10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑    QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

or

☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to             

Commission File Number: 001-13251

SLM Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Delaware			52-2013874
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
300 Continental Drive	Newark,	Delaware	19713
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

(302) 451-0200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $.20 per share	SLM	The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $.20 per share	SLMBP	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer	☑		Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐ No ☑ 

As of March 31, 2023, there were 242,249,757 shares of common stock outstanding.

SLM CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 1.	Notes to the Financial Statements	10
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	46
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	71
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	74
PART II. Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	75
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	75
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	75
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	75
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	75
Item 5.	Other Information	75
Item 6.	Exhibits	76

2 SLM CORPORATION

 

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)	2023		2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,716,379	$	4,616,117
Investments:
Trading investments at fair value (cost of $41,282 and $47,554, respectively)	51,342		55,903
Available-for-sale investments at fair value (cost of $2,487,749 and $2,554,332, respectively)	2,311,062		2,342,089
Other investments	98,067		94,716
Total investments	2,460,471		2,492,708
Loans held for investment (net of allowance for losses of $1,479,306 and $1,357,075, respectively)	21,087,563		19,626,868
Loans held for sale	26,202		29,448
Restricted cash	181,764		156,719
Other interest-earning assets	13,031		11,162
Accrued interest receivable	1,331,017		1,202,059
Premises and equipment, net	137,890		140,728
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net	116,001		118,273
Income taxes receivable, net	337,177		380,058
Tax indemnification receivable	2,858		2,816
Other assets	43,548		34,073
Total assets	$	29,453,901	$	28,811,029
Liabilities
Deposits	$	21,803,666	$	21,448,071
Long-term borrowings	5,513,976		5,235,114
Other liabilities	309,164		400,874
Total liabilities	27,626,806		27,084,059
Commitments and contingencies
Equity
Preferred stock, par value $0.20 per share, 20 million shares authorized:
Series B: 2.5 million and 2.5 million shares issued, respectively, at stated value of $100 per share	251,070		251,070
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share, 1.125 billion shares authorized: 437.6 million and 435.1 million shares issued, respectively	87,530		87,025
Additional paid-in capital	1,121,082		1,109,072
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (net of tax benefit of ($25,139) and ($30,160), respectively)	(78,333)		(93,870)
Retained earnings	3,250,478		3,163,640
Total SLM Corporation stockholders’ equity before treasury stock	4,631,827		4,516,937
Less: Common stock held in treasury at cost: 195.4 million and 194.4 million shares, respectively	(2,804,732)		(2,789,967)
Total equity	1,827,095		1,726,970
Total liabilities and equity	$	29,453,901	$	28,811,029

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

SLM CORPORATION 3

 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	Three Months Ended   March 31,
	2023		2022
Interest income:
Loans	$	582,784	$	458,044
Investments	11,331		5,479
Cash and cash equivalents	43,483		1,515
Total interest income	637,598		465,038
Interest expense:
Deposits	183,531		49,537
Interest expense on short-term borrowings	3,018		2,875
Interest expense on long-term borrowings	45,981		37,594
Total interest expense	232,530		90,006
Net interest income	405,068		375,032
Less: provisions for credit losses	114,112		98,050
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses	290,956		276,982
Non-interest income:
Gains (losses) on sales of loans, net	(9)		9,881
Gains (losses) on securities, net	1,711		(3,580)
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net	—		(5)
Other income	20,009		15,629
Total non-interest income	21,711		21,925
Non-interest expenses:
Operating expenses:
Compensation and benefits	87,649		71,981
FDIC assessment fees	11,529		5,684
Other operating expenses	55,361		54,341
Total operating expenses	154,539		132,006
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense	2,272		733
Total non-interest expenses	156,811		132,739
Income before income tax expense	155,856		166,168
Income tax expense	37,338		37,356
Net income	118,518		128,812
Preferred stock dividends	4,063		1,275
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114,455	$	127,537
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.46
Average common shares outstanding	241,497		276,977
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.45
Average common and common equivalent shares outstanding	243,549		280,654
Declared dividends per common share	$	0.11	$	0.11

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

4 SLM CORPORATION

 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended   March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	118,518	$	128,812
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments	35,556		(81,041)
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges	(14,999)		52,530
Total unrealized gains (losses)	20,557		(28,511)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(5,020)		6,894
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (expense) benefit	15,537		(21,617)
Total comprehensive income	$	134,055	$	107,195

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

SLM CORPORATION 5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited)
		Common Stock Shares
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)	Preferred Stock Shares	Issued	Treasury	Outstanding	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021	2,510,696	432,013,372	(153,056,639)	278,956,733	$	251,070	$	86,403	$	1,074,384	$	(17,897)	$	2,817,134	$	(2,061,383)	$	2,149,711
Net income	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		128,812		—		128,812
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		(21,617)		—		—		(21,617)
Total comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		107,195
Cash dividends declared:
Common stock ($0.11 per share)	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		(30,493)		—		(30,493)
Preferred Stock, Series B ($0.51 per share)	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		(1,275)		—		(1,275)
Dividend equivalent units related to employee stock-based compensation plans	—	—	—	—	—		—		618		—		(634)		—		(16)
Issuance of common shares	—	2,594,817	—	2,594,817	—		519		(71)		—		—		—		448
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—	—	—	—		—		11,921		—		—		—		11,921
Common stock repurchased	—	—	(9,533,392)	(9,533,392)	—		—		—		—		—		(175,943)		(175,943)
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans	—	—	(934,602)	(934,602)	—		—		—		—		—		(17,341)		(17,341)
Balance at March 31, 2022	2,510,696	434,608,189	(163,524,633)	271,083,556	$	251,070	$	86,922	$	1,086,852	$	(39,514)	$	2,913,544	$	(2,254,667)	$	2,044,207

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6 SLM CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited)
		Common Stock Shares
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)	Preferred Stock Shares	Issued	Treasury	Outstanding	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022	2,510,696	435,121,140	(194,445,696)	240,675,444	$	251,070	$	87,025	$	1,109,072	$	(93,870)	$	3,163,640	$	(2,789,967)	$	1,726,970
Net income	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		118,518		—		118,518
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		15,537		—		—		15,537
Total comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		—		—		134,055
Cash dividends declared:
Common stock ($0.11 per share)	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		(26,635)		—		(26,635)
Preferred Stock, Series B ($1.62 per share)	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		(4,063)		—		(4,063)
Issuance of common shares	—	2,523,744	—	2,523,744	—		505		474		—		(982)		—		(3)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—	—	—	—		—		11,536		—		—		—		11,536
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans	—	—	(949,431)	(949,431)	—		—		—		—		—		(14,765)		(14,765)
Balance at March 31, 2023	2,510,696	437,644,884	(195,395,127)	242,249,757	$	251,070	$	87,530	$	1,121,082	$	(78,333)	$	3,250,478	$	(2,804,732)	$	1,827,095

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

SLM CORPORATION 7

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Operating activities
Net income	$	118,518	$	128,812
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Provisions for credit losses	114,112		98,050
Income tax expense	37,338		37,356
Amortization of brokered deposit placement fee	3,121		3,425
Amortization of Secured Borrowing Facility upfront fee	723		569
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs and loan premium/(discounts), net	3,421		4,455
Net amortization of discount on investments	(622)		965
Increase in tax indemnification receivable	(42)		(108)
Depreciation of premises and equipment	4,524		4,189
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense	2,272		733
Stock-based compensation expense	11,536		11,921
Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives and hedging activities, net	(56)		315
(Gains) losses on sales of loans, net	9		(9,881)
(Gains) losses on securities, net	(1,711)		3,580
Acquisition transaction costs, net	—		2,511
Other adjustments to net income, net	3,063		3,655
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in accrued interest receivable	(257,888)		(185,294)
Increase in non-marketable securities	—		(992)
(Increase) decrease in other interest-earning assets	(1,869)		328
Increase in other assets	(26,632)		(17,529)
Increase (decrease) in income taxes payable, net	2,483		(4,243)
Increase in accrued interest payable	20,358		14,779
Decrease in other liabilities	(23,770)		(34,808)
Total adjustments	(109,630)		(66,024)
Total net cash provided by operating activities	8,888		62,788
Investing activities
Loans acquired and originated	(2,463,358)		(2,215,958)
Net proceeds from sales of loans held for investment	(9)		45,729
Proceeds from FFELP Loan claim payments	11,274		5,594
Net decrease in loans held for investment (other than loans acquired and originated, and loan sales)	912,681		1,153,297
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(4,992)		(536,633)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities	73,352		686,806
Purchase of subsidiary, net of cash acquired	—		(127,702)
Total net cash used in investing activities	(1,471,052)		(988,867)
Financing activities
Brokered deposit placement fee	(2,634)		(2,207)
Net increase (decrease) in certificates of deposit	515,909		(127,815)
Net increase (decrease) in other deposits	(167,836)		543,767
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - issued	569,871		—
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - repaid	(293,120)		(381,005)
Issuance costs for unsecured debt offering	—		(360)
Fees paid on Secured Borrowing Facility	(16)		—
Common stock dividends paid	(26,635)		(30,493)
Preferred stock dividends paid	(4,063)		(1,275)
Common stock repurchased	(4,005)		(169,322)
Total net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	587,471		(168,710)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(874,693)		(1,094,789)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	4,772,836		4,545,344

8 SLM CORPORATION

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	3,898,143	$	3,450,555
Cash disbursements made for:
Interest	$	198,874	$	68,458
Income taxes paid	$	4,700	$	5,066
Income taxes refunded	$	(7,273)	$	(916)
Reconciliation of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,716,379	$	3,262,595
Restricted cash	181,764		187,960
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	3,898,143	$	3,450,555

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

SLM CORPORATION 9

1. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited, consolidated financial statements of SLM Corporation (“Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SLM Corporation and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been included. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any other period. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”).

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions.

We consolidate any variable interest entity (“VIE”) where we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

10 SLM CORPORATION

2. Investments

Trading Investments

We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest (i.e., five percent of each class issued in the securitizations). We classify those vertical risk retention interests related to the transactions as available-for-sale investments, except for the interest in the residual classes, which we classify as trading investments recorded at fair value with changes recorded through earnings.

At December 31, 2022 we had a $5 million investment in a convertible debt security classified as a trading investment. In March 2023, this security, and the related accrued interest, was converted into equity securities classified as investments in non-marketable securities.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $51 million and $56 million, respectively, classified as trading investments.

Available-for-Sale Investments

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale are as follows:

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for credit losses(1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	387,158	$	—	$	62	$	(61,886)	$	325,334
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	3,460		—		—		(294)		3,166
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	1,758,032		—		—		(92,548)		1,665,484
Other securities	339,099		—		334		(22,355)		317,078
Total	$	2,487,749	$	—	$	396	$	(177,083)	$	2,311,062
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands	Amortized Cost		Allowance for credit losses(1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	389,067	$	—	$	2	$	(68,705)	$	320,364
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	3,584		—		—		(357)		3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	1,804,726		—		—		(115,416)		1,689,310
Other securities	356,955		—		33		(27,800)		329,188
Total	$	2,554,332	$	—	$	35	$	(212,278)	$	2,342,089

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors and that was recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (as a credit loss expense on available-for-sale securities). The amount excludes unrealized losses related to non-credit factors.

SLM CORPORATION 11

2. Investments (Continued)

The following table summarizes the amount of gross unrealized losses for our available-for-sale securities and the estimated fair value for securities having gross unrealized loss positions, categorized by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

(Dollars in thousands)	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
As of March 31, 2023:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	(1,138)	$	22,201	$	(60,748)	$	297,543	$	(61,886)	$	319,744
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	—		—		(294)		3,166		(294)		3,166
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	(4,463)		193,623		(88,085)		1,471,861		(92,548)		1,665,484
Other securities	(8,451)		156,624		(13,904)		128,538		(22,355)		285,162
Total	$	(14,052)	$	372,448	$	(163,031)	$	1,901,108	$	(177,083)	$	2,273,556
As of December 31, 2022:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	(13,956)	$	99,598	$	(54,749)	$	220,576	$	(68,705)	$	320,174
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	(357)		3,227		—		—		(357)		3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	(28,128)		689,300		(87,288)		1,000,010		(115,416)		1,689,310
Other securities	(15,852)		232,546		(11,948)		92,883		(27,800)		325,429
Total	$	(58,293)	$	1,024,671	$	(153,985)	$	1,313,469	$	(212,278)	$	2,338,140

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 182 of 193 and 191 of 194, respectively, of our available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position.

Impairment

For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. For securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet these criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, as well as any guarantees (e.g., guarantees by the U.S. Government) that may be applicable to the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the credit-related portion of the loss is recorded as an allowance for losses on the security.

Our investment portfolio contains mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, as well as Utah Housing Corporation bonds. We own these securities to meet our requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”). We also invest in other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Farm Credit Bank. Our mortgage-backed securities that were issued under Ginnie Mae programs carry a full faith and credit guarantee from the U.S. Government. The remaining mortgage-backed securities in a net loss position carry a principal and interest guarantee by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. Our Treasury and other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds are rated Aaa by Moody’s Investors Service or AA+ by Standard and Poor’s. The decline in value from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 was driven by the current interest rate environment and is not credit related. We have the intent and ability to hold these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. Based on this qualitative analysis, we have determined that no credit impairment exists.

We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest. We classify the non-residual vertical risk retention interests as available-for-sale investments. We have the intent and ability to hold each of these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. We expect to receive all contractual cash flows related to these investments and do not consider a credit impairment to exist.

12 SLM CORPORATION

2. Investments (Continued)

As of March 31, 2023, the amortized cost and fair value of securities, by contractual maturities, are summarized below. Contractual maturities versus actual maturities may differ due to the effect of prepayments.

As of March 31, 2023 Year of Maturity (dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
2023	$	114,993	$	113,061
2024	698,346		670,601
2025	298,066		286,613
2026	548,319		499,306
2027	98,309		95,902
2038	71		73
2039	718		719
2042	2,528		2,227
2043	4,434		4,055
2044	5,412		5,057
2045	5,443		4,940
2046	7,963		7,165
2047	8,386		7,586
2048	2,056		2,001
2049	16,374		14,836
2050	114,601		93,786
2051	161,035		130,855
2052	56,605		50,153
2053	109,892		100,141
2054	83,670		75,428
2055	98,051		94,030
2058	52,477		52,527
Total	$	2,487,749	$	2,311,062

Some of the mortgage-backed securities and a portion of the government securities have been pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank (the “FRB”) as collateral against any advances and accrued interest under the Primary Credit lending program sponsored by the FRB. We had $530 million and $547 million par value of securities pledged to this borrowing facility at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, as discussed further in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings” in this Form 10-Q.

Other Investments

Investments in Non-Marketable Securities

We hold investments in non-marketable securities and account for these investments at cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer. Changes in market value are recorded through earnings. Because these are non-marketable securities, we use observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer, or when observable prices are not available, use market data of similar entities, in determining any changes in the value of the securities. In March 2023 our $5 million investment in a convertible debt security, classified as a trading investment, and the related accrued interest were converted into a equity securities and were reclassified to investments in non-marketable securities. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, our total investment in these securities was $14 million and $8 million, respectively.

Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments

We invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”), which is designed to promote private development of low-income housing. These investments generate a return mostly through

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2. Investments (Continued)

realization of federal tax credits and tax benefits from net operating losses on the underlying properties. Total carrying value of the LIHTC investments was $78 million at March 31, 2023 and $80 million at December 31, 2022. We are periodically required to provide additional financial support during the investment period. Our liability for these unfunded commitments was $40 million at March 31, 2023 and $46 million at December 31, 2022.

Related to these investments, we recognized tax credits and other tax benefits through tax expense of less than $1 million at March 31, 2023 and $9 million at December 31, 2022. Tax credits and other tax benefits are recognized as part of our annual effective tax rate used to determine tax expense in a given quarter. Accordingly, the portion of a year’s expected tax benefits recognized in any given quarter may differ from 25 percent.

3. Loans Held for Investment

Loans held for investment consist of Private Education Loans, FFELP Loans, and Credit Cards. We use “Private Education Loans” to mean education loans to students or their families that are not made, insured, or guaranteed by any state or federal government. Private Education Loans do not include loans insured or guaranteed under the previously existing Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). We use “Credit Cards” to refer to our suite of Credit Cards with bonus rewards. At September 30, 2022, we transferred our Credit Card portfolio to loans held for sale because we plan to sell our Credit Card portfolio. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, “Loans Held for Sale” in this Form 10-Q.

Our Private Education Loans are made largely to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount funded through financial aid, government loans, and customers’ resources. Private Education Loans bear the full credit risk of the customer. We manage this risk through risk-performance underwriting strategies and qualified cosigners. Private Education Loans may be fixed-rate or may carry a variable interest rate indexed to LIBOR, the London interbank offered rate, or SOFR, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 42 percent and 45 percent, respectively, of all of our Private Education Loans were indexed to LIBOR or SOFR. We provide incentives for customers to include a cosigner on the loan, and the vast majority of Private Education Loans in our portfolio are cosigned. We also encourage customers to make payments while in school.

FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default, subject to a risk-sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, we receive 97 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993, and before July 1, 2006, we receive 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, we receive 100 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims.

In the first quarter of 2022, we recognized $10 million in gains from the sale of approximately $95 million of our Private Education Loans, including $89 million of principal and $6 million in capitalized interest, to an unaffiliated third party. There were VIEs created in the execution of certain of these loan sales; however, based on our consolidation analysis, we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. These transactions qualified for sale treatment and removed the balance of the loans from our balance sheet on the respective settlement dates. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings - Unconsolidated VIEs” in this Form 10-Q. There were no loan sales in the first quarter of 2023.

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3. Loans Held for Investment (Continued)

Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Private Education Loans:
Fixed-rate	$	12,726,875	$	11,108,079
Variable-rate	9,171,128		9,195,609
Total Private Education Loans, gross	21,898,003		20,303,688
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	75,051		69,656
Allowance for credit losses	(1,475,379)		(1,353,631)
Total Private Education Loans, net	20,497,675		19,019,713
FFELP Loans	592,318		609,050
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	1,497		1,549
Allowance for credit losses	(3,927)		(3,444)
Total FFELP Loans, net	589,888		607,155
Loans held for investment, net	$	21,087,563	$	19,626,868

The estimated weighted average life of education loans in our portfolio was approximately 5.0 years and 5.0 years at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The average balance (net of unamortized premium/(discount)) and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans held for investment in our portfolio are summarized as follows:

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate		Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans	$	21,755,202	10.66	%	$	21,858,270	8.38	%
FFELP Loans	602,072		6.87		690,540		3.51
Credit Cards(1)	—		—		26,622		3.95
Total portfolio	$	22,357,274			$	22,575,432

(1) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held for sale at September 30, 2022.

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4. Loans Held for Sale

We had $26 million in loans held for sale at March 31, 2023 and $29 million in loans held for sale at December 31, 2022. The balance at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was comprised of our Credit Card loan portfolio. At September 30, 2022, we reversed $2.4 million through the provisions for credit losses for the allowance related to these loans, when the loans were transferred to held for sale. At September 30, 2022, we wrote down this loan portfolio to its estimated fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses of $1.5 million.

5. Allowance for Credit Losses

Our provision for credit losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb lifetime expected credit losses in the held for investment loan portfolios. The evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. We believe the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to cover lifetime losses expected to be incurred in the loan portfolios. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion.

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

Allowance for Credit Losses Metrics

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP Loans			Private Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	3,444		$	1,353,631		$	—		$	1,357,075
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			148,513			—			148,513
Provisions:
Provision for current period	739			56,334			730			57,803
Total provisions(2)	739			56,334			730			57,803
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(256)			(95,085)			(741)			(96,082)
Recoveries	—			11,986			11			11,997
Net charge-offs	(256)			(83,099)			(730)			(84,085)
Ending Balance	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—		$	22,490,321
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	1,150,802		$	—		$	1,150,802
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.23		%	2.11		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.66		%	6.40		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.88		%	9.00		%	—		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	3.83			4.44			—
Ending total loans, gross	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	451,451		$	15,764,143		$	—
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	446,214		$	15,990,459		$	—
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	408,263		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	56,334
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	56,309
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	112,643
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	739
Credit Cards	730
Total	1,469
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	114,112

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP  Loans			Private  Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	4,077		$	1,158,977		$	2,281		$	1,165,335
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			94,686			—			94,686
Provisions:
Provision for current period	21			48,460			137			48,618
Loan sale reduction to provision	—			(5,247)			—			(5,247)
Total provisions(2)	21			43,213			137			43,371
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(99)			(83,856)			(111)			(84,066)
Recoveries	—			8,033			3			8,036
Net charge-offs	(99)			(75,823)			(108)			(76,030)
Ending Balance	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547		$	22,445,189
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	993,698		$	—		$	993,698
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.07		%	1.89		%	1.63		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.59		%	5.37		%	8.39		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.75		%	7.43		%	8.39		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	10.10			4.03			5.35
Ending total loans, gross	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	543,303		$	16,013,289		$	26,551
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	535,080		$	16,095,157		$	27,547
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	331,405		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	43,213
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	54,679
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	97,892
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	21
Credit Cards	137
Total	158
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	98,050

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

Allowance for Credit Losses - Forecast Assumptions

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we changed our loss model to include forecasts of college graduate unemployment, home price index, and median family income in determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Prior to this change, we used forecasts of college graduate unemployment and the Consumer Price Index in our loss forecasting models. We obtain forecasts for these inputs from Moody’s Analytics. Moody’s Analytics provides a range of forecasts for each of these inputs with various likelihoods of occurring. We determine which forecasts we will include in our estimation of the allowance for credit losses and the associated weightings for each of these inputs. At March 31, 2022, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2023, we used the Base (50th percentile likelihood of occurring)/S1 (stronger near-term growth scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring)/S3 (downside scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring) scenarios and weighted them 40 percent, 30 percent, and 30 percent, respectively. Management reviews both the scenarios and their respective weightings each quarter in determining the allowance for credit losses.

Provisions for credit losses in the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $16 million compared with the year-ago period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the increase in the provision for credit losses was primarily the result of new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, slower prepayment rates, and changes in economic outlook and recovery rates.

As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans and accrued interest to be capitalized and of ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment; and delinquency and forbearance percentages.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. We use a discounted cash flow model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.

The effect of most modifications of loans made to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance. The forecast of expected future cash flows is updated as the loan modifications occur.

We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations and achieve better student outcomes and increase the collectability of the loans. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative.

When we give a borrower facing financial difficulty an interest rate reduction, we temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4.0 percent for a two-year period and, in the vast majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. The combination of these two loan term changes helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate.

Within the Private Education Loan portfolio, we deem loans greater than 90 days past due as nonperforming. FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest by the federal government in the event of default and, therefore, we do not deem FFELP Loans as nonperforming from a credit risk perspective at any point in their life cycle prior to claim payment and continue to accrue interest on those loans through the date of claim.

For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies —Allowance for Credit Losses,” and Note 7, “Allowance for Credit Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Under our current forbearance practices, temporary forbearance of payments is generally granted in one-to-two month increments, for up to 12 months over the life of the loan, with 12 months of positive payment performance by a borrower required between grants (meaning the borrower must make payment in a cumulative amount equivalent to 12 monthly required payments under the loan). See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans” in our 2022 Form 10-K. If the loan has been previously restructured, we consider the cumulative effect of past restructurings made within the 12-month period before the current restructuring when determining whether a delay in payment resulting from the current restructuring is insignificant. Due to

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

our current forbearance practices, including the limitations on forbearances offered to borrowers, we do not believe the granting of forbearances will exceed the significance threshold and, therefore, we do not consider the forbearances as loan modifications.

The limitations on granting of forbearances described above apply to hardship forbearances. We offer other administrative forbearances (e.g., death and disability, bankruptcy, military service, disaster forbearance, and in school assistance) that are either required by law (such as by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act) or are considered separate from our active loss mitigation programs and therefore are not considered to be loan modifications requiring disclosure. In addition, we may offer on a limited basis term extensions or rate reductions or a combination of both to borrowers to reduce consolidation activities. For purposes of this disclosure, we do not consider them modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and they therefore are not included in the tables below.

The following tables show the amortized cost basis at the end of the respective reporting periods of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the period, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification. When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We consider borrowers to be in financial difficulty after they have exited school and have difficulty making their scheduled principal and interest payments.

	Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Interest Rate Reduction				Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type:	Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans	$	12,902	0.06	%	$	81,780	0.35	%
Total	$	12,902	0.06	%	$	81,780	0.35	%

	Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Interest Rate Reduction				Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type:	Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans	$	7,679	0.04	%	$	79,597	0.37	%
Total	$	7,679	0.04	%	$	79,597	0.37	%

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to loans whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Interest Rate Reduction		Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type	Financial Effect	Loan Type	Financial Effect
Private Education Loans	Reduced average contractual rate from 12.47% to 4.00%	Private Education Loans	Added a weighted average 10.19 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.74% to 4.00%

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Interest Rate Reduction		Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type	Financial Effect	Loan Type	Financial Effect
Private Education Loans	Reduced average contractual rate from 10.09% to 4.00%	Private Education Loans	Added a weighted average 10.51 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 9.43% to 4.00%

Private Education Loans are charged off at the end of the month in which they reach 120 days delinquent or otherwise when the loans are classified as a loss by us or our regulator. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, and — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion.

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

For the current period presented, the following table provides loan modifications for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. Additionally, for the current period presented, the table summarizes charge-offs occurring in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. The charge-offs and payment defaults for the year-ago period are presented for loans receiving a loan modification during the reporting period rather than within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification, as the effective date of adoption for the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, was January 1, 2022. We define payment default as 60 days past due for purposes of this disclosure.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023						Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Modified Loans(1)(2)		Payment Default(3)		Charge-Offs(4)		Modified Loans(1)(2)		Payment Default(3)		Charge-Offs(4)
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	11,624	$	11,404	$	4,628	$	290	$	287	$	—
Total	$	11,624	$	11,404	$	4,628	$	290	$	287	$	—

(1) Represents period-end amortized cost basis of loans that have been modified and for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of receiving a modification (or within the reporting period, for the loans shown in in the year-ago period, as the case may be).

(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the modified loans include $10.4 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $1.2 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the modified loans include $0.3 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and no interest rate reduction only loan modifications.

(3) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of payment default.

(4) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of charge off.

We closely monitor performance of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that are modified to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified during the respective reporting periods (first-quarter 2023 and full year 2022, respectively).

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
At March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Deferment(1)		Current(2)(3)		30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3)		60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3)		90 Days or Greater  Past Due(2)(3)		Total
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	412	$	92,213	$	1,353	$	358	$	346	$	94,682
Total	$	412	$	92,213	$	1,353	$	358	$	346	$	94,682

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
At December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Deferment(1)		Current(2)(3)		30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3)		60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3)		90 Days or Greater  Past Due(2)(3)		Total
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	7,698	$	289,134	$	13,859	$	8,809	$	6,616	$	326,116
Total	$	7,698	$	289,134	$	13,859	$	8,809	$	6,616	$	326,116

(1) Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make full principal and interest payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). Deferment also includes loans that have entered a forbearance after the loan modification was granted.

(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making full principal and interest payments after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Key Credit Quality Indicators

FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default; therefore, there are no key credit quality indicators associated with FFELP Loans.

For Private Education Loans, the key credit quality indicators are FICO scores, the existence of a cosigner, the loan status, and loan seasoning. The FICO scores are assessed at original approval and periodically refreshed/updated through the loan’s term. The following tables highlight the gross principal balance of our Private Education Loan portfolio (held for investment), by year of origination, stratified by key credit quality indicators.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators
Year of Origination	2023(1)		2022(1)		2021(1)		2020(1)		2019(1)		2018 and Prior(1)		Total(1)		% of Balance
Cosigners:
With cosigner	$	728,950	$	4,951,808	$	3,858,219	$	2,130,947	$	1,782,069	$	5,681,899	$	19,133,892	87	%
Without cosigner	123,455		736,310		586,435		360,304		305,385		652,222		2,764,111		13
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
FICO at Origination(2):
Less than 670	$	72,432	$	438,029	$	304,216	$	154,665	$	171,983	$	554,184	$	1,695,509	8	%
670-699	125,846		785,900		602,706		346,297		327,433		1,077,557		3,265,739		15
700-749	270,689		1,771,760		1,410,157		806,546		692,615		2,132,757		7,084,524		32
Greater than or equal to 750	383,438		2,692,429		2,127,575		1,183,743		895,423		2,569,623		9,852,231		45
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
FICO Refreshed(2)(3):
Less than 670	$	88,378	$	659,414	$	498,641	$	256,177	$	249,547	$	969,883	$	2,722,040	12	%
670-699	128,620		792,523		571,683		277,061		235,805		706,213		2,711,905		12
700-749	267,500		1,715,364		1,324,781		710,463		591,355		1,717,774		6,327,237		30
Greater than or equal to 750	367,907		2,520,817		2,049,549		1,247,550		1,010,747		2,940,251		10,136,821		46
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
Seasoning(4):
1-12 payments	$	443,563	$	2,988,688	$	522,305	$	327,647	$	271,788	$	507,620	$	5,061,611	23	%
13-24 payments	—		324,873		2,414,470		201,750		211,025		586,952		3,739,070		17
25-36 payments	—		—		159,673		1,299,993		158,750		570,770		2,189,186		10
37-48 payments	—		—		—		118,240		1,023,883		568,996		1,711,119		8
More than 48 payments	—		—		—		—		62,249		3,448,382		3,510,631		16
Not yet in repayment	408,842		2,374,557		1,348,206		543,621		359,759		651,401		5,686,386		26
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
2023 Current period(5) gross charge-offs	$	—	$	(2,262)	$	(12,072)	$	(10,615)	$	(11,773)	$	(58,363)	$	(95,085)
2023 Current period(5) recoveries	—		207		1,428		1,167		1,460		7,723		11,985
2023 Current period(5) net charge-offs	$	—	$	(2,055)	$	(10,644)	$	(9,448)	$	(10,313)	$	(50,640)	$	(83,100)
Total accrued interest by origination vintage	$	13,564	$	241,786	$	351,527	$	209,889	$	177,587	$	310,373	$	1,304,726
(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment. (2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower. (3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the first-quarter 2023. (4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due. (5)Current period refers to period from January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023.

SLM CORPORATION 23

5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators
Year of Origination	2022(1)		2021(1)		2020(1)		2019(1)		2018(1)		2017 and Prior(1)		Total(1)		% of Balance
Cosigners:
With cosigner	$	3,656,111	$	3,941,921	$	2,208,033	$	1,853,619	$	1,402,828	$	4,626,491	$	17,689,003	87	%
Without cosigner	620,422		605,238		376,589		319,041		213,014		480,381		2,614,685		13
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
FICO at Origination(2):
Less than 670	$	326,991	$	307,646	$	158,606	$	177,098	$	143,674	$	439,587	$	1,553,602	8	%
670-699	593,216		611,649		356,541		339,685		259,142		878,426		3,038,659		15
700-749	1,336,765		1,440,510		834,819		719,777		537,680		1,722,068		6,591,619		32
Greater than or equal to 750	2,019,561		2,187,354		1,234,656		936,100		675,346		2,066,791		9,119,808		45
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
FICO Refreshed(2)(3):
Less than 670	$	443,868	$	461,589	$	242,310	$	237,105	$	204,894	$	773,324	$	2,363,090	12	%
670-699	594,118		579,784		284,244		240,999		173,754		564,344		2,437,243		12
700-749	1,322,558		1,378,910		748,368		628,060		449,701		1,388,090		5,915,687		29
Greater than or equal to 750	1,915,989		2,126,876		1,309,700		1,066,496		787,493		2,381,114		9,587,668		47
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
Seasoning(4):
1-12 payments	$	2,448,884	$	636,073	$	384,334	$	330,316	$	235,878	$	424,636	$	4,460,121	22	%
13-24 payments	—		2,477,764		255,510		195,753		166,045		455,782		3,550,854		18
25-36 payments	—		—		1,366,398		257,534		126,223		489,157		2,239,312		11
37-48 payments	—		—		127		1,008,418		224,805		451,102		1,684,452		8
More than 48 payments	—		—		—		—		643,611		2,830,285		3,473,896		17
Not yet in repayment	1,827,649		1,433,322		578,253		380,639		219,280		455,910		4,895,053		24
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
2022 Current period(5) gross charge-offs	$	(2,224)	$	(25,698)	$	(48,271)	$	(62,071)	$	(57,505)	$	(231,647)	$	(427,416)
2022 Current period(5) recoveries	124		1,841		4,170		5,556		5,407		24,639		41,737
2022 Current period(5) net charge-offs	$	(2,100)	$	(23,857)	$	(44,101)	$	(56,515)	$	(52,098)	$	(207,008)	$	(385,679)
Total accrued interest by origination vintage	$	142,915	$	315,308	$	207,858	$	184,832	$	116,211	$	210,438	$	1,177,562

(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment.

(2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.

(3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the fourth-quarter 2022.

(4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due.

(5)Current period refers to January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022.

24 SLM CORPORATION

5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

Delinquencies - Private Education Loans Held for Investment

The following tables provide information regarding the loan status of our Private Education Loans held for investment, by year of origination. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following tables, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			2018 and Prior			Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1)	$	408,842		$	2,374,557		$	1,348,206		$	543,621		$	359,759		$	651,401		$	5,686,386
Loans in forbearance(2)	1,256			20,755			42,385			27,115			28,094			101,553			221,158
Loans in repayment:
Loans current	441,192			3,263,917			2,972,969			1,859,452			1,632,668			5,275,984			15,446,182
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)	1,115			17,902			38,446			28,762			31,442			149,333			267,000
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)	—			6,395			22,104			17,136			18,428			76,723			140,786
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)	—			4,592			20,544			15,165			17,063			79,127			136,491
Total Private Education Loans in repayment	442,307			3,292,806			3,054,063			1,920,515			1,699,601			5,581,167			15,990,459
Total Private Education Loans, gross	852,405			5,688,118			4,444,654			2,491,251			2,087,454			6,334,121			21,898,003
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	5,089			29,718			15,151			8,476			5,109			11,508			75,051
Total Private Education Loans	857,494			5,717,836			4,459,805			2,499,727			2,092,563			6,345,629			21,973,054
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(61,767)			(372,947)			(296,851)			(170,497)			(138,625)			(434,692)			(1,475,379)
Private Education Loans, net	$	795,727		$	5,344,889		$	4,162,954		$	2,329,230		$	1,953,938		$	5,910,937		$	20,497,675
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	51.9		%	57.9		%	68.7		%	77.1		%	81.4		%	88.1		%	73.0		%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	0.3		%	0.9		%	2.7		%	3.2		%	3.9		%	5.5		%	3.4		%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance	0.3		%	0.6		%	1.4		%	1.4		%	1.6		%	1.8		%	1.4		%

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

SLM CORPORATION 25

5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018			2017 and Prior			Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1)	$	1,827,649		$	1,433,322		$	578,253		$	380,639		$	219,280		$	455,910		$	4,895,053
Loans in forbearance(2)	16,046			64,360			38,613			37,802			30,583			91,681			279,085
Loans in repayment:
Loans current	2,411,441			2,991,839			1,907,574			1,683,986			1,301,809			4,262,698			14,559,347
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)	14,164			30,740			30,877			35,213			31,366			144,948			287,308
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)	5,523			15,056			14,433			18,201			16,697			77,595			147,505
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)	1,710			11,842			14,872			16,819			16,107			74,040			135,390
Total Private Education Loans in repayment	2,432,838			3,049,477			1,967,756			1,754,219			1,365,979			4,559,281			15,129,550
Total Private Education Loans, gross	4,276,533			4,547,159			2,584,622			2,172,660			1,615,842			5,106,872			20,303,688
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	26,714			15,933			9,062			5,496			3,575			8,876			69,656
Total Private Education Loans	4,303,247			4,563,092			2,593,684			2,178,156			1,619,417			5,115,748			20,373,344
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(304,943)			(323,506)			(181,915)			(141,424)			(101,023)			(300,820)			(1,353,631)
Private Education Loans, net	$	3,998,304		$	4,239,586		$	2,411,769		$	2,036,732		$	1,518,394		$	4,814,928		$	19,019,713
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	56.9		%	67.1		%	76.1		%	80.7		%	84.5		%	89.3		%	74.5		%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	0.9		%	1.9		%	3.1		%	4.0		%	4.7		%	6.5		%	3.8		%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance	0.7		%	2.1		%	1.9		%	2.1		%	2.2		%	2.0		%	1.8		%

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

26 SLM CORPORATION

5. Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued)

 Accrued Interest Receivable

The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest on loans making full interest payments. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on the loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school, and the current expected credit losses on accrued interest that will be capitalized is included in our allowance for credit losses.

	Private Education Loans
	Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands)	Total Interest Receivable		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)
March 31, 2023	$	1,304,726	$	6,638	$	6,523
December 31, 2022	$	1,177,562	$	6,609	$	8,121

(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment (at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 relates to $154 million and $240 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable) that is not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is expected to be capitalized ($1.2 billion and $937 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) is reserved in the allowance for credit losses.

SLM CORPORATION 27

6. Unfunded Loan Commitments

When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses, — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for additional information.

At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2022/2023 academic year. The tables below summarize the activity in the allowance recorded to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets, as well as the activity in the unfunded commitments balance.

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Allowance		Unfunded Commitments		Allowance		Unfunded Commitments
Beginning Balance	$	124,924	$	1,995,808	$	72,713	$	1,776,976
Provision/New commitments - net(1)	52,252		1,124,816		47,454		968,830
Other provision items	4,057		—		7,226		—
Transfer - funded loans(2)	(148,513)		(2,436,271)		(94,686)		(2,184,058)
Ending Balance	$	32,720	$	684,353	$	32,707	$	561,748

(1)     Net of expirations of commitments unused.

(2)     When a loan commitment is funded, its related liability for credit losses (which originally was recorded as a provision for unfunded commitments) is transferred to the allowance for credit losses.

The unfunded commitments disclosed above represent the total amount of outstanding unfunded commitments at each period end. However, historically not all of these commitments are funded prior to the expiration of the commitments. We estimate the amount of commitments expected to be funded in calculating the reserve for unfunded commitments. The amount we expect to fund and use in our calculation of the reserve for unfunded commitments will change period to period based upon the loan characteristics of the underlying commitments.

