currency results in either a foreign exchange gain or loss, which is recorded to interest and other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income in the same accounting period that the re-measurement occurred.

The Company uses derivatives to partially offset its business exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. The terms of the Company’s derivative contracts are generally twelve months or shorter. The Company typically hedges portions of its forecasted foreign currency exposure associated with revenue and expenses. The Company may also enter into foreign currency forward contracts to offset the foreign currency exchange gains and losses generated by re-measurement of certain assets and liabilities denominated in non-functional currencies. The hedging program is not designated for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company’s accounting policies for these instruments are based on whether the instruments are designated as hedge or non-hedge instruments. The Company records all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The effective portions of cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. Derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges are de-designated as hedges when it is probable the forecasted hedged transaction will not occur in the initially identified time period or within a subsequent two month time period. Gains and losses in OCI associated with such derivative instruments are reclassified immediately into earnings through interest and other income, net. Any subsequent changes in fair value of such derivative instruments also are reflected in current earnings.

Derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments and the ineffective portions of cash flow hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings in interest and other income, net.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected more likely than not to be realized in the future. The Company has elected to account for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“2017 Tax Act”) as period costs when incurred.

The Company recognizes tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

Segments

The Company operates in one segment. Management uses one measurement of profitability and does not segregate its business for internal reporting. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, 88% and 88% of long-lived assets were in the United States, respectively. Revenue is attributed to a geographic region based on the location of the end customer.

Legal Contingencies

The Company is involved in a number of legal proceedings involving product liability, intellectual property, shareholder derivative actions, securities class actions, and other matters. A liability and related charge are recorded to earnings in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for legal contingencies when the loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The assessment is re-evaluated each accounting period and is based on all available information, including discussion with outside legal counsel. If a reasonable estimate of a known or probable loss cannot be made, but a range of probable losses can be estimated, the low-end of the range of losses is recognized if no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other. If a material loss is reasonably possible, but not probable and can be reasonably estimated, the estimated loss or range of loss is disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred.

When determining the estimated probable loss or range of losses, significant judgment is required to be exercised in order to estimate the amount and timing of the loss to be recorded. Estimates of probable losses resulting from litigation are inherently difficult to make, particularly when the matters are in early procedural stages with incomplete facts and information. The final outcome of legal proceedings is dependent on many variables difficult to predict and, therefore, the ultimate cost to entirely resolve such matters may be materially different than the amount of current estimates. Consequently, new information or changes in judgments and estimates could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flows.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company adopted FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers in the first quarter of the Company’s fiscal year that began on January 1, 2018, using the full retrospective method, which required the Company to restate each prior reporting period presented. This new standard replaced the previous revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. Please see the Company’s “Revenue Recognition” policy in the “Significant Accounting Policies” section above.

The areas impacted include future contractual billings related to services included in the Company’s multi-year contracts, which are considered performance obligations that should be part of the contract consideration allocated to all performance obligations rather than being excluded due to its contingent nature as required under the previous revenue standard. Accordingly, the amount of contract consideration allocated to the performance obligations identified in the Company’s system arrangements is different from the amounts allocated under the previous revenue standard. In general, revenue is recognized earlier as a greater amount of the contract consideration is allocated to the product-related performance obligations that generally are delivered upfront, and therefore, less consideration is allocated to the service performance obligation that is generally recognized over the service period.

In addition, the Company recognized an asset associated with the incremental costs of obtaining revenue generating customer contracts that it expects to benefit from over a period longer than one year. The Company capitalized sales commissions paid in connection with system sale arrangements that include multi-year service obligations and is amortizing such asset over the economic life of those contracts. Previously, sales commissions were expensed as incurred. The impact of this change on operating expenses in any given period will depend, in part, on the amount of such commissions incurred and capitalized in relation to the amount of ongoing amortization expense.

