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Loans Held for Investment
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Receivables [Abstract]  
Loans Held for Investment Loans Held for Investment
 
The company’s loan portfolio is segmented according to loans that share similar attributes and risk characteristics.
Investor loans secured by real estate include CRE non-owner-occupied, multifamily, construction, and land, as well as SBA loans secured by real estate, which are loans collateralized by hotel/motel real property.

Business loans secured by real estate are loans to businesses that are collateralized by real estate where the operating cash flow of the business is the primary source of repayment. This loan portfolio includes CRE owner-occupied, franchise loans secured by real estate, and SBA loans secured by real estate, which are collateralized by real property other than hotel/motel real property.

Commercial loans are loans to businesses where the operating cash flow of the business is the primary source of repayment. This loan portfolio includes commercial and industrial loans, franchise loans non-real estate secured, and SBA loans non-real estate secured.

Retail loans include single family residential and consumer loans. Single family residential loans include home equity lines of credit, as well as second trust deeds.    
The following table presents the composition of the loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:
 December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)20212020
Investor loans secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied$2,771,137 $2,675,085 
Multifamily5,891,934 5,171,356 
Construction and land277,640 321,993 
SBA secured by real estate46,917 57,331 
Total investor loans secured by real estate8,987,628 8,225,765 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied2,251,014 2,114,050 
Franchise real estate secured380,381 347,932 
SBA secured by real estate69,184 79,595 
Total business loans secured by real estate2,700,579 2,541,577 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial2,103,112 1,768,834 
Franchise non-real estate secured392,576 444,797 
SBA non-real estate secured11,045 15,957 
Total commercial loans2,506,733 2,229,588 
Retail loans
Single family residential95,292 232,574 
Consumer5,665 6,929 
Total retail loans100,957 239,503 
Gross loans held for investment (1)
14,295,897 13,236,433 
Allowance for credit losses for loans held for investment(197,752)(268,018)
Loans held for investment, net$14,098,145 $12,968,415 
Total unfunded loan commitments$2,507,911 $1,947,250 
Loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value$10,869 $601 
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(1) Includes net deferred origination fees of $3.5 million and $2.6 million, and unaccreted fair value net purchase discounts of $77.1 million and $113.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 respectively.

The Company originates SBA loans with the intent to sell the guaranteed portion of the loans prior to maturity and, therefore, designates them as held for sale. From time to time, the Company may purchase or sell other types of loans in order to manage concentrations, maximize interest income, change risk profiles, improve returns, and generate liquidity.

The Company participated in the SBA Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) under the CARES Act during the second quarter of 2020 and originated SBA PPP loans. At June 30, 2020, the Company’s SBA PPP loan balance was $1.13 billion. In July 2020, the Company concluded the sale of its entire SBA PPP loan portfolio with an aggregate amortized cost of $1.13 billion to a seasoned and experienced nonbank lender and servicer of SBA loans, resulting in improved balance sheet liquidity and a gain on sale of approximately of $18.9 million, net of net deferred origination fees and net purchase discounts.
Loans Serviced for Others and Loan Securitization

The Company generally retains the servicing rights of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans sold, for which the Company records servicing assets at fair value within its other assets category. Servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method and amortized to noninterest income in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the servicing assets totaled $3.8 million and $5.3 million, respectively, and were included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. Servicing assets are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the servicing rights as compared to the carrying amount. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance, to the extent the fair value is less than the carrying amount. The fair value of retained servicing rights is generally evaluated at the loan level using a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing current market assumptions derived from the secondary market. Key modeling assumptions include interest rates, prepayment assumptions, discount rate, and servicing cost. At December 31, 2021, and 2020, the Company determined that no valuation allowance was necessary.

