10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017       Commission File Number:  0‑3676

VSE CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

DELAWARE	54-0649263
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6348 Walker Lane
Alexandria, Virginia	22310	www.vsecorp.com
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)	(Webpage)

Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code:  (703) 960-4600

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.05 per share	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes [ ]   No

[x]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes [ ]   No [x]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes [x]   No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes [x]   No [ ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [ ]         Accelerated filer [x]    Non-accelerated filer [ ]     Smaller reporting company [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transaction period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes [ ]    No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes [ ]    No [x]

The aggregate market value of outstanding voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2017, was approximately $384 million based on the last reported sales price of the registrant's common stock on The NASDAQ Global Select Market as of that date.

Number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 27, 2018: 10,849,947.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders expected to be held on April 30, 2018, are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this report.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Page
PART I
ITEM 1	Business	4
ITEM 1A	Risk Factors	7
ITEM 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	9
ITEM 2	Properties	10
ITEM 3	Legal Proceedings	10
ITEM 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	11
ITEM 4(a)	Executive Officers of Registrant	11
PART II
ITEM 5	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	13
ITEM 6	Selected Financial Data	16
ITEM 7	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	17
ITEM 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks	28
ITEM 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	29
ITEM 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	52
ITEM 9A	Controls and Procedures	52
ITEM 9B	Other Information	55
PART III
ITEM 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	55
ITEM 11	Executive Compensation	55
ITEM 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	55
ITEM 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	55
ITEM 14	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	55
PART IV
ITEM 15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	55
Signatures		56
Exhibits		57

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Forward Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Form 10-K") contains statements that, to the extent they are not recitations of historical fact, constitute "forward looking statements" under federal securities laws. All such statements are intended to be subject to the safe harbor protection provided by applicable securities laws. For discussions identifying some important factors that could cause actual VSE Corporation ("VSE," the "Company," "us," "our," or "we") results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward looking statements contained in this filing, see below VSE's "Narrative Description of Business" (Items 1, 1A, 2 and 3), and Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward looking statements, which reflect management's analysis only as of the date hereof. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise these forward looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur or arise after the date hereof. Readers should also carefully review the risk factors described in other documents the Company files from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed by the Company subsequent to this Form 10-K and any Current Reports on Form 8-K filed by the Company.

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PART I

ITEM 1. Business

(a) General Background

We are a diversified services and supply chain management company that assists our clients in sustaining, extending the service life, and improving the performance of their transportation equipment, and other assets and systems. We provide logistics and distribution services for legacy systems and equipment and professional and technical services to the United States Government (the "government"), including the United States Department of Defense ("DoD"), the United States Postal Service ("USPS"), federal civilian agencies, and commercial and other customers. Our largest customers are the DoD and the USPS. Our operations include supply chain management solutions, parts supply and distribution, and maintenance, repair, and overhaul (“MRO”) services for vehicle fleet, aviation, and other clients; vehicle and equipment maintenance and refurbishment; logistics; engineering; energy and environmental services; IT and health care IT solutions; and consulting services.

VSE was incorporated in Delaware in 1959 and the parent company serves as a centralized managing and consolidating entity for our operating groups, each of which consists of one or more wholly owned subsidiaries or unincorporated divisions that perform our services. VSE’s operating groups include our Supply Chain Management Group, Aviation Group, and Federal Services Group. The term "VSE" or "Company" means VSE and its subsidiaries and divisions unless the context indicates operations of only VSE as the parent company.

(b) Financial Information

Our operations are conducted within three reportable segments aligned with our operating groups: (1) Supply Chain Management, which generated approximately 28.2% of our revenues in 2017; (2) Aviation, which generated approximately 17.7% of our revenues in 2017; and (3) Federal Services, which generated approximately 54.1% of our revenues in 2017. Additional financial information for our reportable segments appears in Item 7 "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

(c) Description of Business

Products and Services

We apply a broad array of capabilities and resources to support our clients’ transportation assets, vehicle fleets, aircraft, systems, equipment and processes. We focus on creating value by sustaining the life and improving the performance of our client assets through core offerings in supply chain management, MRO, equipment refurbishment, logistics and engineering. We also provide IT solutions, health care IT, and consulting services.

Typical offerings include supply chain and inventory management services; vehicle fleet sustainment programs; vehicle fleet parts supply and distribution; MRO of aircraft engines and engine components; aircraft engine parts supply and distribution; engineering support for military vehicles; military equipment refurbishment and modification; ship MRO and follow-on technical support; logistics management support; machinery condition analysis; specification preparation for ship alterations; ship’s force crew training; life cycle support for ships; ship communication systems; energy conservation, energy efficiency, sustainable energy supply, and electric power grid modernization projects; technology road-mapping; IT enterprise architecture development, information assurance/business continuity, security risk management, and network services; medical logistics; and medical command and control. See Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below for more information regarding our business.

Revenues and Contracts

Our revenues are derived from the delivery of products and from contract services performed for our clients. We offer our products and professional and technical services through various ordering agreements and negotiated and competitive contract arrangements.

Our Supply Chain Management Group revenues result from the sale of vehicle parts to the USPS and other government and commercial clients. We recognize revenue from the sale of vehicle parts when the customer takes ownership of the parts.

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Our Aviation Group revenues result from the sale of aircraft parts and performance of MRO services for private and commercial aircraft owners, other aviation MRO providers, and aviation original equipment manufacturers. We recognize revenues upon the shipment or delivery of products to customers based on when title or risk of loss transfers to the customer.

Our Federal Services Group revenues result primarily from cost plus fixed fee, cost plus award fee, time and materials, or fixed-price contracts with the government. Revenues result from work performed on these contracts by our own employees, from work performed by our subcontractors, and from costs of materials used in performing the work. Revenues on cost‑type contracts are recorded as allowable costs are incurred and fees are earned. Revenues for time and materials contracts are recorded on the basis of allowable labor hours worked multiplied by the contract defined billing rates, plus the cost of materials used in performance on the contract. Profits or losses on time and material contracts result from the difference between the cost of services performed and the contract defined billing rates for these services. Revenue recognition methods on fixed-price contracts vary depending on the nature of the work and the contract terms. Revenues on fixed-price service contracts are recorded as work is performed, typically ratably over the service period. Revenues on fixed-price contracts that require delivery of specific items are recorded based on a price per unit as units are delivered.

The USPS, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Army are our largest customers. Our customers also include various other government and commercial entities.

	Revenues by Customer (dollars in thousands) Years ended December 31,
Customer	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
U.S. Postal Service	$	180,205	23.7	$	181,215	26.2	$	184,876	34.6
U.S. Navy	206,644		27.2	190,155		27.5	98,887		18.5
U.S. Army	188,462		24.8	139,764		20.2	80,086		15.0
U.S. Air Force	7,123		0.9	3,482		0.5	3,558		0.7
Total - DoD	402,229		52.9	333,401		48.2	182,531		34.2
Commercial Aviation	126,960		16.7	131,067		19.0	119,729		22.4
Other Commercial	12,498		1.7	10,721		1.5	4,653		0.9
Total - Commercial	139,458		18.4	141,788		20.5	124,382		23.3
Other Civilian Agencies	38,221		5.0	35,386		5.1	42,193		7.9
Total	$	760,113	100.0	$	691,790	100.0	$	533,982	100.0

Backlog

Funded backlog represents a measure of potential future revenues from work performed by our Federal Services Group on government contracts. Funded backlog is defined by us as the total value of contracts that has been appropriated and funded by the procuring agencies, less the amount of revenues that have already been recognized on such contracts. Our reported backlog is comprised of funding received by us in incremental amounts for work that is generally expected to be completed within six to 12 months following the award of the funding. Our funded backlog for our Federal Services Group as of December 31, 2017, was approximately $324 million and as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 it was approximately $322 million and $238 million, respectively. Changes in funded backlog on contracts are sometimes unpredictable due to uncertainties associated with changing government program priorities and availability of funds, which is heavily dependent upon the congressional authorization and appropriation process. Delays in this process may temporarily diminish the availability of funds for ongoing and planned work.

In addition to funded backlog levels, we have contract ceiling amounts available for use on multiple award, indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contracts with DoD and federal civilian agencies. While these contracts increase the opportunities available for us to pursue future work, the actual amount of future work is indeterminate until task orders are placed on the contracts. Frequently, these task orders are competitively awarded. Additionally, these task orders must be funded by the procuring agencies before we can perform work and begin generating revenues.

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Marketing

Our marketing activities are conducted at the operating group level by our marketing and business development staff and our professional staff of sales representatives, managers, and other personnel. New customer contacts and information concerning new programs, requirements and opportunities become available through attendance at industry trade shows and events, through sales calls and client servicing, through negotiation with key business partners, through formal and informal briefings, from participation in professional organizations, in the course of contract performance, and from literature published by government, trade associations, professional organizations and commercial entities.

Personnel

Our employees have a variety of specialized experience, training, and skills that provide the expertise required to service our clients. Some have high levels of education. As of December 31, 2017, we had 2,306 employees, a decrease from 2,523 as of December 31, 2016. Principal employee categories include (a) mechanics and vehicle, aircraft, and equipment technicians, (b) logisticians, (c) warehouse and sales personnel, (d) engineers and technicians in mechanical, electronic, industrial, energy and environmental services, and (e) information technology professionals in computer systems, applications and products, configuration, change and data management disciplines. The expertise required by our customers frequently includes knowledge of government regulations and procedures.

We actively seek initiatives and participate in outreach programs to assist individuals who have served in the U.S. Armed Forces. These efforts include an emphasis on hiring military veterans, which we believe enhances the quality of our workforce.Approximately 30% of our employees have previously served as members in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Competition

The supply chain, logistics, and MRO services offered by our Supply Chain Management and Aviation groups and the federally contracted professional and technical services offered by our Federal Services Group are conducted in very competitive operating environments.

The vehicle parts aftermarket and aviation parts and servicing markets are fragmented, with many large and small competitors that compete for our customer base.

Large diversified federal contracting firms with greater financial resources and larger technical staffs are capable of providing the same services offered by us. Government agencies emphasize awarding contracts on a competitive basis as opposed to a sole source or other noncompetitive basis. Most of the significant contracts under which we currently perform services were either initially awarded on a competitive basis or have been renewed at least once on a competitive basis. There is no assurance regarding the level of work we may obtain under some of these contracts. Government budgets, and in particular the budgets of certain government agencies, can also affect competition in our business. A reallocation of government spending priorities or reallocation of work for small business set-aside programs that results in lower levels of potential business in the markets we serve or the services we offer will cause increased competition.

The extent of competition that we will encounter as a result of changing economic or competitive conditions, customer requirements or technological developments is unpredictable. We believe the principal competitive factors for our business are customer knowledge, technical and financial qualifications, past performance, government budgetary stress, and price, which has been more heavily weighted in recent years.

Available Information

Copies of our publicly available Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports are filed with or otherwise furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such reports and amendments are also available free of charge through our website www.vsecorp.com as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are electronically filed with the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

Our future results may differ materially from past results and from those projected in the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K due to various uncertainties and risks, including those risks set forth below, non-recurring events and other important factors disclosed previously and from time to time in our other reports filed with the SEC.

Uncertain government budgets and shifting government priorities could delay contract awards and funding and adversely affect our ability to continue work under our government contracts. Additionally, federal procurement directives could result in our loss of work on current programs to small business set-asides and large multiple award contracts.

Our government business is subject to funding delays, terminations (including at the government's convenience), reductions, in-sourcing, extensions, and moratoriums associated with the government’s budgeting and contracting process. The federal procurement environment is unpredictable and could adversely affect our ability to perform work under new and existing contracts. We have experienced delays in contract awards and funding on our contracts in recent years that have adversely affected our ability to continue existing work and to replace expiring work. Additionally, our government business is subject to the risk that one or more of our potential contracts or contract extensions may be diverted by the contracting agency to a small or disadvantaged or minority-owned business pursuant to set-aside programs administered by the Small Business Administration, or may be bundled into large multiple award contracts for very large businesses. These risks can potentially have an adverse effect on our revenue growth and profit margins.