28 SLM CORPORATION

7. Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

Goodwill

We recorded as goodwill the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as part of the acquisition of the assets primarily used or held for use of Epic Research Education Services, LLC, which does business as Nitro College (“Nitro”), in the first quarter of 2022. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested periodically for impairment. We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the year, or more frequently if we believe that indicators of impairment exist. At March 31, 2023 we had $51 million in total goodwill. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Business Combination” in our 2022 Form 10-K for additional details on our acquisition of Nitro.

Acquired Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets include acquired tradename and trademarks, customer relationships, and developed technology. We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.

Acquired intangible assets include the following:

		March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Useful Life (in years)(1)	Cost Basis		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Cost Basis		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Tradename and trademarks	10	$	68,470	$	(7,418)	$	61,052	$	68,470	$	(5,706)	$	62,764
Customer relationships	5	5,670		(2,178)		3,492		5,670		(1,723)		3,947
Developed technology	3	1,260		(455)		805		1,260		(350)		910
Total acquired intangible assets		$	75,400	$	(10,051)	$	65,349	$	75,400	$	(7,779)	$	67,621

(1)     The weighted average useful life of acquired intangible assets related to the Nitro acquisition is 9.51 years.

We recorded amortization of acquired intangible assets totaling approximately $2 million and $1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We will continue to amortize our intangible assets with definite useful lives over their remaining estimated useful lives. We estimate amortization expense associated with these intangible assets will be approximately $9 million, $8 million, $8 million, $7 million, and $7 million in 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively.

SLM CORPORATION 29

8. Deposits

The following table summarizes total deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Deposits - interest-bearing	$	21,801,666	$	21,446,647
Deposits - non-interest-bearing	2,000		1,424
Total deposits	$	21,803,666	$	21,448,071

Our total deposits of $21.8 billion were comprised of $10.3 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to total deposits of $21.4 billion, which were comprised of $9.9 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2022.

Interest-bearing deposits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity money market deposits (“MMDAs”), and retail and brokered certificates of deposit (“CDs”). Interest-bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $8.0 billion and $8.0 billion of our deposit total as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $3 million and $3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $3 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest bearing deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

 

	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)		Amount		Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)
Money market	$	10,788,126	4.26	%	$	10,977,242	3.75	%
Savings	1,007,994		3.75		982,586		3.15
Certificates of deposit	10,005,546		2.97		9,486,819		2.57
Deposits - interest bearing	$	21,801,666			$	21,446,647

    (1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.

30 SLM CORPORATION

8. Deposits (Continued)

Certificates of deposit remaining maturities are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
One year or less	$	3,257,529	$	3,224,573
After one year to two years	3,123,281		2,954,257
After two years to three years	2,199,697		1,904,919
After three years to four years	1,176,953		1,031,881
After four years to five years	207,676		324,375
After five years	40,410		46,814
Total	$	10,005,546	$	9,486,819

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $471 million and $615 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. These omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms. Accrued interest on deposits was $69 million and $59 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

SLM CORPORATION 31

9. Borrowings

Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term asset-backed securitization (“ABS”) program and our Private Education Loan multi-lender secured borrowing facility (the “Secured Borrowing Facility”). For additional information regarding our borrowings, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, “Borrowings” in our 2022 Form 10-K. The following table summarizes our borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Short-Term		Long-Term		Total
Unsecured borrowings:
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate)	$	—	$	989,788	$	989,788	$	—	$	988,986	$	988,986
Total unsecured borrowings	—		989,788		989,788		—		988,986		988,986
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations:
Fixed-rate	—		3,759,190		3,759,190		—		3,462,363		3,462,363
Variable-rate	—		764,998		764,998		—		783,765		783,765
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total secured borrowings	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Total	$	—	$	5,513,976	$	5,513,976	$	—	$	5,235,114	$	5,235,114

Short-term Borrowings

On May 17, 2022, we amended our Secured Borrowing Facility to extend the maturity of the facility. The amount that can be borrowed under the facility is $2 billion. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility trust. Under the Secured Borrowing Facility, we incur financing costs on unused borrowing capacity and on outstanding advances. The amended Secured Borrowing Facility extended the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay, and reborrow funds, until May 16, 2023. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on May 16, 2024 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). At both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were no secured borrowings outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility.

32 SLM CORPORATION

9. Borrowings (Continued)

Long-term Borrowings

Secured Financings

2023 Transaction

On March 15, 2023, we executed our $579 million SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2023-A term ABS transaction, which was accounted for as a secured financing. We sold $579 million of notes to third parties and retained a 100 percent interest in the residual certificates issued in the securitization, raising approximately $572 million of gross proceeds. The Class A and Class B notes had a weighted average life of 5.06 years and priced at a weighted average SOFR equivalent cost of SOFR plus 1.53 percent. On March 31, 2023, $639 million of our Private Education Loans, including $598 million of principal and $41 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered because of this transaction.

Secured Financings at Issuance

The following table summarizes our secured financings issued in the year ended December 31, 2022 and in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Issue	Date Issued	Total Issued		Weighted Average Cost of Funds(1)	Weighted Average Life  (in years)
(Dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loans:
2022-C	August 2022	$	575,000	SOFR plus 1.76%	4.69
Total notes issued in 2022		$	575,000
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2022(2)		$	674,387
2023-A	March 2023	$	579,000	SOFR plus 1.53%	5.06
Total notes issued in 2023		$	579,000
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2023(3)		$	644,573

(1) Represents SOFR equivalent cost of funds for floating and fixed-rate bonds, excluding issuance costs.

(2) At March 31, 2023, $610 million of our Private Education Loans, including $572 million of principal and $38 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.

(3) At March 31, 2023, $639 million of our Private Education Loans, including $598 million of principal and $41 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.

SLM CORPORATION 33

9. Borrowings (Continued)

Consolidated Funding Vehicles

We consolidate our financing entities that are VIEs as a result of our being the entities’ primary beneficiary. As a result, these financing VIEs are accounted for as secured borrowings.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Debt Outstanding						Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Loans		Restricted Cash		Other Assets(1)		Total
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	—	$	4,524,188	$	4,524,188	$	5,728,010	$	181,764	$	322,715	$	6,232,489
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		360		360
Total	$	—	$	4,524,188	$	4,524,188	$	5,728,010	$	181,764	$	323,075	$	6,232,849

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Debt Outstanding						Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Loans		Restricted Cash		Other Assets(1)		Total
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	—	$	4,246,128	$	4,246,128	$	5,433,602	$	156,719	$	286,093	$	5,876,414
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		1,066		1,066
Total	$	—	$	4,246,128	$	4,246,128	$	5,433,602	$	156,719	$	287,159	$	5,877,480

(1) Other assets primarily represent accrued interest receivable.

Unconsolidated VIEs

Private Education Loan Securitizations

Unconsolidated VIEs include variable interests that we hold in certain securitization trusts created by the sale of our Private Education Loans to unaffiliated third parties. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales, and we are also the administrator of these trusts. Additionally, we own five percent of the securities issued by the trusts to meet risk retention requirements. We were not required to consolidate these entities because the fees we receive as the servicer/administrator are commensurate with our responsibility, so the fees are not considered a variable interest. Additionally, the five percent vertical interest we maintain does not absorb more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected losses, nor do we receive more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected residual returns.

The table below provides a summary of our exposure related to our unconsolidated VIEs.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Debt Interests(1)		Equity Interests(2)		Total Exposure		Debt Interests(1)		Equity Interests(2)		Total Exposure
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	317,077	$	51,342	$	368,419	$	329,188	$	50,786	$	379,974

(1) Vertical risk retention interest classified as available-for-sale investment.

(2) Vertical risk retention interest classified as trading investment.

34 SLM CORPORATION

9. Borrowings (Continued)

Other Borrowing Sources

We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at March 31, 2023. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.

We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Discount Window (the “Window”). The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as FFELP Loans and Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.

10. Derivative Financial Instruments

Risk Management Strategy

We maintain an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate changes. Our goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity by modifying the repricing frequency and underlying index characteristics of certain balance sheet assets or liabilities so any adverse impacts related to movements in interest rates are managed within low to moderate limits. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged balance sheet positions will appreciate or depreciate in market value or create variability in cash flows. Income or loss on the derivative instruments linked to the hedged item will generally offset the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation or volatility in cash flows for the period the item is being hedged. We view this strategy as a prudent management of interest rate risk. Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of our risk management strategy.

Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and the London Clearing House (“LCH”). All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of March 31, 2023, $1.8 billion notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $0.2 billion were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 90.0 percent and 10.0 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $2.0 billion at March 31, 2023.

For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of March 31, 2023 was $(47) million and $(6) million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are presented as realized gains (losses).

Our exposure is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain/loss positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $11 million and $12 million, respectively.

SLM CORPORATION 35

10. Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued)

Summary of Derivative Financial Statement Impact

The following tables summarize the fair values and notional amounts of all derivative instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and their impact on earnings and other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022. Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, and trading activities.

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
		Cash Flow Hedges				Fair Value Hedges				Trading				Total
		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Fair Values(1)	Hedged Risk Exposure
Derivative Assets:(2)
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	—	$	972	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	972
Derivative Liabilities:(2)
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	(1,714)		—		(101)		(567)		—		—		(1,815)		(567)
Total net derivatives		$	(1,714)	$	972	$	(101)	$	(567)	$	—	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	405

(1)    Fair values reported include variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract. Assets and liabilities are presented without consideration of master netting agreements. Derivatives are carried on the balance sheet based on net position by counterparty under master netting agreements and classified in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether in a net positive or negative position.

(2)    The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

	Other Assets				Other Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross position(1)	$	—	$	972	$	(1,815)	$	(567)
Impact of master netting agreement	—		(567)		—		567
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet)	—		405		(1,815)		—
Cash collateral pledged(2)	13,031		11,162		—		—
Net position	$	13,031	$	11,567	$	(1,815)	$	—

(1)Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.

(2)Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

Notional Values
	Cash Flow				Fair Value				Trading				Total
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest rate swaps	$	1,285,120	$	1,314,660	$	702,309	$	1,528,186	$	—	$	—	$	1,987,429	$	2,842,846
Net total notional	$	1,285,120	$	1,314,660	$	702,309	$	1,528,186	$	—	$	—	$	1,987,429	$	2,842,846

36 SLM CORPORATION

10. Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued)

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
Line Item in the Balance Sheet in Which the Hedged Item is Included:	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Deposits	$	(677,893)	$	(1,494,087)	$	24,224	$	31,259

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Income
	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Fair Value Hedges
Interest rate swaps:
Interest recognized on derivatives	$	(6,405)	$	17,287
Hedged items recorded in interest expense	(7,035)		51,268
Derivatives recorded in interest expense	7,096		(51,319)
Total	$	(6,344)	$	17,236
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate swaps:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense	$	10,278	$	(4,541)
Total	$	10,278	$	(4,541)
Trading
Interest rate swaps:
Change in fair value of future interest payments recorded in earnings	$	—	$	(248)
Total	—		(248)
Total	$	3,934	$	12,447

SLM CORPORATION 37

10. Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued)

Impact of Derivatives on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(4,721)	$	47,989
Less: amount of gain (loss) reclassified in interest expense	10,278		(4,541)
Total change in other comprehensive income (loss) for unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, before income tax (expense) benefit	$	(14,999)	$	52,530

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate deposits. During the next 12 months, we estimate that $41 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense.

Cash Collateral

As of March 31, 2023, cash collateral held and pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts held with the CME and LCH. There was no cash collateral held by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Collateral held is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties was $13 million and $11 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Collateral pledged is recorded in “Other interest-earning assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

38 SLM CORPORATION

11. Stockholders’ Equity

The following table summarizes our common share repurchases and issuances.

 

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Shares and per share amounts in actuals)	2023		2022
Common stock repurchased under repurchase programs(1)	—		9,533,392
Average purchase price per share(2)	$	—	$	18.46
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans(3)	949,431		934,602
Average purchase price per share	$	15.55	$	18.55
Common shares issued(4)	2,523,744		2,594,817

(1) Common shares purchased under our share repurchase programs. We have utilized all capacity under our 2021 Share Repurchase Program. There was $581 million of capacity remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program at March 31, 2023.

(2) Average purchase price per share includes purchase commission costs.

(3) Comprised of shares withheld from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock for employees’ tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs.

(4)  Common shares issued under our various compensation and benefit plans.

The closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on March 31, 2023 was $12.39.

Common Stock Dividends

In both March 2023 and March 2022, we paid a common stock dividend of $0.11 per common share.

Share Repurchases

On January 27, 2021, we announced a share repurchase program (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”), which was effective upon announcement and expired on January 26, 2023, and originally permitted us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $1.25 billion.

In October 2021, our Board of Directors approved a $250 million increase in the amount of common stock that may be repurchased under our 2021 Share Repurchase Program. This was in addition to the original $1.25 billion of authorization announced on January 27, 2021, for a total 2021 Share Repurchase Program authorization of $1.5 billion. Under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 2.0 million shares of common stock for $38 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. We have utilized all capacity under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program.

On January 26, 2022, we announced a new share repurchase program (the “2022 Share Repurchase Program”), which was effective upon announcement and expires on January 25, 2024, and permits us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $1.25 billion. Under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 7.5 million shares of common stock for $138 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. We did not repurchase shares of common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2023. We had $581 million of capacity remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program at March 31, 2023.

So long as there is unexpired capacity under a given repurchase program, repurchases under the programs may occur from time to time and through a variety of methods, including tender offers, open market repurchases, repurchases effected through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, negotiated block purchases, accelerated share repurchase programs, or other similar transactions. The timing and volume of any repurchases under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program will be subject to market conditions, and there can be no guarantee that the Company will repurchase up to the limit of the program or at all.

Share Repurchases under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 we did not repurchase shares of our common stock; during the three months ended March 31, 2022 we repurchased 9.5 million shares of our common stock at a total cost of $176 million under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans authorized under our share repurchase programs.

SLM CORPORATION 39

12. Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) are calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations follows.

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income	$	118,518	$	128,812
Preferred stock dividends	4,063		1,275
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114,455	$	127,537
Denominator:
Weighted average shares used to compute basic EPS	241,497		276,977
Effect of dilutive securities:
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (1)(2)	2,052		3,677
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted EPS	243,549		280,654
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.46
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.45

(1)     Includes the potential dilutive effect of additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the ESPP, determined by the treasury stock method.

(2)      For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, securities covering approximately 4 million shares and 3 million shares, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive.

40 SLM CORPORATION

13. Fair Value Measurements

We use estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for our consolidated financial statements.

We categorize our fair value estimates based on a hierarchical framework associated with three levels of price transparency utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. For additional information regarding our policies for determining fair value and the hierarchical framework, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurement” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no significant transfers of financial instruments between levels or changes in our methodology or assumptions used to value our financial instruments.

The following table summarizes the valuation of our financial instruments that are marked-to-fair value on a recurring basis.

	Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
	March 31, 2023								December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Trading investments	$	—	$	—	$	51,342	$	51,342	$	—	$	—	$	55,903	$	55,903
Available-for-sale investments	—		2,311,062		—		2,311,062		—		2,342,089		—		2,342,089
Derivative instruments	—		—		—		—		—		972		—		972
Total	$	—	$	2,311,062	$	51,342	$	2,362,404	$	—	$	2,343,061	$	55,903	$	2,398,964
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(567)	$	—	$	(567)
Total	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(567)	$	—	$	(567)

SLM CORPORATION 41

13. Fair Value Measurements (Continued)

The following table summarizes the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Difference		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Difference
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net:
Private Education Loans	$	23,088,030	$	20,497,675	$	2,590,355	$	21,062,548	$	19,019,713	$	2,042,835
FFELP Loans	601,203		589,888		11,315		618,186		607,155		11,031
Loans held for sale	26,202		26,202		—		29,448		29,448		—
Cash and cash equivalents	3,716,379		3,716,379		—		4,616,117		4,616,117		—
Trading investments	51,342		51,342		—		55,903		55,903		—
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062		2,311,062		—		2,342,089		2,342,089		—
Accrued interest receivable	1,393,556		1,331,017		62,539		1,237,074		1,202,059		35,015
Tax indemnification receivable	2,858		2,858		—		2,816		2,816		—
Derivative instruments	—		—		—		972		972		—
Total earning assets	$	31,190,632	$	28,526,423	$	2,664,209	$	29,965,153	$	27,876,272	$	2,088,881
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Money-market and savings accounts	$	11,671,878	$	11,796,120	$	124,242	$	11,854,849	$	11,959,828	$	104,979
Certificates of deposit	9,637,370		10,005,546		368,176		9,175,339		9,486,819		311,480
Long-term borrowings	5,106,299		5,513,976		407,677		4,813,233		5,235,114		421,881
Accrued interest payable	91,943		91,943		—		71,586		71,586		—
Derivative instruments	1,815		1,815		—		567		567		—
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	26,509,305	$	27,409,400	$	900,095	$	25,915,574	$	26,753,914	$	838,340
Excess of net asset fair value over carrying value					$	3,564,304					$	2,927,221

Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 17, “Fair Value Measurements” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of the methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.

42 SLM CORPORATION

14. Regulatory Capital

Sallie Mae Bank (the “Bank”) is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial position. Under the FDIC’s regulations implementing the Basel III capital framework (“U.S. Basel III”) and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings, and other factors.

The Bank is subject to the following minimum capital ratios under U.S. Basel III: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, the Bank is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Including the buffer, the Bank is required to maintain the following capital ratios under U.S. Basel III in order to avoid such restrictions: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 7.0 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 8.5 percent, and a Total risk-based capital ratio of greater than 10.5 percent.

To qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions, the Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0 percent.

Under regulations issued by the FDIC and other federal banking agencies, banking organizations that adopted CECL during the 2020 calendar year, including the Bank, could elect to delay for two years, and then phase in over the following three years, the effects on regulatory capital of CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. The Bank elected to use this option. Therefore, the regulatory capital impact of the Bank’s transition adjustments recorded on January 1, 2020 from the adoption of CECL, and 25 percent of the ongoing impact of CECL on the Bank’s allowance for credit losses, retained earnings, and average total consolidated assets, each as reported for regulatory capital purposes (collectively, the “adjusted transition amounts”), were deferred for the two-year period ending January 1, 2022. On January 1, 2022, 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1, 2023, an additional 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1 of 2024 and 2025, the adjusted transition amounts will continue to be phased in for regulatory capital purposes at a rate of 25 percent per year, with the phased-in amounts included in regulatory capital at the beginning of each year. The Bank’s January 1, 2020 CECL transition amounts increased our allowance for credit losses by $1.1 billion, increased the liability representing our off-balance sheet exposure for unfunded commitments by $116 million, and increased our deferred tax asset by $306 million, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced retained earnings by $953 million. This transition adjustment was inclusive of qualitative adjustments incorporated into our CECL allowance as necessary, to address any limitations in the models used.

SLM CORPORATION 43

14. Regulatory Capital (Continued)

At March 31, 2023, the adjusted transition amounts that were deferred and are being phased in for regulatory capital purposes are as follows:

	Adjusted Transition Amounts		Phase-In Amounts for the Year Ended		Phase-In Amounts for the Three Months Ended		Remaining Adjusted Transition Amounts to be Phased-In
(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		March 31, 2023
Retained earnings	$	836,351	$	(209,088)	$	(209,088)	$	418,175
Allowance for credit losses	1,038,145		(259,536)		(259,536)		519,073
Liability for unfunded commitments	104,377		(26,094)		(26,094)		52,189
Deferred tax asset	306,171		(76,542)		(76,542)		153,087

The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $133 million and $160 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.

(Dollars in thousands)	Actual				U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
	Amount		Ratio		Amount			Ratio
As of March 31, 2023(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	1,738,576	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	2,111,128	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,297,674	13.3	%	$	2,607,863	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	2,979,433	10.0	%	$	1,188,369	>	4.0	%
As of December 31, 2022(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,645,807	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,998,480	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,338,645	14.2	%	$	2,468,711	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	3,040,662	10.3	%	$	1,185,280	>	4.0	%

(1)    Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.

(2)    The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.

(3)    For both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the adjusted transition amounts discussed above that were phased in at the beginning of 2022 and 2023.

Bank Dividends

The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Bank declared no dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $108 million in dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2022, with the proceeds primarily used to fund the 2022 and 2021 Share

44 SLM CORPORATION

14. Regulatory Capital (Continued)

Repurchase Programs and stock dividends. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase programs.

15. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments

When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period that we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments which we expect to fund during the 2022/2023 academic year. At March 31, 2023, we had a $33 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover expected losses that may occur during the one-year loss emergence period on these unfunded commitments. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K and Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

Regulatory Matters

For additional information regarding our regulatory matters, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 21, “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries are routinely defendants in or parties to pending and threatened legal actions and proceedings, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. These actions and proceedings may be based on alleged violations of consumer protection, securities, employment, and other laws. In certain of these actions and proceedings, claims for substantial monetary damage may be asserted against us and our subsidiaries.

It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries, and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees, and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.

We are required to establish reserves for litigation and regulatory matters where those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. When loss contingencies are not both probable and estimable, we do not establish reserves.

Based on current knowledge, management does not believe there are loss contingencies, if any, arising from pending investigations, litigation, or regulatory matters for which reserves should be established.

16. Subsequent Event

2023 Loan Sale

In April 2023, we identified a pool of $2 billion of Private Education Loans that we intend to sell in a transaction that is expected to close in May 2023. The transaction will be recognized in the second-quarter 2023 consolidated financial statements.

SLM CORPORATION 45

Item 2.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following information should be read in connection with SLM Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 23, 2023) (the “2022 Form 10-K”), and subsequent reports filed with the SEC. Definitions for capitalized terms used in this report not defined herein can be found in the 2022 Form 10-K.

References in this Form 10-Q to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” and the “Company” refer to SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries, except as otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires.

This report contains “forward-looking” statements and information based on management’s current expectations as of the date of this report. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs, opinions, or expectations and statements that assume or are dependent upon future events, are forward-looking statements. This includes, but is not limited to: statements regarding future developments surrounding COVID-19 or any other pandemic, including, without limitation, statements regarding the potential impact of COVID-19 or any other pandemic on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows; our expectation and ability to pay a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock in the future, subject to the determination by our Board of Directors, and based on an evaluation of our earnings, financial condition and requirements, business conditions, capital allocation determinations, and other factors, risks, and uncertainties; the Company’s 2023 guidance; the Company’s three-year horizon outlook; the Company’s expectation and ability to execute loan sales and share repurchases; the Company’s projections regarding originations, net charge-offs, non-interest expenses, earnings, balance sheet position, and other metrics; any estimates related to accounting standard changes; and any estimates related to the impact of credit administration practices changes, including the results of simulations or other behavioral observations. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from those reflected in such forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, the risks and uncertainties set forth in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in our 2022 Form 10-K and subsequent filings with the SEC; the societal, business, and legislative/regulatory impact of pandemics and other public heath crises; increases in financing costs; limits on liquidity; increases in costs associated with compliance with laws and regulations; failure to comply with consumer protection, banking, and other laws; changes in accounting standards and the impact of related changes in significant accounting estimates, including any regarding the measurement of our allowance for credit losses and the related provision expense; any adverse outcomes in any significant litigation to which we are a party; credit risk associated with our exposure to third-parties, including counterparties to our derivative transactions; and changes in the terms of education loans and the educational credit marketplace (including changes resulting from new laws and the implementation of existing laws). We could also be affected by, among other things: changes in our funding costs and availability; reductions to our credit ratings; cybersecurity incidents, cyberattacks, and other failures or breaches of our operating systems or infrastructure, including those of third-party vendors; damage to our reputation; risks associated with restructuring initiatives, including failures to successfully implement cost-cutting programs and the adverse effects of such initiatives on our business; changes in the demand for educational financing or in financing preferences of lenders, educational institutions, students, and their families; changes in law and regulations with respect to the student lending business and financial institutions generally; changes in banking rules and regulations, including increased capital requirements; increased competition from banks and other consumer lenders; the creditworthiness of our customers; changes in the general interest rate environment, including the rate relationships among relevant money-market instruments and those of our earning assets versus our funding arrangements; rates of prepayment on the loans that we own; changes in general economic conditions and our ability to successfully effectuate any acquisitions; and other strategic initiatives. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements also requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates or assumptions may prove to be incorrect. All forward-looking statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are qualified by these cautionary statements and are made only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements to conform such statements to actual results or changes in our expectations.    

We report financial results on a GAAP basis and also provide certain non-GAAP core earnings performance measures. The difference between our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” and GAAP results for the periods presented were the unrealized, mark-to-fair value gains/losses on derivative contracts (excluding current period accruals on the derivative instruments), net of tax. These are recognized in GAAP, but not in non-GAAP “Core Earnings” results. We provide non-GAAP “Core Earnings” measures because this is one of several measures management uses when making management decisions regarding our performance and the allocation of corporate resources. Our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. For additional information, see “—Key Financial Measures” and “—Non-GAAP ‘Core Earnings’ ” in this Form 10-Q for the

46 SLM CORPORATION

quarter ended March 31, 2023 for a further discussion and a complete reconciliation between GAAP net income and non-GAAP “Core Earnings.”

Through this discussion and analysis, we intend to provide the reader with some narrative context for how our management views our consolidated financial statements, additional context within which to assess our operating results, and information on the quality and variability of our earnings, liquidity, and cash flows.

Impact of COVID-19 on Sallie Mae

For further discussion of the impact of the coronavirus 2019 or COVID-19 (“COVID-19”) pandemic on the Company, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Impact of COVID-19 on Sallie Mae” in the 2022 Form 10-K.

The COVID-19 crisis was unprecedented and has had a significant impact on the economic environment globally and in the U.S. On April 10, 2023, President Biden signed into law a joint resolution that immediately terminates the COVID-19 national emergency. There still remains some uncertainty as to the length and breadth of the COVID-19 impact to the U.S. economy and, consequently, on us. Economists expect the impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy to continue to be significant into 2023 and beyond. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Pandemic Risk” in the 2022 Form 10-K for additional discussion regarding the risks associated with COVID-19.

Selected Financial Information and Ratios

 

(In thousands, except per share data and percentages)	Three Months Ended   March 31,
	2023			2022
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114,455		$	127,537
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47		$	0.45
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted earnings per common share	243,549			280,654
Return on assets(1)	1.7		%	1.8		%
Other Operating Statistics (Held for Investment)
Ending Private Education Loans, net	$	20,497,675		$	20,586,223
Ending FFELP Loans, net	589,888			680,044
Ending total education loans, net	$	21,087,563		$	21,266,267
Ending Credit Cards, net(2)	$	—		$	25,408
Average education loans	$	22,357,274		$	22,548,810
Average Credit Cards(2)	$	—		$	26,622
(1) We calculate and report our Return on Assets as the ratio of (a) GAAP net income numerator (annualized) to (b) the GAAP total average assets denominator.
(2) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held-for-sale at September 30, 2022.

SLM CORPORATION 47

Overview

The following discussion and analysis presents a review of our business and operations as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Key Financial Measures

Our operating results are primarily driven by net interest income from our Private Education Loan portfolio, gains and losses on loan sales, provision expense for credit losses, and operating expenses. The growth of our business and the strength of our financial condition are primarily driven by our ability to achieve our annual Private Education Loan origination goals while sustaining credit quality and maintaining cost-efficient funding sources to support our originations. A brief summary of our key financial measures (net interest income; loan sales and secured financings; allowance for credit losses; charge-offs and delinquencies; operating expenses; Private Education Loan originations; funding sources; and non-GAAP “Core Earnings;”) can be found in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

LIBOR Transition

Following announcements by the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority (“UKFCA”), which regulates LIBOR, and ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, the administrator of LIBOR, publication of 1-week and 2-month USD LIBOR and all tenors for other currencies ceased after December 31, 2021. While publication of the remaining USD settings is expected to cease after June 30, 2023, U.S. banking and other global financial services regulators directed regulated institutions to cease entering into new LIBOR-based contracts as soon as practicable and in any event by the end of 2021.

In 2020, we launched a formal cross-functional replacement project with the goal of ensuring a smooth transition to a replacement index for our LIBOR-based assets and obligations with minimal negative impact on our customers, investors, and the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Chief Financial Officer and the project team monitor developments, assess impacts, propose plans and, with the approval of an executive committee, implement changes. The Chief Financial Officer and/or project team reports status regularly to our Board of Directors. In 2020, we began accepting certain deposits based on SOFR. In the second quarter of 2021, we began issuing variable-rate Private Education Loans that are indexed to SOFR. In May 2022, we renewed the Secured Borrowing Facility with an index based on SOFR and, in the third quarter of 2022, we began issuing ABS that are indexed to SOFR.

Substantially all our assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items referencing LIBOR are comprised of Private Education Loans originated before April 2021, deposits, variable-rate ABS, and derivatives. In addition, our Series B Preferred Stock is indexed to LIBOR. We plan to transition these exposures to LIBOR by changing them to an alternative reference rate, either through modification or replacement, by June 30, 2023. Approximately $157 million of our variable-rate ABS (those issued before November 2017) do not have fallback provisions for an alternative reference rate and we intend to rely upon the safe harbors provided by recently passed federal legislation to transition these ABS to an alternative reference rate. Generally, the safe harbors will shield parties from liability and damages for transitioning certain USD LIBOR-indexed contracts (generally, those that do not have provisions for an alternative reference rate) to a benchmark replacement rate based on SOFR and selected by the Federal Reserve Board. We have evaluated the potential basis risk associated with a mismatch in variable-rate assets and liabilities, including any mismatches related to (i) legacy assets and liabilities that remain indexed to LIBOR up to June 2023 and newly issued assets and liabilities that are, or will be, indexed to SOFR and (ii) term SOFR-indexed assets and liabilities and average SOFR assets and liabilities. In all such cases, we have determined the basis risk is immaterial on an aggregate basis.

48 SLM CORPORATION

The chart below depicts our current LIBOR exposure at March 31, 2023.

 

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	LIBOR Exposure
Private Education Loans	$	6,103,128
FFELP Loans	499,647
Available-for-sale investments	45,818
Total Assets	$	6,648,593
Deposits	$	1,872,573
Private Education Loan term securitizations - no contractual fallback	156,920
Private Education Loan term securitizations - alternative reference rate fallback	485,069
Total Liabilities	2,514,562
Total Equity (preferred stock)	251,070
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	2,765,632
Off-Balance Sheet:
Pay LIBOR derivative notional	$	702,309
Receive LIBOR derivative notional	1,285,120
Total derivative notional	1,987,429
Total Off-Balance Sheet	$	1,987,429

See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in the 2022 Form 10-K for additional discussion regarding the risks associated with the transition from LIBOR.

Strategic Imperatives

To further focus our business and increase shareholder value, we continue to advance our strategic imperatives. Our focus remains on maximizing the profitability and growth of our core private student loan business, while harnessing and optimizing the power of our brand and attractive client base. In addition, we continue to seek to better inform the external narrative about student lending and Sallie Mae. We also strive to maintain a rigorous and predictable capital allocation and return program to create shareholder value. We are focused on driving a mission-led culture that continues to make Sallie Mae a great place to work. We also continue to strengthen our risk and compliance function, enhance and build upon our risk management framework, and assess and monitor enterprise-wide risk.

During the first three months of 2023, we made the following progress on the above corporate strategic imperatives.

2023-A Securitization

On March 15, 2023, we executed our $579 million SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2023-A term ABS transaction, which was accounted for as a secured financing. We sold $579 million of notes to third parties and retained a 100 percent interest in the residual certificates issued in the securitization, raising approximately $572 million of gross proceeds. The Class A and Class B notes had a weighted average life of 5.06 years and priced at a weighted average SOFR equivalent cost of SOFR plus 1.53 percent.

SLM CORPORATION 49

Results of Operations

We present the results of operations below on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.

GAAP Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)	Three Months Ended   March 31,				Increase (Decrease)
	2023		2022		$		%
Interest income:
Loans	$	583	$	458	$	125	27	%
Investments	11		5		6		120
Cash and cash equivalents	44		2		42		2,100
Total interest income	638		465		173		37
Total interest expense	233		90		143		159
Net interest income	405		375		30		8
Less: provisions for credit losses	114		98		16		16
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses	291		277		14		5
Non-interest income:
Gains on sales of loans, net	—		10		(10)		(100)
Gains (losses) on securities, net	2		(4)		6		150
Other income	20		16		4		25
Total non-interest income	22		22		—		—
Non-interest expenses:
Total operating expenses	155		132		23		17
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense	2		1		1		100
Total non-interest expenses	157		133		24		18
Income before income tax expense	156		166		(10)		(6)
Income tax expense	37		37		—		—
Net income	119		129		(10)		(8)
Preferred stock dividends	4		1		3		300
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114	$	128	$	(14)	(11)	%
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.46	$	0.01	2	%
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.45	$	0.02	4	%
Declared dividends per common share	$	0.11	$	0.11	$	—	—	%

50 SLM CORPORATION

 GAAP Consolidated Earnings Summary

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared with Three Months Ended March 31, 2022

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net income attributable to common stock was $114 million, or $0.47 diluted earnings per common share, compared with net income attributable to common stock of $128 million, or $0.45 diluted earnings per common share, for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The primary drivers of changes in net income for the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter are as follows:

•Net interest income increased by $30 million in the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter primarily due to a 41-basis point increase in our net interest margin, which more than offset a $192 million reduction in our average Private Education Loans and FFELP Loans outstanding. Our net interest margin increased in the current quarter from the year-ago quarter primarily because our interest-earning assets repriced faster than our cost of funds as interest rates increased dramatically over the past year. Historically, during a period of rising interest rates, our net interest margin will typically increase because the yields on interest-earnings assets reprice more quickly than our cost of funds, and during a period of declining interest rates, we typically see our net interest margin decline.

•Provision for credit losses in the current quarter was $114 million, compared with $98 million in the year-ago quarter. During the first quarter of 2023, the increase in the provision for credit losses was primarily the result of new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, slower prepayment rates, and changes in economic outlook and recovery rates.

•Gains on sales of loans, net, in the current quarter decreased $10 million from the year-ago quarter, as there were no loan sales in the first quarter of 2023, versus $95 million in loan sales that occurred in the year-ago quarter.

•Gains (losses) on securities, net, were $2 million of gains in the current quarter compared with $4 million of losses in the year-ago quarter. The increase was due to the change in mark-to-fair value of our trading investments.

•Other income was $20 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with $16 million in the year-ago quarter. In the first quarter of 2023, there was a $4 million increase in third-party servicing fees from the year-ago quarter and a $1 million increase in Private Education Loan late fees from the year-ago quarter. The increase in third-party servicing fees was due to an additional $2.4 billion of loans that we sold during the past year where we continue to service on behalf of the owners of the loans.

•First-quarter 2023 total operating expenses were $155 million, compared with $132 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase in total operating expenses was primarily driven by higher personnel costs, initiative spending, and higher FDIC assessment fees.

•During the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $2 million in amortization of acquired intangible assets versus $1 million in the year-ago quarter related to our acquisition of Nitro in the first quarter of 2022.

•First-quarter 2023 income tax expense was $37 million, unchanged from $37 million in the year-ago quarter. Our effective income tax rate increased to 24.0 percent in the first quarter of 2023 from 22.5 percent in the year-ago quarter. The increase in the effective rate for the first quarter of 2023 was primarily due to an increase in non-deductible expenses.

SLM CORPORATION 51

Non-GAAP “Core Earnings”

We prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP. However, we also produce and report our after-tax earnings on a separate basis that we refer to as “Core Earnings.” The difference between our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” and GAAP results for periods presented generally is driven by the unrealized, mark-to-fair value gains (losses) on derivative contracts recognized in GAAP, but not in non-GAAP “Core Earnings.”

Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” recognizes the difference in accounting treatment based upon whether a derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. We enter into derivative instruments to economically hedge interest rate and cash flow risk associated with our portfolio. We believe that our derivatives are effective economic hedges and, as such, are a critical element of our interest rate risk management strategy. Those derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting treatment have their related cash flows recorded in interest income or interest expense along with the hedged item. Some of our derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and the stand-alone derivative must be marked-to-fair value in the income statement with no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of the hedged item. These gains and losses, recorded in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net,” are primarily caused by interest rate volatility and changing credit spreads during the period as well as the volume and term of derivatives not receiving hedge accounting treatment. Cash flows on derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are not recorded in interest income and interest expense; they are recorded in non-interest income: “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net.”

The adjustments required to reconcile from our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” results to our GAAP results of operations, net of tax, relate to differing treatments for those derivative instruments used to hedge our economic risks that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The amount recorded in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” includes (i) the accrual of the current payment on the interest rate swaps that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, and (ii) the change in fair values related to future expected cash flows for derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. For purposes of non-GAAP “Core Earnings,” we include in GAAP earnings the current period accrual amounts (interest reclassification) on the swaps and exclude the change in fair values for those derivatives not qualifying for hedge accounting treatment. Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” is meant to represent what earnings would have been had these derivatives qualified for hedge accounting and there was no ineffectiveness.

Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under GAAP. We provide a non-GAAP “Core Earnings” basis of presentation because we believe it better reflects the financial results for derivatives that are economic hedges of interest rate risk, but which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

GAAP provides a uniform, comprehensive basis of accounting. Our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” basis of presentation differs from GAAP in the way it treats derivatives as described above.

The following table shows the amount in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” that relates to the interest reclassification on the derivative contracts for the three months ended March 31, 2022. There were no gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		2022
Unrealized gains (losses) on instruments not in a hedging relationship		$	(248)
Interest reclassification		243
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net		$	(5)

52 SLM CORPORATION

The following table reflects adjustments associated with our derivative activities.

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	2023		2022
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP:
GAAP net income	$	118,518	$	128,812
Preferred stock dividends	4,063		1,275
GAAP net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114,455	$	127,537
Adjustments:
Net impact of derivative accounting(1)	—		248
Net tax expense(2)	—		60
Total non-GAAP “Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP	—		188
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114,455	$	127,725
GAAP diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.45
Derivative adjustments, net of tax	—		0.01
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.46

(1) Derivative Accounting: Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” exclude periodic unrealized gains and losses caused by the mark-to-fair value valuations on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under GAAP, but include current period accruals on the derivative instruments. Under GAAP, for our derivatives held to maturity, the cumulative net unrealized gain or loss over the life of the contract will equal $0.