Opus entered into securitization sales on December 23, 2016 with the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). The transaction involved the sale of $509.0 million in originated multifamily loans through a Freddie Mac-sponsored transaction. One class of Freddie Mac guaranteed structured pass-through certificates was issued and purchased entirely by Opus. In connection with the Opus acquisition, the Company's continuing involvement includes sub-servicing responsibilities, general representations and warranties, and reimbursement obligations. Servicing responsibilities on loan sales generally include obligations to collect and remit payments of principal and interest, provide foreclosure services, manage payments of taxes and insurance premiums, and otherwise administer the underlying loans. In connection with the securitization transaction, Freddie Mac was designated as the master servicer and appointed the Company to perform sub-servicing responsibilities, which generally include the servicing responsibilities described above with the exception of the servicing of foreclosed or defaulted loans. The overall management, servicing, and resolution of defaulted loans and foreclosed loans are separately designated to the special servicer, a third-party institution that is independent of the master servicer and the Company. The master servicer has the right to terminate the Company in its role as sub-servicer and direct such responsibilities accordingly.

General representations and warranties associated with loan sales and securitization sales require the Company to uphold various assertions that pertain to the underlying loans at the time of the transaction, including, but not limited to, compliance with relevant laws and regulations, absence of fraud, enforcement of liens, no environmental damages, and maintenance of relevant environmental insurance. Such representations and warranties are limited to those that do not meet the quality represented at the transaction date and do not pertain to a decline in value or future payment defaults. In circumstances where the Company breaches its representations and warranties, the Company would generally be required to cure such instances through a repurchase or substitution of the subject
loan(s).

To the extent the ultimate resolution of defaulted loans results in contractual principal and interest payments that are deficient, the Company is obligated to reimburse Freddie Mac for such amounts, not to exceed 10% of the original principal amount of the loans comprising the securitization pool at the closing date of December 23, 2016. The liability recorded for Company’s exposure to the reimbursement agreement with Freddie Mac was $338,000 and $448,000 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Loans sold and serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The unpaid principal balances of loans and participations serviced for others were $565.8 million and $686.0 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Included in those totals are multifamily loans transferred through securitization with Freddie Mac of $78.1 million and $99.4 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and SBA participations serviced for others totaling $365.6 million and $421.7 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
 
Concentration of Credit Risk
 
As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s loan portfolio was primarily collateralized by various forms of real estate and business assets located principally in California. The Company’s loan portfolio contains concentrations of credit in multifamily, CRE non-owner-occupied, CRE owner-occupied, and C&I business loans. The Bank maintains policies approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors (the “Bank Board”) that address these concentrations and diversifies its loan portfolio through loan originations, purchases, and sales to meet approved concentration levels.

Under applicable laws and regulations, the Bank may not make secured loans to one borrower in excess of 25% of the Bank’s unimpaired capital plus surplus and likewise in excess of 15% of the Bank’s unimpaired capital plus surplus for unsecured loans. These loans-to-one borrower limitations result in a dollar limitation of $848.1 million for secured loans and $508.8 million for unsecured loans at December 31, 2021. In order to manage concentration risk, the Bank maintains a house lending limit well below these statutory maximums. At December 31, 2021, the Bank’s largest aggregate outstanding balance of loans to one borrower was $188.5 million, primarily comprised of an asset-based line of credit.

Credit Quality and Credit Risk
 
The Company’s credit quality and credit risk is managed in two distinct areas. The first is the loan origination process, wherein the Bank underwrites credit and chooses which types and levels of risk it is willing to accept. The Company maintains a credit policy which addresses many related topics, sets forth maximum tolerances for key elements of loan risk, and indicates appropriate protocols for identifying and analyzing these risk elements. The policy sets forth specific guidelines for analyzing each of the loan products the Company offers from both an individual and portfolio-wide basis. The credit policy is reviewed annually by the Bank Board. The Bank’s underwriters ensure all key risk factors are analyzed, with most underwriting including a global cash flow analysis of the prospective borrowers. 
    
The second area is in the ongoing oversight of the loan portfolio, where existing credit risk is measured and monitored, and where performance issues are dealt with in a timely and appropriate fashion. Credit risk is monitored and managed within the loan portfolio by the Company’s portfolio managers based on both the credit policy and a credit and portfolio review policy. This latter policy requires a program of financial data collection and analysis, thorough loan reviews, property and/or business inspections, monitoring of portfolio concentrations and trends, and incorporation of current business and economic conditions. The portfolio managers also monitor asset-based lines of credit, loan covenants, and other conditions associated with the Company’s business loans as a means to help identify potential credit risk. Most individual loans, excluding the homogeneous loan portfolio, are reviewed at least annually, including the assignment or confirmation of a risk grade.