Increased market competition resulting from decreases in government spending for contract services and government contracting award criteria could adversely affect our ability to sustain our revenue levels.

Pressure on government budgets may adversely affect the flow of work to federal contractors, particularly new programs. Competitor contractors that experience a loss of government work have tended to redirect their marketing efforts toward the types of work that we perform. This increase in competition for our service offerings has adversely affected our ability to win new work or successor contracts to continue work that is currently performed by us under expiring contracts. Unsuccessful bidders frequently protest contract awards, which can delay or reverse the contract awards. Additionally, the government has frequently used contract award criteria that emphasizes lowest price, technically acceptable bids, which further intensifies competition in our government markets.

Certain programs comprise a material portion of our revenue. Our work on large government programs presents a risk to revenue growth and sustainability and profit margins.

The eventual expiration of large government programs or the loss of or disruption of revenues on a single contract may reduce our revenues and profits. Such revenue losses could also erode profits on our remaining programs that would have to absorb a larger portion of the fixed corporate costs previously allocated to the expiring programs or discontinued contract work. Our USPS managed inventory program (“MIP”) and our foreign military sales program with the U.S. Navy (“FMS Program”) each constitute a material portion of our revenues. This concentration of our revenue subjects us to risk of material adverse revenue disruptions if customer operational decisions, government contractual, or other issues prevent or delay the fulfillment of work requirements associated with these key programs. In recent years, revenue levels for our FMS Program have fluctuated widely enough to cause material changes in our overall revenue levels and affect our profit margins. Similarly, variations in volume and types of parts purchased by the USPS in recent years have caused changes in our profit margins.

The USPS has initiated a fleet replacement program for a next generation of the delivery vehicle fleet. The timing of both the roll out of a new fleet and the retirement of the current vehicles and their decision on how many of such vehicles will remain in the fleet could potentially have a significant affect on our future revenues and profits.

Global economic conditions and political factors could adversely affect our revenues.

Revenues from our government programs for which work is performed in foreign countries are subject to economic conditions in these countries and to political risks posed by ongoing foreign conflicts and potential terrorist activity. Services performed by our employees on our FMS Program are, to a certain extent, dependent on our placement of employees in a client country. Significant domestic and political unrest in client countries can constrain our ability to maintain consistent staffing levels, resulting in a fluctuating level of services performed by our employees. We cannot predict when these conditions will occur or the effect it will have on our FMS Program revenues. Regime changes in these countries can result in government restrictions upon the continuation of ongoing work.

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Economic conditions in both the United States and foreign countries, and global prices and availability of oil and other commodities could potentially have an adverse effect on the demand for some of our services, including our aviation services.

Due to the nature of our work we could potentially be exposed to legal actions arising from our operations.

Our work includes many manual tasks, including warehousing, shipping and packing of truck parts inventory, maintaining and repairing military and non-military vehicles and equipment, and maintaining and overhauling U.S. Navy ships. We also repair engines and engine accessories for general aviation jet aircraft. Some of our work efforts involve the handling of hazardous materials. These services may pose certain challenges that could cause us to be exposed to legal and other liabilities arising from performance issues, work related incidents, or employee misconduct that result in damages, injury or death to third parties. Such events could cause us to suffer financial losses and adversely affect our financial condition. (See Item 3. "Legal Proceedings” below.)

Technology security and cyber attack risks could potentially impact our financial results.

We face the threat to our computer systems of unauthorized access, computer hackers, computer viruses, malicious code, organized cyber-attacks and other security problems and system disruptions, including possible unauthorized access to our and our clients' proprietary or classified information.

Some of our contract work includes data management and technology services associated with Social Security Administration and military medical and health records. This exposes us to certain information and technology security risks. If there is a security breach of sensitive data in our custody or for which we provide services, we could possibly be held liable for damages to third parties related to such security breach and incur costs to prevent future incidents. We also provide refurbishment, maintenance and training services support to international clients directly and through DoD. Foreign nations with interests that conflict with the international clients we support could be motivated to conduct a cyber-attack to access information on these programs.

Costs associated with preventing or remediating information management security breaches have not had a material adverse effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position. However, the occurrence of a future security breach event could potentially have such an adverse effect.

Acquisitions, which have been a part of our business strategy in recent years, present certain risks.

The acquisition of a business that subsequently does not meet expected operating and financial performance targets, the ineffective integration of an acquisition, our inability to service debt associated with an acquisition, or the failure to timely complete an acquisition could adversely affect our financial performance.

The nature of our operations and work performed by our employees present certain challenges related to work force management.

Our financial performance is heavily dependent on the abilities of our operating and administrative staff with respect to technical skills, operating performance, pricing, cost management, safety, and administrative and compliance efforts. A wide diversity of contract types, nature of work, work locations, and legal and regulatory complexities challenges our administrative staff and skill sets. We also face challenges associated with our quality of workforce, quality of work, safety, and labor relations compliance. Our current and projected work in foreign countries exposes us to challenges associated with export and ethics compliance, local laws and customs, workforce issues, extended supply chain, political unrest and war zone threats. Failure to attract or retain an adequately skilled workforce, lack of knowledge or training in critical functions, or inadequate staffing levels can result in lost work, reduced profit margins, losses from cost overruns, performance deficiencies, workplace accidents, and regulatory noncompliance.

Our business could be adversely affected by incidents that could cause an interruption in our operations or impose a significant financial liability on us.

Disruption of our operations due to internal or external system or service failures, accidents or incidents involving employees or third parties working in high-risk locations, or natural disasters or other crises could adversely affect our financial performance and condition. A fire, flood, earthquake, or other natural disaster at physical facilities that support key revenue generating operations, or a procurement system or contractual delay could potentially interrupt the revenues from our operations.

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We are subject to numerous government rules and regulations that could expose us to potential liabilities or work loss.

We must comply with and are affected by laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of government contracts. A violation of laws or regulations could result in the imposition of fines and penalties or the termination of contracts or debarment from working or bidding on government contracts.

In some instances, these government contract laws and regulations impose terms or rights that are significantly more favorable to the government than those typically available to commercial parties in negotiated transactions. For example, the government may terminate any government contract or subcontract at its convenience, as well as for performance default.

A termination for default could expose us to liability and have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete for future contracts and orders. A termination for default could also impact our past performance and ability to obtain new or additional work. In addition, the government could terminate a prime contract under which we are a subcontractor, irrespective of the quality of services provided by us as a subcontractor.

Additionally, our contract work that is performed by our subcontractors is subject to government compliance, performance requirements and financial risks. If any of our subcontractors fail to timely meet their contractual obligations or have regulatory compliance or other problems, our ability to fulfill our obligations as a prime contractor may be jeopardized.

The aviation industry is highly regulated by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA") and similar regulatory agencies in other countries. Aviation engines and engine components that we sell must meet certain airworthiness standards established by the FAA or the equivalent agencies in certain other countries. We also operate repair facilities that are licensed by the FAA and equivalent agencies of certain other countries to perform such services. New and more stringent regulations may be adopted in the future that could have an adverse effect on us.

Our business could be adversely affected by government audits or investigations.

Government agencies, including the Defense Contract Audit Agency and the Department of Labor, routinely audit and investigate government contractors. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. The government also may review the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, its internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be improperly allocated to a specific contract will not be reimbursed and any such costs already reimbursed must be refunded. If an audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or debarment from doing business with the government. In addition, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation if allegations of impropriety were made. Performance of international work can expose us to risks associated with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Export Control Act compliance.

Investments in facilities could cause losses if certain work is disrupted or discontinued.

We have made investments in facilities and lease commitments to support specific business programs, work requirements, and service offerings. A slowing or disruption of these business programs, work requirements, or service offerings that results in operating below intended levels could cause us to suffer financial losses.

Environmental and pollution risks could potentially impact our financial results.

Some of our contract work includes the use of chemical solvents and the handling of hazardous materials to maintain, repair, and refurbish vehicles, aircraft engines, and equipment. This exposes us to certain environmental and pollution risks. Costs associated with compliance with Federal, State and local provisions regulating the discharge of materials or that otherwise relate to the protection of the environment have not had a material adverse effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position. However, we cannot predict the likelihood of such a material adverse effect should we experience the occurrence of a future environmental or pollution event.

ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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ITEM 2. Properties

Our executive and administrative headquarters are located in a five-story building in Alexandria, Virginia, with approximately 95,000 square feet of office space leased by us through April 2027.

We own facilities located in an industrial park in Somerset, Pennsylvania that we use to conduct the operations of our Supply Chain Management Group. These properties consist of approximately 30 acres of land and buildings totaling approximately 271,000 square feet of office, engineering, and warehouse space.

We own two properties that we use to conduct the operations of our Aviation Group. We own and operate a property consisting of approximately one acre of land and a building with approximately 14,000 square feet of warehouse and office space in Miami, Florida. We own and operate a property consisting of a building with approximately 30,500 square feet of warehouse and office space in Independence, Kansas that is located on leased municipal airport land.

We own and operate two facilities in Ladysmith, Virginia. One of these properties consists of approximately 44 acres of land and multiple storage and vehicle maintenance buildings totaling approximately 56,000 square feet of space. The other property consists of 30 acres of land and buildings totaling approximately 13,500 square feet of space. We also own and operate two properties in Texarkana, Arkansas consisting of an aggregate of approximately 16 acres of land and buildings totaling approximately 114,000 square feet. We use these properties primarily to provide refurbishment services for military equipment, storage and maintenance.

We also provide services and products from facilities generally occupied under short-term leases primarily located near customer sites to facilitate communications and enhance program performance. As of December 31, 2017, we leased approximately 19 such facilities with a total of approximately 319,000square feet of office, shop, and warehouse space. Our employees often provide services at customer facilities, limiting our requirement for additional space. We also provide services from locations outside of the United States, generally at foreign shipyards or U.S. military installations.

ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings

Hawaii Litigation

In 2012, the estates of five deceased individuals and their relatives filed complaints in a state court in Hawaii against VSE and other entities and individuals for unspecified damages, alleging that the explosion of fireworks and diesel fuel that killed the five individuals in April 2011 was caused by negligence of VSE and the other defendants. The five deceased plaintiffs were employees of a vendor retained by VSE to dispose of fireworks and other explosives seized by the federal government. Together with our insurance carriers, we settled this matter with all plaintiffs in 2017, resulting in no material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

Aviation Litigation

In November 2016, a lawsuit, Arrieta et al vs. Prime Turbines LLC et al, was filed in the District Court of Texas in Dallas County, by Edgar Arrieta, and four other plaintiffs against VSE subsidiaries, Kansas Aviation of Independence, L.L.C. and Prime Turbines LLC, and three other unrelated defendants. Since the lawsuit was filed, five other plaintiffs have joined the lawsuit. The other named defendants are Pratt & Whitney of Canada Corporation, Cessna Aircraft Company and Woodward Inc. The plaintiffs allege that on April 1, 2016, a plane crashed resulting in the death of three plaintiffs and serious injuries to six other plaintiffs and that VSE's subsidiaries were negligent in providing maintenance, service and inspection of the airplane engine prior to the crash. Plaintiffs are seeking monetary relief over $1.0 million from the defendants. The trial is scheduled for November 2018. VSE together with its insurance carrier, will aggressively defend the proceedings. While the results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated, we believe that the likelihood of this lawsuit having a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition, or cash flows is remote.

In addition to the above-referenced Aviation Litigation, we may have certain claims in the normal course of business, including legal proceedings, against us and against other parties. In our opinion, the resolution of these other claims will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. However, because the results of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated.