(2) Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” tax rate is based on the effective tax rate at the Bank where the derivative instruments are held.

SLM CORPORATION 53

Financial Condition

Average Balance Sheets

The following table reflects the rates earned on interest-earning assets and paid on interest-bearing liabilities and reflects our net interest margin on a consolidated basis.

 

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023				2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Balance		Rate		Balance		Rate
Average Assets
Private Education Loans	$	21,755,202	10.66	%	$	21,858,270	8.38	%
FFELP Loans	602,072		6.87		690,540		3.51
Credit Cards	27,722		12.28		26,622		3.95
Taxable securities	2,529,536		1.82		2,646,397		0.84
Cash and other short-term investments	3,919,113		4.52		3,535,198		0.20
Total interest-earning assets	28,833,645		8.97	%	28,757,027		6.56	%
Non-interest-earning assets	165,444				472,002
Total assets	$	28,999,089			$	29,229,029
Average Liabilities and Equity
Brokered deposits	$	10,278,132	3.08	%	$	10,131,989	1.25	%
Retail and other deposits	11,681,489		3.86		11,058,963		0.66
Other interest-bearing liabilities(1)	5,243,091		3.36		5,779,749		2.87
Total interest-bearing liabilities	27,202,712		3.47	%	26,970,701		1.35	%
Non-interest-bearing liabilities	21,461				97,582
Equity	1,774,916				2,160,746
Total liabilities and equity	$	28,999,089			$	29,229,029
Net interest margin			5.70	%			5.29	%

(1)  Includes the average balance of our unsecured borrowings, as well as secured borrowings and amortization expense of transaction costs related to our term asset-backed securitizations and our Secured Borrowing Facility.

54 SLM CORPORATION

Rate/Volume Analysis

The following rate/volume analysis shows the relative contribution of changes in interest rates and asset volumes to changes in interest income, interest expense, and net interest income.

 

(Dollars in thousands)	Increase		Change Due To(1)
			Rate		Volume
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 vs. 2022
Interest income	$	172,560	$	171,321	$	1,239
Interest expense	142,524		141,743		781
Net interest income	$	30,036	$	29,036	$	1,000

(1) Changes in income and expense due to both rate and volume have been allocated in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each. The changes in income and expense are calculated independently for each line in the table. The totals for the rate and volume columns are not the sum of the individual lines.

Summary of Our Loans Held for Investment Portfolio

Ending Loans Held for Investment Balances, net

 

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans			FFELP Loans			Total Loans Held for Investment
Total loan portfolio:
In-school(1)	$	4,306,839		$	57		$	4,306,896
Grace, repayment and other(2)	17,591,164			592,261			18,183,425
Total, gross	21,898,003			592,318			22,490,321
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	75,051			1,497			76,548
Allowance for credit losses	(1,475,379)			(3,927)			(1,479,306)
Total loans held for investment portfolio, net	$	20,497,675		$	589,888		$	21,087,563
% of total	97		%	3		%	100		%

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans			FFELP Loans			Total Loans Held for Investment
Total loan portfolio:
In-school(1)	$	3,659,323		$	57		$	3,659,380
Grace, repayment and other(2)	16,644,365			608,993			17,253,358
Total, gross	20,303,688			609,050			20,912,738
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	69,656			1,549			71,205
Allowance for credit losses	(1,353,631)			(3,444)			(1,357,075)
Total loans held for investment portfolio, net	$	19,019,713		$	607,155		$	19,626,868
% of total	97		%	3		%	100		%

(1)      Loans for customers still attending school and who are not yet required to make payments on the loans.

(2)     Includes loans in deferment or forbearance. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

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Average Loans Held for Investment Balances (net of unamortized premium/(discount))

 

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023				2022
Private Education Loans	$	21,755,202	97	%	$	21,858,270	97	%
FFELP Loans	602,072		3		690,540		3
Credit Cards(1)	—		—		26,622		—
Total portfolio	$	22,357,274	100	%	$	22,575,432	100	%

(1) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held-for-sale at September 30, 2022.

Loans Held for Investment, Net — Activity

 

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans		FFELP Loans		Total Loans Held for Investment, net
Beginning balance	$	19,019,713	$	607,155	$	19,626,868
Acquisitions and originations:
Fixed-rate	1,977,845		—		1,977,845
Variable-rate	470,132		—		470,132
Total acquisitions and originations	2,447,977		—		2,447,977
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization	119,184		5,904		125,088
Loan consolidations to third-parties	(285,483)		(8,586)		(294,069)
Allowance	(121,748)		(483)		(122,231)
Repayments and other	(681,968)		(14,102)		(696,070)
Ending balance	$	20,497,675	$	589,888	$	21,087,563

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans		FFELP Loans		Credit Cards		Total Loans Held for Investment, net
Beginning balance	$	19,625,374	$	692,954	$	22,955	$	20,341,283
Acquisitions and originations:
Fixed-rate	1,357,719		—		—		1,357,719
Variable-rate	836,916		—		21,323		858,239
Total acquisitions and originations	2,194,635		—		21,323		2,215,958
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization	114,691		6,567		(80)		121,178
Sales	(89,058)		—		—		(89,058)
Loan consolidations to third-parties	(499,431)		(8,683)		—		(508,114)
Allowance	(62,076)		78		(29)		(62,027)
Repayments and other	(697,912)		(10,872)		(18,761)		(727,545)
Ending balance	$	20,586,223	$	680,044	$	25,408	$	21,291,675

“Loan consolidations to third-parties” and “Repayments and other” are both significantly affected by the volume of loans in our held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status. The amount of loans in full principal and interest repayment status in our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023

56 SLM CORPORATION

decreased by 3 percent compared with March 31, 2022, and now totals 41 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023.

“Loan consolidations to third-parties” for the three months ended March 31, 2023 total 3.4 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status at March 31, 2023, or 1.4 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023, compared with the year-ago period of 5.7 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status, or 2.4 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio, respectively. Historical experience has shown that loan consolidation activity is heightened in the period when the loan initially enters full principal and interest repayment status and then subsides over time. In addition, in higher interest rate environments, such as occurred in the first quarter of 2023, we typically experience reduced loan consolidated activity.

The “Repayments and other” category includes all scheduled repayments, as well as voluntary prepayments, made on loans in repayment (including loans in full principal and interest repayment status) and also includes charge-offs. Consequently, this category can be significantly affected by the volume of loans in repayment.

Private Education Loan Originations

The following table summarizes our Private Education Loan originations. Originations represent loans that were funded or acquired during the period presented.

 

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			%		2022			%
Smart Option - interest only(1)	$	478,162		20	%	$	430,329		20	%
Smart Option - fixed pay(1)	808,246			33		711,395			32
Smart Option - deferred(1)	1,002,888			41		867,108			40
Graduate Loan(2)	151,912			6		150,460			7
Parent Loan(3)	38			—		29,365			1
Total Private Education Loan originations	$	2,441,246		100	%	$	2,188,657		100	%
Percentage of loans with a cosigner	89.1		%			88.0		%
Average FICO at approval(4)	746					748

(1) Interest only, fixed pay and deferred describe the payment option while in school or in grace period. See Item 1. “Business - Our Business - Private Education Loans” in the 2022 Form 10-K for a further discussion.

(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Graduate Loan originations include $10.4 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Graduate Loan originations include $1.4 million of Parent Loans and $9.7 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status.

(3) In December 2021, we discontinued offering our Parent Loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date were processed, and final disbursements under those loans occurred in December 2022.

(4) Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses Activity

  

Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	2023								2022
	Private Education Loans		FFELP Loans		Credit Cards		Total Portfolio		Private Education Loans		FFELP Loans		Credit Cards		Total Portfolio
Beginning balance	$	1,353,631	$	3,444	$	—	$	1,357,075	$	1,158,977	$	4,077	$	2,281	$	1,165,335
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	148,513		—		—		148,513		94,686		—		—		94,686
Less:
Charge-offs	(95,085)		(256)		(741)		(96,082)		(83,856)		(99)		(111)		(84,066)
Plus:
Recoveries	11,986		—		11		11,997		8,033		—		3		8,036
Provisions for credit losses:
Provision, current period	56,334		739		730		57,803		48,460		21		137		48,618
Loan sale reduction to provision	—		—		—		—		(5,247)		—		—		(5,247)
Total provisions for credit losses(2)	56,334		739		730		57,803		43,213		21		137		43,371
Ending balance	$	1,475,379	$	3,927	$	—	$	1,479,306	$	1,221,053	$	3,999	$	2,310	$	1,227,362

(1)  See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” in this Form 10-Q for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2)  Below is a reconciliation of the provision for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)
	2023		2022
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	56,334	$	43,213
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	56,309		54,679
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	112,643		97,892
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	739		21
Credit Cards	730		137
Total	1,469		158
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	114,112	$	98,050

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Private Education Loan Allowance for Credit Losses

In establishing the allowance for Private Education Loan losses as of March 31, 2023, we considered several factors with respect to our Private Education Loan portfolio, in particular, credit quality and delinquency, forbearance, and charge-off trends.

Private Education Loans held for investment in full principal and interest repayment status were 41 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023, compared with 42 percent at March 31, 2022.

For a more detailed discussion of our policy for determining the collectability of Private Education Loans and maintaining our allowance for Private Education Loans, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Allowance for Credit Losses” and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans” in the 2022 Form 10-K.

The table below presents our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio delinquency trends. Loans in repayment include loans making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

Private Education Loans Held for Investment	2023				2022
March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Balance		%		Balance		%
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1)	$	5,686,386			$	5,405,952
Loans in forbearance(2)	221,158				234,260
Loans in repayment and percentage of each status:
Loans current	15,446,182		96.6	%	15,530,080		96.5	%
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)	267,000		1.7		260,535		1.6
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)	140,786		0.9		169,060		1.1
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)	136,491		0.8		135,482		0.8
Total Private Education Loans in repayment	15,990,459		100.0	%	16,095,157		100.0	%
Total Private Education Loans, gross	21,898,003				21,735,369
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	75,051				71,907
Total Private Education Loans	21,973,054				21,807,276
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(1,475,379)				(1,221,053)
Private Education Loans, net	$	20,497,675			$	20,586,223
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment			73.0	%			74.1	%
Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment			3.4	%			3.5	%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance			1.4	%			1.4	%

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans (held for investment) in repayment decreased to 3.4 percent at March 31, 2023 from 3.5 percent at March 31, 2022, and the forbearance rate remained unchanged at 1.4 percent at March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022. The delinquency rate at March 31, 2023 was slightly lower than the year-ago quarter due to several factors, including the improving collection practices and staffing we implemented in late

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2022 to address the prior trend of increasing credit losses. In addition, the year-ago quarter’s delinquencies were affected by certain loans whose borrowers took a “gap year” during the pandemic entering full principal and interest repayment status starting in late 2021 and early 2022. See additional discussion related to collections activity and the COVID-19 pandemic in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Impact of COVID-19 on Sallie Mae — Customers and Credit Performance” and “—Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses — Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool” in the 2022 Form 10-K.

Changes in Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses

The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for Private Education Loan (held for investment) losses.

 

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Beginning balance	$	1,353,631		$	1,158,977
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	148,513			94,686
Provision for credit losses:
Provision, current period	56,334			48,460
Loan sale reduction to provision	—			(5,247)
Total provision	56,334			43,213
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(95,085)			(83,856)
Recoveries	11,986			8,033
Net charge-offs	(83,099)			(75,823)
Ending balance	$	1,475,379		$	1,221,053
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized	6.40		%	5.37		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(2)	9.00		%	7.43		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	4.44			4.03
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(2)	2.11		%	1.89		%
Delinquencies as a percentage of ending loans in repayment(2)	3.40		%	3.51		%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of ending loans in repayment and forbearance(2)	1.36		%	1.43		%
Ending total loans, gross	$	21,898,003		$	21,735,369
Average loans in repayment(2)	$	15,764,143		$	16,013,289
Ending loans in repayment(2)	$	15,990,459		$	16,095,157
Accrued interest to be capitalized	$	1,150,802		$	993,698
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(3)	$	408,263		$	331,405

(1) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” in this Form 10-Q for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(3) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest payment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans and accrued interest to be capitalized and of ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment; and delinquency and forbearance percentages.

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Delinquency Trends by Active Repayment Status

The tables below show the composition and status of the Private Education Loan portfolio held for investment aged by number of months in active repayment status (months for which a scheduled monthly payment was due). Active repayment status includes loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but for purposes of the tables below, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance). Our experience shows that the percentage of loans in forbearance status generally decreases the longer the loans have been in active repayment status. At March 31, 2023, for Private Education Loans (held for investment) that have been in active repayment status for fewer than 25 months, loans in forbearance status as a percentage of all loans in repayment and forbearance were 1.0 percent. Approximately 73 percent of our Private Education Loans (held for investment) in forbearance status have been in active repayment status fewer than 25 months. The March 31, 2022 Form 10-Q incorrectly reported the breakout of the “aged by number of months in active repayment status” categories; the March 31, 2022 table below reflects reclassifications in “aged by number of months in active repayment status” categories to be consistent with the current period presentation. There was no effect to the total loan portfolio balances.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment Aged by Number of Months in Active Repayment Status															Not Yet in Repayment			Total
	0 to 12			13 to 24			25 to 36			37 to 48			More than 48
Loans in-school/grace/deferment	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	5,686		$	5,686
Loans in forbearance	126			36			23			15			21			—			221
Loans in repayment - current	4,761			3,594			2,092			1,638			3,362			—			15,447
Loans in repayment - delinquent 30-59 days	82			55			37			28			65			—			267
Loans in repayment - delinquent 60-89 days	47			27			19			16			32			—			141
Loans in repayment - 90 days or greater past due	46			27			18			14			31			—			136
Total	$	5,062		$	3,739		$	2,189		$	1,711		$	3,511		$	5,686		21,898
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)																			75
Allowance for credit losses																			(1,475)
Total Private Education Loans, net																			$	20,498
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance	0.78		%	0.22		%	0.14		%	0.09		%	0.13		%	—		%	1.36		%

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As of March 31, 2022 (dollars in millions)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment Aged by Number of Months in Active Repayment Status															Not Yet in Repayment			Total
	0 to 12			13 to 24			25 to 36			37 to 48			More than 48
Loans in-school/grace/deferment	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	5,406		$	5,406
Loans in forbearance	141			35			23			15			20			—			234
Loans in repayment - current	4,772			3,353			2,456			1,655			3,294			—			15,530
Loans in repayment - delinquent 30-59 days	92			48			38			28			55			—			261
Loans in repayment - delinquent 60-89 days	71			28			22			16			32			—			169
Loans in repayment - 90 days or greater past due	56			24			18			12			25			—			135
Total	$	5,132		$	3,488		$	2,557		$	1,726		$	3,426		$	5,406		21,735
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)																			72
Allowance for credit losses																			(1,221)
Total Private Education Loans, net																			$	20,586
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance	0.86		%	0.21		%	0.15		%	0.09		%	0.12		%	—		%	1.43		%

Private Education Loans Held for Investment Types

The following table provides information regarding the loans in repayment balance and total loan balance by Private Education Loan held for investment product type at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Signature and Other		Parent Loan(1)		Smart Option		Career Training(2)		Graduate Loan		Total
$ in repayment(3)	$	218,517	$	246,043	$	14,404,070	$	3,745	$	1,118,084	$	15,990,459
$ in total	$	304,344	$	246,828	$	19,749,090	$	3,804	$	1,593,937	$	21,898,003

 

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Signature and Other		Parent Loan(1)		Smart Option		Career Training(2)		Graduate Loan		Total
$ in repayment(3)	$	216,513	$	261,316	$	13,599,750	$	4,565	$	1,047,406	$	15,129,550
$ in total	$	308,884	$	262,602	$	18,218,925	$	4,602	$	1,508,675	$	20,303,688

(1) In December 2021, we discontinued offering our Parent Loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date continued to be processed, and final disbursements under those loans occurred in December 2022.

(2) In May 2022, we discontinued offering our Career Training loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date will continue to be processed, with final disbursements under those loans to occur until May 2023.

(3) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

62 SLM CORPORATION

Accrued Interest Receivable

The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans held for investment. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on that loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school, and the current expected credit losses on accrued interest that will be capitalized is included in our allowance for credit losses.

	Private Education Loans
	Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands)	Total Interest Receivable		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)
March 31, 2023	$	1,304,726	$	6,638	$	6,523
December 31, 2022	$	1,177,562	$	6,609	$	8,121
March 31, 2022	$	1,241,574	$	6,292	$	5,505

(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment (at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, relates to $154 million, $240 million, and $248 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable) that is not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is expected to be capitalized ($1.2 billion, $937 million, and $994 million, at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, respectively) is reserved in the allowance for credit losses.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Funding and Liquidity Risk Management

Our primary liquidity needs include our ongoing ability to fund our businesses throughout market cycles, including during periods of financial stress, our ongoing ability to fund originations of Private Education Loans, and our ability to meet any outflows of our Bank deposits. To achieve these objectives, we analyze and monitor our liquidity needs, and maintain excess liquidity and access to diverse funding sources, such as deposits at the Bank, issuance of secured debt primarily through asset-backed securitizations, other financing facilities, and loan sales.

Interest-bearing deposits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity MMDAs, and retail and brokered CDs. Interest-bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $8.0 billion and $8.0 billion of our deposit total as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms.

It is our policy to manage operations so liquidity needs are fully satisfied through normal operations to avoid unplanned loan sales under all but the most dire emergency conditions. Our liquidity management is governed by policies approved by our Board of Directors. Oversight of these policies is performed in the Asset and Liability Committee, a management-level committee.

These policies take into account the volatility of cash flow forecasts, expected asset and liability maturities, anticipated loan demand, and a variety of other factors to establish minimum liquidity guidelines.

Key risks associated with our liquidity relate to our ability to access the capital markets and the markets for bank deposits at reasonable rates. This ability may be affected by our performance, competitive pressures, the macroeconomic environment, and the impact they have on the availability of funding sources in the marketplace. We target maintaining sufficient on-balance sheet and contingent sources of liquidity to enable us to meet all contractual and contingent obligations under various stress scenarios, including severe macroeconomic stresses as well as specific stresses that test the resiliency of our balance sheet. As the Bank has grown, we have improved our liquidity stress testing practices to align more closely with the industry, which resulted in our adopting increased liquidity requirements. Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, we began to increase our liquidity levels by increasing cash and marketable investments held as part of our ongoing efforts to enhance our ability to maintain a strong risk management position. By early 2020 and continuing through 2022, we held a significant liquidity buffer of cash and securities, which we expect to maintain through 2023. Due to the seasonal nature of our business, our liquidity levels will likely vary from quarter to quarter.

Sources of Liquidity and Available Capacity

Ending Balances

(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Sources of primary liquidity:
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments:
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries	$	3,506	$	—
Sallie Mae Bank(1)	3,712,873		4,617,533
Available-for-sale investments	1,993,984		2,012,901
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments	$	5,710,363	$	6,630,434

(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans at the Bank.

64 SLM CORPORATION

Average Balances

 

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Sources of primary liquidity:
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments:
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries	$	5,389	$	9,674
Sallie Mae Bank(1)	3,721,807		3,308,624
Available-for-sale investments	2,002,111		2,452,193
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments	$	5,729,307	$	5,770,491

(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans at the Bank.

Deposits

The following table summarizes total deposits.

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Deposits - interest-bearing	$	21,801,666	$	21,446,647
Deposits - non-interest-bearing	2,000		1,424
Total deposits	$	21,803,666	$	21,448,071

Our total deposits of $21.8 billion were comprised of $10.3 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to total deposits of $21.4 billion, which were comprised of $9.9 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2022.

Interest-bearing deposits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity MMDAs, and retail and brokered CDs. Interest-bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $8.0 billion and $8.0 billion of our deposit total as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $3 million and $3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $3 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest bearing deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)		Amount		Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)
Money market	$	10,788,126	4.26	%	$	10,977,242	3.75	%
Savings	1,007,994		3.75		982,586		3.15
Certificates of deposit	10,005,546		2.97		9,486,819		2.57
Deposits - interest bearing	$	21,801,666			$	21,446,647

(1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.

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As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $471 million and $615 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding FDIC insurance limits. These omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms. Accrued interest on deposits was $69 million and $59 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Counterparty Exposure

Counterparty exposure related to financial instruments arises from the risk that a lending, investment, or derivative counterparty will not be able to meet its obligations to us.

Excess cash is generally invested with the FRB on an overnight basis or in the FRB’s Term Deposit Facility, minimizing counterparty exposure on cash balances.

Our investment portfolio is primarily comprised of a small portfolio of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises that are purchased to meet CRA targets. Additionally, our investing activity is governed by Board-approved limits on the amount that is allowed to be invested with any one issuer based on the credit rating of the issuer, further minimizing our counterparty exposure. Counterparty credit risk is considered when valuing investments and considering impairment.

Related to derivative transactions, protection against counterparty risk is generally provided by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Credit Support Annexes (“CSAs”), or clearinghouses for over-the-counter derivatives. CSAs require a counterparty to post collateral if a potential default would expose the other party to a loss. All derivative contracts entered into by the Bank are covered under CSAs or clearinghouse agreements and require collateral to be exchanged based on the net fair value of derivatives with each counterparty. Our exposure to the counterparty is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position, less any collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with the counterparty.

Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the CME and the LCH. All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of March 31, 2023, $1.8 billion notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $0.2 billion were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 90.0 percent and 10.0 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $2.0 billion at March 31, 2023.

For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of March 31, 2023 was $(47) million and $(6) million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are presented as realized gains (losses).

Our exposure to the counterparty is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain/loss positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $11 million and $12 million, respectively.

We have liquidity exposure related to collateral movements between us and our derivative counterparties. Movements in the value of the derivatives, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates, may require us to return cash collateral held or may require us to access primary liquidity to post collateral to counterparties.

The table below highlights exposure related to our derivative counterparties as of March 31, 2023.

66 SLM CORPORATION

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	SLM Corporation and Sallie Mae Bank Contracts
Total exposure, net of collateral	$	11,216
Exposure to counterparties with credit ratings, net of collateral	$	11,216
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P AA- or Moody’s Aa3	—		%
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P A- or Moody’s A3	—		%

Regulatory Capital

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking authorities. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Under U.S. Basel III and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings, and other factors.

 Capital Management

The Bank intends to maintain at all times regulatory capital levels that meet both the minimum levels required under U.S. Basel III (including applicable buffers) and the levels necessary to be considered “well capitalized” under the FDIC’s prompt corrective action framework, in order to support asset growth and operating needs, address unexpected credit risks, and protect the interests of depositors and the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the FDIC. The Bank’s Capital Policy requires management to monitor these capital standards and the Bank’s compliance with them. The Board of Directors and management periodically evaluate the quality of assets, the stability of earnings, and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses for the Bank. The Company is a source of strength for the Bank and will provide additional capital if necessary.

We believe that current and projected capital levels are appropriate for 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank’s risk-based and leverage capital ratios exceed the required minimum ratios and the applicable buffers under the fully phased-in U.S. Basel III standards as well as the “well capitalized” standards under the prompt corrective action framework.

Under U.S. Basel III, the Bank is required to maintain the following minimum regulatory capital ratios: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, the Bank is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Including the buffer, the Bank is required to maintain the following capital ratios under U.S. Basel III in order to avoid such restrictions: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 7.0 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 8.5 percent, and a Total risk-based capital ratio of greater than 10.5 percent.

To qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions, the Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0 percent.

Under regulations issued by the FDIC and other federal banking agencies, banking organizations that adopted CECL during the 2020 calendar year, including the Bank, could elect to delay for two years, and then phase in over the following three years, the effects on regulatory capital of CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. The Bank elected to use this option. Therefore, the regulatory capital impact of the Bank’s transition adjustments recorded on January 1, 2020 from the adoption of CECL, and 25 percent of the ongoing impact of CECL on the Bank’s allowance for credit losses, retained earnings, and average total consolidated assets, each as reported for regulatory capital purposes (collectively, the “adjusted transition amounts”), were deferred for the two-year period ending January 1, 2022. On January 1, 2022, 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1, 2023, an additional 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1 of 2024 and 2025, the adjusted transition amounts will continue to be phased in for regulatory capital purposes at a rate of

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25 percent per year, with the phased-in amounts included in regulatory capital at the beginning of each year. The Bank’s January 1, 2020 CECL transition amounts increased our allowance for credit losses by $1.1 billion, increased the liability representing our off-balance sheet exposure for unfunded commitments by $116 million, and increased our deferred tax asset by $306 million, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced retained earnings by $953 million. This transition adjustment was inclusive of qualitative adjustments incorporated into our CECL allowance as necessary, to address any limitations in the models used.

At March 31, 2023, the adjusted transition amounts that were deferred and are being phased in for regulatory capital purposes are as follows:

	Adjusted Transition Amounts		Phase-In Amounts for the Year Ended		Phase-In Amounts for the Three Months Ended		Remaining Adjusted Transition Amounts to be Phased-In
(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		March 31, 2023
Retained earnings	$	836,351	$	(209,088)	$	(209,088)	$	418,175
Allowance for credit losses	1,038,145		(259,536)		(259,536)		519,073
Liability for unfunded commitments	104,377		(26,094)		(26,094)		52,189
Deferred tax asset	306,171		(76,542)		(76,542)		153,087

The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $133 million and $160 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.

	Actual				U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio		Amount			Ratio
As of March 31, 2023(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	1,738,576	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	2,111,128	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,297,674	13.3	%	$	2,607,863	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	2,979,433	10.0	%	$	1,188,369	>	4.0	%
As of December 31, 2022(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,645,807	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,998,480	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,338,645	14.2	%	$	2,468,711	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	3,040,662	10.3	%	$	1,185,280	>	4.0	%

(1)    Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.

(2)    The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.

(3)    For March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the adjusted transition amounts discussed above that were phased in at the beginning of 2022 and 2023.

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Dividends

The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Bank declared no dividends and $108 million in dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with the proceeds primarily used to fund the 2022 and 2021 Share Repurchase Programs and stock dividends. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase programs.

Borrowings

Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term ABS program and our Secured Borrowing Facility. The issuing entities for those secured borrowings are VIEs and are consolidated for accounting purposes. The following table summarizes our borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings” in this Form 10-Q.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Short-Term		Long-Term		Total
Unsecured borrowings:
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate)	$	—	$	989,788	$	989,788	$	—	$	988,986	$	988,986
Total unsecured borrowings	—		989,788		989,788		—		988,986		988,986
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations:
Fixed-rate	—		3,759,190		3,759,190		—		3,462,363		3,462,363
Variable-rate	—		764,998		764,998		—		783,765		783,765
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total secured borrowings	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Total	$	—	$	5,513,976	$	5,513,976	$	—	$	5,235,114	$	5,235,114

Short-term Borrowings

On May 17, 2022, we amended our Secured Borrowing Facility to extend the maturity of the facility. The amount that can be borrowed under the facility is $2 billion. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility trust. Under the Secured Borrowing Facility, we incur financing costs on unused borrowing capacity and on outstanding advances. The amended Secured Borrowing Facility extended the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay, and reborrow funds, until May 16, 2023. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on May 16, 2024 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). At both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were no secured borrowings outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility.

Other Borrowing Sources

We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at March 31, 2023. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.

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We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Window. The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as FFELP Loans and Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.

Contractual Loan Commitments

When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the 2022/2023 academic year. At March 31, 2023, we had a $33 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover expected losses that may occur during the one-year loss emergence period on these unfunded commitments. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K and Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations addresses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we have identified certain accounting estimates and assumptions that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial statements because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties.

The critical accounting estimates we have identified relate to the allowance for credit losses. These estimates reflect our best judgment about current and, for some estimates, including management overlays, future economic and market conditions. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of these financial statements. If conditions change from those expected, it is reasonably possible that these judgments and estimates could change, which may result in a change in the allowance for credit losses or material changes to our consolidated financial statements. A discussion of our critical accounting policies can be found in our 2022 Form 10-K.

70 SLM CORPORATION

Item 3.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis

Our interest rate risk management program seeks to manage and control interest rate risk, thereby reducing our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and achieving consistent and acceptable levels of profit in any rate environment and sustainable growth in net interest income over the long term. We evaluate and monitor interest rate risk through two primary methods:

•Earnings at Risk (“EAR”), which measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates on net interest income; and

•Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”), which measures the sensitivity or change in the economic value of equity to changes in interest rates.

A number of potential interest rate scenarios are simulated using our asset liability management system. The Bank is the primary source of interest rate risk within the Company. At present, a significant portion of the Bank’s earning assets and a large balance of deposits are indexed to 1-month LIBOR. Therefore, 1-month LIBOR is considered a core rate in our interest rate risk analysis. 1-month LIBOR and other rates are shocked in parallel for shock scenarios unless otherwise indicated. In addition, key rates are modeled with a floor, which indicates how low each specific rate is likely to move in practice. On April 1, 2021, we began offering variable-rate Private Education Loans based on the 30-day average SOFR, replacing 1-month LIBOR for new originations. Rates are adjusted up or down via a set of scenarios that includes both rate shocks and ramps. Rate shocks represent an immediate and sustained change in key rates, including both 1-month LIBOR and 30-day average SOFR, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly. Interest rate ramps represent a linear increase in those key rates over the course of 12 months, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly.

The following table summarizes the potential effect on earnings over the next 24 months and the potential effect on market values of balance sheet assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023 and 2022, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming hypothetical increases in market interest rates of 100 and 300 basis points and a decrease of 100 and 300 basis points while credit and funding spreads remain constant. EAR analysis assumes a static balance sheet, with maturities of each product replaced with assumed issuance of new products of the same type. The EVE sensitivity is applied only to financial assets and liabilities, including hedging instruments, that existed at the balance sheet date, and does not reflect any impact of new assets, liabilities, commitments, or hedging instruments that may arise in the future.

Due to the low interest rate environment in early 2022, results for downward 100 and 300-basis point rate shocks were not presented because they did not provide a meaningful indication of interest rate sensitivity at that time. As interest rates rose, the 100-basis point downward rate shock was added to the model in the second quarter of 2022 and the 300-basis point downward rate shock was added in the fourth quarter of 2022. The EAR results for March 31, 2023 indicate a market risk profile of low sensitivity to rate changes, based on static balance sheet assumptions over the next two years. The EVE metrics demonstrate higher sensitivity than results from one year ago, but remain well within established trigger and threshold limits.

	2023				2022
As of March 31,	+300 Basis Points	+100 Basis Points	-100 Basis Points	-300 Basis Points	+300 Basis Points	+100 Basis Points	-100 Basis Points	-300 Basis Points
EAR - Shock	-0.1%	-0.1%	0.0%	-0.2%	-0.1%	0.0%	N/A	N/A
EAR - Ramp	+0.7%	+0.2%	-0.3%	-0.9%	-0.3%	-0.1%	N/A	N/A
EVE	-12.7%	-4.7%	+5.1%	+15.1%	-13.3%	-4.5%	N/A	N/A

In the preceding tables, the interest rate sensitivity analysis reflects the balance sheet mix of fully variable LIBOR, SOFR, and Prime-based loans, and fully variable funding, including brokered CDs that have been converted to LIBOR or SOFR through derivative transactions. The analysis assumes that retail MMDAs and retail savings balances, while relatively sensitive to interest rate changes, will not correlate 100 percent to the full interest rate shocks or ramps. Also

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considered is the impact of FFELP Loans, which receive floor income in low interest rate environments, and will therefore not reprice fully with interest rate shocks.

Although we believe that these measurements provide an estimate of our interest rate sensitivity, they do not account for potential changes in credit quality, balance sheet mix, and size of our balance sheet. They also do not account for other business developments that could affect net income, or for management actions that could affect net income or could be taken to change our risk profile. Accordingly, we can give no assurance that actual results would not differ materially from the estimated outcomes of our simulations. Further, such simulations do not represent our current view of expected future interest rate movements.

Asset and Liability Funding Gap

The table below presents our assets and liabilities (funding) arranged by underlying indices as of March 31, 2023. In the following GAAP presentation, the funding gap only includes derivatives that qualify as effective hedges (those derivatives which are reflected in net interest income, as opposed to those reflected in the “gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” line on the consolidated statements of income). The difference between the asset and the funding is the funding gap for the specified index. This represents at a high level our exposure to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the risk that the different indices may reset at different frequencies or may not move in the same direction or at the same magnitude. (Note that all fixed-rate assets and liabilities are aggregated into one line item, which does not capture the differences in time due to maturity.)

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Index	Frequency of Variable Resets	Assets		Funding (1)		Funding Gap
Fed Funds Effective Rate	daily/weekly/monthly	$	—	$	1,456.7	$	(1,456.7)
SOFR Rate	daily/weekly/monthly	3,125.9		2,996.3		129.6
3-month Treasury bill	weekly	92.7		—		92.7
Prime	monthly	26.6		—		26.6
3-month LIBOR	quarterly	—		251.1		(251.1)
1-month LIBOR	monthly	6,149.0		1,931.7		4,217.3
1-month LIBOR	daily	499.6		—		499.6
Non-Discrete reset(2)	daily/weekly	3,949.5		3,976.2		(26.7)
Fixed-Rate(3)		15,610.6		18,841.9		(3,231.3)
Total		$	29,453.9	$	29,453.9	$	—

(1)     Funding (by index) includes the impact of all derivatives that qualify as effective hedges.

(2)     Assets include restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents and other overnight type instruments. Funding includes liquid retail deposits and the obligation to return cash collateral held related to derivatives exposures.

(3)     Assets include receivables and other assets (including premiums and reserves). Funding includes unswapped time deposits, liquid MMDAs swapped to fixed-rates, and stockholders' equity.

The “Funding Gap” in the above table shows primarily mismatches in the Fed Funds Effective, 3-month LIBOR, 1-Month LIBOR monthly, 1-Month LIBOR daily, and fixed-rate categories. Changes in the Fed Funds Effective Rate, 3-month LIBOR, and 1-Month LIBOR categories are generally quite highly correlated and the rates should offset each other relatively effectively. The funding in the fixed-rate bucket includes $1.6 billion of equity and $0.3 billion of non-interest bearing liabilities. We consider the overall repricing risk to be moderate, which is supported by other analyses of interest rate sensitivity.

We use interest rate swaps and other derivatives to achieve our risk management objectives. Our asset liability management strategy is to match assets with debt (in combination with derivatives) that have the same underlying index and reset frequency or have interest rate characteristics that we believe are highly correlated. The use of funding with index types and reset frequencies that are different from our assets exposes us to interest rate risk in the form of basis and repricing risk. This could result in our cost of funds not moving in the same direction or with the same magnitude as the yield on our assets. While we believe this risk is low, as all of these indices are short-term with rate movements that

72 SLM CORPORATION

are highly correlated over a long period of time, market disruptions (which have occurred in recent years) can lead to a temporary divergence between indices, resulting in a negative impact to our earnings.

Weighted Average Life

The following table reflects the weighted average lives of our earning assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023.

 

As of March 31, 2023 (averages in years)	Weighted Average Life
Earning assets
Education loans	5.00
Cash and investments	1.42
Total earning assets	4.20
Deposits
Short-term deposits	0.91
Long-term deposits	2.24
Total deposits	1.26
Borrowings
Long-term borrowings	3.47
Total borrowings	3.47

SLM CORPORATION 73

Item 4.     Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of March 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

74 SLM CORPORATION

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings

We and our subsidiaries and affiliates are subject to various claims, lawsuits, and other actions that arise in the normal course of business. It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries, and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees, and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.

For additional information regarding our legal proceedings, see Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business activities involve a variety of risks. Readers should carefully consider the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our 2022 Form 10-K.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Share Repurchases

The following table provides information relating to our purchase of shares of our common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

 

(In thousands, except per share data)	Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)(3)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)
Period:
January 1 - January 31, 2023	267	$	16.97	—	$	581,000
February 1 - February 28, 2023	668	$	15.02	—	$	581,000
March 1 - March 31, 2023	14	$	13.61	—	$	581,000
Total first-quarter 2023	949	$	15.55	—

(1)      The total number of shares purchased includes the shares of our common stock tendered to us to satisfy the exercise price in connection with cashless exercises of stock options, and tax withholding obligations in connection with exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance stock units.

(2)     As of March 31, 2023, we had $581 million remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program.

(3)    In the first quarter of 2023, we did not repurchase shares under any 10b5-1 trading plan. See Note 11, “Stockholders’ Equity” to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for further discussion.

The closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on March 31, 2023 was $12.39.

Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Nothing to report.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information

Nothing to report.

SLM CORPORATION 75

Item 6.    Exhibits

The following exhibits are furnished or filed, as applicable:

10.1	Form of SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, 2023 Restricted Stock Unit Term Sheet.
10.2	Form of SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, 2023 Performance Stock Unit Term Sheet.
10.3	Retention Agreement between Steven J. McGarry and the Company dated March 2, 2023.
10.4	Agreement and Release between Daniel Kennedy and the Company effective March 30, 2023.
10.5	SLM Corporation Amended and Restated Executive Severance Plan for Senior Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2023).
31.1	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

76 SLM CORPORATION

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

 

SLM CORPORATION (Registrant)
By:	/S/ STEVEN J. MCGARRY
	Steven J. McGarry Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: April 26, 2023

SLM CORPORATION 77

EX-10.1

Exhibit 10.1

SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan
2023 Restricted Stock Unit Term Sheet

This Restricted Stock Unit Term Sheet (this “Agreement”) further describes the terms of the RSUs granted to Grantee on February 17, 2023 (the “Grant Date”) pursuant to the Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice. The Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and the SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) are incorporated herein in their entirety.

1.Vesting Schedule. Unless vested earlier as set forth below, the Award will vest, and will be converted into shares of common stock, in one-third increments on each of the first, second, and third anniversary of the Grant Date.