Risk grades are based on a six-grade Pass scale, along with Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss classifications, as such classifications are defined by the federal banking regulatory agencies. The assignment of risk grades allows the Company to, among other things, identify the risk associated with each credit in the portfolio and to provide a basis for estimating credit losses inherent in the portfolio. Risk grades are reviewed regularly with the Company’s Credit and Portfolio Review Committee, and the portfolio management and risk grading process is reviewed on an ongoing basis by an independent loan review function, as well as by regulatory agencies during scheduled examinations.
    
The following provides brief definitions for risk grades assigned to loans in the portfolio:
•Pass classifications represent assets with an acceptable level of credit quality that contains no well-defined deficiencies or weaknesses.
•Special Mention assets do not currently expose the Bank to a sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the adverse categories, but possess correctable deficiencies or potential weaknesses deserving management’s close attention.
•Substandard assets are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. These assets are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. OREO acquired through foreclosure are also classified as substandard assets.
•Doubtful credits have all the weaknesses inherent in substandard credits, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
•Loss assets are those that are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. Amounts classified as loss are promptly charged off.

The Bank’s portfolio managers also manage loan performance risks, collections, workouts, bankruptcies, and foreclosures. A special department, whose portfolio managers have professional expertise in these areas, typically handles or advises on these types of matters. Loan performance risks are mitigated by our portfolio managers acting promptly and assertively to address problem credits when they are identified. Collection efforts commence immediately upon non-payment, and the portfolio managers seek to promptly determine the appropriate steps to minimize the Company’s risk of loss. When foreclosure will maximize the Company’s recovery for a non-performing loan, the portfolio managers will take appropriate action to initiate the foreclosure process.

When a loan is graded as special mention, substandard, or doubtful, the Company obtains an updated valuation of the underlying collateral. If, through the Company’s credit risk management process, it is determined the ultimate repayment of a loan will come from the foreclosure upon and ultimate sale of the underlying collateral, the loan is deemed collateral dependent and evaluated individually to determine an appropriate ACL for the loan. The ACL for such loans is measured as the amount by which the fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to sell, is less than the amortized cost of the loan. The Company typically continues to obtain or confirm updated valuations of underlying collateral for special mention and classified loans on an annual or biennial basis in order to have the most current indication of fair value of the underlying collateral securing the loan. Additionally, once a loan is identified as collateral dependent, due to the likelihood of foreclosure, and repayment of the loan is expected to come from the eventual sale of the underlying collateral, an analysis of the underlying collateral is performed at least quarterly. Changes in the estimated fair value of the collateral are reflected in the lifetime ACL for the loan. Balances deemed to be uncollectable are promptly charged-off.
The following table stratifies the loans held for investment portfolio by the Company’s internal risk grading, and by year of origination, as of December 31, 2021:
Term Loans by Vintage
(Dollars in thousands)20212020201920182017PriorRevolvingRevolving Converted to Term During the PeriodTotal
December 31, 2021
Investor loans secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied
Pass$708,560 $269,944 $393,097 $387,923 $218,388 $730,736 $9,353 $— $2,718,001 
Special mention— — 16,166 7,682 — — — — 23,848 
Substandard— — 25,777 — — 2,998 513 — 29,288 
Multifamily
Pass2,260,708 952,127 1,199,505 444,904 479,029 554,067 286 — 5,890,626 
Substandard— — — 543 — 765 — — 1,308 
Construction and land
Pass119,532 97,721 40,556 12,415 3,857 3,559 — — 277,640 
SBA secured by real estate
Pass130 497 6,259 9,074 12,070 9,198 — — 37,228 
Special mention— — — 957 — 544 — — 1,501 
Substandard— — — 2,343 3,679 2,166 — — 8,188 
Total investor loans secured by real estate$3,088,930 $1,320,289 $1,681,360 $865,841 $717,023 $1,304,033 $10,152 $— $8,987,628 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied
Pass$853,044 $273,469 $287,249 $161,636 $187,130 $464,271 $6,738 $292 $2,233,829 
Substandard— — 2,553 6,074 2,966 5,592 — — 17,185 
Franchise real estate secured
Pass156,381 36,335 55,091 40,047 56,288 34,878 1,361 — 380,381 
SBA secured by real estate
Pass6,379 2,364 7,331 9,125 10,734 24,627 — — 60,560 
Special mention— — — — — 62 — — 62 
Substandard— — — 2,062 2,690 3,810 — — 8,562 
Total loans secured by business real estate$1,015,804 $312,168 $352,224 $218,944 $259,808 $533,240 $8,099 $292 $2,700,579 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial
Pass$425,683 $79,635 $200,234 $117,471 $123,345 $70,789 $1,032,053 $3,371 $2,052,581 
Special mention— — 146 — — 152 14,814 178 15,290 
Substandard1,772 — 14 2,683 863 1,150 27,684 1,075 35,241 
Franchise non-real estate secured
Pass163,865 23,943 85,206 45,061 23,672 31,163 — — 372,910 
Substandard— — 1,589 3,627 13,346 1,104 — — 19,666 
SBA non-real estate secured
Pass474 564 1,292 666 2,806 2,148 — — 7,950 
Special mention— — 681 114 — — — — 795 
Substandard— — 76 339 685 547 653 — 2,300 
Total commercial loans$591,794 $104,142 $289,238 $169,961 $164,717 $107,053 $1,075,204 $4,624 $2,506,733 
Term Loans by Vintage
(Dollars in thousands)20212020201920182017PriorRevolvingRevolving Converted to Term During the PeriodTotal
December 31, 2021
Retail loans
Single family residential
Pass$313 $211 $— $32 $2,008 $68,759 $23,920 — $95,243 
Substandard— — — — — 49 — — 49 
Consumer loans
Pass11 28 49 19 11 1,394 4,113 — 5,625 
Substandard— — 5 — — 35 — — 40 
Total retail loans$324 $239 $54 $51 $2,019 $70,237 $28,033 $— $100,957 
Totals gross loans$4,696,852 $1,736,838 $2,322,876 $1,254,797 $1,143,567 $2,014,563 $1,121,488 $4,916 $14,295,897 

