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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to the general practices within the banking industry. In management’s opinion, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements, have been included. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or for any other interim periods. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Certain amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements of prior periods have been reclassified to conform to current year presentations. The reclassifications had no effect on net income, net income per share, or shareholders’ equity as previously reported. All dollar amounts included in the tables in these notes are in thousands, except per share data, unless otherwise stated.

Loans

Loans are reported at their recorded investment, which is the outstanding principal balance net of any unearned income, such as deferred fees and costs, charge-offs, and acquisition accounting adjustments (discounts) on acquired loans. Interest on loans is recognized over the term of the loan and is calculated using the interest method on principal amounts outstanding. Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield over the contractual term of the loan, adjusted for early pay-offs, where applicable.

All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged off are reversed against interest income at the time the loan is classified as nonaccrual. Any subsequent interest received on these loans is recognized as interest income on the cash basis until the loan qualifies to return to accrual status. Generally, a loan is returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured, or it becomes well-secured and in the process of collection.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses (“ALL”) reflects management’s judgment of probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Management uses a disciplined process and methodology to establish the ALL each quarter. To determine the total ALL, the Company estimates the reserves needed for each homogenous segment and class of the loan portfolio, and for any loans analyzed individually for impairment. Depending on the nature of each segment and class, considerations include historical loss experience, adverse situations that may affect a borrower’s ability to repay, credit scores, past due history, estimated value of any underlying collateral, prevailing local and national economic conditions, and internal policies and procedures, including credit risk management and underwriting. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as conditions change.

The ALL consists of specific, general, and unallocated components. The specific component is determined by identifying impaired loans (as described below) then evaluating those meeting certain criteria to calculate the amount of impairment. Impaired loans measured for impairment generally include (1) any loan risk rated Special Mention or worse where the borrower has filed for bankruptcy; and (2) all loans risk rated Substandard or worse with balances of $400 thousand or more; and (3) all loans classified as a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). A specific allowance is held when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component of the ALL is the result of the collective evaluation of any loans not identified as impaired or evaluated as impaired and are grouped into segments and classes. Historical loss experience is calculated and applied to each segment or class, as well as adjustments for qualitative factors. Qualitative factors include changes in local and national economic indicators, such as unemployment rates, interest rates, gross domestic product growth, and real estate market trends; the level of past due and nonaccrual loans; risk ratings on individual loans; strength of credit policies and procedures; loan officer experience; borrower credit scores; and other intrinsic risks related to the types and geographic locations of loans. These qualitative adjustments reflect management’s judgment of risks inherent in the segments. An unallocated component is maintained, if needed, to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. Changes in the allowance for loan losses and the related provision expense can materially affect net income.

Internal Risk Rating Grades

Internal Risk Rating Grades

All loans in the Company’s loan portfolio, with the exception of purchased consumer loans, are risk rated using loan risk grading software that employs a variety of algorithms based on detailed account characteristics to include borrower’s payment history on a total relationship basis as well as loan to value exposure. For non-homogenous loans, management reviews these resulting grade assignments and makes adjustments to the final grade where appropriate based on an assessment of additional external information that may affect a particular loan. For purchased consumer loans, a loan is rated “substandard” when it is 90 days or more past due; otherwise, the loan is graded “pass”.

  Risk rating categories are as follows:

Pass – Borrower is strong or sound and collateral securing the loan, if any, is adequate.

Watch – Borrower exhibits some signs of financial stress but is generally believed to be a satisfactory customer and collateral, if any, may be in excess of 90% of the loan balance.

Special Mention – Adverse trends in the borrower’s financial position are evident and warrant management’s close attention. Any collateral may not be fully adequate to secure the loan balance.

Substandard – A loan in this category has a well-defined weakness in the primary repayment source that jeopardizes the timely collection of the debt. There is a distinct possibility that a loss may result if the weakness is not corrected.

Doubtful – Default has already occurred and it is likely that foreclosure or repossession procedures have begun or will begin in the near future. Weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing information, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss – Uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted.

Troubled Debt Restructuring

Troubled Debt Restructuring

For economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial condition, management may grant a concession to a borrower that it would not otherwise consider. In cases where borrowers are granted new terms that provide for a reduction of either interest or principal or an extension of the maturity date at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risks, the related loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring. Management strives to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and may work with them to modify their loan to more affordable terms before their loan reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms may include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, payment forbearance, and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss to the Company.