2.Employment Termination; Death; Disability. Except as provided below, if the Grantee voluntarily ceases to be an employee of SLM Corporation (the “Corporation”) (or one of its subsidiaries) for any reason (except as explicitly set forth below) or experiences a Termination of Employment For Cause (as defined below), he or she shall forfeit, for no consideration, any portion of the Award that has not vested as of the date of such termination of employment.

If not previously vested, the Award will continue to vest, and will be converted into shares of common stock, on the original vesting terms and vesting dates set forth above in the event that (i) the Grantee’s employment is terminated by the Corporation for any reason other than due to a Termination of Employment For Cause; (ii) the Grantee voluntarily ceases to be an employee of the Corporation (or one of its subsidiaries) and meets the Corporation’s retirement eligibility requirements under the Corporation’s then-current retirement eligibility policy, which shall be determined by the Corporation in its sole discretion; or (iii) the Grantee (x) is an “Eligible Officer” eligible to participate in the SLM Corporation Amended and Restated Executive Severance Plan for Senior Officers (the “Executive Severance Plan”) and (y) terminates his or her employment under such circumstances that give rise to a Termination of Employment For Good Reason.

If not previously vested, the Award will vest, and will be converted into shares of common stock, upon death or Disability (provided that such Disability qualifies as a “disability” within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(4)).

The unvested portion of the Award shall be forfeited, upon a Termination of Employment For Cause, for no consideration.

Notwithstanding anything stated herein, in the Plan or in the SLM Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan for Senior Officers, the Award shall not be subject to the terms set forth in the SLM Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan for Senior Officers.

“Termination of Employment For Cause”means a termination of a Grantee’s employment by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries because (i) there has been a willful and continuing failure of the Grantee to perform substantially his or her duties and

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responsibilities (other than as a result of Grantee’s death or Disability) and, if such willful and continuing failure may be cured by the Grantee, that such failure has not been cured within ten (10) business days after written notice of such was given to the Grantee, or (ii) the Grantee has committed an act of Misconduct.

“Misconduct” means (a) commission of an act of embezzlement, fraud, dishonesty, misappropriation, nonpayment of any obligation owed to the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, breach of fiduciary duty or deliberate disregard of the Corporation’s rules, including, but not limited to, the SLM Corporation Code of Business Conduct; (b) intentional wrongdoing, gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of the Grantee’s duties or otherwise in respect of the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries; (c) commission of, conviction of, plea of guilty to or plea of nolo contendere to (i) a felony crime or (ii) any other criminal offense involving moral turpitude, fraud or dishonesty; (d) an unauthorized disclosure of any confidential information or trade secrets; or (e) engaging in any conduct that would constitute unfair competition against the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, or a violation of any restrictive covenant to which the Grantee is subject (including, but not limited to, those restrictive covenants set forth in this Agreement or the Grantee’s New Hire Attestations).

“Termination of Employment For Good Reason” means a termination of a Grantee’s employment by the Grantee due to: (a) a material reduction in the position or responsibilities of the Grantee not including a change in title only; (b) a material reduction in the Grantee’s Base Salary (as defined in the Executive Severance Plan) or a material reduction in the Grantee’s compensation arrangements or benefits (provided that variability in the value of stock-based compensation or in the compensation provided under the SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan or a successor plan will not be deemed to cause a material reduction in compensation); or (c) a relocation of the Grantee’s primary work location to a distance of greater than seventy-five (75) miles from his or her primary work location as of the date of this Agreement, unless such relocation results in the Grantee’s primary work location being closer to his or her then-primary residence or does not substantially increase the average commuting time of such Grantee; provided that a “Termination of Employment For Good Reason” shall not include any requirement by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries that the Grantee work at his or her assigned office location following the suspension, modification or termination of any applicable remote or hybrid work arrangement granted to the Grantee by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries. If a Grantee continues his or her employment with the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries for more than ninety (90) days after the occurrence of an event described above that constitutes a Termination of Employment For Good Reason, then the Grantee shall be deemed to have given his or her consent to such event and the Grantee shall not be eligible for continued vesting under this Agreement as a result of that event and shall be deemed to have waived all rights in regard to such event.

3.Change in Control. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement:

a.In the event of a Change in Control in which the acquiring or surviving company in the transaction does not assume or continue outstanding Awards upon the Change in Control, then any portion of the Award that is not vested shall become

2

100 percent vested; provided, however, the conversion of the accelerated portion of the RSUs into shares of common stock (i.e., the settlement of the Award) will nevertheless be made at the same time or times as if such RSUs had vested in accordance with the vesting schedule set forth in Section 1 or, if earlier, upon the termination of Grantee’s employment for reasons other than due to a Termination of Employment For Cause.

b.If the Grantee’s employment terminates within twenty-four (24) months following a Change in Control for any reason other than (i) due to a Termination of Employment For Cause or (ii) by Grantee’s voluntary termination of employment that is not a Termination of Employment for Good Reason, as defined in the SLM Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan for Senior Officers (if applicable to the Grantee), any portion of the Award not previously vested shall immediately become vested, and shall be converted into shares of common stock, upon such employment termination.

4.Taxes; Dividends. The Grantee of the Award shall make such arrangements as may reasonably be required by the Corporation, including transferring a sufficient number of shares of the Corporation’s common stock, to satisfy the income and employment tax withholding requirements that accrue upon the Award becoming vested or, if applicable, settled in shares of the Corporation’s common stock (by approving this Agreement, the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) hereby approves the transfer of such shares to the Corporation for purposes of SEC Rule 16b-3). Dividends declared on an unvested Award will not be paid in cash currently except in the case of fractional shares as set forth below. Instead, an account established on behalf of the Grantee will be credited with an amount equal to such dividends, which amount shall be reinvested in additional shares of the Corporation’s common stock (“Dividend Equivalent”). The value of the Dividend Equivalents will be calculated in the same manner as dividends paid to holders of common stock. Such Dividend Equivalents will be subject to the same vesting schedule to which the Award is subject. Upon vesting of any portion of the Award, the amount of Dividend Equivalents allocable to such Award (and any fractional share amount) will also vest and will be converted into shares of the Corporation’s common stock (provided that any fractional share amount shall be paid in cash).

5.Section 409A. For purposes of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, the regulations and other guidance thereunder and any state law of similar effect (collectively “Section 409A”), each payment and benefit payable under this Agreement is hereby designated as a separate payment. The parties intend that all RSUs provided under this Agreement and shares issuable hereunder comply with or be exempt from the requirements of Section 409A so that none of the payments or benefits will be subject to the adverse tax penalties imposed under Section 409A, and any ambiguities herein will be interpreted to so comply. Notwithstanding anything in the Plan or this Agreement to the contrary, if the vesting of the balance, or some lesser portion of the balance, of the RSUs is to be accelerated in connection with the Grantee’s termination of service, such accelerated RSUs will not be settled by virtue of such acceleration until and unless the Grantee has a “separation from service” within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h), as determined by the Corporation, in its sole discretion. Further, and notwithstanding anything in the Plan or this Agreement to the contrary, if (x) any of

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the RSUs to be provided in connection with the Grantee’s separation from service do not qualify for any reason to be exempt from Section 409A, (y) the Grantee is, at the time of such separation from service, a “specified employee” (as defined in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(i)) and (z) the settlement of such RSUs would result in the imposition of additional tax under Section 409A if such settlement occurs on or within the six (6) month period following the Grantee’s separation from service, then, to the extent necessary to avoid the imposition of such additional taxation, the settlement of any such RSUs during such six (6) month period will accrue and will not be settled until the date six (6) months and one (1) day following the date of the Grantee’s separation from service and on such date (or, if earlier, the date of the Grantee’s death), such RSUs will be settled.

6.Clawback Provision. If the SLM Corporation Board of Directors (the “Board”), or an appropriate committee thereof, determines that (a) any material misstatement of financial results or a performance metric criteria has occurred as a result of the Grantee’s conduct; (b) the Grantee has committed a material violation of corporate policy or has committed fraud or Misconduct; or (c) the Grantee has violated any of the restrictive covenants set forth in Sections 7 through 9, then the Board or such committee may, in its sole discretion, require reimbursement of any compensation resulting from the vesting of RSUs and the cancellation of any outstanding RSUs from the Grantee (whether or not such individual is currently employed by the Corporation) during the three (3) year period following the date on which the conduct resulting in the material misstatement occurred, or the date such violation, fraud or Misconduct occurred, as determined by the Board or the applicable committee. The Board or such committee shall consider all factors, with particular scrutiny when one of the Senior Vice Presidents or above are involved, in determining whether and to what extent such involvement described herein occurred and the amount of such reimbursement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, this provision shall be subject to adjustment and amendment to conform with any current or subsequently adopted policy or amendment relating to the clawback of compensation as may be adopted by the Board or an appropriate committee thereof.

7.Confidentiality. The Grantee recognizes that his or her work as an employee of the Corporation brought or may have brought him or her into close contact with confidential information of the Corporation not publicly known. This may include, but is not limited to, know-how, technical data, methods, processes, formulations, techniques, developments, inventions, research projects, new products, plans for future developments, responses to “Requests for Proposals,” “Letters of Understanding,” bid information for government contracts, negotiations for new business ventures or strategic alliances, litigation and potential litigation matters, computer code and/or design of proprietary loan systems, personnel records and salary information, information about costs, profits, markets, sales, and lists of customers, potential customers and/or employees. This list is merely illustrative and confidential information is not limited to the illustrations.

The Grantee expressly acknowledges and agrees that the Corporation’s confidential information is proprietary and confidential and that, if any of the confidential information was imparted or became known by any persons, including the Grantee, engaging in a business in any way competitive with the Corporation, such disclosure would result in

4

hardship, loss, irreparable injury and damage to the Corporation, the measurement of which would be difficult, if not impossible, to determine. The Grantee further expressly agrees that the Corporation has a legitimate interest in protecting the confidential information and its business goodwill, and that it is necessary for the Corporation to protect its business from such hardship, loss, irreparable injury and damage. The Grantee further acknowledges that the preservation and protection of the confidential information is an essential part of his or her duties of employment and that, as a result of the Grantee’s employment with the Corporation, he or she has a duty of fidelity, loyalty, and trust to the Corporation in handling the confidential information.

The Grantee agrees to keep secret all such confidential information and trade secrets of the Corporation and agrees not to, directly or indirectly, other than as necessary in the Corporation’s business and in the scope of his or her employment, disclose or use any such confidential information at any time (including any time following the date the Grantee experiences a termination of employment for any reason (the “Termination Date”)) except as (1) required or permitted by statute, regulation or court order; or (2) pursuant to written consent given by the Corporation’s General Counsel. In addition, the Grantee recognizes that he or she may have been exposed, by reason of his or her employment, to certain information, which is confidential or proprietary to third parties. The Grantee agrees that he or she will not disclose or use at any time, without the prior written consent of such third party and the Corporation, any such confidential or proprietary information. The Grantee agrees that all written and computer-stored materials (including correspondence, memoranda, manuals, notes, and notebooks) which were in his or her possession from time to time (whether or not written or prepared by me) embodying confidential information should be and remain the Corporation’s sole property and he or she will use all reasonable precautions to assure that all such written and computer-stored materials are properly protected and kept from unauthorized persons. The Grantee further agrees to deliver same, including all copies, promptly to the Corporation upon termination of his or her employment, or at any time it may request. In the event that the Grantee is unsure whether certain material or information is confidential, he or she agrees to consult the Corporation’s Legal Department for resolution and agrees to be bound by the Legal Department’s decision.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Agreement or otherwise limits the Grantee’s ability to communicate directly with, and provide information, including documents, not otherwise protected from disclosure by any applicable law or privilege to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), or any other federal, state or local governmental agency or commission or self-regulatory organization (each such agency, commission or organization, a “Government Agency”) regarding possible legal violations, without disclosure to the Corporation. The Corporation may not retaliate against the Grantee for any of these activities, and nothing in this Agreement requires the Grantee to waive any monetary award or other relief that the Grantee might become entitled to from the SEC or any other Government Agency.

Pursuant to the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, the Corporation and the Grantee acknowledge and agree that the Grantee shall not have criminal or civil liability under any federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that (i) is made (A) in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly,

5

or to an attorney and (B) solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (ii) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. In addition and without limiting the preceding sentence, if the Grantee files a lawsuit for retaliation by the Corporation for reporting a suspected violation of law, the Grantee may disclose the trade secret to his or her attorney and may use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if the Grantee (X) files any document containing the trade secret under seal and (Y) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.

8.Non-solicitation. The Grantee agrees that, during the two (2) year period following the Termination Date, the Grantee shall not solicit or encourage any employee, consultant or other individual independent contractor with whom he or she communicated within the last year of his or her employment to leave the employ or engagement of the Corporation, or hire any such employees. Further, during this two (2) year period following the Termination Date, the Grantee shall not, directly or indirectly, contact or accept business that the Corporation could otherwise perform from any of the Corporation’s customers or prospective customers with whom the Grantee communicated within the last two (2) years of his or her employment.

9.The Grantee expressly agrees that the markets served by the Corporation extend nationally and are not dependent on the geographic location of the personnel or the businesses by which they are employed and that the restrictions set forth in Sections 7 through 9 have been designed to be reasonable and are no greater than are required for the protection of the Corporation and do not prevent the Grantee from earning a livelihood by working in positions that do not compete with the Corporation. In the event that a court shall determine that any provision of the Agreement is unenforceable, the parties shall request that the court construe this Agreement in such a fashion as to render it enforceable and to revise time and geographic limits to those minimum limits that the court believes are reasonable to protect the interests of the Corporation. The Grantee further acknowledges that his or her employment at the Corporation is employment at-will and this Agreement does not alter this at-will relationship. The Grantee acknowledges and agrees that these covenants have unique, substantial and immeasurable value to the Corporation, that the Grantee has sufficient skills to provide a livelihood for him or her while these covenants remains in force, and that these covenants will not interfere with his or her ability to work consistent with his or her experience, training, and education. To enable the Corporation to monitor compliance with the obligations imposed by this Agreement, the Grantee further agrees to inform in writing a senior officer in Human Resources with a title of “Vice President” or above of the identity of the Grantee’s subsequent employer(s) and his or her prospective job title and responsibilities prior to beginning employment. The Grantee agrees that this notice requirement shall remain in effect for twelve (12) months following the Termination Date.

10.The restrictive covenants set forth in Sections 7 through 9 do not in any way restrict or impede the Grantee from exercising protected rights to the extent that such rights cannot be waived by agreement or from complying with any applicable law or regulation or a valid order of a court of competent jurisdiction or an authorized government agency, provided that such compliance does not exceed that required by the law, regulation, or order.

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11.The illegality, unenforceability, or ineffectiveness of any provision of Sections 7 through 10 shall not affect the legality, enforceability, or effectiveness of any other provision of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the confidentiality provisions identified in Section 7 of this Agreement, the Grantee may disclose the restrictive covenants in this Agreement to prospective employers and agrees that the Corporation may provide a copy of this Agreement to his or her prospective or future employers.

12.Securities Law Compliance. The Corporation may impose such restrictions, conditions or limitations as it determines appropriate as to the timing and manner of any transfer or sale by the Grantee of any shares of the Corporation’s common stock, including without limitation (a) restrictions under an insider trading policy and (b) restrictions that may be necessary in the absence of an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, covering the shares of the Corporation’s common stock. The sale of the shares must also comply with other applicable laws and regulations governing the sale of such shares.

13.Data Privacy. As an essential term of the Award, the Grantee consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of personal data as described herein for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Grantee’s participation in the Plan. By accepting the Award, the Grantee acknowledges that the Corporation holds certain personal information about the Grantee, including, but not limited to, name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social security number or other identification number, salary, tax rates and amounts, nationality, job title, any shares of stock held in the Corporation, details of all options or any other entitlement to shares of stock awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding, for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Plan (“Data”). The Grantee acknowledges that Data may be transferred to any third parties assisting in the implementation, administration and management of the Plan, that these recipients may be located in jurisdictions that may have different data privacy laws and protections, and the Grantee authorizes the recipients to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the purposes of implementing, administering and managing the Plan, including any requisite transfer of such Data as may be required to a broker or other third party with whom the Grantee or the Corporation may elect to deposit any shares of the Corporation’s common stock. The Grantee acknowledges that Data may be held to implement, administer and manage the Grantee’s participation in the Plan as determined by the Corporation, and that the Grantee may request additional information about the storage and processing of Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, provided, however, that refusing or withdrawing the Grantee’s consent may adversely affect the Grantee’s ability to participate in the Plan.

14.Electronic Delivery. The Corporation may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to any Awards granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request the Grantee’s consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. The Grantee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Corporation or another third party designated by the Corporation, and

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such consent shall remain in effect throughout the Grantee’s term of service with the Corporation (or its subsidiaries) and thereafter until withdrawn in writing by the Grantee.

15.Board Interpretation. The Grantee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive, and final all decisions and interpretations of the Board and, where applicable, the Committee concerning any questions arising under this Agreement or the Plan.

16.No Right to Continued Employment. Nothing in the Plan, in this Agreement or any other instrument executed pursuant thereto or hereto shall confer upon the Grantee any right to continued employment with the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.

17.Amendments for Accounting Charges. The Committee reserves the right to unilaterally amend this Agreement to reflect any changes in applicable law or financial accounting standards.

18.Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to principles of conflicts of law.

19.Notices. All notices, requests, demands and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if personally delivered, or, if mailed or emailed, when received by, the other party at the following addresses:

If to the Corporation to:

Human Resources Department

ATTN: Total Rewards

300 Continental Drive

Newark, DE 19713

HR_Inbox@salliemae.com

If to the Grantee, to (i) the last address maintained in the Corporation’s Human Resources files for the Grantee or (ii) the Grantee’s mail delivery code or place of work at the Corporation (or its subsidiaries).

20. Plan Controls; Entire Agreement; Capitalized Terms. In the event of any conflict between the provisions of this Agreement and the provisions of the Plan, the terms of the Plan control, except as expressly stated otherwise herein. This Agreement, the Plan and the Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice together set forth the entire agreement and understanding between the parties as to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior oral and written and all contemporaneous or subsequent oral discussions, agreements and understandings of any kind or nature with the exception of (i) equity awards previously granted and delivered to the Grantee, (ii) any compensation adjustment policy that is adopted by the Corporation or is otherwise required by applicable law or listing standards applicable to the Corporation and (iii) any written restrictive covenants, employment or severance arrangements setting forth restrictive covenants applicable to the Grantee. Capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meanings as described in the Plan or in the Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice.

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21. Miscellaneous. In the event that any provision of this Agreement is declared to be illegal, invalid or otherwise unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such provision shall be reformed, if possible, to the extent necessary to render it legal, valid and enforceable, or otherwise deleted, and the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected except to the extent necessary to reform or delete such illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision. The headings in this Agreement are solely for convenience of reference, and shall not constitute a part of this Agreement, nor shall they affect its meaning, construction or effect. The Grantee shall cooperate and take such actions as may be reasonably requested by the Corporation in order to carry out the provisions and purposes of the Agreement. The Grantee is responsible for complying with all laws applicable to the Grantee, including federal and state securities reporting laws.

22. Electronic Acceptance. By accepting this Award, the Grantee hereby (i) acknowledges receipt of, and represents that the Grantee understands this Agreement, the Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and the Plan, including the restrictive covenants set forth in Sections 7 through 9, (ii) acknowledges and confirms the Grantee’s consent to receive electronically the Award, the Plan, the Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and any other Plan documents or other related communications that the Corporation wishes or is required to deliver, (iii) acknowledges that a copy of the Plan and the related Plan documents were made available to the Grantee and (iv) agrees that the electronic acceptance of the Agreement constitutes a legally binding acceptance of the Agreement, and that the electronic acceptance of the Agreement shall have the same force and effect as if the Agreement was physically signed.

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EX-10.2

Exhibit 10.2

SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan

2023 Performance Stock Unit Term Sheet

Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) of the SLM Corporation Board of Directors hereby grants to _____________________ (the “Grantee”) on February 17, 2023 (the “Grant Date”) a target award (the “Award”) of ______ shares of Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”), which represent the right to acquire shares of common stock of SLM Corporation (the “Corporation”), subject to the following terms and conditions (this “Agreement”):

1.Vesting Schedule. Unless vested earlier as set forth below, the Award will vest, and will be converted into shares of the Corporation’s common stock, based on the following vesting terms:

•A specified number of the total PSUs granted to each executive shall vest in amounts based on the Corporation’s total shareholder return (“TSR”) as measured during the performance period from February 17, 2023 through February 17, 2026 (the “Performance Period”), as shown on the attached chart in Appendix A. Each vested PSU shall be subject to the Transfer Restrictions (as defined below) set forth herein. Following the lapse of the Transfer Restrictions, each vested PSU will be settled in shares of the Corporation’s common stock.

•“TSR” shall be determined with respect to the Corporation and the members of its Peer Group (as that term is defined below) by dividing (i) the difference (whether positive or negative) between (x) such company’s twenty (20) day trading average, using the closing prices, for the twenty (20) trading days immediately preceding February 17, 2026 (the “Measurement End Date”) and (y) such company’s twenty (20) day trading average, using the closing prices, concluding on the twentieth (20th) trading day immediately following the Grant Date (the “Measurement Start Date”) by (ii) such company’s twenty (20) day trading average, using the closing prices, concluding on the Measurement Start Date. Both twenty (20) day averages will assume dividend reinvestment on the ex-dividend dates, as applicable. If the Measurement Start Date or the Measurement End Date are not trading dates, the twenty (20) day trading average concluding on the immediately preceding trading date shall be the applicable average for purposes of determining the Corporation’s or any Peer Group member’s TSR. Also for this purpose, each trading average will include only trading days, which will be determined on a separate basis for the Corporation and each Peer Group member, based on trading on the primary exchange on which such company’s shares are traded. Any non-cash distributions shall be ascribed such dollar value as may be determined.

•The “Peer Group” of the Corporation is set forth in Appendix A.

•The performance goals shall equitably and proportionally be adjusted to preserve the intended incentives of PSUs and exclude or mitigate the impact of, as the case may be, the effects of a stock split, reverse stock split, spin off, extraordinary stock dividend, or other equity restructuring events.

•The calculation of TSR shall be independently validated by the Chief Risk Officer of the Corporation and certified by the Committee.

•PSUs shall vest on the later of (i) February 17, 2026 and (ii) the date by which the Committee has certified the level of attainment of TSR (such later date, the “Vesting Date”). The Vesting Date shall be no later than March 31, 2026. Following the Vesting Date, the PSUs shall be fully vested but subject to Transfer Restrictions and forfeiture conditions set forth herein, with such Transfer Restrictions and forfeiture conditions to lapse on the one (1) year anniversary of the Vesting Date (such date, the “Restriction Lapse Date,” and such period between the Vesting Date and the Restriction Lapse Date, the “Holding Period”). Upon such lapsing of the Transfer Restrictions and no later than March 31, 2027, the PSUs shall be settled in shares of the Corporation’s common stock.

•During the Holding Period, none of the PSUs under the Award may be sold, transferred or otherwise assigned during the Holding Period, except as set forth in Section 12 of the Plan (the “Transfer Restrictions”). If, during the Holding Period, the Corporation terminates the Grantee’s employment due to a Termination of Employment For Cause, the Grantee shall forfeit the Award in its entirety as of the date of such termination of employment. If the Corporation terminates the Grantee’s employment for any reason other than due to a Termination of Employment For Cause, or the Grantee terminates his or her employment for any reason during the Holding Period, the Award will remain subject to the Transfer Restrictions through the Restriction Lapse Date.

•The Committee has discretion to increase or decrease the shares issuable pursuant to the Award; provided that in no event shall the number of shares granted under the Award exceed 200% of the target award.

2.Employment Termination; Death; Disability. Except as provided below, if, prior to the Vesting Date, the Grantee voluntarily ceases to be an employee of the Corporation (or one of its subsidiaries) for any reason (except as explicitly set forth below) or experiences a Termination of Employment For Cause (as defined below), he or she shall forfeit, for no consideration, any portion of the Award that has not vested, in either case, as of the date of such termination of employment (for the avoidance of doubt, even if the Performance Period is complete).

If not previously vested, the Award will continue to vest, and will be settled in shares of the Corporation’s common stock, subject to the original performance goal, Performance Period and Holding Period set forth above on the original vesting terms set forth above and on the Restriction Lapse Date in the event that (i) the Grantee’s employment is terminated by the Corporation for any reason other than due to a Termination of

Employment For Cause, as determined by the Corporation in its sole discretion; (ii) the Grantee voluntarily ceases to be an employee of the Corporation (or one of its subsidiaries) and meets the Corporation’s retirement eligibility requirements under the Corporation’s then-current retirement eligibility policy, which shall be determined by the Corporation in its sole discretion; or (iii) the Grantee (x) is an “Eligible Officer” eligible to participate in the SLM Corporation Amended and Restated Executive Severance Plan for Senior Officers (the “Executive Severance Plan”) and (y) terminates his or her employment under such circumstances that give rise to a Termination of Employment For Good Reason.

If not previously vested, the Award will vest, and will be settled in shares of the Corporation’s common stock (i.e., the Award will no longer be subject to the Transfer Restrictions), at the target level set forth above, upon death or Disability (provided that such Disability qualifies as a “disability” within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(4)).

The Award shall be forfeited, upon a Termination of Employment For Cause, as determined by the Corporation in its sole discretion, for no consideration. Notwithstanding anything stated herein, in the Plan or in the SLM Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan for Senior Officers, the Award shall not be subject to the terms set forth in the SLM Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan for Senior Officers.

“Termination of Employment For Cause” means a termination of a Grantee’s employment by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries because (i) there has been a willful and continuing failure of the Grantee to perform substantially his or her duties and responsibilities (other than as a result of Grantee’s death or Disability) and, if such willful and continuing failure may be cured by the Grantee, that such failure has not been cured within ten (10) business days after written notice of such was given to the Grantee, or (ii) the Grantee has committed an act of Misconduct.

“Misconduct” means (a) commission of an act of embezzlement, fraud, dishonesty, misappropriation, nonpayment of any obligation owed to the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, breach of fiduciary duty or deliberate disregard of the Corporation’s rules, including, but not limited to, the SLM Corporation Code of Business Conduct; (b) intentional wrongdoing, gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of the Grantee’s duties or otherwise in respect of the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries; (c) commission of, conviction of, plea of guilty to or plea of nolo contendere to (i) a felony crime or (ii) any other criminal offense involving moral turpitude, fraud or dishonesty; (d) an unauthorized disclosure of any confidential information or trade secrets; or (e) engaging in any conduct that would constitute unfair competition against the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries, or a violation of any restrictive covenant to which the Grantee is subject (including, but not limited to, those restrictive covenants set forth in this Agreement or the Grantee’s New Hire Attestations).

“Termination of Employment For Good Reason” means a termination of a Grantee’s employment by the Grantee due to: (a) a material reduction in the position or responsibilities of the Grantee not including a change in title only; (b) a material reduction in the Grantee’s Base Salary (as defined in the Executive Severance Plan) or a material reduction in the Grantee’s compensation arrangements or benefits (provided that variability in the value of stock-based compensation or in the compensation provided

under the SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan or a successor plan will not be deemed to cause a material reduction in compensation); or (c) a relocation of the Grantee’s primary work location to a distance of greater than seventy-five (75) miles from his or her primary work location as of the date of this Agreement, unless such relocation results in the Grantee’s primary work location being closer to his or her then-primary residence or does not substantially increase the average commuting time of such Grantee; provided that a “Termination of Employment For Good Reason” shall not include any requirement by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries that the Grantee work at his or her assigned office location following the suspension, modification or termination of any applicable remote or hybrid work arrangement granted to the Grantee by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries. If a Grantee continues his or her employment with the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries for more than ninety (90) days after the occurrence of an event described above that constitutes a Termination of Employment For Good Reason, then the Grantee shall be deemed to have given his or her consent to such event and the Grantee shall not be eligible for continued vesting under this Agreement as a result of that event and shall be deemed to have waived all rights in regard to such event.

3.Change in Control. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement:

a.In the event of a Change in Control in which the acquiring or surviving company in the transaction does not assume or continue outstanding Awards upon the Change in Control, then any portion of the Award that is not vested shall vest at the greater of (i) 100% target level set forth in the vesting schedule herein or (ii) the actual level based on the relative TSR as measured on the date of such Change in Control, and the Holding Period set forth herein shall not apply; provided, however, the settlement of the accelerated portion of the PSUs into shares of common stock (i.e., the settlement of the Award) will nevertheless be made at the same time or times as if such PSUs had vested (without regard to any Holding Period) in accordance with the vesting schedule set forth in Section 1 or, if earlier, upon the termination of the Grantee’s employment for reasons other than due to a Termination of Employment For Cause.

b.If the Grantee’s employment terminates within twenty-four (24) months following a Change in Control for any reason other than (i) due to a Termination of Employment For Cause or (ii) by the Grantee’s voluntary termination of employment that is not a Termination of Employment For Good Reason, as defined in the SLM Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan for Senior Officers (if applicable to the Grantee), any portion of the Award not previously vested shall immediately become common stock, upon such employment termination (without regard to any Holding Period).

4.Taxes; Dividends. The Grantee of the Award shall make such arrangements as may reasonably be required by the Corporation, including transferring a sufficient number of shares of the Corporation’s common stock, to satisfy the income and employment tax withholding requirements that accrue upon the Award becoming vested or, if applicable, settled in shares of the Corporation’s common stock (by approving this Agreement, the Committee hereby approves the transfer of such shares to the Corporation for purposes of SEC Rule 16b-3). For the avoidance of doubt, the Corporation may withhold such shares as may be required to pay any applicable payroll taxes, including, without limitation,

taxes owed under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) or the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), that may become due on the Vesting Date. Dividends declared on an unvested Award will not be paid in cash currently except in the case of fractional shares as set forth below. Instead, an account established on behalf of the Grantee will be credited with an amount equal to such dividends, which amount shall be reinvested in additional shares of the Corporation’s common stock (“Dividend Equivalent”). The value of the Dividend Equivalents will be calculated in the same manner as dividends paid to holders of common stock. Such Dividend Equivalents will be subject to the same vesting schedule and Transfer Restrictions to which the Award is subject and shall be subject to adjustment based on the same performance measures applicable to the underlying PSUs and shall be payable at the same time that the underlying PSUs are payable. Upon vesting of any portion of the Award, the amount of Dividend Equivalents allocable to such Award (and any fractional share amount) will also vest. Upon the lapse of any of the Transfer Restrictions on any portion of the Award, the amount of Dividend Equivalents allocable to such Award (and any fractional share) will be converted into shares of the Corporation’s common stock (provided that any fractional share amount shall be paid in cash).

5.Section 409A. For purposes of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code, the regulations and other guidance thereunder and any state law of similar effect (collectively “Section 409A”), each payment and benefit payable under this Agreement is hereby designated as a separate payment. The parties intend that all PSUs provided under this Agreement and shares issuable hereunder comply with or be exempt from the requirements of Section 409A so that none of the payments or benefits will be subject to the adverse tax penalties imposed under Section 409A, and any ambiguities herein will be interpreted to so comply. Notwithstanding anything in the Plan or this Agreement to the contrary, if the vesting of the balance or some lesser portion of the balance, of the PSUs is to be accelerated in connection with the Grantee’s termination of service, such accelerated PSUs will not be settled by virtue of such acceleration until and unless the Grantee has a “separation from service” within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h), as determined by the Corporation, in its sole discretion. Further, and notwithstanding anything in the Plan or this Agreement to the contrary, if (x) any of the PSUs to be provided in connection with the Grantee’s separation from service do not qualify for any reason to be exempt from Section 409A, (y) the Grantee is, at the time of such separation from service, a “specified employee” (as defined in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(i)) and (z) the settlement of such PSUs would result in the imposition of additional tax under Section 409A if such settlement occurs on or within the six (6) month period following the Grantee’s separation from service, then, to the extent necessary to avoid the imposition of such additional taxation, the settlement of any such PSU during such six (6) month period will accrue and will not be settled until the date six (6) months and one (1) day following the date of the Grantee’s separation from service and on such date (or, if earlier, the date of the Grantee’s death), such PSUs will be settled.

6.Clawback Provision. If the Board, or an appropriate committee thereof, determines that (a) any material misstatement of financial results or a performance metric criteria has occurred as a result of the Grantee’s conduct; (b) the Grantee has committed a material violation of corporate policy or has committed fraud or Misconduct; or (c) the Grantee has violated any of the restrictive covenants set forth in Sections 7 through 9, then the Board or such committee may, in its sole discretion, require reimbursement of any compensation resulting from the vesting of PSUs and the cancellation of any outstanding

PSUs from the Grantee (whether or not such individual is currently employed by the Corporation) during the three (3) year period following the date on which the conduct resulting in the material misstatement occurred, or the date such violation, fraud or Misconduct occurred, as determined by the Board or the applicable committee. The Board or such committee shall consider all factors, with particular scrutiny when one of the Senior Vice Presidents or above are involved, in determining whether and to what extent such involvement described herein occurred and the amount of such reimbursement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, this provision shall be subject to adjustment and amendment to conform with any current or subsequently adopted policy or amendment relating to the clawback of compensation as may be adopted by the Board or an appropriate committee thereof.

7.Confidentiality.The Grantee recognizes that his or her work as an employee of the Corporation brought or may have brought him or her into close contact with confidential information of the Corporation not publicly known. This may include, but is not limited to, know-how, technical data, methods, processes, formulations, techniques, developments, inventions, research projects, new products, plans for future developments, responses to “Requests for Proposals,” “Letters of Understanding,” bid information for government contracts, negotiations for new business ventures or strategic alliances, litigation and potential litigation matters, computer code and/or design of proprietary loan systems, personnel records and salary information, information about costs, profits, markets, sales, and lists of customers, potential customers and/or employees. This list is merely illustrative and confidential information is not limited to the illustrations.

The Grantee expressly acknowledges and agrees that the Corporation’s confidential information is proprietary and confidential and that, if any of the confidential information was imparted or became known by any persons, including the Grantee, engaging in a business in any way competitive with the Corporation, such disclosure would result in hardship, loss, irreparable injury and damage to the Corporation, the measurement of which would be difficult, if not impossible, to determine. The Grantee further expressly agrees that the Corporation has a legitimate interest in protecting the confidential information and its business goodwill, and that it is necessary for the Corporation to protect its business from such hardship, loss, irreparable injury and damage. The Grantee further acknowledges that the preservation and protection of the confidential information is an essential part of his or her duties of employment and that, as a result of the Grantee’s employment with the Corporation, he or she has a duty of fidelity, loyalty, and trust to the Corporation in handling the confidential information.

The Grantee agrees to keep secret all such confidential information and trade secrets of the Corporation and agrees not to, directly or indirectly, other than as necessary in the Corporation’s business and in the scope of his or her employment, disclose or use any such confidential information at any time (including any time following the date the Grantee experiences a termination of employment for any reason (the “Termination Date”)) except as (1) required or permitted by statute, regulation or court order; or (2) pursuant to written consent given by the Corporation’s General Counsel. In addition, the Grantee recognizes that he or she may have been exposed, by reason of his or her employment, to certain information, which is confidential or proprietary to third parties. The Grantee agrees that he or she will not disclose or use at any time, without the prior written consent of such third party and the Corporation, any such confidential or

proprietary information. The Grantee agrees that all written and computer-stored materials (including correspondence, memoranda, manuals, notes, and notebooks) which were in his or her possession from time to time (whether or not written or prepared by me) embodying confidential information should be and remain the Corporation’s sole property and he or she will use all reasonable precautions to assure that all such written and computer-stored materials are properly protected and kept from unauthorized persons. The Grantee further agrees to deliver same, including all copies, promptly to the Corporation upon termination of his or her employment, or at any time it may request. In the event that the Grantee is unsure whether certain material or information is confidential, he or she agrees to consult the Corporation’s Legal Department for resolution, and agrees to be bound by the Legal Department’s decision.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Agreement or otherwise limits the Grantee’s ability to communicate directly with, and provide information, including documents, not otherwise protected from disclosure by any applicable law or privilege to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), or any other federal, state or local governmental agency or commission or self-regulatory organization (each such agency, commission or organization, a “Government Agency”) regarding possible legal violations, without disclosure to the Corporation. The Corporation may not retaliate against the Grantee for any of these activities, and nothing in this Agreement requires the Grantee to waive any monetary award or other relief that the Grantee might become entitled to from the SEC or any other Government Agency.

Pursuant to the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, the Corporation and the Grantee acknowledge and agree that the Grantee shall not have criminal or civil liability under any federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that (i) is made (A) in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney and (B) solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (ii) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. In addition and without limiting the preceding sentence, if the Grantee files a lawsuit for retaliation by the Corporation for reporting a suspected violation of law, the Grantee may disclose the trade secret to his or her attorney and may use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if the Grantee (X) files any document containing the trade secret under seal and (Y) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.

8.Non-solicitation. The Grantee agrees that, during the two (2) year period following the Termination Date, the Grantee shall not solicit or encourage any employee, consultant or other individual independent contractor with whom he or she communicated within the last year of his or her employment to leave the employ or engagement of the Corporation, or hire any such employees. Further, during this two (2) year period following the Termination Date, the Grantee shall not, directly or indirectly, contact or accept business that the Corporation could otherwise perform from any of the Corporation’s customers or prospective customers with whom the Grantee communicated within the last two (2) years of his or her employment.

9.The Grantee expressly agrees that the markets served by the Corporation extend nationally and are not dependent on the geographic location of the personnel or the businesses by which they are employed and that the restrictions set forth in Sections 7 through 9 have been designed to be reasonable and are no greater than are required for

the protection of the Corporation and do not prevent the Grantee from earning a livelihood by working in positions that do not compete with the Corporation. In the event that a court shall determine that any provision of the Agreement is unenforceable, the parties shall request that the court construe this Agreement in such a fashion as to render it enforceable and to revise time and geographic limits to those minimum limits that the court believes are reasonable to protect the interests of the Corporation. The Grantee further acknowledges that his or her employment at the Corporation is employment at-will and this Agreement does not alter this at-will relationship. The Grantee acknowledges and agrees that these covenants have unique, substantial and immeasurable value to the Corporation, that the Grantee has sufficient skills to provide a livelihood for him or her while these covenants remains in force, and that these covenants will not interfere with his or her ability to work consistent with his or her experience, training, and education. To enable the Corporation to monitor compliance with the obligations imposed by this Agreement, the Grantee further agrees to inform in writing a senior officer in Human Resources with a title of “Vice President” or above of the identity of the Grantee’s subsequent employer(s) and his or her prospective job title and responsibilities prior to beginning employment. The Grantee agrees that this notice requirement shall remain in effect for twelve (12) months following the Termination Date.