The following table stratifies the loans held for investment portfolio by the Company’s internal risk grading, and by year of origination, as of December 31, 2020:

Term Loans by Vintage
(Dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016PriorRevolvingRevolving Converted to Term During the PeriodTotal
December 31, 2020
Investor loans secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied
Pass$265,901 $541,994 $440,351 $287,580 $279,238 $791,477 $11,114 $— $2,617,655 
Special mention— — 6,669 437 2,516 29,738 — — 39,360 
Substandard— 9,732 2,045 — 516 5,218 559 — 18,070 
Multifamily
Pass1,027,644 1,677,716 899,123 665,939 354,859 531,287 420 — 5,156,988 
Special mention— 1,758 2,630 — 8,649 — — — 13,037 
Substandard— — — 559 772 — — — 1,331 
Construction and land
Pass57,309 144,759 73,313 18,625 20,531 6,672 784 — 321,993 
SBA secured by real estate
Pass— 8,306 9,029 13,418 6,305 7,696 — — 44,754 
Special mention496 1,032 1,159 1,000 373 306 — — 4,366 
Substandard— 1,220 2,959 1,091 400 2,541 — — 8,211 
Total investor loans secured by real estate$1,351,350 $2,386,517 $1,437,278 $988,649 $674,159 $1,374,935 $12,877 $— $8,225,765 
Term Loans by Vintage
(Dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016PriorRevolvingRevolving Converted to Term During the PeriodTotal
December 31, 2020
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied
Pass$293,324 $409,758 $332,672 $327,475 $225,098 $469,704 $14,268 $246 $2,072,545 
Special mention2,190 15,917 3,802 — 4,153 201 — — 26,263 
Substandard— — 3,636 4,214 1,169 5,973 250 — 15,242 
Franchise real estate secured
Pass44,413 81,438 66,241 96,999 24,673 27,020 — — 340,784 
Special mention878 1,650 2,652 — — — — — 5,180 
Substandard— — — — 1,968 — — — 1,968 
Doubtful and loss— — — — — — — — — 
SBA secured by real estate
Pass3,253 7,637 12,608 16,058 8,488 23,624 — — 71,668 
Special mention— — 1,200 — 137 — — — 1,337 
Substandard— — 184 1,987 1,376 3,043 — — 6,590 
Total loans secured by business real estate$344,058 $516,400 $422,995 $446,733 $267,062 $529,565 $14,518 $246 $2,541,577 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial
Pass$127,082 $260,368 $159,001 $210,163 $51,800 $82,291 $801,752 $9,315 $1,701,772 
Special mention735 — 2,331 185 1,320 243 17,890 37 22,741 
Substandard— 3,310 2,737 610 1,333 2,446 32,858 1,027 44,321 
Franchise non-real estate secured
Pass27,607 164,025 94,494 46,174 40,829 27,745 1,361 502 402,737 
Special mention— 7,267 2,037 230 480 2,321 — — 12,335 
Substandard— 6,690 3,706 18,425 700 204 — — 29,725 
SBA non-real estate secured
Pass407 2,257 1,558 2,674 610 4,449 — 259 12,214 
Special mention— — — 1,574 — — — — 1,574 
Substandard— 83 357 282 340 400 707 — 2,169 
Total commercial loans$155,831 $444,000 $266,221 $280,317 $97,412 $120,099 $854,568 $11,140 $2,229,588 
