▪Nonqualified Stock Options: Options to purchase common stock have an exercise price equal to the market price of the common stock at the date of grant, are service-based, become exercisable over a three-year period and expire 10 years from the date of grant. Unvested option awards are subject to forfeiture following a termination of employment, except where the retirement criteria under such awards have been met and subject to certain other exceptions described below.

▪Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units: These RSU awards generally vest in Sempra common stock at the end of three-year performance periods based on Sempra’s total return to shareholders relative to that of specified market indices or based on the compound annual growth rate of Sempra’s EPS. The comparative market indices for the awards that vest based on total return to shareholders are the S&P 500 Utilities Index (excluding water companies) and the S&P 500 Index. We use long-term analyst consensus growth estimates for S&P 500 Utilities Index peer companies (excluding water companies) to develop our targets for awards that vest based on EPS growth. If Sempra’s total return to shareholders or EPS growth is below the target levels but above threshold performance levels, shares are subject to partial vesting on a pro rata basis. If Sempra’s total return to shareholders or EPS growth exceeds target levels, up to an additional 100% of the granted RSUs may be issued. These RSU awards are subject to forfeiture prior to vesting following a termination of employment, except where the retirement criteria under such awards have been met and subject to certain other exceptions described below.

▪Service-Based Restricted Stock Units: RSUs may also be service-based; these generally vest ratably over three-year service periods. These awards are subject to earlier forfeiture upon termination of employment, subject to certain exceptions described below.

For awards that would otherwise be forfeited upon termination of employment, the Compensation and Talent Development Committee of Sempra’s board of directors may waive the forfeiture requirement and, with respect to options and service-based RSUs, may accelerate vesting. Awards are also subject to accelerated vesting under certain circumstances upon a change in control under the applicable LTIP, in accordance with severance pay agreements or to the extent otherwise required by the terms of the applicable award. Dividend equivalents on shares subject to RSUs are reinvested to purchase additional common shares that become subject to the same vesting conditions as the RSUs to which the dividends relate.

We measure and recognize compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to our employees and directors based on estimated fair values on the date of grant. We recognize compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate (based on historical experience) and recognize the compensation costs for nonqualified stock options and RSUs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally three years. However, for awards granted to retirement-eligible participants, the expense is recognized over the initial year in which the award was granted as the award requires service through

the end of the year in which it was granted. For awards granted to participants who become eligible for retirement during the requisite service period, the expense is recognized over the period between the date of grant and the later of the end of the year in which the award was granted or the date the participant first becomes eligible for retirement. Substantially all awards outstanding are classified as equity instruments; therefore, we recognize additional paid in capital as we recognize the compensation expense associated with the awards. We recognize in earnings the tax benefits (or deficiencies) resulting from tax deductions that are in excess of (or less than) tax benefits related to compensation cost recognized for share-based payments.

Sempra subsidiaries record an expense for the plans to the extent that subsidiary employees participate in the plans and/or the subsidiaries are allocated a portion of the Sempra plans’ corporate staff costs. Total share-based compensation expense for all of Sempra’s share-based awards was comprised as follows:


SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE
(Dollars in millions)
	Years ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Sempra:
Share-based compensation expense, before income taxes(1)	$	71	$	61	$	58
Income tax benefit(1)	(9)		(17)		(16)
	$	62	$	44	$	42

Capitalized share-based compensation cost	$	12	$	11	$	9
Excess income tax (benefit) deficiency	(6)		(3)		(9)
SDG&E:
Share-based compensation expense, before income taxes	$	13	$	11	$	10
Income tax benefit	(2)		(3)		(3)
	$	11	$	8	$	7

Capitalized share-based compensation cost	$	7	$	6	$	5
Excess income tax (benefit) deficiency	(1)		—		(1)
SoCalGas:
Share-based compensation expense, before income taxes	$	18	$	17	$	14
Income tax benefit	(3)		(5)		(4)
	$	15	$	12	$	10

Capitalized share-based compensation cost	$	5	$	5	$	4
Excess income tax (benefit) deficiency	(1)		—		(1)

We use a Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of each nonqualified stock option grant. The use of a valuation model requires us to make certain assumptions about selected model inputs. Expected volatility is calculated based on a blend of the historical and implied volatility of Sempra’s common stock price. The average expected term for options is based on the vesting schedule, contractual term of the option, expected employee exercise and post-termination behavior. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term estimated at the date of the grant. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, Sempra’s board of directors granted 326,574, 439,796 and 445,240 nonqualified stock options, respectively, that become exercisable over a three-year period. The weighted-average per-share fair value for options granted was $17.50, $10.99 and $9.54 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. To calculate this fair value, we used the Black-Scholes model with the following weighted-average assumptions:


KEY ASSUMPTIONS FOR STOCK OPTIONS GRANTED

	Years ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Sempra:
Stock price volatility	27.35	%	26.08	%	26.57	%
Expected term	5.36 years		5.36 years		5.36 years
Risk-free rate of return	3.89	%	1.40	%	0.41	%
Annual dividend yield	2.98	%	3.33	%	3.38	%


NONQUALIFIED STOCK OPTIONS

	Common shares under options	Weighted- average exercise price		Weighted- average remaining contractual term (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value (in millions)
Sempra:
Outstanding at January 1, 2023	1,433,224	$	63.51
Granted	326,574	$	76.86
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	1,759,798	$	65.99	7.14	$	15

Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2023	1,759,798	$	65.99	7.14	$	15
Exercisable at December 31, 2023	991,618	$	63.02	6.30	$	12

The aggregate intrinsic value at December 31, 2023 is the total of the difference between Sempra’s closing common stock price and the exercise price for all in-the-money options. The aggregate intrinsic value for nonqualified stock options exercised in the last three years was:

We use a Monte-Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of our RSUs that vest based on Sempra’s total return to shareholders. Our determination of fair value is affected by the historical volatility of the common stock price for Sempra and its peer group companies. The valuation also is affected by the risk-free rates of return and a number of other variables. Below are key assumptions for RSUs granted in the last three years:


RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS

	Performance-based restricted stock units			Service-based restricted stock units
	Units	Weighted- average grant-date fair value		Units	Weighted- average grant-date fair value
Sempra:
Nonvested at January 1, 2023	1,679,590	$	72.20	551,274	$	65.43
Granted	661,620	$	82.64	272,729	$	76.76
Vested	(443,854)	$	77.86	(266,962)	$	65.81
Forfeited	(67,372)	$	75.93	(32,072)	$	87.08
Nonvested at December 31, 2023(1)	1,829,984	$	74.46	524,969	$	70.63
Expected to vest at December 31, 2023	1,804,044	$	74.38	512,658	$	70.54

(1) Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of our common stock if applicable performance conditions are satisfied. For all performance-based RSUs, up to an additional 100% of the shares represented by the RSUs may be issued if Sempra exceeds target performance conditions.

We expect $38 million of total compensation cost related to nonvested RSUs not yet recognized as of December 31, 2023 to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.55 years. The weighted-average per-share fair values for performance-based RSUs granted were $73.47 and $66.52 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The weighted-average per-share fair values for service-based RSUs granted were $66.32 and $62.42 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.