10.The restrictive covenants set forth in Sections 7 through 9 do not in any way restrict or impede the Grantee from exercising protected rights to the extent that such rights cannot be waived by agreement or from complying with any applicable law or regulation or a valid order of a court of competent jurisdiction or an authorized government agency, provided that such compliance does not exceed that required by the law, regulation, or order.

11.The illegality, unenforceability, or ineffectiveness of any provision of Sections 7 through 10 shall not affect the legality, enforceability, or effectiveness of any other provision of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the confidentiality provisions identified in Section 7 of this Agreement, the Grantee may disclose the restrictive covenants in this Agreement to prospective employers, and agrees that the Corporation may provide a copy of this Agreement to his or her prospective or future employers.

12.Securities Law Compliance. The Corporation may impose such restrictions, conditions or limitations as it determines appropriate as to the timing and manner of any transfer or sale by the Grantee of any shares of the Corporation’s common stock, including without limitation (a) restrictions under an insider trading policy and (b) restrictions that may be necessary in the absence of an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, covering the shares of the Corporation’s common stock. The sale of the shares must also comply with other applicable laws and regulations governing the sale of such shares.

13.Data Privacy. As an essential term of the Award, the Grantee consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of personal data as described herein for the exclusive purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Grantee’s participation in the Plan. By accepting the Award, the Grantee acknowledges that the Corporation holds certain personal information about the Grantee, including, but not limited to, name, home address and telephone number, date of birth, social security number or other identification number, salary, tax rates and amounts, nationality, job title, any shares of stock held in the Corporation, details of all options or any other entitlement

to shares of stock awarded, canceled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding, for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Plan (“Data”). The Grantee acknowledges that Data may be transferred to any third parties assisting in the implementation, administration and management of the Plan, that these recipients may be located in jurisdictions that may have different data privacy laws and protections, and the Grantee authorizes the recipients to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, for the purposes of implementing, administering and managing the Plan, including any requisite transfer of such Data as may be required to a broker or other third party with whom the Grantee or the Corporation may elect to deposit any shares of the Corporation’s common stock. The Grantee acknowledges that Data may be held to implement, administer and manage the Grantee’s participation in the Plan as determined by the Corporation, and that the Grantee may request additional information about the storage and processing of Data, require any necessary amendments to Data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, provided, however, that refusing or withdrawing the Grantee’s consent may adversely affect the Grantee’s ability to participate in the Plan.

14.Electronic Delivery. The Corporation may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to any Awards granted under the Plan by electronic means or to request the Grantee’s consent to participate in the Plan by electronic means. The Grantee hereby consents to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an online or electronic system established and maintained by the Corporation or another third party designated by the Corporation, and such consent shall remain in effect throughout the Grantee’s term of service with the Corporation (or its subsidiaries) and thereafter until withdrawn in writing by the Grantee.

15.Board Interpretation. The Grantee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive, and final all decisions and interpretations of the Board and, where applicable, the Committee concerning any questions arising under this Agreement or the Plan.

16.No Right to Continued Employment. Nothing in the Plan, in this Agreement or any other instrument executed pursuant thereto or hereto shall confer upon the Grantee any right to continued employment with the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.

17.Amendments for Accounting Charges. The Committee reserves the right to unilaterally amend this Agreement to reflect any changes in applicable law or financial accounting standards.

18.Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to principles of conflicts of law.

19.Notices. All notices, requests, demands and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if personally delivered, or, if mailed or emailed, when received by, the other party at the following addresses:

If to the Corporation to:

Human Resources Department

ATTN: Total Rewards

300 Continental Drive

Newark, DE 19713

HR_Inbox@salliemae.com

If to the Grantee, to (i) the last address maintained in the Corporation’s Human Resources files for the Grantee or (ii) the Grantee’s mail delivery code or place of work at the Corporation (or its subsidiaries).

20.Plan Controls; Entire Agreement; Capitalized Terms. In the event of any conflict between the provisions of this Agreement and the provisions of the Plan, the terms of the Plan control, except as expressly stated otherwise herein. This Agreement and the Plan together set forth the entire agreement and understanding between the parties as to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior oral and written and all contemporaneous or subsequent oral discussions, agreements and understandings of any kind or nature with the exception of (i) equity awards previously granted and delivered to the Grantee, (ii) any compensation adjustment policy that is adopted by the Corporation or is otherwise required by applicable law or listing standards applicable to the Corporation and (iii) any written restrictive covenants, employment or severance arrangements setting forth restrictive covenants applicable to the Grantee. Capitalized terms not defined herein shall have the meanings as described in the Plan.

21.Miscellaneous. In the event that any provision of this Agreement is declared to be illegal, invalid or otherwise unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, such provision shall be reformed, if possible, to the extent necessary to render it legal, valid and enforceable, or otherwise deleted, and the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected except to the extent necessary to reform or delete such illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision. The headings in this Agreement are solely for convenience of reference, and shall not constitute a part of this Agreement, nor shall they affect its meaning, construction or effect. The Grantee shall cooperate and take such actions as may be reasonably requested by the Corporation in order to carry out the provisions and purposes of the Agreement. The Grantee is responsible for complying with all laws applicable to the Grantee, including federal and state securities reporting laws.

22.Electronic Acceptance. By accepting this Award, the Grantee hereby (i) acknowledges receipt of, and represents that the Grantee understands this Agreement, the Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and the Plan, including the restrictive covenants set forth in Sections 7 through 9, (ii) acknowledges and confirms the Grantee’s consent to receive electronically the Award, the Plan, the Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and any other Plan documents or other related communications that the Corporation wishes or is required to deliver, (iii) acknowledges that a copy of the Plan and the related Plan documents were made available to the Grantee and (iv) agrees that the electronic acceptance of the Agreement constitutes a legally binding acceptance of the Agreement, and that the electronic acceptance of the Agreement shall have the same force and effect as if the Agreement was physically signed.

EX-10.3

Exhibit 10.3

EX-10.4

Exhibit 10.4

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Jonathan W. Witter, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of SLM Corporation;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ JONATHAN W. WITTER

Jonathan W. Witter

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

April 26, 2023

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Steven J. McGarry, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of SLM Corporation;

2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)    Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)    Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)    Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)    Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.    The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)    All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)    Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ STEVEN J. MCGARRY

Steven J. McGarry

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

April 26, 2023

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of SLM Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jonathan W. Witter, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

/s/ JONATHAN W. WITTER

Jonathan W. Witter

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

April 26, 2023

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of SLM Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Steven J. McGarry, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)    The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

/s/ STEVEN J. MCGARRY

Steven J. McGarry

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

April 26, 2023

XML

Cover page	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 shares
Entity Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-13251
Entity Registrant Name	SLM Corp
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	52-2013874
Entity Address, Address Line One	300 Continental Drive
Entity Address, City or Town	Newark,
Entity Address, State or Province	DE
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	19713
City Area Code	302
Local Phone Number	451-0200
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	242,249,757
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Entity Central Index Key	0001032033
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Common stock, par value $.20 per share
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common stock, par value $.20 per share
Trading Symbol	SLM
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $.20 per share
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $.20 per share
Trading Symbol	SLMBP
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,716,379	$ 4,616,117
Investments:
Trading investments at fair value (cost of $41,282 and $47,554, respectively)	51,342	55,903
Available-for-sale investments at fair value (cost of $2,487,749 and $2,554,332, respectively)	2,311,062	2,342,089
Other investments	98,067	94,716
Total investments	2,460,471	2,492,708
Loans held for investment (net of allowance for losses of $1,479,306 and $1,357,075, respectively)	21,087,563	19,626,868
Loans held for sale	26,202	29,448
Restricted cash	181,764	156,719
Other interest-earning assets	13,031	11,162
Accrued interest receivable	1,331,017	1,202,059
Premises and equipment, net	137,890	140,728
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net	116,001	118,273
Income taxes receivable, net	337,177	380,058
Tax indemnification receivable	2,858	2,816
Other assets	43,548	34,073
Total assets	29,453,901	28,811,029
Liabilities
Deposits	21,803,666	21,448,071
Long-term borrowings	5,513,976	5,235,114
Other liabilities	309,164	400,874
Total liabilities	27,626,806	27,084,059
Commitments and contingencies
Equity
Preferred stock, par value $0.20 per share, 20 million shares authorized: Series B: 2.5 million and 2.5 million shares issued, respectively, at stated value of $100 per share	251,070	251,070
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share, 1.125 billion shares authorized: 437.6 million and 435.1 million shares issued, respectively	87,530	87,025
Additional paid-in capital	1,121,082	1,109,072
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (net of tax benefit of ($25,139) and ($30,160), respectively)	(78,333)	(93,870)
Retained earnings	3,250,478	3,163,640
Total SLM Corporation stockholders’ equity before treasury stock	4,631,827	4,516,937
Less: Common stock held in treasury at cost: 195.4 million and 194.4 million shares, respectively	(2,804,732)	(2,789,967)
Total equity	1,827,095	1,726,970
Total liabilities and equity	$ 29,453,901	$ 28,811,029

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands, shares in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Trading investments, cost	$ 41,282	$ 47,554
Available-for sale investments at fair value, cost	2,487,749	2,554,332
Allowance for credit losses	$ 1,479,306	$ 1,357,075
Preferred stock, par or stated value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.20	$ 0.20
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	20.0	20.0
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	2.5	2.5
Preferred stock, liquidation preference (in dollars per share)	$ 100	$ 100
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.20	$ 0.20
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,125.0	1,125.0
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	437.6	435.1
Tax benefit on accumulated other comprehensive loss	$ 25,139	$ 30,160
Common stock held in treasury (in shares)	195.4	194.4

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Interest income:
Loans	$ 582,784	$ 458,044
Investments	11,331	5,479
Cash and cash equivalents	43,483	1,515
Total interest income	637,598	465,038
Interest expense:
Deposits	183,531	49,537
Interest expense on short-term borrowings	3,018	2,875
Interest expense on long-term borrowings	45,981	37,594
Total interest expense	232,530	90,006
Net interest income	405,068	375,032
Less: provisions for credit losses	114,112	98,050
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses	290,956	276,982
Non-interest income:
Gains (losses) on sales of loans, net	(9)	9,881
Gains (losses) on securities, net	1,711	(3,580)
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net	0	(5)
Other income	20,009	15,629
Total non-interest income	21,711	21,925
Operating expenses:
Compensation and benefits	87,649	71,981
FDIC assessment fees	11,529	5,684
Other operating expenses	55,361	54,341
Total operating expenses	154,539	132,006
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense	2,272	733
Total non-interest expenses	156,811	132,739
Income before income tax expense	155,856	166,168
Income tax expense	37,338	37,356
Net income	118,518	128,812
Preferred stock dividends	4,063	1,275
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$ 114,455	$ 127,537
Basic earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.47	$ 0.46
Average common shares outstanding (in shares)	241,497	276,977
Diluted earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.47	$ 0.45
Average common and common equivalent shares outstanding (in shares)	243,549	280,654
Declared dividends per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.11	$ 0.11

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 118,518	$ 128,812
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments	35,556	(81,041)
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges	(14,999)	52,530
Total unrealized gains (losses)	20,557	(28,511)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(5,020)	6,894
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (expense) benefit	15,537	(21,617)
Total comprehensive income	$ 134,055	$ 107,195

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Series B Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Retained Earnings	Retained Earnings Series B Preferred Stock
Beginning balance, shares issued (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021			2,510,696	432,013,372
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021					(153,056,639)
Beginning Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021				278,956,733
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 2,149,711		$ 251,070	$ 86,403	$ (2,061,383)	$ 1,074,384	$ (17,897)	$ 2,817,134
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	128,812							128,812
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(21,617)						(21,617)
Total comprehensive income	107,195
Cash dividends declared:
Common Stock	(30,493)							(30,493)
Preferred Stock		$ (1,275)							$ (1,275)
Dividend equivalent units related to employee stock-based compensation plans	$ (16)					618		(634)
Issuance of common shares (in shares)	2,594,817			2,594,817
Issuance of common shares	$ 448			$ 519		(71)		0
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 11,921					11,921
Common stock repurchased (in shares)	(9,533,392)			(9,533,392)	(9,533,392)
Common stock repurchased	$ (175,943)				$ (175,943)	0
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans (in shares)	(934,602)			(934,602)	(934,602)
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans	$ (17,341)				$ (17,341)
Ending balance, shares issued (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022			2,510,696	434,608,189
Ending Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022					(163,524,633)
Ending Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022				271,083,556
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 2,044,207		$ 251,070	$ 86,922	$ (2,254,667)	1,086,852	(39,514)	2,913,544
Beginning balance, shares issued (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022			2,510,696	435,121,140
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	(194,400,000)				(194,445,696)
Beginning Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022				240,675,444
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 1,726,970		$ 251,070	$ 87,025	$ (2,789,967)	1,109,072	(93,870)	3,163,640
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	118,518							118,518
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	15,537						15,537
Total comprehensive income	134,055
Cash dividends declared:
Common Stock	$ (26,635)							(26,635)
Preferred Stock		$ (4,063)							$ (4,063)
Issuance of common shares (in shares)	2,523,744			2,523,744
Issuance of common shares	$ (3)			$ 505		474		(982)
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 11,536					11,536		0
Common stock repurchased (in shares)	0
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans (in shares)	(949,431)			(949,431)	(949,431)
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans	$ (14,765)				$ (14,765)
Ending balance, shares issued (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023			2,510,696	437,644,884
Ending Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	(195,400,000)				(195,395,127)
Ending Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023				242,249,757
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 1,827,095		$ 251,070	$ 87,530	$ (2,804,732)	$ 1,121,082	$ (78,333)	$ 3,250,478

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Common stock dividend (in dollars per share)	$ 0.11	$ 0.11
Series B Preferred Stock
Preferred stock dividend rate (in dollars per share)	$ 1.62	$ 0.51

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Operating activities
Net income	$ 118,518	$ 128,812
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Provisions for credit losses	114,112	98,050
Income tax expense	37,338	37,356
Amortization of brokered deposit placement fee	3,121	3,425
Amortization of Secured Borrowing Facility upfront fee	723	569
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs and loan premium/(discounts), net	3,421	4,455
Net amortization of discount on investments	(622)	965
Increase in tax indemnification receivable	(42)	(108)
Depreciation of premises and equipment	4,524	4,189
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense	2,272	733
Stock-based compensation expense	11,536	11,921
Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives and hedging activities, net	(56)	315
(Gains) losses on sales of loans, net	9	(9,881)
(Gains) losses on securities, net	(1,711)	3,580
Acquisition transaction costs, net	0	2,511
Other adjustments to net income, net	3,063	3,655
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in accrued interest receivable	(257,888)	(185,294)
Increase in non-marketable securities	0	(992)
(Increase) decrease in other interest-earning assets	(1,869)	328
Increase in other assets	(26,632)	(17,529)
Increase (decrease) in income taxes payable, net	2,483	(4,243)
Increase in accrued interest payable	20,358	14,779
Decrease in other liabilities	(23,770)	(34,808)
Total adjustments	(109,630)	(66,024)
Total net cash provided by operating activities	8,888	62,788
Investing activities
Loans acquired and originated	(2,463,358)	(2,215,958)
Net proceeds from sales of loans held for investment	(9)	45,729
Proceeds from FFELP Loan claim payments	11,274	5,594
Net (Increase) Decrease In Loans Held For Investment, Excluding Loans Acquired, Originated, And Sales	912,681	1,153,297
Purchases of available-for-sale securities	(4,992)	(536,633)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities	73,352	686,806
Purchase of subsidiary, net of cash acquired	0	(127,702)
Total net cash used in investing activities	(1,471,052)	(988,867)
Financing activities
Brokered deposit placement fee	(2,634)	(2,207)
Net increase (decrease) in certificates of deposit	515,909	(127,815)
Net increase (decrease) in other deposits	(167,836)	543,767
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - issued	569,871	0
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - repaid	(293,120)	(381,005)
Issuance costs for unsecured debt offering	0	(360)
Fees paid on Secured Borrowing Facility	(16)	0
Common stock dividends paid	(26,635)	(30,493)
Preferred stock dividends paid	(4,063)	(1,275)
Common stock repurchased	(4,005)	(169,322)
Total net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	587,471	(168,710)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(874,693)	(1,094,789)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	4,772,836	4,545,344
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	3,898,143	3,450,555
Cash disbursements made for:
Interest	198,874	68,458
Income taxes paid	4,700	5,066
Income taxes refunded	(7,273)	(916)
Reconciliation of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	3,716,379	3,262,595
Restricted cash	181,764	187,960
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 3,898,143	$ 3,450,555

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Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited, consolidated financial statements of SLM Corporation (“Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SLM Corporation and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been included. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any other period. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”).

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions.

We consolidate any variable interest entity (“VIE”) where we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

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Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investments

Investments

Trading Investments

We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest (i.e., five percent of each class issued in the securitizations). We classify those vertical risk retention interests related to the transactions as available-for-sale investments, except for the interest in the residual classes, which we classify as trading investments recorded at fair value with changes recorded through earnings.

At December 31, 2022 we had a $5 million investment in a convertible debt security classified as a trading investment. In March 2023, this security, and the related accrued interest, was converted into equity securities classified as investments in non-marketable securities.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $51 million and $56 million, respectively, classified as trading investments.

Available-for-Sale Investments

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale are as follows:

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for credit losses(1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	387,158	$	—	$	62	$	(61,886)	$	325,334
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	3,460		—		—		(294)		3,166
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	1,758,032		—		—		(92,548)		1,665,484
Other securities	339,099		—		334		(22,355)		317,078
Total	$	2,487,749	$	—	$	396	$	(177,083)	$	2,311,062
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands	Amortized Cost		Allowance for credit losses(1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	389,067	$	—	$	2	$	(68,705)	$	320,364
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	3,584		—		—		(357)		3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	1,804,726		—		—		(115,416)		1,689,310
Other securities	356,955		—		33		(27,800)		329,188
Total	$	2,554,332	$	—	$	35	$	(212,278)	$	2,342,089

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors and that was recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (as a credit loss expense on available-for-sale securities). The amount excludes unrealized losses related to non-credit factors.

The following table summarizes the amount of gross unrealized losses for our available-for-sale securities and the estimated fair value for securities having gross unrealized loss positions, categorized by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

(Dollars in thousands)	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
As of March 31, 2023:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	(1,138)	$	22,201	$	(60,748)	$	297,543	$	(61,886)	$	319,744
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	—		—		(294)		3,166		(294)		3,166
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	(4,463)		193,623		(88,085)		1,471,861		(92,548)		1,665,484
Other securities	(8,451)		156,624		(13,904)		128,538		(22,355)		285,162
Total	$	(14,052)	$	372,448	$	(163,031)	$	1,901,108	$	(177,083)	$	2,273,556
As of December 31, 2022:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	(13,956)	$	99,598	$	(54,749)	$	220,576	$	(68,705)	$	320,174
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	(357)		3,227		—		—		(357)		3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	(28,128)		689,300		(87,288)		1,000,010		(115,416)		1,689,310
Other securities	(15,852)		232,546		(11,948)		92,883		(27,800)		325,429
Total	$	(58,293)	$	1,024,671	$	(153,985)	$	1,313,469	$	(212,278)	$	2,338,140

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 182 of 193 and 191 of 194, respectively, of our available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position.

Impairment

For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. For securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet these criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, as well as any guarantees (e.g., guarantees by the U.S. Government) that may be applicable to the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the credit-related portion of the loss is recorded as an allowance for losses on the security.

Our investment portfolio contains mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, as well as Utah Housing Corporation bonds. We own these securities to meet our requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”). We also invest in other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Farm Credit Bank. Our mortgage-backed securities that were issued under Ginnie Mae programs carry a full faith and credit guarantee from the U.S. Government. The remaining mortgage-backed securities in a net loss position carry a principal and interest guarantee by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. Our Treasury and other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds are rated Aaa by Moody’s Investors Service or AA+ by Standard and Poor’s. The decline in value from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 was driven by the current interest rate environment and is not credit related. We have the intent and ability to hold these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. Based on this qualitative analysis, we have determined that no credit impairment exists.

We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest. We classify the non-residual vertical risk retention interests as available-for-sale investments. We have the intent and ability to hold each of these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. We expect to receive all contractual cash flows related to these investments and do not consider a credit impairment to exist.

As of March 31, 2023, the amortized cost and fair value of securities, by contractual maturities, are summarized below. Contractual maturities versus actual maturities may differ due to the effect of prepayments.

As of March 31, 2023 Year of Maturity (dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
2023	$	114,993	$	113,061
2024	698,346		670,601
2025	298,066		286,613
2026	548,319		499,306
2027	98,309		95,902
2038	71		73
2039	718		719
2042	2,528		2,227
2043	4,434		4,055
2044	5,412		5,057
2045	5,443		4,940
2046	7,963		7,165
2047	8,386		7,586
2048	2,056		2,001
2049	16,374		14,836
2050	114,601		93,786
2051	161,035		130,855
2052	56,605		50,153
2053	109,892		100,141
2054	83,670		75,428
2055	98,051		94,030
2058	52,477		52,527
Total	$	2,487,749	$	2,311,062

Some of the mortgage-backed securities and a portion of the government securities have been pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank (the “FRB”) as collateral against any advances and accrued interest under the Primary Credit lending program sponsored by the FRB. We had $530 million and $547 million par value of securities pledged to this borrowing facility at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, as discussed further in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings” in this Form 10-Q.

Other Investments

Investments in Non-Marketable Securities

We hold investments in non-marketable securities and account for these investments at cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer. Changes in market value are recorded through earnings. Because these are non-marketable securities, we use observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer, or when observable prices are not available, use market data of similar entities, in determining any changes in the value of the securities. In March 2023 our $5 million investment in a convertible debt security, classified as a trading investment, and the related accrued interest were converted into a equity securities and were reclassified to investments in non-marketable securities. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, our total investment in these securities was $14 million and $8 million, respectively.

Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments

We invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”), which is designed to promote private development of low-income housing. These investments generate a return mostly through

realization of federal tax credits and tax benefits from net operating losses on the underlying properties. Total carrying value of the LIHTC investments was $78 million at March 31, 2023 and $80 million at December 31, 2022. We are periodically required to provide additional financial support during the investment period. Our liability for these unfunded commitments was $40 million at March 31, 2023 and $46 million at December 31, 2022.

Related to these investments, we recognized tax credits and other tax benefits through tax expense of less than $1 million at March 31, 2023 and $9 million at December 31, 2022. Tax credits and other tax benefits are recognized as part of our annual effective tax rate used to determine tax expense in a given quarter. Accordingly, the portion of a year’s expected tax benefits recognized in any given quarter may differ from 25 percent.

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Loans Held for Investment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Loans Held for Investment

Loans Held for Investment

Loans held for investment consist of Private Education Loans, FFELP Loans, and Credit Cards. We use “Private Education Loans” to mean education loans to students or their families that are not made, insured, or guaranteed by any state or federal government. Private Education Loans do not include loans insured or guaranteed under the previously existing Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). We use “Credit Cards” to refer to our suite of Credit Cards with bonus rewards. At September 30, 2022, we transferred our Credit Card portfolio to loans held for sale because we plan to sell our Credit Card portfolio. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, “Loans Held for Sale” in this Form 10-Q.

Our Private Education Loans are made largely to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount funded through financial aid, government loans, and customers’ resources. Private Education Loans bear the full credit risk of the customer. We manage this risk through risk-performance underwriting strategies and qualified cosigners. Private Education Loans may be fixed-rate or may carry a variable interest rate indexed to LIBOR, the London interbank offered rate, or SOFR, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 42 percent and 45 percent, respectively, of all of our Private Education Loans were indexed to LIBOR or SOFR. We provide incentives for customers to include a cosigner on the loan, and the vast majority of Private Education Loans in our portfolio are cosigned. We also encourage customers to make payments while in school.

FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default, subject to a risk-sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, we receive 97 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993, and before July 1, 2006, we receive 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, we receive 100 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims.

In the first quarter of 2022, we recognized $10 million in gains from the sale of approximately $95 million of our Private Education Loans, including $89 million of principal and $6 million in capitalized interest, to an unaffiliated third party. There were VIEs created in the execution of certain of these loan sales; however, based on our consolidation analysis, we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. These transactions qualified for sale treatment and removed the balance of the loans from our balance sheet on the respective settlement dates. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings - Unconsolidated VIEs” in this Form 10-Q. There were no loan sales in the first quarter of 2023.

Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Private Education Loans:
Fixed-rate	$	12,726,875	$	11,108,079
Variable-rate	9,171,128		9,195,609
Total Private Education Loans, gross	21,898,003		20,303,688
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	75,051		69,656
Allowance for credit losses	(1,475,379)		(1,353,631)
Total Private Education Loans, net	20,497,675		19,019,713
FFELP Loans	592,318		609,050
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	1,497		1,549
Allowance for credit losses	(3,927)		(3,444)
Total FFELP Loans, net	589,888		607,155
Loans held for investment, net	$	21,087,563	$	19,626,868

The estimated weighted average life of education loans in our portfolio was approximately 5.0 years and 5.0 years at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The average balance (net of unamortized premium/(discount)) and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans held for investment in our portfolio are summarized as follows:

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate		Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans	$	21,755,202	10.66	%	$	21,858,270	8.38	%
FFELP Loans	602,072		6.87		690,540		3.51
Credit Cards(1)	—		—		26,622		3.95
Total portfolio	$	22,357,274			$	22,575,432

(1) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held for sale at September 30, 2022.

Loans Held for SaleWe had $26 million in loans held for sale at March 31, 2023 and $29 million in loans held for sale at December 31, 2022. The balance at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was comprised of our Credit Card loan portfolio. At September 30, 2022, we reversed $2.4 million through the provisions for credit losses for the allowance related to these loans, when the loans were transferred to held for sale. At September 30, 2022, we wrote down this loan portfolio to its estimated fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses of $1.5 million.

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Loans Held for Sale

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Transfers and Servicing [Abstract]

Loans Held for Sale

Loans Held for Investment

Loans held for investment consist of Private Education Loans, FFELP Loans, and Credit Cards. We use “Private Education Loans” to mean education loans to students or their families that are not made, insured, or guaranteed by any state or federal government. Private Education Loans do not include loans insured or guaranteed under the previously existing Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). We use “Credit Cards” to refer to our suite of Credit Cards with bonus rewards. At September 30, 2022, we transferred our Credit Card portfolio to loans held for sale because we plan to sell our Credit Card portfolio. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, “Loans Held for Sale” in this Form 10-Q.

Our Private Education Loans are made largely to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount funded through financial aid, government loans, and customers’ resources. Private Education Loans bear the full credit risk of the customer. We manage this risk through risk-performance underwriting strategies and qualified cosigners. Private Education Loans may be fixed-rate or may carry a variable interest rate indexed to LIBOR, the London interbank offered rate, or SOFR, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 42 percent and 45 percent, respectively, of all of our Private Education Loans were indexed to LIBOR or SOFR. We provide incentives for customers to include a cosigner on the loan, and the vast majority of Private Education Loans in our portfolio are cosigned. We also encourage customers to make payments while in school.

FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default, subject to a risk-sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, we receive 97 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993, and before July 1, 2006, we receive 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, we receive 100 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims.

In the first quarter of 2022, we recognized $10 million in gains from the sale of approximately $95 million of our Private Education Loans, including $89 million of principal and $6 million in capitalized interest, to an unaffiliated third party. There were VIEs created in the execution of certain of these loan sales; however, based on our consolidation analysis, we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. These transactions qualified for sale treatment and removed the balance of the loans from our balance sheet on the respective settlement dates. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings - Unconsolidated VIEs” in this Form 10-Q. There were no loan sales in the first quarter of 2023.

Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Private Education Loans:
Fixed-rate	$	12,726,875	$	11,108,079
Variable-rate	9,171,128		9,195,609
Total Private Education Loans, gross	21,898,003		20,303,688
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	75,051		69,656
Allowance for credit losses	(1,475,379)		(1,353,631)
Total Private Education Loans, net	20,497,675		19,019,713
FFELP Loans	592,318		609,050
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	1,497		1,549
Allowance for credit losses	(3,927)		(3,444)
Total FFELP Loans, net	589,888		607,155
Loans held for investment, net	$	21,087,563	$	19,626,868

The estimated weighted average life of education loans in our portfolio was approximately 5.0 years and 5.0 years at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The average balance (net of unamortized premium/(discount)) and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans held for investment in our portfolio are summarized as follows:

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate		Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans	$	21,755,202	10.66	%	$	21,858,270	8.38	%
FFELP Loans	602,072		6.87		690,540		3.51
Credit Cards(1)	—		—		26,622		3.95
Total portfolio	$	22,357,274			$	22,575,432

(1) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held for sale at September 30, 2022.

Loans Held for SaleWe had $26 million in loans held for sale at March 31, 2023 and $29 million in loans held for sale at December 31, 2022. The balance at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was comprised of our Credit Card loan portfolio. At September 30, 2022, we reversed $2.4 million through the provisions for credit losses for the allowance related to these loans, when the loans were transferred to held for sale. At September 30, 2022, we wrote down this loan portfolio to its estimated fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses of $1.5 million.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses Our provision for credit losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb lifetime expected credit losses in the held for investment loan portfolios. The evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. We believe the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to cover lifetime losses expected to be incurred in the loan portfolios. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion.

Allowance for Credit Losses Metrics

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP Loans			Private Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	3,444		$	1,353,631		$	—		$	1,357,075
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			148,513			—			148,513
Provisions:
Provision for current period	739			56,334			730			57,803
Total provisions(2)	739			56,334			730			57,803
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(256)			(95,085)			(741)			(96,082)
Recoveries	—			11,986			11			11,997
Net charge-offs	(256)			(83,099)			(730)			(84,085)
Ending Balance	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—		$	22,490,321
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	1,150,802		$	—		$	1,150,802
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.23		%	2.11		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.66		%	6.40		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.88		%	9.00		%	—		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	3.83			4.44			—
Ending total loans, gross	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	451,451		$	15,764,143		$	—
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	446,214		$	15,990,459		$	—
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	408,263		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	56,334
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	56,309
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	112,643
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	739
Credit Cards	730
Total	1,469
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	114,112

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP  Loans			Private  Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	4,077		$	1,158,977		$	2,281		$	1,165,335
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			94,686			—			94,686
Provisions:
Provision for current period	21			48,460			137			48,618
Loan sale reduction to provision	—			(5,247)			—			(5,247)
Total provisions(2)	21			43,213			137			43,371
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(99)			(83,856)			(111)			(84,066)
Recoveries	—			8,033			3			8,036
Net charge-offs	(99)			(75,823)			(108)			(76,030)
Ending Balance	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547		$	22,445,189
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	993,698		$	—		$	993,698
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.07		%	1.89		%	1.63		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.59		%	5.37		%	8.39		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.75		%	7.43		%	8.39		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	10.10			4.03			5.35
Ending total loans, gross	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	543,303		$	16,013,289		$	26,551
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	535,080		$	16,095,157		$	27,547
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	331,405		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	43,213
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	54,679
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	97,892
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	21
Credit Cards	137
Total	158
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	98,050

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

Allowance for Credit Losses - Forecast Assumptions

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we changed our loss model to include forecasts of college graduate unemployment, home price index, and median family income in determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Prior to this change, we used forecasts of college graduate unemployment and the Consumer Price Index in our loss forecasting models. We obtain forecasts for these inputs from Moody’s Analytics. Moody’s Analytics provides a range of forecasts for each of these inputs with various likelihoods of occurring. We determine which forecasts we will include in our estimation of the allowance for credit losses and the associated weightings for each of these inputs. At March 31, 2022, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2023, we used the Base (50th percentile likelihood of occurring)/S1 (stronger near-term growth scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring)/S3 (downside scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring) scenarios and weighted them 40 percent, 30 percent, and 30 percent, respectively. Management reviews both the scenarios and their respective weightings each quarter in determining the allowance for credit losses.

Provisions for credit losses in the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $16 million compared with the year-ago period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the increase in the provision for credit losses was primarily the result of new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, slower prepayment rates, and changes in economic outlook and recovery rates.

As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans and accrued interest to be capitalized and of ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment; and delinquency and forbearance percentages.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. We use a discounted cash flow model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.

The effect of most modifications of loans made to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance. The forecast of expected future cash flows is updated as the loan modifications occur.

We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations and achieve better student outcomes and increase the collectability of the loans. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative.

When we give a borrower facing financial difficulty an interest rate reduction, we temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4.0 percent for a two-year period and, in the vast majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. The combination of these two loan term changes helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate.

Within the Private Education Loan portfolio, we deem loans greater than 90 days past due as nonperforming. FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest by the federal government in the event of default and, therefore, we do not deem FFELP Loans as nonperforming from a credit risk perspective at any point in their life cycle prior to claim payment and continue to accrue interest on those loans through the date of claim.

For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies —Allowance for Credit Losses,” and Note 7, “Allowance for Credit Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Under our current forbearance practices, temporary forbearance of payments is generally granted in one-to-two month increments, for up to 12 months over the life of the loan, with 12 months of positive payment performance by a borrower required between grants (meaning the borrower must make payment in a cumulative amount equivalent to 12 monthly required payments under the loan). See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans” in our 2022 Form 10-K. If the loan has been previously restructured, we consider the cumulative effect of past restructurings made within the 12-month period before the current restructuring when determining whether a delay in payment resulting from the current restructuring is insignificant. Due to

our current forbearance practices, including the limitations on forbearances offered to borrowers, we do not believe the granting of forbearances will exceed the significance threshold and, therefore, we do not consider the forbearances as loan modifications.

The limitations on granting of forbearances described above apply to hardship forbearances. We offer other administrative forbearances (e.g., death and disability, bankruptcy, military service, disaster forbearance, and in school assistance) that are either required by law (such as by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act) or are considered separate from our active loss mitigation programs and therefore are not considered to be loan modifications requiring disclosure. In addition, we may offer on a limited basis term extensions or rate reductions or a combination of both to borrowers to reduce consolidation activities. For purposes of this disclosure, we do not consider them modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and they therefore are not included in the tables below.

The following tables show the amortized cost basis at the end of the respective reporting periods of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the period, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification. When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We consider borrowers to be in financial difficulty after they have exited school and have difficulty making their scheduled principal and interest payments.

	Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Interest Rate Reduction				Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type:	Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans	$	12,902	0.06	%	$	81,780	0.35	%
Total	$	12,902	0.06	%	$	81,780	0.35	%

	Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Interest Rate Reduction				Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type:	Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans	$	7,679	0.04	%	$	79,597	0.37	%
Total	$	7,679	0.04	%	$	79,597	0.37	%

The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to loans whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Interest Rate Reduction		Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type	Financial Effect	Loan Type	Financial Effect
Private Education Loans	Reduced average contractual rate from 12.47% to 4.00%	Private Education Loans	Added a weighted average 10.19 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.74% to 4.00%

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Interest Rate Reduction		Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type	Financial Effect	Loan Type	Financial Effect
Private Education Loans	Reduced average contractual rate from 10.09% to 4.00%	Private Education Loans	Added a weighted average 10.51 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 9.43% to 4.00%

Private Education Loans are charged off at the end of the month in which they reach 120 days delinquent or otherwise when the loans are classified as a loss by us or our regulator. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, and — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion.

For the current period presented, the following table provides loan modifications for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. Additionally, for the current period presented, the table summarizes charge-offs occurring in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. The charge-offs and payment defaults for the year-ago period are presented for loans receiving a loan modification during the reporting period rather than within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification, as the effective date of adoption for the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, was January 1, 2022. We define payment default as 60 days past due for purposes of this disclosure.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023						Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Modified Loans(1)(2)		Payment Default(3)		Charge-Offs(4)		Modified Loans(1)(2)		Payment Default(3)		Charge-Offs(4)
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	11,624	$	11,404	$	4,628	$	290	$	287	$	—
Total	$	11,624	$	11,404	$	4,628	$	290	$	287	$	—

(1) Represents period-end amortized cost basis of loans that have been modified and for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of receiving a modification (or within the reporting period, for the loans shown in in the year-ago period, as the case may be).

(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the modified loans include $10.4 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $1.2 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the modified loans include $0.3 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and no interest rate reduction only loan modifications.

(3) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of payment default.

(4) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of charge off.

We closely monitor performance of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that are modified to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified during the respective reporting periods (first-quarter 2023 and full year 2022, respectively).

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
At March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Deferment(1)		Current(2)(3)		30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3)		60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3)		90 Days or Greater  Past Due(2)(3)		Total
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	412	$	92,213	$	1,353	$	358	$	346	$	94,682
Total	$	412	$	92,213	$	1,353	$	358	$	346	$	94,682

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
At December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Deferment(1)		Current(2)(3)		30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3)		60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3)		90 Days or Greater  Past Due(2)(3)		Total
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	7,698	$	289,134	$	13,859	$	8,809	$	6,616	$	326,116
Total	$	7,698	$	289,134	$	13,859	$	8,809	$	6,616	$	326,116

(1) Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make full principal and interest payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). Deferment also includes loans that have entered a forbearance after the loan modification was granted.

(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making full principal and interest payments after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Key Credit Quality Indicators

FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default; therefore, there are no key credit quality indicators associated with FFELP Loans.