Adoption of the standard using the full retrospective method also require the Company to restate certain previously reported results, including the impact to provision for income taxes. The adjustments to the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income are as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):



	Fiscal 2017							Fiscal 2016
	As Previously Reported		Adjustments			As Restated		As Previously Reported		Adjustments			As Restated
Revenue:
Product	$	2,547.1	$	18.2		$	2,565.3	$	2,187.4	$	8.4		$	2,195.8
Service	581.8		(8.9		)	572.9		517.0		(6.3		)	510.7
Total revenue	3,128.9		9.3			3,138.2		2,704.4		2.1			2,706.5
Cost of revenue:
Product	754.9		1.4			756.3		663.3		(0.7		)	662.6
Service	179.9		—			179.9		151.0		—			151.0
Total cost of revenue	934.8		1.4			936.2		814.3		(0.7		)	813.6
Gross profit	2,194.1		7.9			2,202.0		1,890.1		2.8			1,892.9
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative	810.9		(0.4		)	810.5		705.3		(1.7		)	703.6
Research and development	328.6		—			328.6		239.6		—			239.6
Total operating expenses	1,139.5		(0.4		)	1,139.1		944.9		(1.7		)	943.2
Income from operations	1,054.6		8.3			1,062.9		945.2		4.5			949.7
Interest and other income, net	41.9		—			41.9		35.6		—			35.6
Income before taxes	1,096.5		8.3			1,104.8		980.8		4.5			985.3
Income tax expense	436.5		(2.6		)	433.9		244.9		2.1			247.0
Net income attributable to Intuitive Surgical, Inc.	$	660.0	$	10.9		$	670.9	$	735.9	$	2.4		$	738.3
Net income per share attributable to Intuitive Surgical, Inc.:
Basic	$	5.91	$	0.10		$	6.01	$	6.40	$	0.03		$	6.43
Diluted	$	5.67	$	0.10		$	5.77	$	6.24	$	0.02		$	6.26
Total comprehensive income attributable to Intuitive Surgical, Inc.	$	653.4	$	10.9		$	664.3	$	736.5	$	2.4		$	738.9

The adjustments to the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are as follows (in millions):



	December 31, 2017
	As Previously Reported		Adjustments			As Restated
ASSETS
Accounts receivable, net	$	511.9	$	(4.0	)	$	507.9
Prepaids and other current assets	$	97.2	$	2.0		$	99.2
Deferred tax assets	$	87.3	$	(15.3	)	$	72.0
Intangible and other assets, net	$	159.7	$	36.1		$	195.8

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deferred revenue	$	284.5	$	(40.7	)	$	243.8
Other accrued liabilities	$	169.5	$	(0.6	)	$	168.9
Other long-term liabilities	$	327.1	$	6.5		$	333.6
Retained earnings	$	61.4	$	53.6		$	115.0

In addition, the cumulative effect of ASC 606 to the Company’s retained earnings at January 1, 2016, was $40.3 million. Adoption of the standard had no impact to total net cash from or used in operating, investing, or financing activities within the consolidated statements of cash flows.

As part of the Company’s adoption of ASC 606, the Company elected to use the following practical expedients: (i) to exclude disclosures of transaction prices allocated to remaining performance obligations when the Company expects to recognize such revenue for all periods prior to the date of initial application of ASC 606; (ii) not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component when the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between the Company’s transfer of a promised product or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that product or service will be one year or less; (iii) to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract when the amortization period would have been one year or less; (iv) not to recast revenue for contracts that begin and end in the same fiscal year; and (v) not to assess whether promised goods or services are performance obligations if they are immaterial in the context of the contract with the customer.

Intra-Entity Transfer of Assets Other than Inventory

Beginning fiscal 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfer of Assets Other than Inventory, which requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. The Company adopted this standard using the modified retrospective approach, and as a result, recorded a deferred tax asset with a corresponding cumulative adjustment to retained earnings of $390.8 million as of January 1, 2018, associated with an intra-entity transfer of certain intellectual property rights related to the Company’s non-U.S. business to its Swiss entity.

Business Combinations: Clarifying the Definition of a Business

Beginning fiscal 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses, and applied the new guidance prospectively. Refer to “Note 6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for further information on acquisitions accounted for as business combinations during fiscal 2018.

Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash

Beginning fiscal 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires the statement of cash flows to explain the change during the period relating to total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. The Company adopted this standard using the retrospective transition method by restating its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to include restricted cash of $15.0 million in the beginning and ending cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances for 2017 and 2016. Net cash flows for 2017 and 2016 did not change as a result of including restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts presented on the statements of cash flows. As of December 31, 2018, the cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balance includes restricted cash of $51.5 million. Restricted cash was included in prepaids and other current assets and intangible and other assets, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

In 2018, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Act. The Company elected to reclassify such tax effects in the period of adoption and resulted in the reclassification of $1.3 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings.

Disclosure Framework for Fair Value Measurement

In 2018, the Company elected to early adopt ASU No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which amends ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 modified the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, and adding certain disclosures. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Improvements to Employee Share-based Payment Accounting

In 2017, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which changes among other things, how the tax effects of share-based awards are recognized. ASU 2016-09 requires excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to be recognized in the provision for income taxes as discrete items in the period when the awards vest or are settled, whereas previously such income tax effects were generally recorded as part of additional paid-in capital. The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017, included excess tax benefits associated with employee equity plans of $116.2 million and $102.8 million, respectively, which reduced the Company’s effective tax rate by 9.1 and 9.3 percentage points, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017. This ASU also eliminates the requirement to reclassify cash flows related to excess tax benefits from operating activities to financing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In 2017, the Company adopted this provision retrospectively by reclassifying $44.1 million of excess tax benefits from financing activities to operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Leases (Topic 842)

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 842”), which amends the existing accounting standards for leases. The new standard requires lessees to record a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a corresponding lease liability on the balance sheet (with the exception of short-term leases), whereas under current accounting standards, the Company’s lease portfolio consists of operating leases and is not recognized on its consolidated balance sheets. The new standard also requires expanded disclosures regarding leasing arrangements. The new standard is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2019. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides an alternative modified transition method. Under this method, the cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings is recognized on the date of adoption with prior periods not restated.

The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company expects to elect: (1) the ‘package of practical expedients’, which permits it not to reassess under the new standard its prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification, and initial direct costs; (2) the use-of-hindsight; and (3) the practical expedient pertaining to land easements. In addition, the new standard provides practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing accounting that the Company anticipates making, such as the (1) the election for certain classes of underlying asset to not separate non-lease components from lease components and (2) the election for short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify.

The Company will adopt ASU 842 as of January 1, 2019, using the alternative modified transition method. In preparation of adopting ASC 842, the Company is implementing additional internal controls to enable future preparation of financial information in accordance with ASC 842. The Company has also substantially completed its evaluation of the impact on the Company’s lease portfolio. The Company believes the largest impact will be on the consolidated balance sheets for the accounting of facilities-related leases, which represents a majority of its operating leases it has entered into as a lessee. These leases will be recognized under the new standard as ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. The Company will also be required to provide expanded disclosures for its leasing arrangements. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $95.4 million of undiscounted future minimum operating lease commitments that are not recognized on its consolidated balance sheets as determined under the current standard. For a lessee, the results of operations are not expected to significantly change after adoption of the new standard.

In addition, the Company’s customers finance purchases of da Vinci systems and ancillary products, including directly with the Company as the lessor. For a lessor, the new standard applied is largely unchanged from the previous standard and the Company does not anticipate a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

While substantially complete, the Company is still in the process of finalizing its evaluation of the effect of ASU 842 on the Company’s financial statements and disclosures. The Company will finalize its accounting assessment and quantitative impact of the adoption during the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. As the Company completes its evaluation of this new standard, new information may arise that could change the Company’s current understanding of the impact to leases. Additionally, the Company will continue to monitor industry activities and any additional guidance provided by regulators, standards setters, or the accounting profession, and adjust the Company’s assessment and implementation plans accordingly.

Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles (Topic 350): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This new standard also requires customers to expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement. This new standard becomes effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020, with early adoption permitted. This new standard can be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact and timing of adopting this new standard on its Consolidated Financial Statements.