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Further, from time-to-time, government agencies investigate whether our operations are being conducted in accordance with applicable contractual and regulatory requirements. Government investigations of us, whether relating to government contracts or conducted for other reasons, could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including repayments, fines or penalties being imposed upon us, or could lead to suspension or debarment from future government contracting. Government investigations often take years to complete and many result in no adverse action against us. We believe, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such government disputes and investigations will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

ITEM 4(a).Executive Officers of Registrant

Our executive officers are listed below, as well as information concerning their age and positions held with VSE. There is no family relationships among any of our executive officers. The executive officers are appointed annually to serve until the first meeting of VSE's Board of Directors (the "Board") following the next annual meeting of stockholders and until their successors are elected and have qualified, or until death, resignation or removal, whichever is sooner.

Name	Age	Position with Registrant
Joseph R. Brown	61	President, Federal Services Group
Maurice A. Gauthier	70	Director, Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer
Paul W. Goffredi	60	President, VSE's subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc.
Thomas M. Kiernan	50	Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Thomas R. Loftus	62	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Chad Wheeler	43	President, VSE's subsidiary Wheeler Bros., Inc.

Mr. Brown was appointed the President of the Federal Services Group in May 2015. Mr. Brown brings over 20 years of experience as a program and business unit manager at VSE. Mr. Brown leads a team whose primary focus is refurbishment services to extend and enhance the life of existing vehicles and equipment, fleet-wide ship and aircraft support, aircraft sustainment and maintenance, foreign military sales and other technical, management, engineering, logistics, maintenance, configuration management, prototyping, technology, and field support services to the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, U.S. Army and Army Reserve, U.S. Air Force, and other U.S. and foreign military customers. Prior to joining VSE in 1996, Mr. Brown served 20 years active duty in the U.S. Navy. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration from University of Maryland University College and an Associate of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.

Mr. Gauthier has served as VSE's Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer since April 2008, and has served as a Board member since February 2009.

Mr. Goffredi has served as President and Chief Operating Officer of our subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc. since January 2015, when VSE Aviation, Inc. acquired Prime Turbines LLC (including both U.S. and Germany-based operations), CT Aerospace LLC, Kansas Aviation of Independence, L.L.C. and Air Parts & Supply Co. (collectively, "the Aviation Acquisition"). His focus and background includes business development, strategic OEM and major customer relations, supply chain management, engine and material acquisition, and operational excellence and improvement. Prior to joining VSE, Mr. Goffredi served for three years as Chief Operating Officer for Killick Aerospace, and 13 years with BBA Aviation as Program Director for all Honeywell Engine Programs. Mr. Goffredi received a degree in Business Administration from Mesa State College (Colorado) and holds an MBA in Marketing and Finance from The University of St. Thomas (Texas).

Mr. Kiernan has served as VSE's Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since November 2008.

Mr. Loftus has served as VSE's Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President since March 2002. Mr. Loftus has served in various roles of increasing responsibility at VSE since 1978, and served as VSE's Comptroller, Senior Vice President and Corporate Tax Director from March 1999 to February 2002.

Mr. Wheeler has served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Wheeler Bros., Inc. ("WBI") since July 2013. Since 1991, Mr. Wheeler has served in various roles at WBI, including Senior Vice President of Operations, Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing, and Marketing and Sales Manager. While serving as Marketing and Sales Manager, Mr. Wheeler coordinated

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implementation of WBI's Managed Inventory Program which is used at the USPS' Vehicle Maintenance Facilities throughout the country. Mr. Wheeler graduated summa cum laude from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1998 with a degree in Marketing.

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PART II

ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Mattersand Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(a)Market Information

VSE common stock, par value $0.05 per share, is traded on The NASDAQ Global Select Market, trading symbol, "VSEC," Newspaper listing, "VSE."

In May 2016, our Board approved a two-for-one stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend ("Stock Split"). The Stock Split had a record date of July 20, 2016 and stock distribution occurred on August 3, 2016. All share and per share amounts have been adjusted to give retroactive effect to the increased number of shares of common stock outstanding due to the Stock Split.

The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales price (based on information reported by The NASDAQ Global Select Market) and cash dividend per share information for our common stock for each quarter and annually during the last two years. Sales prices and cash dividend per share information have been adjusted for the Stock Split.

Quarter Ended	High		Low		Dividends
2016:
March 31	$	35.60	$	26.38	$	0.055
June 30	35.98		30.86		0.060
September 30	38.23		29.94		0.060
December 31	42.69		26.16		0.060
For the Year	$	42.69	$	26.16	$	0.235
2017:
March 31	$	42.18	$	34.98	$	0.060
June 30	45.93		38.90		0.070
September 30	58.70		41.95		0.070
December 31	59.90		45.12		0.070
For the Year	$	59.90	$	34.98	$	0.270

(b)Holders

As of February 1, 2018, VSE common stock, par value $0.05 per share, was held by approximately 241 stockholders of record. The number of stockholders of record is not representative of the number of beneficial holders because many of VSE's shares are held by depositories, brokers or nominees.

(c)Dividends

Pursuant to our bank loan agreement (see Note 7, Debt, of "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" in Item 8 of this Form 10-K), the payment of cash dividends is subject to annual rate restrictions. We have paid cash dividends each year since 1973 and have increased our dividend each year since 2004.

(d)Certain Sales and Repurchases of VSE Common Stock

During the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, VSE did not sell any of its equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. During the fourth quarter of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, no purchases of equity securities of VSE were made by or on behalf of VSE or any "affiliated purchaser" (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 10b-18 (a)(3)) other than 12,473 shares of our restricted common stock that were voluntarily forfeited to VSE by participants in its 2006 Restricted Stock Plan to cover their personal tax liability for restricted stock awards.

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(e)Equity Compensation Plan Information

We have two compensation plans approved by our stockholders under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance to employees and directors: (i) the VSE Corporation 2004 Non-Employee Directors Stock Plan and (ii) the VSE Corporation 2006 Restricted Stock Plan.

As of December 31, 2017, 132,357 shares of VSE common stock were available for future issuance under the VSE Corporation 2004 Non-Employee Directors Stock Plan and 436,532 shares of VSE common stock were available for future issuance under the VSE Corporation 2006 Restricted Stock Plan.

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Performance Graph

Set forth below is a line graph comparing the cumulative total return of VSE common stock with (a) a performance index for the broad market (The NASDAQ Global Select Market) on which VSE common stock is traded and (b) a published industry index. VSE common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Global Select Market, and our industry group is engineering and technical services (formerly SIC Code 8711). Accordingly, the performance graph compares the cumulative total return for VSE common stock with (a) an index for The NASDAQ Global Select Market (U.S. companies) ("NASDAQ Index") and (b) our peer group.

*$100 invested on 12/31/12 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

Fiscal year ending December 31.

Performance Graph Table

	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
VSE	100	197.84	273.38	259.75	326.82	410.02
NASDAQ Composite	100	141.63	162.09	173.33	187.19	242.29
Peer Group	100	152.19	158.10	173.87	190.30	211.15

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ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data

(in thousands, except per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015		2014			2013
Revenues	$	760,113	$	691,790	$	533,982	$	424,071		$	471,638
Income from continuing operations	$	39,096	$	26,793	$	24,918	$	20,489		$	23,990
Loss from discontinued operations	—		—		—		(1,124		)	(1,138		)
Net income	$	39,096	$	26,793	$	24,918	$	19,365		$	22,852
Basic earnings per share:
Income from continuing operations	$	3.61	$	2.48	$	2.32	$	1.91		$	2.25
Loss from discontinued operations	—		—		—		(0.10		)	(0.11		)
Net income	$	3.61	$	2.48	$	2.32	$	1.81		$	2.14
Diluted earnings per share:
Income from continuing operations	$	3.60	$	2.47	$	2.31	$	1.91		$	2.25
Loss from discontinued operations	—		—		—		(0.10		)	(0.11		)
Net income	$	3.60	$	2.47	$	2.31	$	1.81		$	2.14
Cash dividends per common share	$	0.270	$	0.235	$	0.215	$	0.195		$	0.175

	As of December 31,
	2017		2016		2015		2014		2013
Working capital	$	134,563	$	110,021	$	100,780	$	33,037	$	46,828
Total assets	$	629,013	$	661,839	$	617,354	$	353,430	$	380,077
Long-term debt	$	165,614	$	193,621	$	215,243	$	23,483	$	64,221
Long-term lease obligations	$	20,581	$	21,959	$	23,251	$	24,584	$	25,721
Stockholders' equity	$	293,095	$	255,194	$	229,309	$	205,489	$	186,803

This consolidated summary of selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in Item 7 of this Form 10-K and with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The historical results set forth in this Item 6 are not necessarily indicative of VSE's future results of operations.

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ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Overview

Customers and Services

We are a diversified services and supply chain management company that assists our clients in sustaining, extending the service life, and improving the performance of their transportation equipment, and other assets and systems. We provide logistics and distribution services for legacy systems and equipment and professional and technical services to the United States Government (the "government"), including the United States Department of Defense ("DoD"), the United States Postal Service ("USPS") and federal civilian agencies, and to commercial and other customers. Our largest customers are the DoD and the USPS. Our operations include supply chain management solutions, parts supply and distribution, and maintenance, repair, and overhaul (“MRO”) services for vehicle fleet, aviation, and other clients; vehicle and equipment maintenance and refurbishment; logistics; engineering; energy and environmental services; IT and health care IT solutions; and consulting services. See Item 1 “Business - Revenues and Contracts” above for revenues by customer.

Organization and Segments

Our operations are conducted within three reportable segments aligned with our management groups: 1) Supply Chain Management; 2) Aviation; and 3) Federal Services. Beginning in 2017, we have combined our former IT, Energy and Management Consulting Group with our Federal Services Group.

Supply Chain Management Group- Our Supply Chain Management Group provides sourcing, acquisition, scheduling, transportation, shipping, logistics, data management, and other services to assist our clients with supply chain management efforts. Operations of this group are conducted by our wholly owned subsidiary Wheeler Bros., Inc., which supports the USPS, commercial truck fleets, and DoD with fleet management and sustainment solutions, and managed inventory services. The primary revenue source for this group is the USPS Managed Inventory Program ("MIP") that supplies vehicle parts and mission critical supply chain support for the USPS vehicle fleet.

Aviation Group - Our Aviation Group provides parts supply and distribution, supply chain solutions, and MRO services for general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories. This group offers a range of complimentary services and supplies to a diversified client base of corporate and private aircraft owners, regional airlines, aviation manufacturers, aviation MRO providers, cargo transporters, and agricultural clients.

Federal Services Group - Our Federal Services Group provides foreign military sales services, refurbishment services to extend and enhance the life of existing vehicles and equipment, fleet-wide ship and aircraft support, aircraft sustainment and maintenance, and other technical, management, engineering, logistics, maintenance, configuration management, prototyping, technology, and field support services to the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, U.S. Army and Army Reserve, U.S. Air Force, and other customers. Significant work efforts for this group include assistance to the U.S. Navy in executing its Foreign Military Sales (“FMS”) Program for surface ships sold, leased or granted to foreign countries, our Red River Army Depot Equipment Related Services Program (“RRAD ERS”) providing on-site logistics support for Red River Army Depot at Texarkana, Texas, our Fort Benning Logistics Support Services Program supporting base operations and logistics at Fort Benning, Georgia, and our U.S. Army Reserve vehicle refurbishment program and various vehicle and equipment refurbishment, maintenance and sustainment programs for U.S. Army commands.

Our Federal Services Group also provides energy and environmental consulting services and IT solutions and services with a focus on medical and health related fields for various DoD and federal civilian agencies, including the United States Departments of Energy; the Social Security Administration; the National Institutes of Health; customers in the military health system; and other government agencies and commercial clients.

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Concentration of Revenues

	(in thousands) Years ended December 31,
Source of Revenues	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
USPS	$	180,205	24	$	181,215	26	$	184,876	35
FMS Program	185,556		24	169,754		25	76,476		14
Other	394,352		52	340,821		49	272,630		51
Total Revenues	$	760,113	100	$	691,790	100	$	533,982	100

Management Outlook

We saw revenue growth in 2017 of 10% over 2016 revenues, which was up 30% over 2015 revenues. The improvement in our revenues were again led by our Federal Services Group for which revenues increased by 16%. Increased revenues from our Supply Chain Management Group also contributed to our revenue growth in 2017. We are pursuing initiatives in each of our groups to sustain our growth.