Retail loans
Single family residential
Pass$10,794 $7,714 $13,982 $14,039 $33,968 $124,248 $27,172 — $231,917 
Substandard— — — — — 657 — — 657 
Consumer loans
Pass52 112 37 25 2 3,145 3,508 — 6,881 
Substandard— 7 — — — 41 — — 48 
Total retail loans$10,846 $7,833 $14,019 $14,064 $33,970 $128,091 $30,680 $— $239,503 
Totals gross loans$1,862,085 $3,354,750 $2,140,513 $1,729,763 $1,072,603 $2,152,690 $912,643 $11,386 $13,236,433 
The following tables stratify loans held for investment by delinquencies in the Company’s loan portfolio as of the periods indicated:
Days Past Due
(Dollars in thousands)Current30-5960-8990+Total
December 31, 2021
Investor loans secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied$2,760,882 $— $— $10,255 $2,771,137 
Multifamily5,890,704 1,230 — — 5,891,934 
Construction and land277,640 — — — 277,640 
SBA secured by real estate46,580 — — 337 46,917 
Total investor loans secured by real estate8,975,806 1,230 — 10,592 8,987,628 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied2,246,062 — — 4,952 2,251,014 
Franchise real estate secured380,381 — — — 380,381 
SBA secured by real estate68,743 — — 441 69,184 
Total business loans secured by real estate2,695,186 — — 5,393 2,700,579 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial2,101,558 92 — 1,462 2,103,112 
Franchise non-real estate secured392,576 — — — 392,576 
SBA not secured by real estate10,319 73 — 653 11,045 
Total commercial loans2,504,453 165 — 2,115 2,506,733 
Retail loans
Single family residential95,292 — — — 95,292 
Consumer loans5,665 — — — 5,665 
Total retail loans100,957 — — — 100,957 
Totals$14,276,402 $1,395 $— $18,100 $14,295,897 

December 31, 2020
Investor loans secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied$2,674,328 $— $— $757 $2,675,085 
Multifamily5,171,355 1 — — 5,171,356 
Construction and land321,993 — — — 321,993 
SBA secured by real estate56,074 — — 1,257 57,331 
Total investor loans secured by real estate8,223,750 1 — 2,014 8,225,765 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied2,108,746 — — 5,304 2,114,050 
Franchise real estate secured347,932 — — — 347,932 
SBA secured by real estate78,036 486 — 1,073 79,595 
Total business loans secured by real estate2,534,714 486 — 6,377 2,541,577 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial1,765,451 428 57 2,898 1,768,834 
Franchise non-real estate secured444,797 — — — 444,797 
SBA not secured by real estate14,912 338 — 707 15,957 
Total commercial loans2,225,160 766 57 3,605 2,229,588 
Retail loans
Single family residential232,559 15 — — 232,574 
Consumer loans6,928 1 — — 6,929 
Total retail loans239,487 16 — — 239,503 
Totals$13,223,111 $1,269 $57 $11,996 $13,236,433 
Individually Evaluated Loans