For Private Education Loans, the key credit quality indicators are FICO scores, the existence of a cosigner, the loan status, and loan seasoning. The FICO scores are assessed at original approval and periodically refreshed/updated through the loan’s term. The following tables highlight the gross principal balance of our Private Education Loan portfolio (held for investment), by year of origination, stratified by key credit quality indicators.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators
Year of Origination	2023(1)		2022(1)		2021(1)		2020(1)		2019(1)		2018 and Prior(1)		Total(1)		% of Balance
Cosigners:
With cosigner	$	728,950	$	4,951,808	$	3,858,219	$	2,130,947	$	1,782,069	$	5,681,899	$	19,133,892	87	%
Without cosigner	123,455		736,310		586,435		360,304		305,385		652,222		2,764,111		13
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
FICO at Origination(2):
Less than 670	$	72,432	$	438,029	$	304,216	$	154,665	$	171,983	$	554,184	$	1,695,509	8	%
670-699	125,846		785,900		602,706		346,297		327,433		1,077,557		3,265,739		15
700-749	270,689		1,771,760		1,410,157		806,546		692,615		2,132,757		7,084,524		32
Greater than or equal to 750	383,438		2,692,429		2,127,575		1,183,743		895,423		2,569,623		9,852,231		45
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
FICO Refreshed(2)(3):
Less than 670	$	88,378	$	659,414	$	498,641	$	256,177	$	249,547	$	969,883	$	2,722,040	12	%
670-699	128,620		792,523		571,683		277,061		235,805		706,213		2,711,905		12
700-749	267,500		1,715,364		1,324,781		710,463		591,355		1,717,774		6,327,237		30
Greater than or equal to 750	367,907		2,520,817		2,049,549		1,247,550		1,010,747		2,940,251		10,136,821		46
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
Seasoning(4):
1-12 payments	$	443,563	$	2,988,688	$	522,305	$	327,647	$	271,788	$	507,620	$	5,061,611	23	%
13-24 payments	—		324,873		2,414,470		201,750		211,025		586,952		3,739,070		17
25-36 payments	—		—		159,673		1,299,993		158,750		570,770		2,189,186		10
37-48 payments	—		—		—		118,240		1,023,883		568,996		1,711,119		8
More than 48 payments	—		—		—		—		62,249		3,448,382		3,510,631		16
Not yet in repayment	408,842		2,374,557		1,348,206		543,621		359,759		651,401		5,686,386		26
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
2023 Current period(5) gross charge-offs	$	—	$	(2,262)	$	(12,072)	$	(10,615)	$	(11,773)	$	(58,363)	$	(95,085)
2023 Current period(5) recoveries	—		207		1,428		1,167		1,460		7,723		11,985
2023 Current period(5) net charge-offs	$	—	$	(2,055)	$	(10,644)	$	(9,448)	$	(10,313)	$	(50,640)	$	(83,100)
Total accrued interest by origination vintage	$	13,564	$	241,786	$	351,527	$	209,889	$	177,587	$	310,373	$	1,304,726
(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment. (2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower. (3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the first-quarter 2023. (4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due. (5)Current period refers to period from January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators
Year of Origination	2022(1)		2021(1)		2020(1)		2019(1)		2018(1)		2017 and Prior(1)		Total(1)		% of Balance
Cosigners:
With cosigner	$	3,656,111	$	3,941,921	$	2,208,033	$	1,853,619	$	1,402,828	$	4,626,491	$	17,689,003	87	%
Without cosigner	620,422		605,238		376,589		319,041		213,014		480,381		2,614,685		13
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
FICO at Origination(2):
Less than 670	$	326,991	$	307,646	$	158,606	$	177,098	$	143,674	$	439,587	$	1,553,602	8	%
670-699	593,216		611,649		356,541		339,685		259,142		878,426		3,038,659		15
700-749	1,336,765		1,440,510		834,819		719,777		537,680		1,722,068		6,591,619		32
Greater than or equal to 750	2,019,561		2,187,354		1,234,656		936,100		675,346		2,066,791		9,119,808		45
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
FICO Refreshed(2)(3):
Less than 670	$	443,868	$	461,589	$	242,310	$	237,105	$	204,894	$	773,324	$	2,363,090	12	%
670-699	594,118		579,784		284,244		240,999		173,754		564,344		2,437,243		12
700-749	1,322,558		1,378,910		748,368		628,060		449,701		1,388,090		5,915,687		29
Greater than or equal to 750	1,915,989		2,126,876		1,309,700		1,066,496		787,493		2,381,114		9,587,668		47
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
Seasoning(4):
1-12 payments	$	2,448,884	$	636,073	$	384,334	$	330,316	$	235,878	$	424,636	$	4,460,121	22	%
13-24 payments	—		2,477,764		255,510		195,753		166,045		455,782		3,550,854		18
25-36 payments	—		—		1,366,398		257,534		126,223		489,157		2,239,312		11
37-48 payments	—		—		127		1,008,418		224,805		451,102		1,684,452		8
More than 48 payments	—		—		—		—		643,611		2,830,285		3,473,896		17
Not yet in repayment	1,827,649		1,433,322		578,253		380,639		219,280		455,910		4,895,053		24
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
2022 Current period(5) gross charge-offs	$	(2,224)	$	(25,698)	$	(48,271)	$	(62,071)	$	(57,505)	$	(231,647)	$	(427,416)
2022 Current period(5) recoveries	124		1,841		4,170		5,556		5,407		24,639		41,737
2022 Current period(5) net charge-offs	$	(2,100)	$	(23,857)	$	(44,101)	$	(56,515)	$	(52,098)	$	(207,008)	$	(385,679)
Total accrued interest by origination vintage	$	142,915	$	315,308	$	207,858	$	184,832	$	116,211	$	210,438	$	1,177,562

(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment.

(2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.

(3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the fourth-quarter 2022.

(4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due.

(5)Current period refers to January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022.

Delinquencies - Private Education Loans Held for Investment

The following tables provide information regarding the loan status of our Private Education Loans held for investment, by year of origination. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following tables, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			2018 and Prior			Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1)	$	408,842		$	2,374,557		$	1,348,206		$	543,621		$	359,759		$	651,401		$	5,686,386
Loans in forbearance(2)	1,256			20,755			42,385			27,115			28,094			101,553			221,158
Loans in repayment:
Loans current	441,192			3,263,917			2,972,969			1,859,452			1,632,668			5,275,984			15,446,182
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)	1,115			17,902			38,446			28,762			31,442			149,333			267,000
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)	—			6,395			22,104			17,136			18,428			76,723			140,786
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)	—			4,592			20,544			15,165			17,063			79,127			136,491
Total Private Education Loans in repayment	442,307			3,292,806			3,054,063			1,920,515			1,699,601			5,581,167			15,990,459
Total Private Education Loans, gross	852,405			5,688,118			4,444,654			2,491,251			2,087,454			6,334,121			21,898,003
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	5,089			29,718			15,151			8,476			5,109			11,508			75,051
Total Private Education Loans	857,494			5,717,836			4,459,805			2,499,727			2,092,563			6,345,629			21,973,054
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(61,767)			(372,947)			(296,851)			(170,497)			(138,625)			(434,692)			(1,475,379)
Private Education Loans, net	$	795,727		$	5,344,889		$	4,162,954		$	2,329,230		$	1,953,938		$	5,910,937		$	20,497,675
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	51.9		%	57.9		%	68.7		%	77.1		%	81.4		%	88.1		%	73.0		%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	0.3		%	0.9		%	2.7		%	3.2		%	3.9		%	5.5		%	3.4		%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance	0.3		%	0.6		%	1.4		%	1.4		%	1.6		%	1.8		%	1.4		%

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018			2017 and Prior			Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1)	$	1,827,649		$	1,433,322		$	578,253		$	380,639		$	219,280		$	455,910		$	4,895,053
Loans in forbearance(2)	16,046			64,360			38,613			37,802			30,583			91,681			279,085
Loans in repayment:
Loans current	2,411,441			2,991,839			1,907,574			1,683,986			1,301,809			4,262,698			14,559,347
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)	14,164			30,740			30,877			35,213			31,366			144,948			287,308
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)	5,523			15,056			14,433			18,201			16,697			77,595			147,505
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)	1,710			11,842			14,872			16,819			16,107			74,040			135,390
Total Private Education Loans in repayment	2,432,838			3,049,477			1,967,756			1,754,219			1,365,979			4,559,281			15,129,550
Total Private Education Loans, gross	4,276,533			4,547,159			2,584,622			2,172,660			1,615,842			5,106,872			20,303,688
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	26,714			15,933			9,062			5,496			3,575			8,876			69,656
Total Private Education Loans	4,303,247			4,563,092			2,593,684			2,178,156			1,619,417			5,115,748			20,373,344
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(304,943)			(323,506)			(181,915)			(141,424)			(101,023)			(300,820)			(1,353,631)
Private Education Loans, net	$	3,998,304		$	4,239,586		$	2,411,769		$	2,036,732		$	1,518,394		$	4,814,928		$	19,019,713
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	56.9		%	67.1		%	76.1		%	80.7		%	84.5		%	89.3		%	74.5		%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	0.9		%	1.9		%	3.1		%	4.0		%	4.7		%	6.5		%	3.8		%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance	0.7		%	2.1		%	1.9		%	2.1		%	2.2		%	2.0		%	1.8		%

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

 Accrued Interest Receivable

The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest on loans making full interest payments. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on the loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school, and the current expected credit losses on accrued interest that will be capitalized is included in our allowance for credit losses.

	Private Education Loans
	Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands)	Total Interest Receivable		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)
March 31, 2023	$	1,304,726	$	6,638	$	6,523
December 31, 2022	$	1,177,562	$	6,609	$	8,121

(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment (at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 relates to $154 million and $240 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable) that is not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is expected to be capitalized ($1.2 billion and $937 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) is reserved in the allowance for credit losses.

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Unfunded Loan Commitments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Credit Loss [Abstract]

Unfunded Loan Commitments

Unfunded Loan Commitments

When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses, — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for additional information.

At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2022/2023 academic year. The tables below summarize the activity in the allowance recorded to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets, as well as the activity in the unfunded commitments balance.

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Allowance		Unfunded Commitments		Allowance		Unfunded Commitments
Beginning Balance	$	124,924	$	1,995,808	$	72,713	$	1,776,976
Provision/New commitments - net(1)	52,252		1,124,816		47,454		968,830
Other provision items	4,057		—		7,226		—
Transfer - funded loans(2)	(148,513)		(2,436,271)		(94,686)		(2,184,058)
Ending Balance	$	32,720	$	684,353	$	32,707	$	561,748

(1)     Net of expirations of commitments unused.

(2)     When a loan commitment is funded, its related liability for credit losses (which originally was recorded as a provision for unfunded commitments) is transferred to the allowance for credit losses.

The unfunded commitments disclosed above represent the total amount of outstanding unfunded commitments at each period end. However, historically not all of these commitments are funded prior to the expiration of the commitments. We estimate the amount of commitments expected to be funded in calculating the reserve for unfunded commitments. The amount we expect to fund and use in our calculation of the reserve for unfunded commitments will change period to period based upon the loan characteristics of the underlying commitments.

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Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets

Goodwill

We recorded as goodwill the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as part of the acquisition of the assets primarily used or held for use of Epic Research Education Services, LLC, which does business as Nitro College (“Nitro”), in the first quarter of 2022. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested periodically for impairment. We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the year, or more frequently if we believe that indicators of impairment exist. At March 31, 2023 we had $51 million in total goodwill. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Business Combination” in our 2022 Form 10-K for additional details on our acquisition of Nitro.

Acquired Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets include acquired tradename and trademarks, customer relationships, and developed technology. We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.

Acquired intangible assets include the following:

		March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Useful Life (in years)(1)	Cost Basis		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Cost Basis		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Tradename and trademarks	10	$	68,470	$	(7,418)	$	61,052	$	68,470	$	(5,706)	$	62,764
Customer relationships	5	5,670		(2,178)		3,492		5,670		(1,723)		3,947
Developed technology	3	1,260		(455)		805		1,260		(350)		910
Total acquired intangible assets		$	75,400	$	(10,051)	$	65,349	$	75,400	$	(7,779)	$	67,621

(1)     The weighted average useful life of acquired intangible assets related to the Nitro acquisition is 9.51 years.

We recorded amortization of acquired intangible assets totaling approximately $2 million and $1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We will continue to amortize our intangible assets with definite useful lives over their remaining estimated useful lives. We estimate amortization expense associated with these intangible assets will be approximately $9 million, $8 million, $8 million, $7 million, and $7 million in 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively.

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Deposits

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Banking and Thrift, Other Disclosure [Abstract]

Deposits

Deposits

The following table summarizes total deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Deposits - interest-bearing	$	21,801,666	$	21,446,647
Deposits - non-interest-bearing	2,000		1,424
Total deposits	$	21,803,666	$	21,448,071

Our total deposits of $21.8 billion were comprised of $10.3 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to total deposits of $21.4 billion, which were comprised of $9.9 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2022.

Interest-bearing deposits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity money market deposits (“MMDAs”), and retail and brokered certificates of deposit (“CDs”). Interest-bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $8.0 billion and $8.0 billion of our deposit total as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $3 million and $3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $3 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest bearing deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

 

	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)		Amount		Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)
Money market	$	10,788,126	4.26	%	$	10,977,242	3.75	%
Savings	1,007,994		3.75		982,586		3.15
Certificates of deposit	10,005,546		2.97		9,486,819		2.57
Deposits - interest bearing	$	21,801,666			$	21,446,647

    (1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.

Certificates of deposit remaining maturities are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
One year or less	$	3,257,529	$	3,224,573
After one year to two years	3,123,281		2,954,257
After two years to three years	2,199,697		1,904,919
After three years to four years	1,176,953		1,031,881
After four years to five years	207,676		324,375
After five years	40,410		46,814
Total	$	10,005,546	$	9,486,819

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $471 million and $615 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. These omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms. Accrued interest on deposits was $69 million and $59 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Borrowings

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Borrowings

Borrowings

Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term asset-backed securitization (“ABS”) program and our Private Education Loan multi-lender secured borrowing facility (the “Secured Borrowing Facility”). For additional information regarding our borrowings, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, “Borrowings” in our 2022 Form 10-K. The following table summarizes our borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Short-Term		Long-Term		Total
Unsecured borrowings:
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate)	$	—	$	989,788	$	989,788	$	—	$	988,986	$	988,986
Total unsecured borrowings	—		989,788		989,788		—		988,986		988,986
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations:
Fixed-rate	—		3,759,190		3,759,190		—		3,462,363		3,462,363
Variable-rate	—		764,998		764,998		—		783,765		783,765
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total secured borrowings	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Total	$	—	$	5,513,976	$	5,513,976	$	—	$	5,235,114	$	5,235,114

Short-term Borrowings

On May 17, 2022, we amended our Secured Borrowing Facility to extend the maturity of the facility. The amount that can be borrowed under the facility is $2 billion. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility trust. Under the Secured Borrowing Facility, we incur financing costs on unused borrowing capacity and on outstanding advances. The amended Secured Borrowing Facility extended the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay, and reborrow funds, until May 16, 2023. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on May 16, 2024 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). At both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were no secured borrowings outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility.

Long-term Borrowings

Secured Financings

2023 Transaction

On March 15, 2023, we executed our $579 million SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2023-A term ABS transaction, which was accounted for as a secured financing. We sold $579 million of notes to third parties and retained a 100 percent interest in the residual certificates issued in the securitization, raising approximately $572 million of gross proceeds. The Class A and Class B notes had a weighted average life of 5.06 years and priced at a weighted average SOFR equivalent cost of SOFR plus 1.53 percent. On March 31, 2023, $639 million of our Private Education Loans, including $598 million of principal and $41 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered because of this transaction.

Secured Financings at Issuance

The following table summarizes our secured financings issued in the year ended December 31, 2022 and in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Issue	Date Issued	Total Issued		Weighted Average Cost of Funds(1)	Weighted Average Life  (in years)
(Dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loans:
2022-C	August 2022	$	575,000	SOFR plus 1.76%	4.69
Total notes issued in 2022		$	575,000
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2022(2)		$	674,387
2023-A	March 2023	$	579,000	SOFR plus 1.53%	5.06
Total notes issued in 2023		$	579,000
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2023(3)		$	644,573

(1) Represents SOFR equivalent cost of funds for floating and fixed-rate bonds, excluding issuance costs.

(2) At March 31, 2023, $610 million of our Private Education Loans, including $572 million of principal and $38 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.

(3) At March 31, 2023, $639 million of our Private Education Loans, including $598 million of principal and $41 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.

Consolidated Funding Vehicles

We consolidate our financing entities that are VIEs as a result of our being the entities’ primary beneficiary. As a result, these financing VIEs are accounted for as secured borrowings.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Debt Outstanding						Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Loans		Restricted Cash		Other Assets(1)		Total
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	—	$	4,524,188	$	4,524,188	$	5,728,010	$	181,764	$	322,715	$	6,232,489
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		360		360
Total	$	—	$	4,524,188	$	4,524,188	$	5,728,010	$	181,764	$	323,075	$	6,232,849

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Debt Outstanding						Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Loans		Restricted Cash		Other Assets(1)		Total
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	—	$	4,246,128	$	4,246,128	$	5,433,602	$	156,719	$	286,093	$	5,876,414
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		1,066		1,066
Total	$	—	$	4,246,128	$	4,246,128	$	5,433,602	$	156,719	$	287,159	$	5,877,480

(1) Other assets primarily represent accrued interest receivable.

Unconsolidated VIEs

Private Education Loan Securitizations

Unconsolidated VIEs include variable interests that we hold in certain securitization trusts created by the sale of our Private Education Loans to unaffiliated third parties. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales, and we are also the administrator of these trusts. Additionally, we own five percent of the securities issued by the trusts to meet risk retention requirements. We were not required to consolidate these entities because the fees we receive as the servicer/administrator are commensurate with our responsibility, so the fees are not considered a variable interest. Additionally, the five percent vertical interest we maintain does not absorb more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected losses, nor do we receive more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected residual returns.

The table below provides a summary of our exposure related to our unconsolidated VIEs.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Debt Interests(1)		Equity Interests(2)		Total Exposure		Debt Interests(1)		Equity Interests(2)		Total Exposure
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	317,077	$	51,342	$	368,419	$	329,188	$	50,786	$	379,974

(1) Vertical risk retention interest classified as available-for-sale investment.

(2) Vertical risk retention interest classified as trading investment.

Other Borrowing Sources

We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at March 31, 2023. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.

We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Discount Window (the “Window”). The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as FFELP Loans and Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

Risk Management Strategy

We maintain an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate changes. Our goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity by modifying the repricing frequency and underlying index characteristics of certain balance sheet assets or liabilities so any adverse impacts related to movements in interest rates are managed within low to moderate limits. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged balance sheet positions will appreciate or depreciate in market value or create variability in cash flows. Income or loss on the derivative instruments linked to the hedged item will generally offset the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation or volatility in cash flows for the period the item is being hedged. We view this strategy as a prudent management of interest rate risk. Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of our risk management strategy.

Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and the London Clearing House (“LCH”). All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of March 31, 2023, $1.8 billion notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $0.2 billion were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 90.0 percent and 10.0 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $2.0 billion at March 31, 2023.

For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of March 31, 2023 was $(47) million and $(6) million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are presented as realized gains (losses).

Our exposure is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain/loss positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $11 million and $12 million, respectively.

Summary of Derivative Financial Statement Impact

The following tables summarize the fair values and notional amounts of all derivative instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and their impact on earnings and other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022. Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, and trading activities.

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
		Cash Flow Hedges				Fair Value Hedges				Trading				Total
		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Fair Values(1)	Hedged Risk Exposure
Derivative Assets:(2)
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	—	$	972	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	972
Derivative Liabilities:(2)
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	(1,714)		—		(101)		(567)		—		—		(1,815)		(567)
Total net derivatives		$	(1,714)	$	972	$	(101)	$	(567)	$	—	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	405

(1)    Fair values reported include variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract. Assets and liabilities are presented without consideration of master netting agreements. Derivatives are carried on the balance sheet based on net position by counterparty under master netting agreements and classified in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether in a net positive or negative position.

(2)    The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

	Other Assets				Other Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross position(1)	$	—	$	972	$	(1,815)	$	(567)
Impact of master netting agreement	—		(567)		—		567
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet)	—		405		(1,815)		—
Cash collateral pledged(2)	13,031		11,162		—		—
Net position	$	13,031	$	11,567	$	(1,815)	$	—

(1)Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.

(2)Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

Notional Values
	Cash Flow				Fair Value				Trading				Total
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest rate swaps	$	1,285,120	$	1,314,660	$	702,309	$	1,528,186	$	—	$	—	$	1,987,429	$	2,842,846
Net total notional	$	1,285,120	$	1,314,660	$	702,309	$	1,528,186	$	—	$	—	$	1,987,429	$	2,842,846

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
Line Item in the Balance Sheet in Which the Hedged Item is Included:	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Deposits	$	(677,893)	$	(1,494,087)	$	24,224	$	31,259

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Income
	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Fair Value Hedges
Interest rate swaps:
Interest recognized on derivatives	$	(6,405)	$	17,287
Hedged items recorded in interest expense	(7,035)		51,268
Derivatives recorded in interest expense	7,096		(51,319)
Total	$	(6,344)	$	17,236
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate swaps:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense	$	10,278	$	(4,541)
Total	$	10,278	$	(4,541)
Trading
Interest rate swaps:
Change in fair value of future interest payments recorded in earnings	$	—	$	(248)
Total	—		(248)
Total	$	3,934	$	12,447

Impact of Derivatives on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(4,721)	$	47,989
Less: amount of gain (loss) reclassified in interest expense	10,278		(4,541)
Total change in other comprehensive income (loss) for unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, before income tax (expense) benefit	$	(14,999)	$	52,530

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate deposits. During the next 12 months, we estimate that $41 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense.

Cash Collateral

As of March 31, 2023, cash collateral held and pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts held with the CME and LCH. There was no cash collateral held by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Collateral held is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties was $13 million and $11 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Collateral pledged is recorded in “Other interest-earning assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Stockholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders’ Equity

The following table summarizes our common share repurchases and issuances.

 

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Shares and per share amounts in actuals)	2023		2022
Common stock repurchased under repurchase programs(1)	—		9,533,392
Average purchase price per share(2)	$	—	$	18.46
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans(3)	949,431		934,602
Average purchase price per share	$	15.55	$	18.55
Common shares issued(4)	2,523,744		2,594,817

(1) Common shares purchased under our share repurchase programs. We have utilized all capacity under our 2021 Share Repurchase Program. There was $581 million of capacity remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program at March 31, 2023.

(2) Average purchase price per share includes purchase commission costs.

(3) Comprised of shares withheld from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock for employees’ tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs.

(4)  Common shares issued under our various compensation and benefit plans.

The closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on March 31, 2023 was $12.39.

Common Stock Dividends

In both March 2023 and March 2022, we paid a common stock dividend of $0.11 per common share.

Share Repurchases

On January 27, 2021, we announced a share repurchase program (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”), which was effective upon announcement and expired on January 26, 2023, and originally permitted us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $1.25 billion.

In October 2021, our Board of Directors approved a $250 million increase in the amount of common stock that may be repurchased under our 2021 Share Repurchase Program. This was in addition to the original $1.25 billion of authorization announced on January 27, 2021, for a total 2021 Share Repurchase Program authorization of $1.5 billion. Under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 2.0 million shares of common stock for $38 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. We have utilized all capacity under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program.

On January 26, 2022, we announced a new share repurchase program (the “2022 Share Repurchase Program”), which was effective upon announcement and expires on January 25, 2024, and permits us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $1.25 billion. Under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 7.5 million shares of common stock for $138 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. We did not repurchase shares of common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2023. We had $581 million of capacity remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program at March 31, 2023.

So long as there is unexpired capacity under a given repurchase program, repurchases under the programs may occur from time to time and through a variety of methods, including tender offers, open market repurchases, repurchases effected through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, negotiated block purchases, accelerated share repurchase programs, or other similar transactions. The timing and volume of any repurchases under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program will be subject to market conditions, and there can be no guarantee that the Company will repurchase up to the limit of the program or at all.

Share Repurchases under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 we did not repurchase shares of our common stock; during the three months ended March 31, 2022 we repurchased 9.5 million shares of our common stock at a total cost of $176 million under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans authorized under our share repurchase programs.

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Earnings per Common Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings per Common Share

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) are calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations follows.

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income	$	118,518	$	128,812
Preferred stock dividends	4,063		1,275
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114,455	$	127,537
Denominator:
Weighted average shares used to compute basic EPS	241,497		276,977
Effect of dilutive securities:
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (1)(2)	2,052		3,677
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted EPS	243,549		280,654
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.46
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.45

(1)     Includes the potential dilutive effect of additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the ESPP, determined by the treasury stock method.

(2)      For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, securities covering approximately 4 million shares and 3 million shares, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive.

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

We use estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for our consolidated financial statements.

We categorize our fair value estimates based on a hierarchical framework associated with three levels of price transparency utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. For additional information regarding our policies for determining fair value and the hierarchical framework, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurement” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no significant transfers of financial instruments between levels or changes in our methodology or assumptions used to value our financial instruments.

The following table summarizes the valuation of our financial instruments that are marked-to-fair value on a recurring basis.

	Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
	March 31, 2023								December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Trading investments	$	—	$	—	$	51,342	$	51,342	$	—	$	—	$	55,903	$	55,903
Available-for-sale investments	—		2,311,062		—		2,311,062		—		2,342,089		—		2,342,089
Derivative instruments	—		—		—		—		—		972		—		972
Total	$	—	$	2,311,062	$	51,342	$	2,362,404	$	—	$	2,343,061	$	55,903	$	2,398,964
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(567)	$	—	$	(567)
Total	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(567)	$	—	$	(567)

The following table summarizes the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Difference		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Difference
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net:
Private Education Loans	$	23,088,030	$	20,497,675	$	2,590,355	$	21,062,548	$	19,019,713	$	2,042,835
FFELP Loans	601,203		589,888		11,315		618,186		607,155		11,031
Loans held for sale	26,202		26,202		—		29,448		29,448		—
Cash and cash equivalents	3,716,379		3,716,379		—		4,616,117		4,616,117		—
Trading investments	51,342		51,342		—		55,903		55,903		—
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062		2,311,062		—		2,342,089		2,342,089		—
Accrued interest receivable	1,393,556		1,331,017		62,539		1,237,074		1,202,059		35,015
Tax indemnification receivable	2,858		2,858		—		2,816		2,816		—
Derivative instruments	—		—		—		972		972		—
Total earning assets	$	31,190,632	$	28,526,423	$	2,664,209	$	29,965,153	$	27,876,272	$	2,088,881
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Money-market and savings accounts	$	11,671,878	$	11,796,120	$	124,242	$	11,854,849	$	11,959,828	$	104,979
Certificates of deposit	9,637,370		10,005,546		368,176		9,175,339		9,486,819		311,480
Long-term borrowings	5,106,299		5,513,976		407,677		4,813,233		5,235,114		421,881
Accrued interest payable	91,943		91,943		—		71,586		71,586		—
Derivative instruments	1,815		1,815		—		567		567		—
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	26,509,305	$	27,409,400	$	900,095	$	25,915,574	$	26,753,914	$	838,340
Excess of net asset fair value over carrying value					$	3,564,304					$	2,927,221

Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 17, “Fair Value Measurements” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of the methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.

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Regulatory Capital

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Banking and Thrift, Other Disclosure [Abstract]

Regulatory Capital

Regulatory Capital

Sallie Mae Bank (the “Bank”) is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial position. Under the FDIC’s regulations implementing the Basel III capital framework (“U.S. Basel III”) and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings, and other factors.

The Bank is subject to the following minimum capital ratios under U.S. Basel III: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, the Bank is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Including the buffer, the Bank is required to maintain the following capital ratios under U.S. Basel III in order to avoid such restrictions: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 7.0 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 8.5 percent, and a Total risk-based capital ratio of greater than 10.5 percent.

To qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions, the Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0 percent.

Under regulations issued by the FDIC and other federal banking agencies, banking organizations that adopted CECL during the 2020 calendar year, including the Bank, could elect to delay for two years, and then phase in over the following three years, the effects on regulatory capital of CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. The Bank elected to use this option. Therefore, the regulatory capital impact of the Bank’s transition adjustments recorded on January 1, 2020 from the adoption of CECL, and 25 percent of the ongoing impact of CECL on the Bank’s allowance for credit losses, retained earnings, and average total consolidated assets, each as reported for regulatory capital purposes (collectively, the “adjusted transition amounts”), were deferred for the two-year period ending January 1, 2022. On January 1, 2022, 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1, 2023, an additional 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1 of 2024 and 2025, the adjusted transition amounts will continue to be phased in for regulatory capital purposes at a rate of 25 percent per year, with the phased-in amounts included in regulatory capital at the beginning of each year. The Bank’s January 1, 2020 CECL transition amounts increased our allowance for credit losses by $1.1 billion, increased the liability representing our off-balance sheet exposure for unfunded commitments by $116 million, and increased our deferred tax asset by $306 million, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced retained earnings by $953 million. This transition adjustment was inclusive of qualitative adjustments incorporated into our CECL allowance as necessary, to address any limitations in the models used.

At March 31, 2023, the adjusted transition amounts that were deferred and are being phased in for regulatory capital purposes are as follows:

	Adjusted Transition Amounts		Phase-In Amounts for the Year Ended		Phase-In Amounts for the Three Months Ended		Remaining Adjusted Transition Amounts to be Phased-In
(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		March 31, 2023
Retained earnings	$	836,351	$	(209,088)	$	(209,088)	$	418,175
Allowance for credit losses	1,038,145		(259,536)		(259,536)		519,073
Liability for unfunded commitments	104,377		(26,094)		(26,094)		52,189
Deferred tax asset	306,171		(76,542)		(76,542)		153,087

The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $133 million and $160 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.

(Dollars in thousands)	Actual				U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
	Amount		Ratio		Amount			Ratio
As of March 31, 2023(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	1,738,576	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	2,111,128	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,297,674	13.3	%	$	2,607,863	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	2,979,433	10.0	%	$	1,188,369	>	4.0	%
As of December 31, 2022(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,645,807	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,998,480	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,338,645	14.2	%	$	2,468,711	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	3,040,662	10.3	%	$	1,185,280	>	4.0	%

(1)    Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.

(2)    The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.

(3)    For both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the adjusted transition amounts discussed above that were phased in at the beginning of 2022 and 2023.

Bank Dividends

The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Bank declared no dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $108 million in dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2022, with the proceeds primarily used to fund the 2022 and 2021 Share

Repurchase Programs and stock dividends. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase programs.

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Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments

When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period that we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments which we expect to fund during the 2022/2023 academic year. At March 31, 2023, we had a $33 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover expected losses that may occur during the one-year loss emergence period on these unfunded commitments. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K and Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

Regulatory Matters

For additional information regarding our regulatory matters, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 21, “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries are routinely defendants in or parties to pending and threatened legal actions and proceedings, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. These actions and proceedings may be based on alleged violations of consumer protection, securities, employment, and other laws. In certain of these actions and proceedings, claims for substantial monetary damage may be asserted against us and our subsidiaries.

It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries, and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees, and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.

We are required to establish reserves for litigation and regulatory matters where those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. When loss contingencies are not both probable and estimable, we do not establish reserves.

Based on current knowledge, management does not believe there are loss contingencies, if any, arising from pending investigations, litigation, or regulatory matters for which reserves should be established.

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Subsequent Events	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Event2023 Loan SaleIn April 2023, we identified a pool of $2 billion of Private Education Loans that we intend to sell in a transaction that is expected to close in May 2023. The transaction will be recognized in the second-quarter 2023 consolidated financial statements.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited, consolidated financial statements of SLM Corporation (“Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SLM Corporation and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been included. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any other period. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”).

Consolidation

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions.

We consolidate any variable interest entity (“VIE”) where we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE

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Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities Available-for-Sale

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale are as follows:

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for credit losses(1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	387,158	$	—	$	62	$	(61,886)	$	325,334
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	3,460		—		—		(294)		3,166
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	1,758,032		—		—		(92,548)		1,665,484
Other securities	339,099		—		334		(22,355)		317,078
Total	$	2,487,749	$	—	$	396	$	(177,083)	$	2,311,062
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands	Amortized Cost		Allowance for credit losses(1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	389,067	$	—	$	2	$	(68,705)	$	320,364
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	3,584		—		—		(357)		3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	1,804,726		—		—		(115,416)		1,689,310
Other securities	356,955		—		33		(27,800)		329,188
Total	$	2,554,332	$	—	$	35	$	(212,278)	$	2,342,089

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors and that was recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (as a credit loss expense on available-for-sale securities). The amount excludes unrealized losses related to non-credit factors.

Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Fair Value

The following table summarizes the amount of gross unrealized losses for our available-for-sale securities and the estimated fair value for securities having gross unrealized loss positions, categorized by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

(Dollars in thousands)	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
As of March 31, 2023:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	(1,138)	$	22,201	$	(60,748)	$	297,543	$	(61,886)	$	319,744
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	—		—		(294)		3,166		(294)		3,166
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	(4,463)		193,623		(88,085)		1,471,861		(92,548)		1,665,484
Other securities	(8,451)		156,624		(13,904)		128,538		(22,355)		285,162
Total	$	(14,052)	$	372,448	$	(163,031)	$	1,901,108	$	(177,083)	$	2,273,556
As of December 31, 2022:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	(13,956)	$	99,598	$	(54,749)	$	220,576	$	(68,705)	$	320,174
Utah Housing Corporation bonds	(357)		3,227		—		—		(357)		3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries	(28,128)		689,300		(87,288)		1,000,010		(115,416)		1,689,310
Other securities	(15,852)		232,546		(11,948)		92,883		(27,800)		325,429
Total	$	(58,293)	$	1,024,671	$	(153,985)	$	1,313,469	$	(212,278)	$	2,338,140

Schedule of Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities by Contractual Maturities

As of March 31, 2023, the amortized cost and fair value of securities, by contractual maturities, are summarized below. Contractual maturities versus actual maturities may differ due to the effect of prepayments.

As of March 31, 2023 Year of Maturity (dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
2023	$	114,993	$	113,061
2024	698,346		670,601
2025	298,066		286,613
2026	548,319		499,306
2027	98,309		95,902
2038	71		73
2039	718		719
2042	2,528		2,227
2043	4,434		4,055
2044	5,412		5,057
2045	5,443		4,940
2046	7,963		7,165
2047	8,386		7,586
2048	2,056		2,001
2049	16,374		14,836
2050	114,601		93,786
2051	161,035		130,855
2052	56,605		50,153
2053	109,892		100,141
2054	83,670		75,428
2055	98,051		94,030
2058	52,477		52,527
Total	$	2,487,749	$	2,311,062

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Loans Held for Investment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of Loans Held for Investment

Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Private Education Loans:
Fixed-rate	$	12,726,875	$	11,108,079
Variable-rate	9,171,128		9,195,609
Total Private Education Loans, gross	21,898,003		20,303,688
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	75,051		69,656
Allowance for credit losses	(1,475,379)		(1,353,631)
Total Private Education Loans, net	20,497,675		19,019,713
FFELP Loans	592,318		609,050
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	1,497		1,549
Allowance for credit losses	(3,927)		(3,444)
Total FFELP Loans, net	589,888		607,155
Loans held for investment, net	$	21,087,563	$	19,626,868

The average balance (net of unamortized premium/(discount)) and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans held for investment in our portfolio are summarized as follows:

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate		Average Balance		Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans	$	21,755,202	10.66	%	$	21,858,270	8.38	%
FFELP Loans	602,072		6.87		690,540		3.51
Credit Cards(1)	—		—		26,622		3.95
Total portfolio	$	22,357,274			$	22,575,432

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Allowance for Credit Losses (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses and Recorded Investments in Loans

Allowance for Credit Losses Metrics

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP Loans			Private Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	3,444		$	1,353,631		$	—		$	1,357,075
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			148,513			—			148,513
Provisions:
Provision for current period	739			56,334			730			57,803
Total provisions(2)	739			56,334			730			57,803
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(256)			(95,085)			(741)			(96,082)
Recoveries	—			11,986			11			11,997
Net charge-offs	(256)			(83,099)			(730)			(84,085)
Ending Balance	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—		$	22,490,321
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	1,150,802		$	—		$	1,150,802
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.23		%	2.11		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.66		%	6.40		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.88		%	9.00		%	—		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	3.83			4.44			—
Ending total loans, gross	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	451,451		$	15,764,143		$	—
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	446,214		$	15,990,459		$	—
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	408,263		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	56,334
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	56,309
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	112,643
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	739
Credit Cards	730
Total	1,469
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	114,112

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP  Loans			Private  Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	4,077		$	1,158,977		$	2,281		$	1,165,335
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			94,686			—			94,686
Provisions:
Provision for current period	21			48,460			137			48,618
Loan sale reduction to provision	—			(5,247)			—			(5,247)
Total provisions(2)	21			43,213			137			43,371
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(99)			(83,856)			(111)			(84,066)
Recoveries	—			8,033			3			8,036
Net charge-offs	(99)			(75,823)			(108)			(76,030)
Ending Balance	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547		$	22,445,189
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	993,698		$	—		$	993,698
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.07		%	1.89		%	1.63		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.59		%	5.37		%	8.39		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.75		%	7.43		%	8.39		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	10.10			4.03			5.35
Ending total loans, gross	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	543,303		$	16,013,289		$	26,551
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	535,080		$	16,095,157		$	27,547
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	331,405		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	43,213
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	54,679
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	97,892
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	21
Credit Cards	137
Total	158
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	98,050

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

The tables below summarize the activity in the allowance recorded to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets, as well as the activity in the unfunded commitments balance.

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Allowance		Unfunded Commitments		Allowance		Unfunded Commitments
Beginning Balance	$	124,924	$	1,995,808	$	72,713	$	1,776,976
Provision/New commitments - net(1)	52,252		1,124,816		47,454		968,830
Other provision items	4,057		—		7,226		—
Transfer - funded loans(2)	(148,513)		(2,436,271)		(94,686)		(2,184,058)
Ending Balance	$	32,720	$	684,353	$	32,707	$	561,748

(1)     Net of expirations of commitments unused.

(2)     When a loan commitment is funded, its related liability for credit losses (which originally was recorded as a provision for unfunded commitments) is transferred to the allowance for credit losses.

Schedule of Amortized Cost Basis of Financing Receivables

The following tables show the amortized cost basis at the end of the respective reporting periods of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the period, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification. When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We consider borrowers to be in financial difficulty after they have exited school and have difficulty making their scheduled principal and interest payments.

	Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Interest Rate Reduction				Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type:	Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans	$	12,902	0.06	%	$	81,780	0.35	%
Total	$	12,902	0.06	%	$	81,780	0.35	%

	Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Interest Rate Reduction				Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type:	Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable		Amortized Cost Basis		% of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans	$	7,679	0.04	%	$	79,597	0.37	%
Total	$	7,679	0.04	%	$	79,597	0.37	%

The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to loans whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Interest Rate Reduction		Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type	Financial Effect	Loan Type	Financial Effect
Private Education Loans	Reduced average contractual rate from 12.47% to 4.00%	Private Education Loans	Added a weighted average 10.19 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.74% to 4.00%

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Interest Rate Reduction		Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type	Financial Effect	Loan Type	Financial Effect
Private Education Loans	Reduced average contractual rate from 10.09% to 4.00%	Private Education Loans	Added a weighted average 10.51 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 9.43% to 4.00%

We define payment default as 60 days past due for purposes of this disclosure.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023						Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Modified Loans(1)(2)		Payment Default(3)		Charge-Offs(4)		Modified Loans(1)(2)		Payment Default(3)		Charge-Offs(4)
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	11,624	$	11,404	$	4,628	$	290	$	287	$	—
Total	$	11,624	$	11,404	$	4,628	$	290	$	287	$	—

(1) Represents period-end amortized cost basis of loans that have been modified and for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of receiving a modification (or within the reporting period, for the loans shown in in the year-ago period, as the case may be).

(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the modified loans include $10.4 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $1.2 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the modified loans include $0.3 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and no interest rate reduction only loan modifications.

(3) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of payment default.

(4) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of charge off.

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans Delinquencies

The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified during the respective reporting periods (first-quarter 2023 and full year 2022, respectively).

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
At March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Deferment(1)		Current(2)(3)		30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3)		60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3)		90 Days or Greater  Past Due(2)(3)		Total
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	412	$	92,213	$	1,353	$	358	$	346	$	94,682
Total	$	412	$	92,213	$	1,353	$	358	$	346	$	94,682

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
At December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Deferment(1)		Current(2)(3)		30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3)		60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3)		90 Days or Greater  Past Due(2)(3)		Total
Loan Type:
Private Education Loans	$	7,698	$	289,134	$	13,859	$	8,809	$	6,616	$	326,116
Total	$	7,698	$	289,134	$	13,859	$	8,809	$	6,616	$	326,116

(1) Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make full principal and interest payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). Deferment also includes loans that have entered a forbearance after the loan modification was granted.

(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making full principal and interest payments after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

The following tables provide information regarding the loan status of our Private Education Loans held for investment, by year of origination. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following tables, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			2021			2020			2019			2018 and Prior			Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1)	$	408,842		$	2,374,557		$	1,348,206		$	543,621		$	359,759		$	651,401		$	5,686,386
Loans in forbearance(2)	1,256			20,755			42,385			27,115			28,094			101,553			221,158
Loans in repayment:
Loans current	441,192			3,263,917			2,972,969			1,859,452			1,632,668			5,275,984			15,446,182
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)	1,115			17,902			38,446			28,762			31,442			149,333			267,000
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)	—			6,395			22,104			17,136			18,428			76,723			140,786
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)	—			4,592			20,544			15,165			17,063			79,127			136,491
Total Private Education Loans in repayment	442,307			3,292,806			3,054,063			1,920,515			1,699,601			5,581,167			15,990,459
Total Private Education Loans, gross	852,405			5,688,118			4,444,654			2,491,251			2,087,454			6,334,121			21,898,003
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	5,089			29,718			15,151			8,476			5,109			11,508			75,051
Total Private Education Loans	857,494			5,717,836			4,459,805			2,499,727			2,092,563			6,345,629			21,973,054
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(61,767)			(372,947)			(296,851)			(170,497)			(138,625)			(434,692)			(1,475,379)
Private Education Loans, net	$	795,727		$	5,344,889		$	4,162,954		$	2,329,230		$	1,953,938		$	5,910,937		$	20,497,675
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	51.9		%	57.9		%	68.7		%	77.1		%	81.4		%	88.1		%	73.0		%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	0.3		%	0.9		%	2.7		%	3.2		%	3.9		%	5.5		%	3.4		%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance	0.3		%	0.6		%	1.4		%	1.4		%	1.6		%	1.8		%	1.4		%

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018			2017 and Prior			Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1)	$	1,827,649		$	1,433,322		$	578,253		$	380,639		$	219,280		$	455,910		$	4,895,053
Loans in forbearance(2)	16,046			64,360			38,613			37,802			30,583			91,681			279,085
Loans in repayment:
Loans current	2,411,441			2,991,839			1,907,574			1,683,986			1,301,809			4,262,698			14,559,347
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)	14,164			30,740			30,877			35,213			31,366			144,948			287,308
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)	5,523			15,056			14,433			18,201			16,697			77,595			147,505
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)	1,710			11,842			14,872			16,819			16,107			74,040			135,390
Total Private Education Loans in repayment	2,432,838			3,049,477			1,967,756			1,754,219			1,365,979			4,559,281			15,129,550
Total Private Education Loans, gross	4,276,533			4,547,159			2,584,622			2,172,660			1,615,842			5,106,872			20,303,688
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	26,714			15,933			9,062			5,496			3,575			8,876			69,656
Total Private Education Loans	4,303,247			4,563,092			2,593,684			2,178,156			1,619,417			5,115,748			20,373,344
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(304,943)			(323,506)			(181,915)			(141,424)			(101,023)			(300,820)			(1,353,631)
Private Education Loans, net	$	3,998,304		$	4,239,586		$	2,411,769		$	2,036,732		$	1,518,394		$	4,814,928		$	19,019,713
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	56.9		%	67.1		%	76.1		%	80.7		%	84.5		%	89.3		%	74.5		%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	0.9		%	1.9		%	3.1		%	4.0		%	4.7		%	6.5		%	3.8		%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance	0.7		%	2.1		%	1.9		%	2.1		%	2.2		%	2.0		%	1.8		%

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

Schedule of Private Education Loan Portfolio Stratified by Key Credit Quality Indicators

The following tables highlight the gross principal balance of our Private Education Loan portfolio (held for investment), by year of origination, stratified by key credit quality indicators.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators
Year of Origination	2023(1)		2022(1)		2021(1)		2020(1)		2019(1)		2018 and Prior(1)		Total(1)		% of Balance
Cosigners:
With cosigner	$	728,950	$	4,951,808	$	3,858,219	$	2,130,947	$	1,782,069	$	5,681,899	$	19,133,892	87	%
Without cosigner	123,455		736,310		586,435		360,304		305,385		652,222		2,764,111		13
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
FICO at Origination(2):
Less than 670	$	72,432	$	438,029	$	304,216	$	154,665	$	171,983	$	554,184	$	1,695,509	8	%
670-699	125,846		785,900		602,706		346,297		327,433		1,077,557		3,265,739		15
700-749	270,689		1,771,760		1,410,157		806,546		692,615		2,132,757		7,084,524		32
Greater than or equal to 750	383,438		2,692,429		2,127,575		1,183,743		895,423		2,569,623		9,852,231		45
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
FICO Refreshed(2)(3):
Less than 670	$	88,378	$	659,414	$	498,641	$	256,177	$	249,547	$	969,883	$	2,722,040	12	%
670-699	128,620		792,523		571,683		277,061		235,805		706,213		2,711,905		12
700-749	267,500		1,715,364		1,324,781		710,463		591,355		1,717,774		6,327,237		30
Greater than or equal to 750	367,907		2,520,817		2,049,549		1,247,550		1,010,747		2,940,251		10,136,821		46
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
Seasoning(4):
1-12 payments	$	443,563	$	2,988,688	$	522,305	$	327,647	$	271,788	$	507,620	$	5,061,611	23	%
13-24 payments	—		324,873		2,414,470		201,750		211,025		586,952		3,739,070		17
25-36 payments	—		—		159,673		1,299,993		158,750		570,770		2,189,186		10
37-48 payments	—		—		—		118,240		1,023,883		568,996		1,711,119		8
More than 48 payments	—		—		—		—		62,249		3,448,382		3,510,631		16
Not yet in repayment	408,842		2,374,557		1,348,206		543,621		359,759		651,401		5,686,386		26
Total	$	852,405	$	5,688,118	$	4,444,654	$	2,491,251	$	2,087,454	$	6,334,121	$	21,898,003	100	%
2023 Current period(5) gross charge-offs	$	—	$	(2,262)	$	(12,072)	$	(10,615)	$	(11,773)	$	(58,363)	$	(95,085)
2023 Current period(5) recoveries	—		207		1,428		1,167		1,460		7,723		11,985
2023 Current period(5) net charge-offs	$	—	$	(2,055)	$	(10,644)	$	(9,448)	$	(10,313)	$	(50,640)	$	(83,100)
Total accrued interest by origination vintage	$	13,564	$	241,786	$	351,527	$	209,889	$	177,587	$	310,373	$	1,304,726
(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment. (2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower. (3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the first-quarter 2023. (4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due. (5)Current period refers to period from January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators
Year of Origination	2022(1)		2021(1)		2020(1)		2019(1)		2018(1)		2017 and Prior(1)		Total(1)		% of Balance
Cosigners:
With cosigner	$	3,656,111	$	3,941,921	$	2,208,033	$	1,853,619	$	1,402,828	$	4,626,491	$	17,689,003	87	%
Without cosigner	620,422		605,238		376,589		319,041		213,014		480,381		2,614,685		13
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
FICO at Origination(2):
Less than 670	$	326,991	$	307,646	$	158,606	$	177,098	$	143,674	$	439,587	$	1,553,602	8	%
670-699	593,216		611,649		356,541		339,685		259,142		878,426		3,038,659		15
700-749	1,336,765		1,440,510		834,819		719,777		537,680		1,722,068		6,591,619		32
Greater than or equal to 750	2,019,561		2,187,354		1,234,656		936,100		675,346		2,066,791		9,119,808		45
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
FICO Refreshed(2)(3):
Less than 670	$	443,868	$	461,589	$	242,310	$	237,105	$	204,894	$	773,324	$	2,363,090	12	%
670-699	594,118		579,784		284,244		240,999		173,754		564,344		2,437,243		12
700-749	1,322,558		1,378,910		748,368		628,060		449,701		1,388,090		5,915,687		29
Greater than or equal to 750	1,915,989		2,126,876		1,309,700		1,066,496		787,493		2,381,114		9,587,668		47
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
Seasoning(4):
1-12 payments	$	2,448,884	$	636,073	$	384,334	$	330,316	$	235,878	$	424,636	$	4,460,121	22	%
13-24 payments	—		2,477,764		255,510		195,753		166,045		455,782		3,550,854		18
25-36 payments	—		—		1,366,398		257,534		126,223		489,157		2,239,312		11
37-48 payments	—		—		127		1,008,418		224,805		451,102		1,684,452		8
More than 48 payments	—		—		—		—		643,611		2,830,285		3,473,896		17
Not yet in repayment	1,827,649		1,433,322		578,253		380,639		219,280		455,910		4,895,053		24
Total	$	4,276,533	$	4,547,159	$	2,584,622	$	2,172,660	$	1,615,842	$	5,106,872	$	20,303,688	100	%
2022 Current period(5) gross charge-offs	$	(2,224)	$	(25,698)	$	(48,271)	$	(62,071)	$	(57,505)	$	(231,647)	$	(427,416)
2022 Current period(5) recoveries	124		1,841		4,170		5,556		5,407		24,639		41,737
2022 Current period(5) net charge-offs	$	(2,100)	$	(23,857)	$	(44,101)	$	(56,515)	$	(52,098)	$	(207,008)	$	(385,679)
Total accrued interest by origination vintage	$	142,915	$	315,308	$	207,858	$	184,832	$	116,211	$	210,438	$	1,177,562

(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment.

(2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.

(3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the fourth-quarter 2022.

(4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due.

(5)Current period refers to January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022.

Schedule of Accrued Interest Receivable

The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest on loans making full interest payments. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on the loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school, and the current expected credit losses on accrued interest that will be capitalized is included in our allowance for credit losses.

	Private Education Loans
	Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands)	Total Interest Receivable		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)
March 31, 2023	$	1,304,726	$	6,638	$	6,523
December 31, 2022	$	1,177,562	$	6,609	$	8,121

(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment (at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 relates to $154 million and $240 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable) that is not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is expected to be capitalized ($1.2 billion and $937 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) is reserved in the allowance for credit losses.

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Unfunded Loan Commitments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Credit Loss [Abstract]

Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses and Recorded Investments in Loans

Allowance for Credit Losses Metrics

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP Loans			Private Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	3,444		$	1,353,631		$	—		$	1,357,075
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			148,513			—			148,513
Provisions:
Provision for current period	739			56,334			730			57,803
Total provisions(2)	739			56,334			730			57,803
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(256)			(95,085)			(741)			(96,082)
Recoveries	—			11,986			11			11,997
Net charge-offs	(256)			(83,099)			(730)			(84,085)
Ending Balance	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,927		$	1,475,379		$	—		$	1,479,306
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—		$	22,490,321
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	1,150,802		$	—		$	1,150,802
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.23		%	2.11		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.66		%	6.40		%	—		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.88		%	9.00		%	—		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	3.83			4.44			—
Ending total loans, gross	$	592,318		$	21,898,003		$	—
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	451,451		$	15,764,143		$	—
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	446,214		$	15,990,459		$	—
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	408,263		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	56,334
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	56,309
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	112,643
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	739
Credit Cards	730
Total	1,469
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	114,112

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	FFELP  Loans			Private  Education Loans			Credit Cards			Total
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning balance	$	4,077		$	1,158,977		$	2,281		$	1,165,335
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1)	—			94,686			—			94,686
Provisions:
Provision for current period	21			48,460			137			48,618
Loan sale reduction to provision	—			(5,247)			—			(5,247)
Total provisions(2)	21			43,213			137			43,371
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(99)			(83,856)			(111)			(84,066)
Recoveries	—			8,033			3			8,036
Net charge-offs	(99)			(75,823)			(108)			(76,030)
Ending Balance	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Allowance(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,999		$	1,221,053		$	2,310		$	1,227,362
Loans(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547		$	22,445,189
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3):
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	993,698		$	—		$	993,698
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4)	0.07		%	1.89		%	1.63		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.59		%	5.37		%	8.39		%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5)	0.75		%	7.43		%	8.39		%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	10.10			4.03			5.35
Ending total loans, gross	$	682,273		$	21,735,369		$	27,547
Average loans in repayment(4)	$	543,303		$	16,013,289		$	26,551
Ending loans in repayment(4)	$	535,080		$	16,095,157		$	27,547
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6)	$	—		$	331,405		$	—

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.

(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses:
Provisions for loan losses	$	43,213
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	54,679
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	97,892
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses:
FFELP Loans	21
Credit Cards	137
Total	158
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	$	98,050

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.

(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.

(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).

The tables below summarize the activity in the allowance recorded to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets, as well as the activity in the unfunded commitments balance.

	2023				2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)	Allowance		Unfunded Commitments		Allowance		Unfunded Commitments
Beginning Balance	$	124,924	$	1,995,808	$	72,713	$	1,776,976
Provision/New commitments - net(1)	52,252		1,124,816		47,454		968,830
Other provision items	4,057		—		7,226		—
Transfer - funded loans(2)	(148,513)		(2,436,271)		(94,686)		(2,184,058)
Ending Balance	$	32,720	$	684,353	$	32,707	$	561,748

(1)     Net of expirations of commitments unused.

(2)     When a loan commitment is funded, its related liability for credit losses (which originally was recorded as a provision for unfunded commitments) is transferred to the allowance for credit losses.

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Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Acquired Intangible Assets

Acquired intangible assets include the following:

		March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Useful Life (in years)(1)	Cost Basis		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Cost Basis		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Tradename and trademarks	10	$	68,470	$	(7,418)	$	61,052	$	68,470	$	(5,706)	$	62,764
Customer relationships	5	5,670		(2,178)		3,492		5,670		(1,723)		3,947
Developed technology	3	1,260		(455)		805		1,260		(350)		910
Total acquired intangible assets		$	75,400	$	(10,051)	$	65,349	$	75,400	$	(7,779)	$	67,621

(1)     The weighted average useful life of acquired intangible assets related to the Nitro acquisition is 9.51 years.

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Deposits (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Banking and Thrift, Other Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Deposits

The following table summarizes total deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Deposits - interest-bearing	$	21,801,666	$	21,446,647
Deposits - non-interest-bearing	2,000		1,424
Total deposits	$	21,803,666	$	21,448,071

Schedule of Interest Bearing Deposits

Interest bearing deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

 

	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)		Amount		Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)
Money market	$	10,788,126	4.26	%	$	10,977,242	3.75	%
Savings	1,007,994		3.75		982,586		3.15
Certificates of deposit	10,005,546		2.97		9,486,819		2.57
Deposits - interest bearing	$	21,801,666			$	21,446,647

    (1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.

Schedule of Certificates of Deposit Maturities

Certificates of deposit remaining maturities are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
One year or less	$	3,257,529	$	3,224,573
After one year to two years	3,123,281		2,954,257
After two years to three years	2,199,697		1,904,919
After three years to four years	1,176,953		1,031,881
After four years to five years	207,676		324,375
After five years	40,410		46,814
Total	$	10,005,546	$	9,486,819

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Borrowings (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

The following table summarizes our borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Short-Term		Long-Term		Total
Unsecured borrowings:
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate)	$	—	$	989,788	$	989,788	$	—	$	988,986	$	988,986
Total unsecured borrowings	—		989,788		989,788		—		988,986		988,986
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations:
Fixed-rate	—		3,759,190		3,759,190		—		3,462,363		3,462,363
Variable-rate	—		764,998		764,998		—		783,765		783,765
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total secured borrowings	—		4,524,188		4,524,188		—		4,246,128		4,246,128
Total	$	—	$	5,513,976	$	5,513,976	$	—	$	5,235,114	$	5,235,114

Schedule of Securities Financing Transactions

The following table summarizes our secured financings issued in the year ended December 31, 2022 and in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Issue	Date Issued	Total Issued		Weighted Average Cost of Funds(1)	Weighted Average Life  (in years)
(Dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loans:
2022-C	August 2022	$	575,000	SOFR plus 1.76%	4.69
Total notes issued in 2022		$	575,000
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2022(2)		$	674,387
2023-A	March 2023	$	579,000	SOFR plus 1.53%	5.06
Total notes issued in 2023		$	579,000
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2023(3)		$	644,573

(1) Represents SOFR equivalent cost of funds for floating and fixed-rate bonds, excluding issuance costs.

(2) At March 31, 2023, $610 million of our Private Education Loans, including $572 million of principal and $38 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.

(3) At March 31, 2023, $639 million of our Private Education Loans, including $598 million of principal and $41 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.

Schedule of Variable Interest Entities

We consolidate our financing entities that are VIEs as a result of our being the entities’ primary beneficiary. As a result, these financing VIEs are accounted for as secured borrowings.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	Debt Outstanding						Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Loans		Restricted Cash		Other Assets(1)		Total
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	—	$	4,524,188	$	4,524,188	$	5,728,010	$	181,764	$	322,715	$	6,232,489
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		360		360
Total	$	—	$	4,524,188	$	4,524,188	$	5,728,010	$	181,764	$	323,075	$	6,232,849

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)	Debt Outstanding						Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
	Short-Term		Long-Term		Total		Loans		Restricted Cash		Other Assets(1)		Total
Secured borrowings:
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	—	$	4,246,128	$	4,246,128	$	5,433,602	$	156,719	$	286,093	$	5,876,414
Secured Borrowing Facility	—		—		—		—		—		1,066		1,066
Total	$	—	$	4,246,128	$	4,246,128	$	5,433,602	$	156,719	$	287,159	$	5,877,480

(1) Other assets primarily represent accrued interest receivable.

The table below provides a summary of our exposure related to our unconsolidated VIEs.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Debt Interests(1)		Equity Interests(2)		Total Exposure		Debt Interests(1)		Equity Interests(2)		Total Exposure
Private Education Loan term securitizations	$	317,077	$	51,342	$	368,419	$	329,188	$	50,786	$	379,974

(1) Vertical risk retention interest classified as available-for-sale investment.

(2) Vertical risk retention interest classified as trading investment.

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheet

The following tables summarize the fair values and notional amounts of all derivative instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and their impact on earnings and other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022. Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, and trading activities.

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
		Cash Flow Hedges				Fair Value Hedges				Trading				Total
		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Fair Values(1)	Hedged Risk Exposure
Derivative Assets:(2)
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	—	$	972	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	972
Derivative Liabilities:(2)
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	(1,714)		—		(101)		(567)		—		—		(1,815)		(567)
Total net derivatives		$	(1,714)	$	972	$	(101)	$	(567)	$	—	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	405

(1)    Fair values reported include variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract. Assets and liabilities are presented without consideration of master netting agreements. Derivatives are carried on the balance sheet based on net position by counterparty under master netting agreements and classified in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether in a net positive or negative position.

(2)    The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

	Other Assets				Other Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross position(1)	$	—	$	972	$	(1,815)	$	(567)
Impact of master netting agreement	—		(567)		—		567
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet)	—		405		(1,815)		—
Cash collateral pledged(2)	13,031		11,162		—		—
Net position	$	13,031	$	11,567	$	(1,815)	$	—

(1)Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.

(2)Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

Schedule of Offsetting Assets

The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

	Other Assets				Other Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross position(1)	$	—	$	972	$	(1,815)	$	(567)
Impact of master netting agreement	—		(567)		—		567
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet)	—		405		(1,815)		—
Cash collateral pledged(2)	13,031		11,162		—		—
Net position	$	13,031	$	11,567	$	(1,815)	$	—

(1)Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.

(2)Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

Schedule of Offsetting Liabilities

The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

	Other Assets				Other Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Gross position(1)	$	—	$	972	$	(1,815)	$	(567)
Impact of master netting agreement	—		(567)		—		567
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet)	—		405		(1,815)		—
Cash collateral pledged(2)	13,031		11,162		—		—
Net position	$	13,031	$	11,567	$	(1,815)	$	—

(1)Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.

(2)Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

Schedule of Notional Amounts of Outstanding Derivative Positions

Notional Values
	Cash Flow				Fair Value				Trading				Total
(Dollars in thousands)	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest rate swaps	$	1,285,120	$	1,314,660	$	702,309	$	1,528,186	$	—	$	—	$	1,987,429	$	2,842,846
Net total notional	$	1,285,120	$	1,314,660	$	702,309	$	1,528,186	$	—	$	—	$	1,987,429	$	2,842,846

Schedule of Cumulative Basis Adjustments for Fair Value Hedges

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
Line Item in the Balance Sheet in Which the Hedged Item is Included:	March 31,		December 31,		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Deposits	$	(677,893)	$	(1,494,087)	$	24,224	$	31,259

Schedule of Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Income

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Income
	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Fair Value Hedges
Interest rate swaps:
Interest recognized on derivatives	$	(6,405)	$	17,287
Hedged items recorded in interest expense	(7,035)		51,268
Derivatives recorded in interest expense	7,096		(51,319)
Total	$	(6,344)	$	17,236
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate swaps:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense	$	10,278	$	(4,541)
Total	$	10,278	$	(4,541)
Trading
Interest rate swaps:
Change in fair value of future interest payments recorded in earnings	$	—	$	(248)
Total	—		(248)
Total	$	3,934	$	12,447

Schedule of Derivative Instruments, Effect on Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Impact of Derivatives on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(4,721)	$	47,989
Less: amount of gain (loss) reclassified in interest expense	10,278		(4,541)
Total change in other comprehensive income (loss) for unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, before income tax (expense) benefit	$	(14,999)	$	52,530

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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Common Share Repurchases

The following table summarizes our common share repurchases and issuances.

 

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Shares and per share amounts in actuals)	2023		2022
Common stock repurchased under repurchase programs(1)	—		9,533,392
Average purchase price per share(2)	$	—	$	18.46
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans(3)	949,431		934,602
Average purchase price per share	$	15.55	$	18.55
Common shares issued(4)	2,523,744		2,594,817

(1) Common shares purchased under our share repurchase programs. We have utilized all capacity under our 2021 Share Repurchase Program. There was $581 million of capacity remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program at March 31, 2023.

(2) Average purchase price per share includes purchase commission costs.

(3) Comprised of shares withheld from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock for employees’ tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs.

(4)  Common shares issued under our various compensation and benefit plans.

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Earnings per Common Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations follows.

	Three Months Ended   March 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income	$	118,518	$	128,812
Preferred stock dividends	4,063		1,275
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$	114,455	$	127,537
Denominator:
Weighted average shares used to compute basic EPS	241,497		276,977
Effect of dilutive securities:
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (1)(2)	2,052		3,677
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted EPS	243,549		280,654
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.46
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.47	$	0.45

(1)     Includes the potential dilutive effect of additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the ESPP, determined by the treasury stock method.

(2)      For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, securities covering approximately 4 million shares and 3 million shares, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive.

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Valuation of Financial Instruments that are Marked-to-Market on Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes the valuation of our financial instruments that are marked-to-fair value on a recurring basis.

	Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
	March 31, 2023								December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Trading investments	$	—	$	—	$	51,342	$	51,342	$	—	$	—	$	55,903	$	55,903
Available-for-sale investments	—		2,311,062		—		2,311,062		—		2,342,089		—		2,342,089
Derivative instruments	—		—		—		—		—		972		—		972
Total	$	—	$	2,311,062	$	51,342	$	2,362,404	$	—	$	2,343,061	$	55,903	$	2,398,964
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(567)	$	—	$	(567)
Total	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(1,815)	$	—	$	(567)	$	—	$	(567)

Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities, Including Derivative Financial Instruments

The following table summarizes the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments.

	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Carrying Value		Difference		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Difference
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net:
Private Education Loans	$	23,088,030	$	20,497,675	$	2,590,355	$	21,062,548	$	19,019,713	$	2,042,835
FFELP Loans	601,203		589,888		11,315		618,186		607,155		11,031
Loans held for sale	26,202		26,202		—		29,448		29,448		—
Cash and cash equivalents	3,716,379		3,716,379		—		4,616,117		4,616,117		—
Trading investments	51,342		51,342		—		55,903		55,903		—
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062		2,311,062		—		2,342,089		2,342,089		—
Accrued interest receivable	1,393,556		1,331,017		62,539		1,237,074		1,202,059		35,015
Tax indemnification receivable	2,858		2,858		—		2,816		2,816		—
Derivative instruments	—		—		—		972		972		—
Total earning assets	$	31,190,632	$	28,526,423	$	2,664,209	$	29,965,153	$	27,876,272	$	2,088,881
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Money-market and savings accounts	$	11,671,878	$	11,796,120	$	124,242	$	11,854,849	$	11,959,828	$	104,979
Certificates of deposit	9,637,370		10,005,546		368,176		9,175,339		9,486,819		311,480
Long-term borrowings	5,106,299		5,513,976		407,677		4,813,233		5,235,114		421,881
Accrued interest payable	91,943		91,943		—		71,586		71,586		—
Derivative instruments	1,815		1,815		—		567		567		—
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	26,509,305	$	27,409,400	$	900,095	$	25,915,574	$	26,753,914	$	838,340
Excess of net asset fair value over carrying value					$	3,564,304					$	2,927,221

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Regulatory Capital (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Banking and Thrift, Other Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements Under Banking Regulations

At March 31, 2023, the adjusted transition amounts that were deferred and are being phased in for regulatory capital purposes are as follows:

	Adjusted Transition Amounts		Phase-In Amounts for the Year Ended		Phase-In Amounts for the Three Months Ended		Remaining Adjusted Transition Amounts to be Phased-In
(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		March 31, 2023
Retained earnings	$	836,351	$	(209,088)	$	(209,088)	$	418,175
Allowance for credit losses	1,038,145		(259,536)		(259,536)		519,073
Liability for unfunded commitments	104,377		(26,094)		(26,094)		52,189
Deferred tax asset	306,171		(76,542)		(76,542)		153,087

The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $133 million and $160 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.

(Dollars in thousands)	Actual				U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
	Amount		Ratio		Amount			Ratio
As of March 31, 2023(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	1,738,576	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	2,979,433	12.0	%	$	2,111,128	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,297,674	13.3	%	$	2,607,863	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	2,979,433	10.0	%	$	1,188,369	>	4.0	%
As of December 31, 2022(3):
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,645,807	>	7.0	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,040,662	12.9	%	$	1,998,480	>	8.5	%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	3,338,645	14.2	%	$	2,468,711	>	10.5	%
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$	3,040,662	10.3	%	$	1,185,280	>	4.0	%

(1)    Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.

(2)    The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.

(3)    For both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the adjusted transition amounts discussed above that were phased in at the beginning of 2022 and 2023.

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Investments - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) security	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) security	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) security Rate	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) security
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Vertical risk retention interest		5.00%	5.00%
Trading investments	$ 51,342	$ 51,342	$ 51,342	$ 55,903
Number of government sponsored securities with unrealized losses | security	182	182	182	191
Number of mortgage-backed securities | security	193	193	193	194
Par value of mortgage-backed securities pledged to FRB	$ 530,000	$ 530,000	$ 530,000	$ 547,000
Non-marketable securities investment	14,000	14,000	14,000	8,000
Low income housing tax credit investments	78,000	78,000	78,000	80,000
Low income housing tax credit investments, liability for unfunded commitments	40,000	$ 40,000	40,000	46,000
Low income housing tax credit investments, tax credits and benefits (less than)	1,000			9,000
Low income housing tax credit investments, expected tax benefits recognized		25.00%
Convertible Debt Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Trading investments				$ 5,000
Equity Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Non-marketable securities investment	$ 5,000	$ 5,000	$ 5,000

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Investments - Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities Available for Sale (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 2,487,749	$ 2,554,332
Allowance for credit losses	0	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	396	35
Gross Unrealized Losses	(177,083)	(212,278)
Estimated Fair Value	2,311,062	2,342,089
Mortgage-backed securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	387,158	389,067
Allowance for credit losses	0	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	62	2
Gross Unrealized Losses	(61,886)	(68,705)
Estimated Fair Value	325,334	320,364
Utah Housing Corporation bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	3,460	3,584
Allowance for credit losses	0	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(294)	(357)
Estimated Fair Value	3,166	3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,758,032	1,804,726
Allowance for credit losses	0	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(92,548)	(115,416)
Estimated Fair Value	1,665,484	1,689,310
Other securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	339,099	356,955
Allowance for credit losses	0	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	334	33
Gross Unrealized Losses	(22,355)	(27,800)
Estimated Fair Value	$ 317,078	$ 329,188

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Investments - Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value for Mortgage-Backed in Unrealized Loss Position (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Less than 12 months
Gross Unrealized Losses	$ (14,052)	$ (58,293)
Estimated Fair Value	372,448	1,024,671
12 months or more
Gross Unrealized Losses	(163,031)	(153,985)
Estimated Fair Value	1,901,108	1,313,469
Total
Gross Unrealized Losses	(177,083)	(212,278)
Estimated Fair Value	2,273,556	2,338,140
Mortgage-backed securities
Less than 12 months
Gross Unrealized Losses	(1,138)	(13,956)
Estimated Fair Value	22,201	99,598
12 months or more
Gross Unrealized Losses	(60,748)	(54,749)
Estimated Fair Value	297,543	220,576
Total
Gross Unrealized Losses	(61,886)	(68,705)
Estimated Fair Value	319,744	320,174
Utah Housing Corporation bonds
Less than 12 months
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	(357)
Estimated Fair Value	0	3,227
12 months or more
Gross Unrealized Losses	(294)	0
Estimated Fair Value	3,166	0
Total
Gross Unrealized Losses	(294)	(357)
Estimated Fair Value	3,166	3,227
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries
Less than 12 months
Gross Unrealized Losses	(4,463)	(28,128)
Estimated Fair Value	193,623	689,300
12 months or more
Gross Unrealized Losses	(88,085)	(87,288)
Estimated Fair Value	1,471,861	1,000,010
Total
Gross Unrealized Losses	(92,548)	(115,416)
Estimated Fair Value	1,665,484	1,689,310
Other securities
Less than 12 months
Gross Unrealized Losses	(8,451)	(15,852)
Estimated Fair Value	156,624	232,546
12 months or more
Gross Unrealized Losses	(13,904)	(11,948)
Estimated Fair Value	128,538	92,883
Total
Gross Unrealized Losses	(22,355)	(27,800)
Estimated Fair Value	$ 285,162	$ 325,429

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Investments - Maturity Table (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 2,487,749	$ 2,554,332
Estimated Fair Value	2,311,062	$ 2,342,089
2023
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	114,993
Estimated Fair Value	113,061
2024
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	698,346
Estimated Fair Value	670,601
2025
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	298,066
Estimated Fair Value	286,613
2026
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	548,319
Estimated Fair Value	499,306
2027
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	98,309
Estimated Fair Value	95,902
2038
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	71
Estimated Fair Value	73
2039
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	718
Estimated Fair Value	719
2042
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	2,528
Estimated Fair Value	2,227
2043
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	4,434
Estimated Fair Value	4,055
2044
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	5,412
Estimated Fair Value	5,057
2045
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	5,443
Estimated Fair Value	4,940
2046
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	7,963
Estimated Fair Value	7,165
2047
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	8,386
Estimated Fair Value	7,586
2048
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	2,056
Estimated Fair Value	2,001
2049
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	16,374
Estimated Fair Value	14,836
2050
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	114,601
Estimated Fair Value	93,786
2051
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	161,035
Estimated Fair Value	130,855
2052
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	56,605
Estimated Fair Value	50,153
2053
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	109,892
Estimated Fair Value	100,141
2054
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	83,670
Estimated Fair Value	75,428
2055
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	98,051
Estimated Fair Value	94,030
2058
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	52,477
Estimated Fair Value	$ 52,527

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Loans Held for Investment - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Jul. 01, 2006	Jun. 30, 2006	Sep. 30, 1993
Receivables [Abstract]
Percent of private loans indexed to LIBOR	42.00%		45.00%
Tier 1 of government guarantee (at least)	97.00%			97.00%
Tier 2 of government guarantee					98.00%
Tier 3 of government guarantee						100.00%
Gain on sales of loans, net	$ (9,000)	$ 9,881,000
Proceeds from sale of loans receivable	$ 0	95,000,000
Net proceeds from sales of loans held for investment, principal		89,000,000
Net proceeds from sales of loans held for investment, capitalized interest		$ 6,000,000
Estimated weighted average life of student loans	5 years		5 years

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Loans Held for Investment - Student Loan Portfolio by Program (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses	$ (1,479,306)	$ (1,357,075)	$ (1,227,362)	$ (1,165,335)
Loans held for investment, net	21,087,563	19,626,868
Private Education Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loan type	21,898,003	20,303,688
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	75,051	69,656
Allowance for credit losses	(1,475,379)	(1,353,631)
Loans held for investment, net	20,497,675	19,019,713
Private Education Loans | Fixed-rate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loan type	12,726,875	11,108,079
Private Education Loans | Variable-rate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loan type	9,171,128	9,195,609
FFELP Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loan type	592,318	609,050
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount)	1,497	1,549
Allowance for credit losses	(3,927)	(3,444)
Loans held for investment, net	$ 589,888	$ 607,155

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Loans Held for Investment - Student Loan Portfolio Average Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average Balance	$ 22,357,274	$ 22,575,432
Private Education Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average Balance	$ 21,755,202	$ 21,858,270
Weighted Average Interest Rate	10.66%	8.38%
FFELP Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average Balance	$ 602,072	$ 690,540
Weighted Average Interest Rate	6.87%	3.51%
Credit Cards
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average Balance	$ 0	$ 26,622
Weighted Average Interest Rate	0.00%	3.95%

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Loans Held for Sale (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans held for sale		$ 26,202	$ 29,448
Credit Cards
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans held for sale		$ 26,000	$ 29,000
Financing receivable allowance for credit loss, transfer to held-to-sale	$ 2,400
Charge-off	$ 1,500

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Allowance and Recorded Investments in Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning Balance	$ 1,357,075	$ 1,165,335	$ 1,165,335
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability	148,513	94,686
Provision for current period	57,803	48,618
Loan sale reduction to provision		(5,247)
Total provisions	57,803	43,371
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(96,082)	(84,066)
Recoveries	11,997	8,036
Net charge-offs	(84,085)	(76,030)
Ending Balance	1,479,306	1,227,362	1,357,075
Allowance
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	1,479,306	1,227,362
Loans
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	22,490,321	22,445,189
Accrued Interest to be Capitalized [Abstract]
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	1,150,802	993,698
Private Education Loan provision for credit losses, other impacts	1,469	158
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income	114,112	98,050
FFELP Loans
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning Balance	3,444	4,077	4,077
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability	0	0
Provision for current period	739	21
Loan sale reduction to provision		0
Total provisions	739	21
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(256)	(99)
Recoveries	0	0
Net charge-offs	(256)	(99)
Ending Balance	3,927	3,999	3,444
Allowance
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	3,927	3,999
Loans
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	592,318	682,273
Accrued Interest to be Capitalized [Abstract]
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$ 0	$ 0
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)	0.23%	0.07%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.66%	0.59%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment	0.88%	0.75%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	3.83	10.10
Ending total loans, gross	$ 592,318	$ 682,273
Average loans in repayment	451,451	543,303
Ending loans in repayment	446,214	535,080
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment	0	0
Private Education Loan provision for credit losses, other impacts	739	21
Private Education Loans
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning Balance	1,353,631	1,158,977	1,158,977
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability	148,513	94,686
Provision for current period	56,334	48,460
Loan sale reduction to provision		(5,247)
Total provisions	56,334	43,213
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(95,085)	(83,856)
Recoveries	11,986	8,033
Net charge-offs	(83,099)	(75,823)
Ending Balance	1,475,379	1,221,053	1,353,631
Allowance
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	1,475,379	1,221,053
Loans
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	21,898,003	21,735,369
Accrued Interest to be Capitalized [Abstract]
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$ 1,150,802	$ 993,698
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)	2.11%	1.89%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	6.40%	5.37%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment	9.00%	7.43%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	4.44	4.03
Ending total loans, gross	$ 21,898,003	$ 21,735,369
Average loans in repayment	15,764,143	16,013,289
Ending loans in repayment	15,990,459	16,095,157
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment	408,263	331,405
Provisions for loan losses	56,334	43,213
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments	56,309	54,679
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses	112,643	97,892
Credit Cards
Allowance for Credit Losses
Beginning Balance	0	2,281	2,281
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability	0	0
Provision for current period	730	137
Loan sale reduction to provision		0
Total provisions	730	137
Net charge-offs:
Charge-offs	(741)	(111)
Recoveries	11	3
Net charge-offs	(730)	(108)
Ending Balance	0	2,310	$ 0
Allowance
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	0	2,310
Loans
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	0	27,547
Accrued Interest to be Capitalized [Abstract]
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$ 0	$ 0
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)	0.00%	1.63%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5)	0.00%	8.39%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment	0.00%	8.39%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)	0	5.35
Ending total loans, gross	$ 0	$ 27,547
Average loans in repayment	0	26,551
Ending loans in repayment	0	27,547
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment	0	0
Private Education Loan provision for credit losses, other impacts	$ 730	$ 137