Our 2017 Federal Services Group revenues increase resulted primarily from a full year of performance on our RRAD ERS Program as compared to a partial year of performance in its 2016 start-up year. Various smaller programs also contributed to revenue increases in this group. Our FMS Program remains the largest contributor to our Federal Services Group revenues and FMS Program revenues increased 9% over 2016. Our Federal Services Group revenues were supported by contract funding awards exceeding $400 million and funded contract backlog exceeding $300 million for the second consecutive year. However, funding activity has been clouded by federal government budget uncertainties in the fourth quarter of 2017 and early 2018. We are well positioned in our pursuit of opportunities to expand our services supporting our traditional government clients, and to capture new work for which our Federal Services Group can team with our Aviation Group to provide enhanced competencies to a wider range of government and international clients. Additionally, we have developed strong international business relationships through our decades of work with foreign client countries. We are extending these relationships to market our services to several international clients.

Our vehicle parts supply and inventory management support for the USPS delivery vehicle fleet continues to provide steady revenues while increases in parts sales and supply chain and inventory management support services to our DoD and commercial clients have provided revenue growth in our Supply Chain Management Group. Sales from the Supply Chain Management Group to DoD increased 51% and revenue from commercial customers increased 25% in 2017 from the prior year. Our investment in resources and management efforts to diversify and expand our operational capacity, market channels, and client base has resulted in the capture and on-boarding of new commercial customers in 2017. Our commercial client base now includes companies in food distribution, oil field services, waste management, linen and uniform, commercial long haul shipping, bus transportation, and other clients that have vehicle fleets required to meet mission critical delivery or service schedules. We are also capturing new customers and increasing revenue using e-commerce solutions. We are in the beginning stages in our relationship with many of these new clients, and we look forward to further developing these relationships and adding new clients to grow our revenues from commercial markets.

We continue to closely monitor the USPS delivery vehicle procurement efforts and are positioning ourselves to support both newly procured vehicles as they are placed in service and aging vehicles that remain in service. While it will likely be several years before the planned custom next-generation delivery vehicle is placed in service in significant numbers, the USPS has begun some shorter term annual vehicle acquisitions through the procurement of commercial of-the-shelf ("COTS") mass-market vehicles and the retirement of some of its aging COTS vehicles. While we cannot predict with certainty the impact of the USPS delivery vehicle procurement and retirement transition cycle on our future revenues, we believe that our years of service and knowledge of this client’s needs strategically position us to continue to serve as a key vehicle fleet sustainment partner. We will remain agile and support this client during its complex vehicle transition initiatives.

We look forward to achieving results from our revenue enhancement initiatives in our Aviation Group in 2018. In conjunction with our Federal Services Group, we began extending our gas turbine MRO competency to maritime applications in 2017 and we are pursuing additional opportunities for this competency. We have also opened a Singapore office and signed an agreement with a key original equipment manufacturer that provides us the opportunity to expand our geographic distribution footprint and extend both current and new product lines to new markets. Revenues and operating income for our Aviation Group may experience fluctuations due to market demand and the mix of products sold.

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Public Law No. 115-97, enacted upon passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") on December 22, 2017, resulted in a one-time reduction in our deferred tax liabilities that lowered our provision for income taxes and correspondingly increased our net income by approximately $10.6 million for 2017. This was a non-cash event for 2017 as a result of the Tax Act lowering the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018.

Entering 2018, we have settled the Hawaii Litigation, as discussed in Item 3. "Legal Proceedings" above, with no material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

We reduced our bank debt during 2017 by approximately $43 million and our leverage ratio has declined. In January 2018 we amended our bank loan agreement to extend the maturity date on our bank debt and increase the borrowing commitments. This strengthens our balance sheet, enhances our liquidity, and positions us to better support our current business and strategic efforts.

Bookings and Funded Backlog

Revenues for government contract work performed by our Federal Services Group depend on contract funding (“bookings”), and bookings generally occur when contract funding documentation is received. Funded contract backlog is an indicator of potential future revenue. While bookings and funded contract backlog generally result in revenue, we may occasionally have funded contract backlog that expires or is de-obligated upon contract completion and does not generate revenue.

A summary of our bookings and revenues for our Federal Services Group for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and funded contract backlog for this group as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (in millions):

	2017		2016		2015
Bookings	$	430	$	458	$	281
Revenues	$	411	$	353	$	217
Funded Backlog	$	324	$	322	$	238

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For a description of recently announced accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our consolidated financial statements, see "Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 1 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require us to make estimates and assumptions. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant accounts, particularly those that involve judgments, estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collection is probable.

Substantially all of our Supply Chain Management Group revenues result from the sale of vehicle parts to clients. We recognize revenue from the sale of vehicle parts when the customer takes ownership of the parts. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

Our Aviation Group revenues are recognized upon the shipment or delivery of products to customers based on when title or risk of loss transfers to the customer. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

Substantially all of our Federal Services Group work is performed for our customers on a contract basis. The three primary types of contracts used are cost-type, fixed-price and time and materials. Revenues result from work performed on these contracts by our employees and our subcontractors and from costs for materials and other work related costs allowed under our contracts.

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Revenues on cost-type contracts are recorded as contract allowable costs are incurred and fees are earned. Our FMS Program contract is a cost plus award fee contract. This contract has terms that specify award fee payments that are determined by performance and level of contract activity. Award fees are made during the year through a contract modification authorizing the award fee that is issued subsequent to the period in which the work is performed. Award fee evaluations occur three times per year and in 2017 and prior years we recognized award fee revenue and income in the period we received contractual notification of the award when the fees became fixed or determinable. We recognized award fee revenue and income in 2017 from three award fee notifications.

Revenue recognition methods on fixed-price contracts will vary depending on the nature of the work and the contract terms. Revenues on fixed-price service contracts are recorded as work is performed, typically ratably over the service period. Revenues on fixed-price contracts that require delivery of specific items are recorded based on a price per unit as units are delivered.

Revenues for time and materials contracts are recorded on the basis of contract allowable labor hours worked multiplied by the contract defined billing rates, plus the direct costs and indirect cost burdens associated with materials and subcontract work used in performance on the contract. Generally, profits on time and materials contracts result from the difference between the cost of services performed and the contract defined billing rates for these services.

A summary of revenues for our operating groups, including a summary by contract type for our Federal Services Group, for the years ended December 31 is presented below (in thousands).

Contract Type	2017 Revenues		%	2016 Revenues		%	2015 Revenues		%
Cost-type	$	230,981	30.4	$	207,047	29.9	$	100,447	18.8
Fixed-price	90,064		11.8	75,213		10.9	74,490		13.9
Time and materials	89,717		11.8	70,589		10.2	42,544		8.0
Total Federal Services revenues	410,762		54.0	352,849		51.0	217,481		40.7
Supply Chain Management and Aviation revenues	349,351		46.0	338,941		49.0	316,501		59.3
Total revenues	$	760,113	100.0	$	691,790	100.0	$	533,982	100.0

We will occasionally perform work at risk, which is work performed prior to formalizing contract funding for such work. Revenue related to work performed at risk is not recognized until it can be reliably estimated and its realization is probable. We recognize this “risk funding” as revenue when the associated costs are incurred or the work is performed. We are at risk of loss for any risk funding not received. Revenues recognized as of December 31, 2017 include approximately $4.0 million for which we have not received formalized funding. We believe that we are entitled to reimbursement and expect to receive all of this funding.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill is subject to a review for impairment at least annually. We perform an annual review of goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter and whenever events or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be fully recoverable. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from the income approach and market approach. Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on our estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins, taking into consideration industry and market conditions. The discount rate used is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the business and the projected cash flows.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we performed our annual goodwill impairment analysis for each of our reporting units utilizing the statutory tax rate in effect at the time of the test. The results of the impairment analysis indicated that our reporting units had fair values substantially in excess of their carrying values with the exception of our VSE Aviation and Akimeka reporting units.

The fair value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit, within our Aviation Group, approximated its carrying value as of our annual goodwill impairment analysis. While there has not been a significant contract or customer loss, VSE Aviation’s revenues and operating income for 2017 did not meet our cash flow projections, primarily due to a decreased demand for new parts and

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slower than anticipated development of new business opportunities. We believe that these conditions are temporary and that the overall outlook for our Aviation business remains consistent with our long-term projections. Under the income approach, we used a 12.5% discount rate (a 50 basis point increase from the discount rate used in the analysis performed in the prior year), a compounded annual revenue growth rate of 8% over a seven-year period, and a long-term revenue growth rate of 3% in the terminal year. Our compounded annual growth rate over the seven-year period is primarily based on projected organic growth, which is corroborated by market studies related to our aviation business, and significant initiatives, including international opportunities for parts distribution and gas turbine MRO services provided to our U.S. government customer. We believe the discount rate properly reflects the risks in our future cash flows assumptions including the risk that the new business opportunities take longer to develop or do not meet our expectations. Under the market approach, we estimated a fair value based on comparable companies' market multiples of revenues and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") and factored in a control premium and applied such multiples to both of VSE Aviation's historical and one-year projected revenues and EBITDA. Because the fair value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit approximated its carrying value, a negative change in the key assumptions used in the annual impairment analysis or an increase in the carrying value may result in a future impairment of this reporting unit's goodwill. For example, keeping all other assumptions the same, an additional 50 basis points increase in the discount rate or an increase in the carrying value would likely result in an impairment in the reporting unit's goodwill.

Due to the lower clearance at the annual impairment test and the increase in the carrying value resulting from the decrease in our deferred tax liabilities as a result of the Tax Act, we performed an interim goodwill impairment analysis as of December 31, 2017. In the interim impairment test, we used similar projections, adjusted for the impact of lower statutory tax rates due to the passage of the Tax Act , and utilized a discount rate of 13.0%, which reflected a 50 basis point increase from the discount rate utilized in our annual goodwill impairment analysis due to the changes in the calculation as a result of the Tax Act.The result of this impairment analysis shows that VSE Aviation’s fair value exceeded its carrying value by approximately 2%. Consistent with the annual impairment analysis, negative changes in key assumptions or an increase in the carrying value may result in a future impairment of the VSE Aviation reporting unit's goodwill.

Based on the results of the annual and interim impairment analysis performed, we have determined that VSE Aviation is at risk of a future goodwill impairment if there are future declines in our cash flow projections or if we are unsuccessful in implementing our revenue growth plans. Additionally, the fair value could be adversely affected by other market factors such as an increase in the discount rate used in the income approach or a decrease in the market multiples used in the market approach, or an increase in the carrying value of this reporting unit. The carrying value of our VSE Aviation reporting unit included goodwill of approximately $104.5 million as of December 31, 2017.

The fair value of our Akimeka reporting unit, within our Federal Services Group, exceeded its carrying value by approximately 12%. Akimeka had experienced a reduction in services performed in prior years due to a decline in services ordered by clients on contracts and a loss of work performed on expiring contracts for which the follow-on work was often awarded to small businesses as set-aside contracts. These factors have been considered in the projections used in our impairment analysis. Based on the results of our analysis, our assessment is that we remain at risk of a future goodwill impairment if there is further deterioration of projected cash flows or negative changes in market factors, such as an increase in the discount rate used in the income approach or a decrease in the market multiples used in the market approach, or an increases in carrying value of this reporting unit. The carrying value of our Akimeka reporting unit included goodwill of approximately $29.8 million as of December 31, 2017.

We also review the recoverability of our long-lived intangible assets with finite lives when an indicator of impairment exists. For the same reasons discussed above, we assessed the recoverability of the long-lived intangible assets with finite lives of $110.9 million (of which $5.8 million relates to our Akimeka reporting unit and $65.5 million relates to our VSE Aviation reporting unit) as of December 31, 2017. Based on our analysis of estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of these long-lived intangible assets with finite lives, we determined that their carrying values were recoverable.

As of December 31, 2017, we have no intangible assets with indefinite lives and we had an aggregate of approximately $199 million of goodwill associated with our acquisitions.