Beginning on January 1, 2020, the Company evaluates loans collectively for purposes of determining the ACL in accordance with ASC 326. Collective evaluation is based on aggregating loans deemed to possess similar risk characteristics. In certain instances the Company may identify loans that it believes no longer possess risk characteristics similar to other loans in the loan portfolio. These loans are typically identified from those that have exhibited deterioration in credit quality, since the specific attributes and risks associated with such loans tend to become unique as the credit deteriorates. Such loans are typically nonperforming, modified through a TDR, downgraded to substandard or worse, and/or are deemed collateral dependent, where the ultimate repayment of the loan is expected to come from the operation of or eventual sale of the collateral. Loans that are deemed by management to no longer possess risk characteristics similar to other loans in the portfolio, or that have been identified as collateral dependent, are evaluated individually for purposes of determining an appropriate lifetime ACL. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach, using the loan’s effective interest rate, for determining the ACL on individually evaluated loans, unless the loan is deemed collateral dependent, which requires evaluation based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to sell. The Company may increase or decrease the ACL for collateral dependent loans based on changes in the estimated fair value of the collateral. Changes in the ACL for all other individually evaluated loans is based substantially on the Company’s evaluation of cash flows expected to be received from such loans.

As of December 31, 2021, $31.3 million of loans were individually evaluated, and the ACL attributed to such loans was $1.5 million. At December 31, 2021, $12.4 million of individually evaluated loans were evaluated using a discounted cash flow approach, and $18.9 million of individually evaluated loans were evaluated based on the underlying value of the collateral. All individually evaluated loans were on nonaccrual status at December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2020, $29.2 million of loans were individually evaluated, and the ACL attributed to such loans was $126,000. At December 31, 2020, $15.2 million of the individually evaluated loans were evaluated using a discounted cash flow approach and $14.0 million were evaluated based on the underlying value of collateral. All individually evaluated loans were on nonaccrual status at December 31, 2020.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

We sometimes modify or restructure loans when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties by making a concession to the borrower in the form of changes in the amortization terms, reductions in the interest rates, the acceptance of interest-only payments, and, in limited cases, concessions to the outstanding loan balances. These loans are classified as TDRs. TDRs are loans modified for the purpose of alleviating temporary impairments to the borrower’s financial condition or cash flows. A workout plan between us and the borrower is designed to provide a bridge for borrower cash flow shortfalls in the near term. In most cases, the Company initially places TDRs on nonaccrual status, and they may be returned to accrual status when the loans are brought current, have performed in accordance with the restructured contractual terms for a period of at least six months, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual restructured principal and interest are no longer in doubt. At December 31, 2021, the Company had $17.3 million TDR loans. During the year ended December 31, 2021, there were six loans totaling $17.3 million modified as TDRs, which were comprised of three CRE owner-occupied loans and one C&I loan totaling $5.2 million belonging to one borrower relationship with the terms modified due to bankruptcy, and two franchise non-real estate secured loans totaling $12.1 million belonging to another borrower relationship with the terms modified for payment deferral. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the three CRE owner-occupied loans and one C&I loan classified as TDRs were in payment default and all TDRs were on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2020, there were no loans classified as TDRs. During the year ended December 31, 2020, there were two loans modified as TDRs that experienced payment defaults after modifications within the previous 12 months, consisting of a C&I loan of $1.3 million and a franchise non-real estate secured loan of $344,000 that were charged off in 2020.
The CARES Act, signed into law on March 27, 2020, permits financial institutions to suspend requirements under GAAP for loan modifications to borrowers affected by COVID-19 that would otherwise be characterized as TDRs and suspend any determination related thereto if (i) the loan modification is made between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of December 31, 2020 or 60 days after the end of the coronavirus emergency declaration and (ii) the applicable loan was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. On April 7, 2020, federal bank regulators issued a joint interagency statement that allows lenders to conclude that a borrower is not experiencing financial difficulty if short-term (e.g., six months or less) modifications are made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant related to loans in which the borrower is less than 30 days past due on its contractual payments at the time a modification program is implemented. The CAA, signed into law on December 27, 2020, extends the applicable period to include modification to loans held by financial institutions executed between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (i) January 1, 2022, or (ii) 60 days after the date of termination of the COVID-19 national emergency.