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) payment termChange	Jul. 01, 2006
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing receivable allowance period increase	$ 16,000,000
Interest rate offered to borrowers facing financial difficulty, period	2 years
Number of term changes | termChange	2
Criteria for loans to be considered as nonperforming (greater than)	90 days
Tier 1 of government guarantee (at least)	97.00%	97.00%
Maximum amount of forbearance granted	12 months
Number of monthly payments required by a borrower between successive grants of forbearance | payment	12
Threshold period for payment default	60 days
Period of loans past due that have accrued interest	90 days
Monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accrued on the loan in that month	$ 25
Private Education Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Threshold period when delinquent loans are written off	120 days
FFELP Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Percentage of FFELP loans insured and guaranteed (at least)	97.00%
Maximum
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Interest rate offered to borrowers facing financial difficulty	4.00%
Increments in which forbearance is granted	2 months
Minimum
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Increments in which forbearance is granted	1 month

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Amortized Cost Basis of Financing Receivables with Loan Modifcations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Interest Rate Reduction
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 12,902	$ 7,679
% of Total Class of Financing Receivable	0.06%	0.04%
Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 81,780	$ 79,597
% of Total Class of Financing Receivable	0.35%	0.37%
Private Education Loans | Interest Rate Reduction
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 12,902	$ 7,679
% of Total Class of Financing Receivable	0.06%	0.04%
Private Education Loans | Interest Rate Reduction | Maximum
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average contractual rate	12.47%	10.09%
Private Education Loans | Interest Rate Reduction | Minimum
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average contractual rate	4.00%	4.00%
Private Education Loans | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans	$ 81,780	$ 79,597
% of Total Class of Financing Receivable	0.35%	0.37%
Weighted average life of loans	10 years 2 months 8 days	10 years 6 months 3 days
Private Education Loans | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension | Maximum
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average contractual rate	12.74%	9.43%
Private Education Loans | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension | Minimum
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Average contractual rate	4.00%	4.00%

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Amortized Cost Basis of Financing Receivables that Subsequently Defaulted (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Modified Loans	$ 94,682		$ 326,116
60 Days or Greater Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Modified Loans	11,624	$ 290
Payment Default(3)	11,404	287
Charge-Offs	4,628	0
Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Modified Loans	10,400	300
Interest Rate Reduction
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Modified Loans	1,200	0
Private Education Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Modified Loans	94,682		$ 326,116
Private Education Loans | 60 Days or Greater Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Modified Loans	11,624	290
Payment Default(3)	11,404	287
Charge-Offs	$ 4,628	$ 0

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	$ 94,682	$ 326,116
Deferment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	412	7,698
Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	92,213	289,134
30-59 Days Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	1,353	13,859
60-89 Days Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	358	8,809
90 Days or Greater Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	346	6,616
Private Education Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	94,682	326,116
Private Education Loans | Deferment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	412	7,698
Private Education Loans | Current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	92,213	289,134
Private Education Loans | 30-59 Days Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	1,353	13,859
Private Education Loans | 60-89 Days Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	358	8,809
Private Education Loans | 90 Days or Greater Past Due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)	$ 346	$ 6,616

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Loan Portfolio Stratified by Key Credit Quality Indicators (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
% of Balance
Financing Receivable, Excluding Accrued Interest, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff	$ 96,082	$ 84,066
Recoveries	11,997	8,036
Financing Receivable, Excluding Accrued Interest, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff	84,085	$ 76,030
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan
% of Balance
Current period gross charge-offs, Year 1	0		$ (2,224)
Current period gross charge-offs, Year 2	(2,262)		(25,698)
Current period gross charge-offs, Year 3	(12,072)		(48,271)
Current period gross charge-offs, Year 4	(10,615)		(62,071)
Current period gross charge-offs, Year 5	(11,773)		(57,505)
Current period gross charge-offs, After Year 5	(58,363)		(231,647)
Financing Receivable, Excluding Accrued Interest, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff	95,085		427,416
Current period recoveries, Year 1	0		124
Current period recoveries, Year 2	207		1,841
Current period recoveries, Year 3	1,428		4,170
Current period recoveries, Year 4	1,167		5,556
Current period recoveries, Year 5	1,460		5,407
Current period recoveries, After Year 5	7,723		24,639
Recoveries	11,985		41,737
Current period net charge-offs, Year 1	0		(2,100)
Current period net charge-offs, Year 2	(2,055)		(23,857)
Current period recoveries, Year 3	(10,644)		(44,101)
Current period recoveries, Year 4	(9,448)		(56,515)
Current period recoveries, Year 5	(10,313)		(52,098)
Current period recoveries, After Year 5	(50,640)		(207,008)
Financing Receivable, Excluding Accrued Interest, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff	83,100		385,679
Total accrued interest by origination vintage, Year 1	13,564		142,915
Total accrued interest by origination vintage, Year 2	241,786		315,308
Total accrued interest by origination vintage, Year 3	351,527		207,858
Total accrued interest by origination vintage, Year 4	209,889		184,832
Total accrued interest by origination vintage, Year 5	177,587		116,211
Total accrued interest by origination vintage, After Year 5	310,373		210,438
Total accrued interest by origination vintage	1,304,726		1,177,562
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | With and without cosigners
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	852,405		4,276,533
Year 2	5,688,118		4,547,159
Year 3	4,444,654		2,584,622
Year 4	2,491,251		2,172,660
Year 5	2,087,454		1,615,842
After Year 5	6,334,121		5,106,872
Loan type	$ 21,898,003		$ 20,303,688
% of Balance
Total in percent	100.00%		100.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | With cosigner
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 728,950		$ 3,656,111
Year 2	4,951,808		3,941,921
Year 3	3,858,219		2,208,033
Year 4	2,130,947		1,853,619
Year 5	1,782,069		1,402,828
After Year 5	5,681,899		4,626,491
Loan type	$ 19,133,892		$ 17,689,003
% of Balance
Private education loans	87.00%		87.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Without cosigner
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 123,455		$ 620,422
Year 2	736,310		605,238
Year 3	586,435		376,589
Year 4	360,304		319,041
Year 5	305,385		213,014
After Year 5	652,222		480,381
Loan type	$ 2,764,111		$ 2,614,685
% of Balance
Private education loans	13.00%		13.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO at Origination
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 852,405		$ 4,276,533
Year 2	5,688,118		4,547,159
Year 3	4,444,654		2,584,622
Year 4	2,491,251		2,172,660
Year 5	2,087,454		1,615,842
After Year 5	6,334,121		5,106,872
Loan type	$ 21,898,003		$ 20,303,688
% of Balance
Total in percent	100.00%		100.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO at Origination | Less than 670
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 72,432		$ 326,991
Year 2	438,029		307,646
Year 3	304,216		158,606
Year 4	154,665		177,098
Year 5	171,983		143,674
After Year 5	554,184		439,587
Loan type	$ 1,695,509		$ 1,553,602
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	8.00%		8.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO at Origination | 670-699
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 125,846		$ 593,216
Year 2	785,900		611,649
Year 3	602,706		356,541
Year 4	346,297		339,685
Year 5	327,433		259,142
After Year 5	1,077,557		878,426
Loan type	$ 3,265,739		$ 3,038,659
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	15.00%		15.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO at Origination | 700-749
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 270,689		$ 1,336,765
Year 2	1,771,760		1,440,510
Year 3	1,410,157		834,819
Year 4	806,546		719,777
Year 5	692,615		537,680
After Year 5	2,132,757		1,722,068
Loan type	$ 7,084,524		$ 6,591,619
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	32.00%		32.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO at Origination | Greater than or equal to 750
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 383,438		$ 2,019,561
Year 2	2,692,429		2,187,354
Year 3	2,127,575		1,234,656
Year 4	1,183,743		936,100
Year 5	895,423		675,346
After Year 5	2,569,623		2,066,791
Loan type	$ 9,852,231		$ 9,119,808
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	45.00%		45.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO Refreshed
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 852,405		$ 4,276,533
Year 2	5,688,118		4,547,159
Year 3	4,444,654		2,584,622
Year 4	2,491,251		2,172,660
Year 5	2,087,454		1,615,842
After Year 5	6,334,121		5,106,872
Loan type	$ 21,898,003		$ 20,303,688
% of Balance
Total in percent	100.00%		100.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO Refreshed | Less than 670
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 88,378		$ 443,868
Year 2	659,414		461,589
Year 3	498,641		242,310
Year 4	256,177		237,105
Year 5	249,547		204,894
After Year 5	969,883		773,324
Loan type	$ 2,722,040		$ 2,363,090
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	12.00%		12.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO Refreshed | 670-699
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 128,620		$ 594,118
Year 2	792,523		579,784
Year 3	571,683		284,244
Year 4	277,061		240,999
Year 5	235,805		173,754
After Year 5	706,213		564,344
Loan type	$ 2,711,905		$ 2,437,243
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	12.00%		12.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO Refreshed | 700-749
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 267,500		$ 1,322,558
Year 2	1,715,364		1,378,910
Year 3	1,324,781		748,368
Year 4	710,463		628,060
Year 5	591,355		449,701
After Year 5	1,717,774		1,388,090
Loan type	$ 6,327,237		$ 5,915,687
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	30.00%		29.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | FICO Refreshed | Greater than or equal to 750
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 367,907		$ 1,915,989
Year 2	2,520,817		2,126,876
Year 3	2,049,549		1,309,700
Year 4	1,247,550		1,066,496
Year 5	1,010,747		787,493
After Year 5	2,940,251		2,381,114
Loan type	$ 10,136,821		$ 9,587,668
% of Balance
Private education loans at origination	46.00%		47.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Seasoning
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 852,405		$ 4,276,533
Year 2	5,688,118		4,547,159
Year 3	4,444,654		2,584,622
Year 4	2,491,251		2,172,660
Year 5	2,087,454		1,615,842
After Year 5	6,334,121		5,106,872
Loan type	$ 21,898,003		$ 20,303,688
% of Balance
Total in percent	100.00%		100.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Seasoning | 1-12 payments
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 443,563		$ 2,448,884
Year 2	2,988,688		636,073
Year 3	522,305		384,334
Year 4	327,647		330,316
Year 5	271,788		235,878
After Year 5	507,620		424,636
Loan type	$ 5,061,611		$ 4,460,121
% of Balance
Seasoning based on monthly scheduled payments due from 1-12 payments	23.00%		22.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Seasoning | 13-24 payments
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 0		$ 0
Year 2	324,873		2,477,764
Year 3	2,414,470		255,510
Year 4	201,750		195,753
Year 5	211,025		166,045
After Year 5	586,952		455,782
Loan type	$ 3,739,070		$ 3,550,854
% of Balance
Seasoning based on monthly scheduled payments due from 13 - 24 payments	17.00%		18.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Seasoning | 25-36 payments
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 0		$ 0
Year 2	0		0
Year 3	159,673		1,366,398
Year 4	1,299,993		257,534
Year 5	158,750		126,223
After Year 5	570,770		489,157
Loan type	$ 2,189,186		$ 2,239,312
% of Balance
Seasoning based on monthly scheduled payments due from 25 - 36 payments	10.00%		11.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Seasoning | 37-48 payments
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 0		$ 0
Year 2	0		0
Year 3	0		127
Year 4	118,240		1,008,418
Year 5	1,023,883		224,805
After Year 5	568,996		451,102
Loan type	$ 1,711,119		$ 1,684,452
% of Balance
Seasoning based on monthly scheduled payments due from 37 - 48 payments	8.00%		8.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Seasoning | More than 48 payments
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 0		$ 0
Year 2	0		0
Year 3	0		0
Year 4	0		0
Year 5	62,249		643,611
After Year 5	3,448,382		2,830,285
Loan type	$ 3,510,631		$ 3,473,896
% of Balance
Seasoning based on monthly scheduled payments due from more than 48 payments	16.00%		17.00%
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Seasoning | Not yet in repayment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	$ 408,842		$ 1,827,649
Year 2	2,374,557		1,433,322
Year 3	1,348,206		578,253
Year 4	543,621		380,639
Year 5	359,759		219,280
After Year 5	651,401		455,910
Loan type	$ 5,686,386		$ 4,895,053
% of Balance
Seasoning based on monthly scheduled payments due from not yet in repayment	26.00%		24.00%

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Age Analysis of Past Due Loans Delinquencies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	$ (1,479,306)	$ (1,357,075)	$ (1,227,362)	$ (1,165,335)
Loans held for investment, net	$ 21,087,563	$ 19,626,868
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 1	51.90%	56.90%
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 2	57.90%	67.10%
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 3	68.70%	76.10%
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 4	77.10%	80.70%
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 5	81.40%	84.50%
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, After Year 5	88.10%	89.30%
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment	73.00%	74.50%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 1	0.30%	0.90%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 2	0.90%	1.90%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 3	2.70%	3.10%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 4	3.20%	4.00%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, Year 5	3.90%	4.70%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, After Year 5	5.50%	6.50%
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment, total	3.40%	3.80%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance, Year 1	0.30%	0.70%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance, Year 2	0.60%	2.10%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance, Year 3	1.40%	1.90%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance, Year 4	1.40%	2.10%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance, Year 5	1.60%	2.20%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance, After Year 5	1.80%	2.00%
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance	1.40%	1.80%
Private Education Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	$ (1,475,379)	$ (1,353,631)	$ (1,221,053)	$ (1,158,977)
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 1	442,307	2,432,838
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 2	3,292,806	3,049,477
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 3	3,054,063	1,967,756
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 4	1,920,515	1,754,219
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 5	1,699,601	1,365,979
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, After Year 5	5,581,167	4,559,281
Private Education Loans in forbearance, total	15,990,459	15,129,550
Total Private Education Loans, gross, Year 1	852,405	4,276,533
Total Private Education Loans, gross, Year 2	5,688,118	4,547,159
Total Private Education Loans, gross, Year 3	4,444,654	2,584,622
Total Private Education Loans, gross, Year 4	2,491,251	2,172,660
Total Private Education Loans, gross, Year 5	2,087,454	1,615,842
Total Private Education Loans, gross, After Year 5	6,334,121	5,106,872
Total Private Education Loans, gross	21,898,003	20,303,688
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount), Year 1	5,089	26,714
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount), Year 2	29,718	15,933
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount), Year 3	15,151	9,062
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount), Year 4	8,476	5,496
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount), Year 5	5,109	3,575
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount), After Year 5	11,508	8,876
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount), Total	75,051	69,656
Total Private Education Loans, Year 1	857,494	4,303,247
Total Private Education Loans, Year 2	5,717,836	4,563,092
Total Private Education Loans, Year 3	4,459,805	2,593,684
Total Private Education Loans, Year 4	2,499,727	2,178,156
Total Private Education Loans, Year 5	2,092,563	1,619,417
Total Private Education Loans, After Year 5	6,345,629	5,115,748
Total Private Education Loans	21,973,054	20,373,344
Private Education Loans allowance for losses, Year 1	(61,767)	(304,943)
Private Education Loans allowance for losses, Year 2	(372,947)	(323,506)
Private Education Loans allowance for losses, Year 3	(296,851)	(181,915)
Private Education Loans allowance for losses, Year 4	(170,497)	(141,424)
Private Education Loans allowance for losses, Year 5	(138,625)	(101,023)
Private Education Loans allowance for losses, After Year 5	(434,692)	(300,820)
Private Education Loans allowance for losses	(1,475,379)	(1,353,631)
Private Education Loans, net, Year 1	795,727	3,998,304
Private Education Loans, net, Year 2	5,344,889	4,239,586
Private Education Loans, net, Year 3	4,162,954	2,411,769
Private Education Loans, net, Year 4	2,329,230	2,036,732
Private Education Loans, net, Year 5	1,953,938	1,518,394
Private Education Loans, net, After Year 5	5,910,937	4,814,928
Loans held for investment, net	20,497,675	19,019,713
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Loan delinquent, current
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	441,192	2,411,441
Year 2	3,263,917	2,991,839
Year 3	2,972,969	1,907,574
Year 4	1,859,452	1,683,986
Year 5	1,632,668	1,301,809
After Year 5	5,275,984	4,262,698
Loan type	15,446,182	14,559,347
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Loan delinquent 30-59 days
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	1,115	14,164
Year 2	17,902	30,740
Year 3	38,446	30,877
Year 4	28,762	35,213
Year 5	31,442	31,366
After Year 5	149,333	144,948
Loan type	267,000	287,308
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Loan delinquent 60-89 days
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	0	5,523
Year 2	6,395	15,056
Year 3	22,104	14,433
Year 4	17,136	18,201
Year 5	18,428	16,697
After Year 5	76,723	77,595
Loan type	140,786	147,505
Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan | Loan delinquent 90 days or greater past due
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	0	1,710
Year 2	4,592	11,842
Year 3	20,544	14,872
Year 4	15,165	16,819
Year 5	17,063	16,107
After Year 5	79,127	74,040
Loan type	136,491	135,390
Loans In-School/Grace/Deferment | Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Year 1	408,842	1,827,649
Year 2	2,374,557	1,433,322
Year 3	1,348,206	578,253
Year 4	543,621	380,639
Year 5	359,759	219,280
After Year 5	651,401	455,910
Loan type	5,686,386	4,895,053
Loans In Forbearance | Consumer Portfolio Segment | Student Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 1	1,256	16,046
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 2	20,755	64,360
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 3	42,385	38,613
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 4	27,115	37,802
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, Year 5	28,094	30,583
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance, After Year 5	101,553	91,681
Total Private Education Loans in forbearance	$ 221,158	$ 279,085

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Accrued Interest Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Receivables [Abstract]
Total Interest Receivable	$ 1,304,726	$ 1,177,562
90 Days or Greater Past Due	6,638	6,609
Allowance for Uncollectible Interest	6,523	8,121
Accrued interest receivable not expected to be capitalized	154,000	240,000
Accrued interest receivable expected to be capitalized reserved	$ 1,200,000	$ 937,000

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Unfunded Loan Commitments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Credit Loss [Abstract]
Contractual obligation	$ 684,000
Allowance
Beginning balance	124,924	$ 72,713
Provision/New commitments - net	52,252	47,454
Other provision items	4,057	7,226
Transfer - funded loans	(148,513)	(94,686)
Ending balance	32,720	32,707
Unfunded Commitments
Beginning balance	1,995,808	1,776,976
Provision/New commitments - net	1,124,816	968,830
Other provision items	0	0
Transfer - funded loans	(2,436,271)	(2,184,058)
Ending balance	$ 684,353	$ 561,748

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Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill	$ 51,000
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense	2,272	$ 733
Expected amortization of 2023	9,000
Expected amortization of 2024	8,000
Expected amortization of 2025	8,000
Expected amortization of 2026	7,000
Expected amortization of 2027	$ 7,000

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Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets - Schedule of Acquired Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost Basis	$ 75,400	$ 75,400
Accumulated Amortization	(10,051)	(7,779)
Net	$ 65,349	67,621
Nitro
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted average useful life of acquired intangible assets	9 years 6 months 3 days
Tradename and trademarks
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful Life (in years)	10 years
Cost Basis	$ 68,470	68,470
Accumulated Amortization	(7,418)	(5,706)
Net	$ 61,052	62,764
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful Life (in years)	5 years
Cost Basis	$ 5,670	5,670
Accumulated Amortization	(2,178)	(1,723)
Net	$ 3,492	3,947
Developed technology
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Useful Life (in years)	3 years
Cost Basis	$ 1,260	1,260
Accumulated Amortization	(455)	(350)
Net	$ 805	$ 910

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Deposits - Summary of Total Deposits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Banking and Thrift, Other Disclosure [Abstract]
Deposits - interest-bearing	$ 21,801,666	$ 21,446,647
Deposits - non-interest-bearing	2,000	1,424
Total deposits	$ 21,803,666	$ 21,448,071

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Deposits - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Banking and Thrift, Other Disclosure [Abstract]
Deposits	$ 21,803,666		$ 21,448,071
Brokered deposits	10,300,000		9,900,000
Retail and other deposits	11,500,000		11,500,000
Stable interest-bearing deposits, total	8,000,000		8,000,000
Brokered deposit placement fee	3,000	$ 3,000
Third party broker fees paid	3,000	$ 2,000
Deposits exceeding FDIC insurance limits	471,000		615,000
Accrued interest on deposits	$ 69,000		$ 59,000

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Deposits - Interest Bearing Deposits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Amount
Money market	$ 10,788,126	$ 10,977,242
Savings	1,007,994	982,586
Certificates of deposit	10,005,546	9,486,819
Deposits - interest bearing	$ 21,801,666	$ 21,446,647
Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate
Money market	4.26%	3.75%
Savings	3.75%	3.15%
Certificates of deposit	2.97%	2.57%

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Deposits - Schedule of Remaining Maturities of Certificates of Deposit (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Banking and Thrift, Other Disclosure [Abstract]
One year or less	$ 3,257,529	$ 3,224,573
After one year to two years	3,123,281	2,954,257
After two years to three years	2,199,697	1,904,919
After three years to four years	1,176,953	1,031,881
After four years to five years	207,676	324,375
After five years	40,410	46,814
Total	$ 10,005,546	$ 9,486,819

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Borrowings - Company Borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-Term	$ 0	$ 0
Long-Term	5,513,976	5,235,114
Total	5,513,976	5,235,114
Unsecured borrowings
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	989,788	988,986
Total	989,788	988,986
Secured Borrowings
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	4,524,188	4,246,128
Total	4,524,188	4,246,128
Secured Borrowings | Private Education Loan term securitizations
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	4,524,188	4,246,128
Total	4,524,188	4,246,128
Secured Borrowings | Secured Borrowing Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	0	0
Total	0	0
Secured Borrowings | Fixed-rate | Private Education Loan term securitizations
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	3,759,190	3,462,363
Total	3,759,190	3,462,363
Secured Borrowings | Variable-rate | Private Education Loan term securitizations
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	764,998	783,765
Total	$ 764,998	$ 783,765

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Borrowings - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 15, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	May 17, 2022
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Estimated weighted average life of student loans		5 years			5 years
Vertical risk retention interest			5.00%	5.00%
Uncommitted federal funds		$ 125,000,000	$ 125,000,000	$ 125,000,000
Lendable value of collateral		2,100,000,000	2,100,000,000	2,100,000,000	$ 2,200,000,000
ABCP borrowings | Secured Borrowings
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Secured borrowing facility maximum borrowing capacity						$ 2,000,000,000
Residual interest percentage of facility trust						100.00%
Secured borrowings outstanding		0	0	0	$ 0
2023-A
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Private education loan term accounted for as a secured financing	$ 579,000,000
Loans sold to third parties	$ 579,000,000
Ownership interest percentage on asset-backed financing	100.00%
Unsecured debt issued	$ 572,000,000
Estimated weighted average life of student loans	5 years 21 days
Loans pledged as collateral		639,000,000	639,000,000	639,000,000
Principal amount of collateral		598,000,000	598,000,000	598,000,000
Capitalized interest		$ 41,000,000	$ 41,000,000	$ 41,000,000
2023-A | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	1.53%

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Borrowings - Secured Financing (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Total Issued	$ 579,000,000		$ 575,000,000
Total loans and accrued interest amount securitized at inception	644,573,000		$ 674,387,000
2022-C
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Total Issued		$ 575,000,000
Weighted Average Life (in years)		4 years 8 months 8 days
2022-C | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		1.76%
2023-A
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Total Issued	$ 579,000,000
Weighted Average Life (in years)	5 years 21 days
Principal amount of collateral	$ 598,000,000
Capitalized interest	$ 41,000,000
2023-A | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	1.53%
Private Education Loans Securitized in 2022
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Loans	$ 610,000,000
Principal amount of collateral	572,000,000
Capitalized interest	38,000,000
Private Education Loans Securitized In 2023
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Loans	639,000,000
Principal amount of collateral	598,000,000
Capitalized interest	$ 41,000,000

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Borrowings - Financing VIEs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Debt Outstanding
Short-Term	$ 0	$ 0
Long-Term	5,513,976	5,235,114
Total	5,513,976	5,235,114
Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
Restricted Cash	181,764	156,719	$ 187,960
Other Assets	43,548	34,073
Total assets	29,453,901	28,811,029
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary
Debt Outstanding
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	4,524,188	4,246,128
Total	4,524,188	4,246,128
Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
Loans	5,728,010	5,433,602
Restricted Cash	181,764	156,719
Other Assets	323,075	287,159
Total assets	6,232,849	5,877,480
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary | Private Education Loan term securitizations
Debt Outstanding
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	4,524,188	4,246,128
Total	4,524,188	4,246,128
Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
Loans	5,728,010	5,433,602
Restricted Cash	181,764	156,719
Other Assets	322,715	286,093
Total assets	6,232,489	5,876,414
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary | Secured Borrowing Facility
Debt Outstanding
Short-Term	0	0
Long-Term	0	0
Total	0	0
Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
Loans	0	0
Restricted Cash	0	0
Other Assets	360	1,066
Total assets	$ 360	$ 1,066

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Borrowings - Summary of Exposure Related To Unconsolidated VIEs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Estimated Fair Value	$ 2,311,062	$ 2,342,089
Total Exposure	32,720	124,924	$ 32,707	$ 72,713
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary | Private Education Loan term securitizations
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Estimated Fair Value	317,077	329,188
Equity Interests	51,342	50,786
Total Exposure	$ 368,419	$ 379,974

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) counterparty	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Derivative [Line Items]
Number of central counterparties | counterparty	2
Notional value	$ 1,987,429,000	$ 2,842,846,000
Derivative, fair value, amount offset against collateral, net	11,000,000	12,000,000
Estimated accumulated other comprehensive income to be reclassified in next 12 months	41,000,000
Cash collateral held relative to derivative exposure	0	0
Cash collateral pledged	13,000,000	$ 11,000,000
CME
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value	$ 1,800,000,000
Percent of total notional derivative contracts	90.00%
Amount of variation margin included as settlement	$ (47,000,000)
LCH
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value	$ 200,000,000
Percent of total notional derivative contracts	10.00%
Amount of variation margin included as settlement	$ (6,000,000)

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Impact of Derivatives on Consolidated Balance Sheet (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative assets	$ 0	$ 405
Derivative liabilities	(1,815)	0
Total net derivatives	(1,815)	405
Trading
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Total net derivatives	0	0
Cash Flow Hedges | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Total net derivatives	(1,714)	972
Fair Value Hedges | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Total net derivatives	(101)	(567)
Interest rate swaps
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative assets	0	972
Derivative liabilities	(1,815)	(567)
Interest rate swaps | Trading
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative assets	0	0
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Interest rate swaps | Cash Flow Hedges | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative assets	0	972
Derivative liabilities	(1,714)	0
Interest rate swaps | Fair Value Hedges | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative assets	0	0
Derivative liabilities	$ (101)	$ (567)

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Offsetting Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Other Assets
Gross position	$ 0	$ 972
Impact of master netting agreement	0	(567)
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet)	0	405
Cash collateral pledged	(13,031)	(11,162)
Net position	13,031	11,567
Other Liabilities
Gross position	(1,815)	(567)
Impact of master netting agreement	0	567
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet)	(1,815)	0
Cash collateral pledged	0	0
Net position	$ (1,815)	$ 0

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Notional Values (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	$ 1,987,429	$ 2,842,846
Trading
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	0	0
Cash Flow | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	1,285,120	1,314,660
Fair Value | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	702,309	1,528,186
Interest rate swaps
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	1,987,429	2,842,846
Interest rate swaps | Trading
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	0	0
Interest rate swaps | Cash Flow | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	1,285,120	1,314,660
Interest rate swaps | Fair Value | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Values	$ 702,309	$ 1,528,186

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Schedule of Hedged Items Recorded in Statement of Financial Position (Details) - Deposits - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)	$ (677,893)	$ (1,494,087)
Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)	$ 24,224	$ 31,259

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Impact of Derivatives on Consolidated Statements of Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest expense	$ 232,530	$ 90,006
Trading
Total	$ 3,934	$ 12,447
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net	Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net
Designated as Hedging Instrument
Fair Value Hedges
Interest recognized on derivatives	$ (6,405)	$ 17,287
Hedged items recorded in interest expense	(7,035)	51,268
Derivatives recorded in interest expense	7,096	(51,319)
Trading
Total	(6,344)	17,236
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Accumulated Gain (Loss), Net, Cash Flow Hedge, Parent | Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest expense	10,278	(4,541)
Trading
Trading
Change in fair value of future interest payments recorded in earnings	0	(248)
Total	$ 0	$ (248)

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Impact of Derivatives on Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	$ (4,721)	$ 47,989
Less: amount of gain (loss) reclassified in interest expense	10,278	(4,541)
Total change in other comprehensive income (loss) for unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, before income tax (expense) benefit	$ (14,999)	$ 52,530

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Stockholders' Equity - Common Stock Repurchased (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Common stock repurchased (in shares)	0	9,533,392
Average purchase price per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 18.46
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans (in shares)	949,431	934,602
Average purchase price per share (in dollars per share)	$ 15.55	$ 18.55
Common shares issued (in shares)	2,523,744	2,594,817
Remaining authority under the share repurchase program	$ 581

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Stockholders' Equity - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Jan. 26, 2022	Oct. 31, 2021	Jan. 27, 2021
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock dividend (in dollars per share)	$ 0.11	$ 0.11
Common stock repurchased (in shares)			0	9,533,392
Remaining authority under the share repurchase program	$ 581		$ 581
Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock closing price (in dollars per share)	$ 12.39		$ 12.39
Common Stock | 2021 Share Repurchase Program
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate purchase price (not to exceed)						$ 1,500	$ 1,250
Increase in amount of common stock that may be repurchased						$ 250
Common stock repurchased (in shares)				2,000,000
Common stock repurchased, amount				$ 38
Common Stock | 2022 Share Repurchase Program
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate purchase price (not to exceed)					$ 1,250
Common stock repurchased (in shares)			0	7,500,000
Common stock repurchased, amount				$ 138
Remaining authority under the share repurchase program	$ 581		$ 581
Common Stock | Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock repurchased (in shares)			0	9,500,000
Common stock repurchased, amount				$ 176

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Earnings per Common Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Numerator:
Net income	$ 118,518	$ 128,812
Preferred stock dividends	4,063	1,275
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	114,455	127,537
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock	$ 114,455	$ 127,537
Denominator:
Weighted average shares used to compute basic EPS (in shares)	241,497	276,977
Effect of dilutive securities:
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) (in shares)	2,052	3,677
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted EPS (in shares)	243,549	280,654
Basic earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.47	$ 0.46
Diluted earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.47	$ 0.45
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	4,000	3,000

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Fair Value Measurements - Valuation of Financial Instruments That are Marked-to-Market on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets:
Trading investments	$ 51,342	$ 55,903
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062	2,342,089
Derivative instruments	$ 0	$ 405
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Assets	Other Assets
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	$ (1,815)	$ 0
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other liabilities	Other liabilities
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
Assets:
Trading investments	$ 51,342	$ 55,903
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062	2,342,089
Derivative instruments	0	972
Total earning assets	2,362,404	2,398,964
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	(1,815)	(567)
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis | Level 1
Assets:
Trading investments	0	0
Available-for-sale investments	0	0
Derivative instruments	0	0
Total earning assets	0	0
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	0	0
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis | Level 2
Assets:
Trading investments	0	0
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062	2,342,089
Derivative instruments	0	972
Total earning assets	2,311,062	2,343,061
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	(1,815)	(567)
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis | Level 3
Assets:
Trading investments	51,342	55,903
Available-for-sale investments	0	0
Derivative instruments	0	0
Total earning assets	51,342	55,903
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments	$ 0	$ 0

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Fair Value Measurements - Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities, Including Derivative Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Earning assets:
Loans held for sale	$ 0	$ 0
Trading investments	51,342	55,903
Accrued interest receivable, difference	62,539	35,015
Tax indemnification receivable	337,177	380,058
Derivative instruments	0	405
Total earning assets, difference	2,664,209	2,088,881
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Long-term borrowings, difference	407,677	421,881
Derivative instruments	1,815	0
Total interest-bearing liabilities, difference	900,095	838,340
Excess of net asset fair value over carrying value	3,564,304	2,927,221
Money-market and savings accounts
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits, difference	124,242	104,979
Certificates of deposit
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits, difference	368,176	311,480
Fair Value
Earning assets:
Loans held for sale	26,202	29,448
Cash and cash equivalents	3,716,379	4,616,117
Trading investments	51,342	55,903
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062	2,342,089
Accrued interest receivable	1,393,556	1,237,074
Tax indemnification receivable	2,858	2,816
Derivative instruments	0	972
Total earning assets	31,190,632	29,965,153
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Long-term borrowings	5,106,299	4,813,233
Accrued interest payable	91,943	71,586
Derivative instruments	1,815	567
Total interest-bearing liabilities	26,509,305	25,915,574
Fair Value | Money-market and savings accounts
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits	11,671,878	11,854,849
Fair Value | Certificates of deposit
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits	9,637,370	9,175,339
Carrying Value
Earning assets:
Loans held for sale	26,202	29,448
Cash and cash equivalents	3,716,379	4,616,117
Trading investments	51,342	55,903
Available-for-sale investments	2,311,062	2,342,089
Accrued interest receivable	1,331,017	1,202,059
Tax indemnification receivable	2,858	2,816
Derivative instruments	0	972
Total earning assets	28,526,423	27,876,272
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Long-term borrowings	5,513,976	5,235,114
Accrued interest payable	91,943	71,586
Derivative instruments	1,815	567
Total interest-bearing liabilities	27,409,400	26,753,914
Carrying Value | Money-market and savings accounts
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits	11,796,120	11,959,828
Carrying Value | Certificates of deposit
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits	10,005,546	9,486,819
Private Education Loans
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net, difference	2,590,355	2,042,835
Private Education Loans | Fair Value
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net	23,088,030	21,062,548
Private Education Loans | Carrying Value
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net	20,497,675	19,019,713
FFELP Loans
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net, difference	11,315	11,031
FFELP Loans | Fair Value
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net	601,203	618,186
FFELP Loans | Carrying Value
Earning assets:
Loans held for investment, net	$ 589,888	$ 607,155

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Regulatory Capital - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2020	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Jan. 01, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jan. 01, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements under Banking Regulations [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses		$ 1,479,306,000	$ 1,227,362,000		$ 1,357,075,000		$ 1,165,335,000
Liability for unfunded commitments		32,720,000	32,707,000		$ 124,924,000		$ 72,713,000
Dividends		0	108,000,000
Unrealized loss		$ 133,000,000	$ 160,000,000
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13
Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements under Banking Regulations [Line Items]
Period of deferment	2 years
Percentage amount deferred per year	25.00%
Percentage amount phased in during year				25.00%		25.00%
Allowance for credit losses	$ 1,100,000,000
Liability for unfunded commitments	116,000,000
Deferred tax asset	306,000,000
Reduction to retained earnings	$ 953,000,000

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Regulatory Capital - Adjusted Transition Amounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Jan. 01, 2020
Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements under Banking Regulations [Line Items]
Retained earnings	$ 3,250,478	$ 3,163,640
Allowance for credit losses	1,479,306	1,357,075	$ 1,227,362	$ 1,165,335
Liability for unfunded commitments	32,720	124,924	$ 32,707	72,713
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13
Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements under Banking Regulations [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses					$ 1,100,000
Liability for unfunded commitments					116,000
Deferred tax asset					$ 306,000
Adjusted Phase-In Amounts Remaining
Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements under Banking Regulations [Line Items]
Retained earnings				836,351
Allowance for credit losses				1,038,145
Liability for unfunded commitments				104,377
Deferred tax asset				$ 306,171
Adjusted Phase-In Amounts Remaining | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Remaining Adjusted Transition Amounts to be Phased-In
Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements under Banking Regulations [Line Items]
Retained earnings	418,175
Allowance for credit losses	519,073
Liability for unfunded commitments	52,189
Deferred tax asset	153,087
Adjustments | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13
Compliance with Regulatory Capital Requirements under Banking Regulations [Line Items]
Retained earnings	(209,088)	(209,088)
Allowance for credit losses	(259,536)	(259,536)
Liability for unfunded commitments	(26,094)	(26,094)
Deferred tax asset	$ (76,542)	$ (76,542)

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Regulatory Capital - U.S. Basel III Regulatory Requirements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Actual Amount
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$ 2,979,433	$ 3,040,662
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	2,979,433	3,040,662
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	3,297,674	3,338,645
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$ 2,979,433	$ 3,040,662
Actual Ratio
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	12.00%	12.90%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	0.120	0.129
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	0.133	0.142
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	0.100	0.103
U.S. Basel III Regulatory Requirements, Amount
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	$ 1,738,576	$ 1,645,807
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	2,111,128	1,998,480
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	2,607,863	2,468,711
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	$ 1,188,369	$ 1,185,280
U.S. Basel III Regulatory Requirements, Ratio
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	7.00%	7.00%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	0.085	0.085
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)	0.105	0.105
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets)	0.040	0.040

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Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Contractual obligation	$ 684
Other liabilities reserve	$ 33
Loss emergence period	1 year

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Subsequent Events (Details) $ in Billions	1 Months Ended
	May 31, 2023 USD ($)
Private Education Loans | Forecast
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Sale of financing receivables	$ 2