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Results of Operations

	Revenues (in thousands) Years ended December 31,
	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
Supply Chain Management Group	$	214,542	28.2	$	205,475	29.7	$	196,772	36.8
Aviation Group	134,809		17.7	133,466		19.3	119,729		22.4
Federal Services Group	410,762		54.1	352,849		51.0	217,481		40.8
	$	760,113	100.0	$	691,790	100.0	$	533,982	100.0

Our revenues increased by approximately $68 million or 10% for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the prior year. The change in revenues for this period resulted from an increase in our Federal Services Group of approximately $58 million, an increase in our Supply Chain Management Group of approximately $9 million, and an increase in our Aviation Group of approximately $1 million.

Our revenues increased by approximately $158 million or 30% for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the prior year. The change in revenues for this period resulted from an increase in our Federal Services Group of approximately $135 million, an increase in our Aviation Group of approximately $14 million, and an increase in our Supply Chain Management Group of approximately $9 million.

	Consolidated Statements of Income (in thousands) Years ended December 31,
	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
Revenues	$	760,113	100.0	$	691,790	100.0	$	533,982	100.0
Costs and operating expenses	705,788		92.9	640,261		92.6	483,443		90.5
Operating income	54,325		7.1	51,529		7.4	50,539		9.5
Interest expense, net	9,240		1.2	9,855		1.4	9,544		1.8
Income before income taxes	45,085		5.9	41,674		6.0	40,995		7.7
Provision for income taxes	5,989		0.8	14,881		2.1	16,077		3.0
Net income	$	39,096	5.1	$	26,793	3.9	$	24,918	4.7

Costs and operating expenses consist primarily of cost of inventory and delivery of our products sold; direct costs, including labor, material, and supplies used in the performance of our contract work; indirect costs associated with our direct contract costs; sales, general, and administrative expenses associated with our operating groups and corporate management; and certain costs and charges arising from nonrecurring events outside the ordinary course of business. These costs will generally increase or decrease in conjunction with our level of products sold or contract work performed. Costs and operating expenses also include expense for amortization of intangible assets acquired through our acquisitions. Expense for amortization of acquisition related intangible assets is included in the segment results in which the acquisition is included. Segment results also include expense for an allocation of corporate management costs.

Our costs and operating expenses increased by approximately $66 million or 10% in 2017 as compared to 2016. The change in costs and operating expenses resulted primarily from an increase in our Federal Services Group of approximately $52 million, an increase in our Supply Chain Management Group of approximately $10 million, and an increase in our Aviation Groupof approximately $4 million.

Our costs and operating expenses increased by approximately $157 million or 32% in 2016 as compared to 2015. The change in costs and operating expenses resulted primarily from an increase in our Federal Services Group of approximately $134 million, an increase in our Supply Chain Management Group of approximately $10 million, and an increase in our Aviation Groupof approximately $12 million.

Our operating income increased by approximately $2.8 million or 5% in 2017 as compared to 2016. Operating group results included operating income increases for our Federal Services Group of approximately $5.6 million and operating income decreases for our Aviation Group of approximately $3.1 million and for our Supply Chain Management Group of approximately $878 thousand.

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Our operating income increased by approximately $1.0 million or 2% in 2016 as compared to 2015. The change in operating income resulted primarily from changes in our operating group results and settlement of two material lawsuits. Operating group results included operating income increases for our Federal Services Group of approximately $994 thousand and for our Aviation Group of approximately $2.2 million and an operating income decrease for our Supply Chain Management Group of approximately $821 thousand. Our increase in revenue allowed us to spread our corporate infrastructure costs over a larger revenue base, which benefited our operating group income. The combined effect of the lawsuit settlements resulted in a decrease in operating income of approximately $1.9 million for 2016.

Interest expense decreased approximately $615 thousand in 2017 as compared to 2016 primarily due to the decline of our bank debt levels. Interest expense increased approximately $311 thousand in 2016 as compared to 2015, as our bank debt levels remained steady for most of the year. Interest expense also includes interest related to our executive and administrative headquarters facility lease. The amount of interest expense associated with our headquarters financing lease is approximately $1.5 million, $1.6 million and $1.6 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Provision for Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate was 13.3% for 2017, 35.7% for 2016, and 39.2% for 2015. The Tax Act passed in December 2017 lowered our effective tax rate for 2017 and we expect a benefit to our effective tax rates and cash tax payments in future years. Due to the Tax Act, we recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 a one-time reduction in our deferred tax liabilities that resulted in a reduction in our provision for income taxes of approximately $10.6 million for the year.

Our tax rate is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, but may not be consistent from year to year. In addition to state income taxes, certain tax credits and other items caused differences between our statutory U.S. Federal income tax rate and our effective tax rate. Our effective tax rate for 2016 was reduced due to fair value changes of approximately $1.3 million to our Aviation Acquisition earn-out obligation. Approximately $900 thousand of transaction costs associated with our Aviation Acquisition that were not deductible for tax purposes resulted in an increase to our effective tax rate for 2015. Other permanent differences and federal and state tax credits such as the work opportunity tax credit and a state educational improvement tax credit provided benefit to our tax rates for 2017, 2016 and 2015.

Supply Chain Management Group Results

The results of operations for our Supply Chain Management Group are (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
Revenues	$	214,542	100.0	$	205,475	100.0	$	196,772	100.0
Costs and operating expenses	180,788		84.3	170,843		83.1	161,319		82.0
Operating income	$	33,754	15.7	$	34,632	16.9	$	35,453	18.0

Revenues for our Supply Chain Management Group increased approximately $9 million or 4% for 2017, as compared to the prior year. The revenue increase resulted primarily from an increase in sales to DoD and commercial customers of approximately $9.6 million or 40%. Costs and operating expenses for our Supply Chain Management Group increased approximately $10 million or 6% and operating income decreased by approximately $878 thousand or 3% for 2017 as compared to the prior year. The increase in costs and operating expenses resulted primarily from an increase in products sold. The products sold associated with our increasing government and commercial customer revenues tend to lower our overall profit margins as our revenue mix changes. The decrease in operating income was primarily attributable to market competition and a change in the mix of products sold, and to increased costs associated with investments to support revenue growth.

Revenues for our Supply Chain Management Group increased approximately $9 million or 4% for 2016, as compared to the prior year. The revenue increase resulted primarily from an increase in sales to government and commercial customers of approximately $10.9 million, including sales of approximately $3.3 million from Ultra Seating Company, which we acquired in December 2015. Costs and operating expenses for our Supply Chain Management Group increased approximately $10 million or 6% and operating income decreased by approximately $821 thousand or 2% for 2016 as compared to the prior year. The increase in costs and operating expenses resulted primarily from an increase in products sold. The products sold associated with our increasing government and commercial customer revenues tends to lower our overall profit margins as our revenue mix changes. The decrease in operating income was primarily attributable to market competition and a change in the mix of products sold, and to increased costs associated with investments to support revenue growth.

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Aviation Group Results

The results of operations for our Aviation Group since the acquisition date of January 28, 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		%	2016		%		2015		%
Revenues	$	134,809	100.0	$	133,466	$	100.0	$	119,729	100.0
Costs and operating expenses	125,114		92.8	120,643		90.4		109,094		91.1
Operating income	$	9,695	7.2	$	12,823	$	9.6	$	10,635	8.9

Revenues for our Aviation Group increased approximately $1 million or 1% for 2017 as compared to the prior year. The revenue increase was primarily related to new work from maritime gas turbine engine MRO services offset by a decrease in sales in our parts distribution business. Costs and operating expenses increased by approximately $4 million or 4% for 2017, primarily due to an increase in lower margin MRO related revenues. Costs and operating expenses for 2016 were reduced by approximately $1.3 million for a valuation adjustment to the accrued earn-out obligation associated with the acquisition of our aviation businesses and were increased by approximately $300 thousand due to expense associated with a settlement agreement. Our operating income decreased approximately $3 million or 24% for 2017, as compared to the prior year. Factors affecting the change in our operating income included a decrease in the demand in our parts distribution businesses, an increase in operating income from engine MRO services and engine accessories services, and the adjustments to 2016 operating income for the earn-out obligation valuation adjustment and the settlement agreement expense mentioned above.

Our Aviation Group began operations upon the acquisition of our aviation businesses on January 28, 2015; therefore, the results for our Aviation Group include a full 12 months for 2016 and approximately 11 months for 2015. Accordingly, year over year comparisons for this group for 2016 should consider this variance.

Costs and operating expenses for this group include expense for amortization of intangible assets associated with the acquisition of our aviation businesses, allocated corporate costs, and valuation adjustments to the accrued earn-out obligation associated with the acquisition. Expense for amortization of intangible assets was approximately $6.6 million for 2017 and 2016 and approximately $6.1 million for 2015. Expense for allocated corporate costs was approximately $3.6 million, $3.9 million and $4.5 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Valuation adjustments to the accrued earn-out obligation decreased costs and operating expenses approximately $1.3 million for 2016 and $101 thousand for 2015.

Federal Services Group Results

The results of operations for our Federal Group are (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		%	2016	%	2015	%
Revenues	$	410,762	100.0	352,849	100.0	217,481	100.0
Costs and operating expenses	397,343		96.7	345,053	97.8	210,679	96.9
Operating income	$	13,419	3.3	7,796	2.2	6,802	3.1

Revenues for our Federal Services Group increased approximately $58 million or 16% and costs and operating expenses increased approximately $52 million or 15% for 2017, as compared to the prior year. Revenues for this group increased approximately $135 million or 62% and costs and operating expenses increased approximately $134 million or 64% for 2016, as compared to the prior year.

Significant items affecting changes in our revenues and costs and operating expenses for 2017 included an increase in revenue of approximately $25 million from the inclusion of a full year of revenue on our RRAD ERS Program in 2017 as compared to a partial year in 2016, an increase in revenue of approximately $16 million from our FMS Program services, an increase in revenue of approximately $3 million from our Ft. Benning Logistics Support Services Program, and increases in work and new work on various other contracts.

Operating income increased by approximately $5.6 million or 72% for 2017, as compared to 2016. The increase in operating income resulted primarily from an increase of award fees earned on our FMS Program of approximately $1.9 million; from an improvement in profit margins on vehicle and equipment refurbishment, maintenance, and sustainment work supporting various U.S. Army and Army Reserve programs; and from increases in revenues resulting in a more favorable cost structure relative

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to the increased revenue levels. Operating income was adversely affected by a contract related loss for our Energetics subsidiary of approximately $1.9 million. This contract has been completed and we expect no further loss.

Significant items affecting changes in our revenues and costs and operating expenses for 2016 included an increase in revenue of approximately $93 million from our FMS Program services, an increase in revenue of approximately $40 million associated with the startup of our RRAD ERS Program, and an increase in revenue of approximately $15 million from the inclusion of a full year for our Ft. Benning Logistics Support Services Program as compared to a partial year in 2015.

The operating income increase for 2016 resulted primarily from the increase in revenues and a more favorable balance of our cost structure relative to revenue levels for this group that improved margins on our existing work. These increases were reduced by losses associated with the start of new contract work that was won in a more competitive bidding environment that required us to price our services more aggressively to sustain and build our revenue levels.

Profit margins in this group have varied due to fluctuations in contract activity and the timing of contract award fees associated with our FMS Program. Award fee evaluations on our FMS Program occur three times per year and in 2017 and prior years we recognized award fee revenue and income in the period we received contractual notification of the award. We recognized award fee revenue and income in 2017 from three award fee notifications.

Financial Condition

There has been no material change in our financial condition in 2017. Changes to asset and liability accounts were due primarily to our earnings, our level of business activity, the timing of inventory purchases, contract delivery schedules, subcontractor and vendor payments required to perform our contract work, and the timing of associated billings to and collections from our customers. In January 2018, we amended our bank loan agreement to extend the maturity date, increase the amount of bank loan commitments available to us, implement a more favorable interest rate structure, and modify other terms and conditions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents increased by approximately $196 thousand during 2017.