For COVID-19 related loan modifications in the form of payment deferrals, the delinquency status will not advance and loans that were accruing at the time that the relief is provided will generally not be placed on nonaccrual status during the deferral period. Interest income will continue to be recognized over the contractual life of the loan. However, the Company, through its credit portfolio management activities, continued to monitor facts and circumstances associated with the underlying credit quality of loans modified under the provisions of the CARES Act in an effort to identify any loans where the accrual of interest during the modification period is no longer appropriate. In such cases, the Company ceases the accrual of interest and all previously accrued and uncollected interest is promptly reversed against current period interest income. At December 31, 2021, there were no COVID-19 loan modifications within their modification period under Section 4013 of the CARES Act and no loans were in-process for potential modification. As of December 31, 2020, 52 loans with an aggregate amortized cost of $79.5 million, or 0.56% of total loans held for investment, remained under modification due to the COVID-19 pandemic hardship under the CARES Act.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans
Following the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, the Company analyzed acquired loans for more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since their origination. Such loans are classified as purchased credit deteriorated loans. Please see Note 1 - Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for more information concerning the accounting for PCD loans. The Company had no such loans at the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020.

Acquired loans classified as PCD are recorded at an initial amortized cost, which is comprised of the purchase price of the loans (or initial fair value) and the initial ACL determined for the loans, which is added to the purchase price, as well as any resulting discount or premium related to factors other than credit. The Company accounts for interest income on PCD loans using the interest method, whereby any purchase discounts or premiums are accreted or amortized into interest income as an adjustment of the loan’s yield. Subsequent to acquisition, the ACL for PCD loans is measured in accordance with the Company’s ACL methodology. Please also see Note 5 - Allowance for Credit Losses for more information concerning the Company’s ACL methodology.
The following table reconciles the par value, or initial amortized cost, of PCD loans acquired in the Opus acquisition as of the date of the acquisition with the purchase price (or initial fair value of the loans):

June 1, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)Investor Loans Secured by Real EstateBusiness Loans Secured by Real EstateCommercial LoansRetail LoansTotal
Par value (unpaid principal balance)$704,441 $105,578 $80,184 $6,280 $896,483 
Allowance for credit losses (1)
(13,786)(4,083)(25,635)(381)(43,885)
(Discount) premium related to factors other than credit(8,696)(2,512)138 (294)(11,364)
Purchase price (initial fair value)$681,959 $98,983 $54,687 $5,605 $841,234 
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(1) The initial gross ACL determined for PCD loans was $43.9 million as of the acquisition date. Of this amount, approximately $22.7 million relates to net uncollectable balances such as loans that were fully or partially charged off prior to acquisition. Therefore, the net impact to the ACL related to PCD loans was an increase of $21.2 million.
Nonaccrual Loans

When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, previously accrued but unpaid interest is reversed from current period earnings. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are generally applied as a reduction to the loan principal balance. If the likelihood of further loss is remote, the Company may recognize interest income on a cash basis. Loans may be returned to accruing status if the Company believes that all remaining principal and interest is fully collectible and there has been at least three months of sustained repayment performance since the loan was placed on nonaccrual.
 