Cash provided by operating activities increased by approximately $3.2 million in 2017 as compared to 2016. The change is attributable to an increase of approximately $12.3 million in cash provided by net income; a decrease of approximately $7.3 million in depreciation and amortization and other non-cash operating activities, and a decrease of approximately $1.8 million due to changes in the levels of operating assets and liabilities. Net income was increased and non-cash operating activities were decreased by approximately $10.6 million due to an adjustment to deferred tax liabilities arising from the enactment of the new federal tax legislation upon passage of the Tax Act in December 2017.

Our inventories and accounts receivable represent a significant amount of our assets, and our accounts payable represent a significant amount of our operating liabilities. Cash provided related to decreases in inventory was approximately $3.7 million, cash provided related to decreases in accounts receivable was approximately $2.9 million, and cash used by decreases in accounts payable and deferred compensation was approximately $23.6 million for 2017. A significant portion of our accounts receivable and accounts payable result from the use of subcontractors to perform work on our contracts and from the purchase of materials to fulfill our contract obligations. Accordingly, our levels of accounts receivable and accounts payable may fluctuate depending on the timing of services ordered and products sold, government funding delays, the timing of billings received from subcontractors and materials vendors, and the timing of payments received for services. Such timing differences have the potential to cause significant increases and decreases in our inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable in short time periods, and accordingly, can cause increases or decreases in our cash provided by operations.

Cash used in investing activities decreased approximately $3.5 million in 2017 as compared to 2016. Cash used in investing activities consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment.

Cash used in financing activities increased approximately $6.2 million in 2017 as compared to 2016. Cash used in financing activities consisted primarily of net repayments of our bank loan borrowings. We used approximately $19 million in 2016 for payment of our final earn-out obligation associated with the 2015 acquisition of our aviation businesses.

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Cash provided by operating activities increased by approximately $9.6 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. The change is attributable to an increase of approximately $10.2 million due to changes in the levels of operating assets and liabilities; an increase of approximately $1.9 million in cash provided by net income; and a decrease of approximately $2.5 million in depreciation and amortization and other non-cash operating activities.

Cash used in investing activities decreased approximately $199 million in 2016 as compared to 2015. Cash used in investing activities for 2015 included approximately $195 million for acquisitions.

Cash used in financing activities was approximately $41 million in 2016 as compared to cash provided by financing activities of approximately $168 million in 2015. This difference was primarily due to bank borrowing to finance our acquisitions in 2015. We used approximately $19 million in 2016 for payment of our final earn-out obligation associated with the 2015 acquisition of our aviation businesses.

We paid cash dividends totaling approximately $2.8 million or $0.26 per share during 2017. Pursuant to our bank loan agreement, our payment of cash dividends is subject to annual restrictions. We have paid cash dividends each year since 1973 and have increased our dividend each year since 2004.

Liquidity

Our internal sources of liquidity are primarily from operating activities, specifically from changes in our level of revenues and associated inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable, and from profitability. Significant increases or decreases in revenues and inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable can affect our liquidity. Our inventory and accounts payable levels can be affected by the timing of large opportunistic inventory purchases. Our accounts receivable and accounts payable levels can be affected by changes in the level of contract work we perform, by the timing of large materials purchases and subcontractor efforts used in our contracts, and by delays in the award of contractual coverage and funding and payments. Government funding delays can cause delays in our ability to invoice for revenues earned, presenting a potential negative impact on our days sales outstanding.

We also purchase property and equipment; invest in expansion, improvement, and maintenance of our operational and administrative facilities; and invest in the acquisition of other companies. In 2015, our acquisitions required a significant use of cash.

Our external financing consists of a loan agreement with a bank group that provides for a term loan, revolving loans, and letters of credit. The loan agreement, which expires in January 2020, is comprised of a term loan facility and a revolving loan facility. The revolving loan facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit.

The maximum amount of credit available to us under the loan agreement for revolving loans and letters of credit as of December 31, 2017 was $150 million. We may borrow and repay the revolving loan borrowings as our cash flows require or permit. We pay an unused commitment fee and fees on letters of credit that are issued. We had approximately $79.3 million in revolving loan amounts outstanding and no letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2017. We had approximately $100 million in revolving loan amounts outstanding and no of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2016.

Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or both facilities up to an aggregate additional amount of $75 million.

Total bank loan borrowed funds outstanding, including term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings, were approximately $173.7 million and $216.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts exclude unamortized deferred financing costs of approximately $1.1 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The fair value of outstanding debt under our bank loan facilities as of December 31, 2017 approximates its carrying value using Level 2 inputs based on market data on companies with a corporate rating similar to ours that have recently priced credit facilities.

We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. As of December 31, 2017, the LIBOR base margin was 2.00% and the base rate base margin was 0.75%. The base margins increase or decrease in increments as our Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio increases or decreases.

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The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years of the agreement. We executed interest rate swap agreements in February 2015 that complied with these terms. The amount of swapped debt outstanding as of December 31, 2017 was $85 million.

After taking into account the impact of hedging instruments, as of December 31, 2017, interest rates on portions of our outstanding debt ranged from 3.25% to 5.25%, and the effective interest rate on our aggregate outstanding debt was 3.66%.

Interest expense incurred on bank loan borrowings and interest rate hedges was approximately $7.2 million, $7.8 million and $7.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The loan agreement contains collateral requirements to secure our loan agreement obligations, restrictive covenants, a limit on annual dividends, and other affirmative and negative covenants, conditions and limitations. Restrictive covenants include a maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio, which decreases over time, and a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio. We were in compliance with required ratios and other terms and conditions as of December 31, 2017.

	Current Maximum Ratio	Actual Ratio
Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio	2.75 to 1	2.02 to 1

	Minimum Ratio	Actual Ratio
Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio	1.20 to 1	2.05 to 1

We currently do not use public debt security financing.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017 are (in thousands):

	Payments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		4-5 years		After 5 years
Bank loan debt	$	173,699	$	7,500	$	21,875	$	29,375	$	114,949
Operating leases, net of non-cancelable sublease income	5,461		2,753		1,871		753		84
Corporate headquarters lease, net of non-cancelable sublease income	43,972		3,445		8,659		9,532		22,336
Purchase obligations	162		155		7		—		—
Total	$	223,294	$	13,853	$	32,412	$	39,660	$	137,369

Estimated cash requirements for interest on our bank loan debt are approximately $5.1 million for 2018 and $3.0 million for 2019.

Bank Loan Amendment

In January 2018, we amended the loan agreement to extend our payment terms, increase the borrowing commitments available to us, and increase the bank group from six banks to nine banks. The termination date of the loan agreement after the amendment is January 2023 and the amount of our term loan borrowings outstanding after the January amendment is $100 million. After the amendment, our scheduled term loan payments are approximately $7.5 million in 2018, $10.0 million in 2019, $11.9 million in 2020, $14.4 million in 2021, $15.0 million in 2022 and $41.2 million in 2023.

The maximum amount of credit available to us for revolving loans and letters of credit after the amendment is $300 million. Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or a combination of both facilities. The aggregate limit of incremental increases is $100 million after the amendment.

We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. After the amendment the LIBOR base margin is 1.75% and the base rate base margin is 0.50%.

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The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years of the agreement and for the first three years after the amendment. We executed an interest rate hedge in February 2018 that extended our compliance with this requirement for an additional three years.

After the amendment, the maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio was fixed at 3.0 to 1, with a provision to increase the maximum ratio in the event of a material acquisition.

Operating lease commitments are primarily for leased facilities for office, shop, and warehouse space. Equipment and software leases are also included in these amounts.

We have a 15-year lease agreement related to our executive and administrative headquarters facility. Terms of our lease agreement have required us to capitalize the construction costs of the leased building and account for the lease upon occupancy in May 2012 under the finance method of lease accounting rules.

Purchase obligations consist primarily of contractual commitments associated with our information technology systems. The table excludes contractual commitments for materials or subcontractor work purchased to perform government contracts. Such commitments for materials and subcontractors are reimbursable when used on the contracts, and generally are also reimbursable if a contract is “terminated for convenience” by the government pursuant to federal contracting regulations.

Inflation and Pricing

Most of our contracts provide for estimates of future labor costs to be escalated for any option periods, while the non-labor costs in our contracts are normally considered reimbursable at cost. Our property and equipment consists principally of land, buildings and improvements, shop and warehouse equipment, computer systems equipment, and furniture and fixtures. We do not expect the overall impact of inflation on replacement costs of our property and equipment to be material to our future results of operations or financial condition.

ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks

Interest Rates

Our bank loans provide available borrowing to us at variable interest rates. Accordingly, future interest rate changes could potentially put us at risk for a material adverse impact on future earnings and cash flows. To mitigate the risks associated with future interest rate movements we have employed interest rate hedges to fix the rate on a portion of our outstanding borrowings for various periods. The resulting fixed rates on this portion of our debt give us protection against interest rate increases.

In February 2015, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our term loan for a term of four years with a notional amount of $100 million. The swap amount on our term loan decreases in increments on an annual basis. As of December 31, 2017, the amount of the term loan swap was $60 million and with the term loan swap in place, we pay an effective interest rate of 1.25% plus our base margin. Also in February 2015, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our revolving loan for a term of three years with a notional amount of $25 million. As of December 31, 2017, with the revolving loan swap in place, we pay an effective rate of 1.25% plus our base margin. In February 2018, we entered into a LIBOR based interest rate swap on our term loan for a term of three years with a notional amount of $10 million for the first year, increasing to $50 million for the second and third years.

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ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index To Financial Statements
	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	30
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016	31
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015	32
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015	33
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015	34
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015	35
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	36

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of VSE Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 7, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Tysons, Virginia

March 7, 2018

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VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	As of December 31,
	2017		2016
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	624	$	428
Receivables, net	98,337		101,218
Inventories, net	132,591		136,340
Other current assets	16,988		20,477
Total current assets	248,540		258,463
Property and equipment, net	55,146		62,061
Intangible assets, net	110,909		126,926
Goodwill	198,622		198,622
Other assets	15,796		15,767
Total assets	$	629,013	$	661,839
Liabilities and Stockholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	6,960	$	21,023
Accounts payable	66,015		93,999
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	40,243		32,772
Dividends payable	759		648
Total current liabilities	113,977		148,442
Long-term debt, less current portion	165,614		193,621
Deferred compensation	16,323		12,751
Long-term lease obligations, less current portion	20,581		21,959
Deferred tax liabilities	19,423		29,872
Total liabilities	335,918		406,645
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, par value $0.05 per share, authorized 15,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 10,838,747 and 10,798,927 respectively	542		540
Additional paid-in capital	24,470		22,876
Retained earnings	267,902		231,733
Accumulated other comprehensive income	181		45
Total stockholders' equity	293,095		255,194
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	629,013	$	661,839

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Revenues:
Products	$	350,129	$	341,776	$	318,141
Services	409,984		350,014		215,841
Total revenues	760,113		691,790		533,982
Costs and operating expenses:
Products	291,769		279,629		258,009
Services	395,573		337,956		206,570
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,429		6,609		3,288
Amortization of intangible assets	16,017		16,067		15,576
Total costs and operating expenses	705,788		640,261		483,443
Operating income	54,325		51,529		50,539
Interest expense, net	9,240		9,855		9,544
Income before income taxes	45,085		41,674		40,995
Provision for income taxes	5,989		14,881		16,077
Net income	$	39,096	$	26,793	$	24,918
Basic earnings per share:	$	3.61	$	2.48	$	2.32
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	10,834,562		10,793,723		10,747,226
Diluted earnings per share:	$	3.60	$	2.47	$	2.31
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	10,867,834		10,828,152		10,787,270

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Net income	$	39,096	$	26,793	$	24,918
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	136		120		(75		)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	136		120		(75		)
Comprehensive income	$	39,232	$	26,913	$	24,843

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(in thousands except per share data)

				Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders' Equity
	Common Stock
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2014	10,716	$	536	$	20,080	$	184,873		$	—		$	205,489
Net income	—	—		—		24,918			—			24,918
Stock-based compensation	35	2		1,288		—			—			1,290
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	—	—		—		—			(75		)	(75		)
Dividends declared ($0.215 per share)	—	—		—		(2,313		)	—			(2,313		)
Balance at December 31, 2015	10,751	538		21,368		207,478			(75		)	229,309
Net income	—	—		—		26,793			—			26,793
Stock-based compensation	48	2		1,508		—			—			1,510
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	—	—		—		—			120			120
Dividends declared ($0.235 per share)	—	—		—		(2,538		)	—			(2,538		)
Balance at December 31, 2016	10,799	540		22,876		231,733			45			255,194
Net income	—	—		—		39,096			—			39,096
Stock-based compensation	40	2		1,594		—			—			1,596
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	—	—		—		—			136			136
Dividends declared ($0.27 per share)	—	—		—		(2,927		)	—			(2,927		)
Balance at December 31, 2017	10,839	$	542	$	24,470	$	267,902		$	181		$	293,095

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	39,096		$	26,793		$	24,918
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating     activities:
Depreciation and amortization	25,882			26,046			25,541
Deferred taxes	(10,534		)	(1,146		)	84
Stock-based compensation	3,068			2,109			2,081
Earn-out obligation adjustment	—			(1,329		)	426
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of impact of acquisitions:
Receivables, net	2,881			(22,747		)	(8,139		)
Inventories, net	3,749			(27,217		)	(10,381		)
Other current assets and noncurrent assets	3,681			(13,020		)	6,031
Accounts payable and deferred compensation	(23,587		)	54,743			(362		)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	7,562			4,253			1,919
Long-term lease obligations	(1,378		)	(1,292		)	(1,275		)
Earn-out obligations	—			—			(3,269		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	50,420			47,193			37,574
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(3,743		)	(6,546		)	(10,562		)
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment	732			143			507
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	—			(63		)	(195,135		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,011		)	(6,466		)	(205,190		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings on loan agreement	348,675			321,630			519,313
Repayments on loan agreement	(391,285		)	(340,046		)	(333,222		)
Earn-out obligation payments	—			(18,515		)	(11,713		)
Payment of debt financing costs	—			—			(2,699		)
Payments on financing lease obligations	(1,287		)	(1,128		)	(986		)
Payment of taxes for equity transactions	(500		)	(499		)	(342		)
Dividends paid	(2,816		)	(2,481		)	(2,258		)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(47,213		)	(41,039		)	168,093
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	196			(312		)	477
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	428			740			263
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	624		$	428		$	740

Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Cash paid for:
Interest	$	7,606	$	8,230	$	6,621
Income taxes	$	16,346	$	18,886	$	15,949

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2017

(1)  Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business

The term "VSE," the "Company," "us," "we," or "our" means VSE and its subsidiaries and divisions unless the context indicates operations of only VSE as the parent company.

Our operations include supply chain management solutions and parts supply for vehicle fleets; maintenance, repair, and overhaul ("MRO") services and parts supply for aviation clients; vehicle and equipment maintenance and refurbishment; logistics; engineering; energy and environmental services; IT and health care IT solutions; and consulting services. We provide logistics services for legacy systems and equipment and professional and technical services to the United States Government (the "government"), including the United States Postal Service ("USPS"), the United States Department of Defense ("DoD") and federal civilian agencies and to commercial customers, and to other customers.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements consist of the operations of our parent company, our wholly owned subsidiaries, Energetics Incorporated ("Energetics"), Akimeka, LLC ("Akimeka"), Wheeler Bros., Inc. ("WBI") and VSE Aviation, Inc. ("VSE Aviation"), and our unincorporated divisions. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates affecting the financial statements include accruals for contract disallowance reserves and recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets.

Stock Split Effected in Form of Stock Dividend

In May 2016, our Board of Directors approved a two-for-one stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend ("Stock Split"). The Stock Split had a record date of July 20, 2016 and the resulting stock distribution occurred on August 3, 2016. All references made to share or per share amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and applicable disclosures have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Stock Split.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which is intended to simplify the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, whichclarifies that, for inventories measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, net realizable value should be determined based on the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The adoption of ASU 2015-11 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates the requirement to determine the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure goodwill impairment. Under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, goodwill impairment testing will be performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The new standard is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and should be applied on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. We elected to early adopt

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ASU 2017-04 effective April 1, 2017 and applied the new standard to our 2017 annual goodwill impairment test, as well as any interim tests. The adoption did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for share-based awards in accordance with the applicable accounting rules that require the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards based on estimated fair values. The compensation expense, included in costs and operating expenses, is amortized over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Shares issued during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. Our calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effects for the assumed vesting of restricted stock awards.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2017	2016	2015
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	10,834,562	10,793,723	10,747,226
Effect of dilutive shares	33,272	34,429	40,044
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	10,867,834	10,828,152	10,787,270

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Due to the short maturity of these instruments, the carrying values on our consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation of computer equipment, furniture, other equipment is provided principally by the straight-line method over periods of 3 to 15 years. Depreciation of buildings and land improvements is provided by the straight-line method over periods of approximately 15 to 20 years. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided by the straight-line method over the lesser of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. 

Concentration of Credit Risk/Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables. Contracts with the government, either as a prime or subcontractor, accounted for approximately 82%, 80%, and 77% of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We believe that concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables are limited as they are primarily government receivables. We believe that the fair market value of all financial instruments, including debt, approximate book value.

Revenues

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable.

Substantially all of our Supply Chain Management Group revenues result from the sale of vehicle parts to clients. We recognize revenue from the sale of vehicle parts when the customer takes ownership of the parts. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

Our Aviation Group revenues are recognized upon the shipment or delivery of products to customers based on when title or risk of loss transfers to the customer. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

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Substantially all of our Federal Services work is performed for our customers on a contract basis. The three primary types of contracts used are cost-type, fixed-price and time and materials. Revenues result from work performed on these contracts by our employees and our subcontractors and from costs for materials and other work related costs allowed under our contracts.

Revenues on cost-type contracts are recorded as contract allowable costs are incurred and fees are earned. Our FMS Program contract is a cost plus award fee contract. This contract has terms that specify award fee payments that are determined by performance and level of contract activity. Award fees are made during the year through a contract modification authorizing the award fee that is issued subsequent to the period in which the work is performed. We recognize award fee income on the FMS Program contract when the fees are fixed or determinable. Due to such timing, and to fluctuations in the level of revenues, profits as a percentage of revenues on this contract will fluctuate from period to period.

Revenue recognition methods on fixed-price contracts will vary depending on the nature of the work and the contract terms. Revenues on fixed-price service contracts are recorded as work is performed, typically ratably over the service period. Revenues on fixed-price contracts that require delivery of specific items are recorded based on a price per unit as units are delivered.

Revenues for time and materials contracts are recorded on the basis of contract allowable labor hours worked multiplied by the contract defined billing rates, plus the direct costs and indirect cost burdens associated with materials and subcontract work used in performance on the contract. Generally, profits on time and materials contracts result from the difference between the cost of services performed and the contract defined billing rates for these services.

Revenue related to work performed on government contracts at risk, which is work performed at the customer's request prior to the government formalizing funding, is not recognized until it can be reliably estimated and its realization is probable.

A substantial portion of contract and administrative costs are subject to audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency. Our indirect cost rates have been audited and approved for 2013 and prior years with no material adjustments to our results of operations or financial position. While we maintain reserves to cover the risk of potential future audit adjustments based primarily on the results of prior audits, we do not believe any future audits will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Receivables are recorded at amounts earned less an allowance for doubtful accounts. We review our receivables regularly to determine if there are any potentially uncollectible accounts. The majority of our receivables are from government agencies, where there is minimal credit risk. We record allowances for bad debt as a reduction to receivables and an increase to bad debt expense. We assess the adequacy of these reserves by considering general factors, such as the length of time individual receivables are past due and historical collection experience.

Inventories

Inventories for our Supply Chain Group are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. Included in inventory are related purchasing, storage, and handling costs. Our inventory primarily consists of vehicle replacement parts.

Inventories for our Aviation Group are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories for our Aviation Group primarily consist of general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories and parts. The cost for purchased engines and parts is determined by the specific identification method. Included in inventory are related purchasing, overhaul labor, storage, and handling costs. We also purchase aircraft engines for disassembly into individual parts and components.

Deferred Compensation Plans

We have a deferred compensation plan, the VSE Corporation Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan ("DSC Plan"), to provide incentive and reward for certain management employees based on overall corporate performance. We maintain the underlying assets of the DSC Plan in a Rabbi Trust and changes in asset values are included in costs and operating expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of income. We invest the assets held by the Rabbi Trust in both corporate owned life insurance ("COLI") products and in mutual funds. The COLI investments are recorded at cash surrender value and the mutual

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fund investments are recorded at fair value. The DSC Plan assets are included in other assets and the obligation to the participants is included in deferred compensation on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred compensation plan expense recorded as costs and operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was approximately $1.9 million, $1.7 million, and $1.9 million, respectively.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets include intangible assets and property and equipment to be held and used. We review the carrying values of long-lived assets other than goodwill for impairment if events or changes in the facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. We assess impairment by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the related asset to its carrying value. If an asset is determined to be impaired, we recognize an impairment charge in the current period for the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value.

No impairment charges related to long-lived assets, other than goodwill, were recorded in the years ended December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. This method also requires the recognition of future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carryforwards, to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The carrying value of net deferred tax assets is based on assumptions regarding our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income to utilize these deferred tax assets.

Goodwill

We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. A qualitative assessment can be performed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value using a quantitative assessment. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is considered not impaired. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss.

For the quantitative assessment, we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of an income approach using a discounted cash flow ("DCF") analysis and a market-based valuation approach based on as comparable public company trading values. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the exercise of significant management judgments, including the amount and timing of projected future revenues, earnings and cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates, and comparable public company revenues and earnings multiples. The projected results used in our quantitative assessment are based on our best estimate as of the testing date of future revenues, earnings and cash flows after considering factors such as recent operating performance, general market and industry conditions, existing and expected future contracts, changes in working capital, and long-term business plans and growth initiatives. The carrying value of each reporting unit includes the assets and liabilities employed in its operations and goodwill. There are no significant allocations of amounts held at the Corporate level to the reporting units.

Based on our annual goodwill impairment analysis we performed in the fourth quarter of 2017, including an interim impairment analysis performed for the VSE Aviation reporting unit at year-end, the fair value of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values.

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Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of the value of contract-related intangible assets, trade names and acquired technologies acquired in acquisitions. We amortize on a straight-line basis intangible assets acquired as part of acquisitions over their estimated useful lives unless their useful lives are determined to be indefinite. The amounts we record related to acquired intangibles are determined by us considering the results of independent valuations. Our contract-related intangibles are amortized over their estimated useful lives of approximately seven to 16 years with a weighted-average life of approximately 12.6 years as of December 31, 2017. We have four trade names that are amortized over an estimated useful life of approximately nine years. We have an acquired technologies intangible asset that is amortized over an estimated useful life of 11 years. The weighted-average life for all amortizable intangible assets is approximately 12.2 years as of December 31, 2017.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on FinancialInstruments, which changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The ASU is based on the principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services. The standard is required to be applied either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying it recognized at the date of initial application. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill a contract.

We performed a detailed review of our contract portfolio representative of our different businesses and compared historical accounting policies and practices to the new standard. Based on the assessment, the primary impacts of adopting the new standard will be on (1) the timing of when we recognize revenue on our contracts with award fees, which is currently based on when we receive customer authorization, will change to recognition of the award fees as the performance obligation is satisfied resulting in revenue being recognized earlier in the contract period, (2) the timing of when we recognize revenues and costs on MRO services for aviation clients and certain fixed price delivery contracts will change from the date of delivery to recognition over time as progress is made to satisfy the performance obligation, and (3) the pattern in which we recognize revenue on certain fixed price services contracts may change from a straight-line basis over the contract period to measuring progress using input measures, such as costs incurred. While we have identified these areas of change under the new standard, we also implemented changes to our business processes, systems and controls to support adoption of the new standard in 2018. The new standard requires additional disclosures regarding the company’s contracts with customers, including disclosure of remaining unsatisfied performance obligations, in the first quarter 2018, which we are continuing to assess. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard is preliminarily estimated to be an increase to retained earnings of approximately $1.5 million.