The Company typically does not accrue interest on loans 90 days or more past due or when, in the opinion of management, there is reasonable doubt as to the collection of interest. However, when such loans are well secured and in the process of collection, the Company may continue with the accrual of interest. The Company had loans on nonaccrual status of $31.3 million and $29.2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company did not record income from the receipt of cash payments related to nonaccruing loans during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019. The Company had no loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The following tables provide a summary of nonaccrual loans as of the dates indicated:
Nonaccrual Loans (1)
(Dollars in thousands)Collateral Dependent LoansACLNon-Collateral Dependent LoansACLTotal Nonaccrual LoansNonaccrual Loans with No ACL
December 31, 2021
Investor loans secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied$10,255 $1,455 $— $— $10,255 $2,640 
SBA secured by real estate937 — — — 937 937 
Total investor loans secured by real estate11,192 1,455 — — 11,192 3,577 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied4,952 — — — 4,952 4,952 
SBA secured by real estate589 — — — 589 589 
Total business loans secured by real estate5,541 — — — 5,541 5,541 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial1,462 — 336 — 1,798 1,797 
Franchise non-real estate secured— — 12,079 — 12,079 12,079 
SBA non-real estate secured653 — — — 653 653 
Total commercial loans2,115 — 12,415 — 14,530 14,529 
Retail loans
Single family residential10 — — — 10 10 
Total retail loans10 — — — 10 10 
Totals nonaccrual loans$18,858 $1,455 $12,415 $— $31,273 $23,657 
December 31, 2020
Investor loans secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied$2,792 $— $— $— $2,792 $2,792 
SBA secured by real estate1,257 — — — 1,257 1,257 
Total investor loans secured by real estate4,049 — — — 4,049 4,049 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied6,083 — — — 6,083 6,083 
SBA secured by real estate1,143 — — — 1,143 1,143 
Total business loans secured by real estate7,226 — — — 7,226 7,226 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial2,040 — 1,934 126 3,974 2,733 
Franchise non-real estate secured— — 13,238 — 13,238 13,238 
SBA non-real estate secured707 — — — 707 707 
Total commercial loans2,747 — 15,172 126 17,919 16,678 
Retail loans
Single family residential15 — — — 15 15 
Total retail loans15 — — — 15 15 
Totals nonaccrual loans$14,037 $— $15,172 $126 $29,209 $27,968 
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(1) The ACL for nonaccrual loans is determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology unless the loan is considered collateral dependent. The ACL for collateral dependent loans is determined based on the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral.
Residential Real Estate Loans In Process of Foreclosure

The Company had no consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.


Collateral Dependent Loans

Loans that have been classified as collateral dependent are loans where substantially all repayment of the loan is expected to come from the operation of or eventual liquidation of the collateral. Collateral dependent loans are evaluated individually for purposes of determining the ACL, which is determined based on the estimated fair value of the collateral. Estimates for costs to sell are included in the determination of the ACL when liquidation of the collateral is anticipated. In cases where the loan is well secured and the estimated value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost of the loan, no ACL is recorded.

The following tables summarize collateral dependent loans by collateral type as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2021
(Dollars in thousands)Office PropertiesIndustrial PropertiesRetail PropertiesLand PropertiesHotel PropertiesResidential PropertiesBusiness AssetsTotal
Investor loan secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied$— $— $513 $— $9,742 $— $— $10,255 
SBA secured by real estate— — — — 937 — — 937 
Total investor loans secured by real estate— — 513 — 10,679 — — 11,192 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied— — — 4,952 — — — 4,952 
SBA secured by real estate148 441 — — — — — 589 
Total business loans secured by real estate148 441 — 4,952 — — — 5,541 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial— — — 245 — — 1,217 1,462 
SBA non-real estate secured— — — — — — 653 653 
Total commercial loans— — — 245 — — 1,870 2,115 
Retail loans
Single family residential— — — — — 10 — 10 
Total retail loans— — — — — 10 — 10 
Totals collateral dependent loans$148 $441 $513 $5,197 $10,679 $10 $1,870 $18,858 
December 31, 2020
(Dollars in thousands)Office PropertiesIndustrial PropertiesRetail PropertiesLand PropertiesHotel PropertiesResidential PropertiesBusiness AssetsTotal
Investor loan secured by real estate
CRE non-owner-occupied$— $— $2,594 $— $198 $— $— $2,792 
SBA secured by real estate— — — — 1,257 — — 1,257 
Total investor loans secured by real estate— — 2,594 — 1,455 — — 4,049 
Business loans secured by real estate
CRE owner-occupied— 779 — 5,304 — — — 6,083 
SBA secured by real estate288 757 — — — 98 — 1,143 
Total business loans secured by real estate288 1,536 — 5,304 — 98 — 7,226 
Commercial loans
Commercial and industrial— — — — — — 2,040 2,040 
SBA non-real estate secured— — — — — — 707 707 
Total commercial loans— — — — — — 2,747 2,747 
Retail loans
Single family residential— — — — — 15 — 15 
Total retail loans— — — — — 15 — 15 
Totals collateral dependent loans$288 $1,536 $2,594 $5,304 $1,455 $113 $2,747 $14,037