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(2)  Receivables, net

Total receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of approximately $83 thousand and $30 thousand as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were as follows (in thousands):

	2017		2016
Billed	$	55,760	$	55,669
Unbilled	42,577		45,549
Total receivables	$	98,337	$	101,218

The unbilled balance includes certain costs for work performed at risk but which we believe will be funded by the government totaling approximately $4.0 million and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We expect to invoice substantially all unbilled receivables during 2018.

(3)  Other Current Assets and Other Assets

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, other current assets primarily consisted of vendor advances, prepaid rents and deposits, prepaid income taxes, software licenses, prepaid maintenance agreements and deferred contract costs. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, other assets primarily consisted of deferred compensation plan assets.

(4)  Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

	2017			2016
Buildings and building improvements	$	53,049		$	52,972
Computer equipment	27,775			29,463
Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other	30,704			29,455
Leasehold improvements	545			545
Land and land improvements	4,462			4,214
	116,535			116,649
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(61,389		)	(54,588		)
Total property and equipment, net	$	55,146		$	62,061

Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $9.3 million, $9.4 million and $9.1 million, respectively.

(5) Acquisitions

Ultra Seating

On December 31, 2015, we acquired Ultra Seating Company ("Ultra Seating") for approximately $3.6 million, which represents cash consideration of $3.8 million adjusted for the settlement of pre-existing liabilities and a final working capital adjustment. Ultra Seating provides specialized seating for commercial trucks and buses. Ultra Seating is included in our Supply Chain Management Group.

We have completed our purchase price allocation and recognized fair values of assets acquired (including intangible assets), liabilities assumed and the amortization period for the intangible assets. We recorded approximately $2.0 million of goodwill and approximately $1.5 million of intangible assets, primarily related to customer relationships and a trade name. During 2016, we recorded immaterial purchase accounting adjustments based on changes to management’s estimates and assumptions in regards to acquired intangible assets and assumed liabilities.

The pro forma effects, assuming our acquisition of Ultra Seating had occurred as of January 1, 2015, were not material to our total revenues, net income or earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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VSE Aviation

On January 28, 2015, we acquired four related businesses that perform maintenance, repair and overhaul ("MRO") services and parts supply for general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories. The acquired businesses include Air Parts & Supply Co., Kansas Aviation of Independence, L.L.C., Prime Turbines LLC (including U.S. and German-based operations), and CT Aerospace LLC (collectively, "the Aviation Acquisition"). These four businesses are operating as a combined group managed by our subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc.

The initial purchase consideration paid at closing for the Aviation Acquisition was approximately $189 million, which included an estimated net working capital adjustment of approximately $5 million. Additional cash consideration of $2.4 million was paid to the sellers during the third quarter of 2015 based on the final working capital adjustment.

We were required under a post-closing-earn-out obligation contained in the Aviation Acquisition agreement to make additional purchase price payments of up to $40 million if the acquired businesses satisfied certain financial targets during the first two post-closing years. Consideration of $5 million was paid to the sellers in September 2015 because certain of the acquired businesses surpassed agreed upon financial targets during a 12- consecutive month period in 2014 and 2015. In July 2016, VSE and the sellers of the four aviation businesses agreed upon an early termination of the earn-out obligation and a final payment amount. VSE paid the sellers approximately $8.0 million as an earn-out payment in May 2016 and the final earn-out payment of approximately $10.5 million in July 2016.

We incurred approximately $528 thousand of acquisition-related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2015 which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The following VSE unaudited consolidated pro forma results are prepared as if the Aviation Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2014. This information is for comparative purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the results that would have occurred or may occur in the future. The unaudited consolidated pro forma results of operations are as following (in thousands except per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015
Revenue	$	541,387
Income from continuing operations	$	25,267
Basic earnings per share	$	2.35
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.34

(6)  Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands):

	Supply Chain Management		Federal Services		Aviation		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015	$	63,113	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,545
Increase from acquisitions	77		—		—		77
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	63,190	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,622
Increase from acquisitions	—		—		—		—
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	63,190	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,622

The results of our annual goodwill impairment testing in the fourth quarter of 2017 indicated that the fair value of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values.

Intangible assets consist of the value of contract-related assets, technologies and trade names. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $16.0 million, $16.1 million and $15.6 million, respectively.

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Intangible assets were composed of the following (in thousands):

	Cost		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment Loss			Net Intangible Assets
December 31, 2017
Contract and customer-related	$	173,094	$	(72,937	)	$	(1,025	)	$	99,132
Acquired technologies	12,400		(7,406		)	—			4,994
Trade names	16,670		(9,887		)	—			6,783
Total	$	202,164	$	(90,230	)	$	(1,025	)	$	110,909
December 31, 2016
Contract and customer-related	$	173,094	$	(59,799	)	$	(1,025	)	$	112,270
Acquired technologies	12,400		(6,278		)	—			6,122
Trade names	16,670		(8,136		)	—			8,534
Total	$	202,164	$	(74,213	)	$	(1,025	)	$	126,926

Future expected amortization of intangible assets is as follows for the years ending December 31, (in thousands):

	Amortization
2018	$	16,017
2019	15,953
2020	15,362
2021	14,998
2022	13,252
Thereafter	35,327
Total	$	110,909

(7)  Debt

We have a loan agreement with a group of banks to provide working capital support, letters of credit and finance acquisitions. The loan agreement, which expires in January 2020, is comprised of a term loan facility and a revolving loan facility. The revolving loan facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit.

The maximum amount of credit available to us under the loan agreement for revolving loans and letters of credit as of December 31, 2017 was $150 million. We may borrow and repay the revolving loan borrowings as our cash flows require or permit. We pay an unused commitment fee and fees on letters of credit that are issued. We had approximately $79.3 million in revolving loan amounts outstanding and no letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2017. We had approximately $100 million in revolving loan amounts outstanding and no of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2016.

Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or both facilities up to an aggregate additional amount of $75 million.

Total bank loan borrowed funds outstanding including term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings were approximately $173.7 million and $216.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts exclude unamortized deferred financing costs of approximately $1.1 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The fair value of outstanding debt under our bank loan facilities as of December 31, 2017 approximates its carrying value using Level 2 inputs based on market data on companies with a corporate rating similar to ours that have recently priced credit facilities.

We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. As of December 31, 2017, the LIBOR base margin was 2.00% and the base rate base margin was 0.75%. The base margins increase or decrease in increments as our Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio increases or decreases.

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The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years of the agreement. We executed interest rate swap agreements in February 2015 that complied with these terms. The amount of swapped debt outstanding as of December 31, 2017 was $85 million.

After taking into account the impact of hedging instruments, as of December 31, 2017, interest rates on portions of our outstanding debt ranged from 3.25% to 5.25%, and the effective interest rate on our aggregate outstanding debt was 3.66%.

Interest expense incurred on bank loan borrowings and interest rate hedges was approximately $7.2 million, $7.8 million and $7.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The loan agreement contains collateral requirements to secure our loan agreement obligations, restrictive covenants, a limit on annual dividends, and other affirmative and negative covenants, conditions and limitations. Restrictive covenants include a maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio, which decreases over time, and a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio. We were in compliance with required ratios and other terms and conditions as of December 31, 2017.

Subsequent Event

In January 2018, we amended the loan agreement to extend our payment terms, increase the borrowing commitments available to us, and increase the bank group from six banks to nine banks. The termination date of the loan agreement after the amendment is January 2023 and the amount of our term loan borrowings outstanding after the January amendment is $100 million. After the amendment, our scheduled term loan payments are approximately $7.5 million in 2018, $10.0 million in 2019, $11.9 million in 2020, $14.4 million in 2021, $15.0 million in 2022 and $41.2 million in 2023. We classified our current portion of long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, based on these amended terms.

The maximum amount of credit available to us for revolving loans and letters of credit after the amendment is $300 million. Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or a combination of both facilities. The aggregate limit of incremental increases is $100 million after the amendment.

We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. After the amendment the LIBOR base margin is 1.75% and the base rate base margin is 0.50%.

The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years of the agreement and for the first three years after the amendment. We executed an interest rate hedge in February 2018 that extended our compliance with this requirement for an additional three years.

After the amendment, the maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio was fixed at 3.0 to 1, with a provision to increase the maximum ratio in the event of a material acquisition.

(8) Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist primarily of accrued compensation and benefits of approximately $23.3 million and $20.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The accrued compensation and benefits amounts include bonus, salaries and related payroll taxes, vacation and deferred compensation.

(9) Stock-Based Compensation Plans

In 2006, our stockholders approved the VSE Corporation 2006 Restricted Stock Plan for its directors, officers and other employees (the "2006 Plan"). In May 2014, the stockholders approved amendments to the 2006 Plan extending its term until May 6, 2021 and authorizing an additional 500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under the 2006 Plan. Under the 2006 Plan, we are authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock and, as of December 31, 2017, 436,532 shares remained available for issuance under the 2006 Plan. The Compensation Committee is responsible for the administration of the 2006 Plan, and determines each recipient of an award under the 2006 Plan, the number of restricted shares of common stock subject to such award and the period of continued employment required for the vesting of such award. These terms are included in award agreements between VSE and the recipients of the award.

During 2017, 2016 and 2015, non-employee directors were awarded 16,100, 17,600 and 18,000 shares of restricted stock, respectively, under the 2006 Plan. The weighted average grant-date fair value of these restricted stock grants was $39.85 per share, $30.89 per share, and $34.29 per share for the shares awarded in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The shares issued vested

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immediately and, without the Compensation Committee's approval, cannot be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned before the second anniversary of the grant date. Compensation expense related to these grants was approximately $642 thousand, $544 thousand and $617 thousand during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

In January of every year since 2007, we have notified certain employees that they are eligible to receive awards of VSE stock under our 2006 Plan, based on our financial performance for the respective fiscal years. These restricted stock awards are expensed and a corresponding liability is recorded on an accelerated basis over the vesting period of approximately three years. Upon issuance of shares on each vesting date, the liability is reduced and additional paid-in capital is increased. The date of award determination is expected to be in March 2018 for the 2017 awards. The date of award determination for the 2016 awards and the 2015 awards was March 1, 2017 and 2016, respectively. On each vesting date, 100% of the vested award is paid in our shares. The number of shares issued is based on the fair market value of our common stock on the vesting date. The earned amount is expensed on an accelerated basis over the vesting period of approximately three years. On March 1, 2017, the employees eligible for the 2016 awards, 2015 awards and 2014 awards received a total of 23,508 shares of common stock. The grant-date fair value of these awards was $40.14 per share.

The total stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in thousands):

	2017		2016		2015
Employees	$	2,416	$	1,555	$	1,423
Non-employee Directors	642		544		617
Total	$	3,058	$	2,099	$	2,040

Employees are permitted to use a certain number of shares of restricted stock to cover their personal tax liability for restricted stock awards. We paid approximately $500 thousand, $499 thousand and $342 thousand, to cover this liability in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These payments are classified as financing cash flows on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The total compensation cost related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was approximately $2.3 million with a weighted average amortization period of 1.7 years and $1.1 million with a weighted average amortization period of 1.9 years as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Stock-based compensation consisting of restricted stock awards was included in costs and operating expenses and provision for income taxes on the accompanying statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Stock-based compensation included in costs and operating expenses	$	3,068		$	2,109		$	2,081
Income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation	(1,180		)	(811		)	(800		)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of income tax benefit	$	1,888		$	1,298		$	1,281

(10)  Income Taxes

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple state and local jurisdictions. We have concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters as well as material state and local tax matters for years through 2013.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act significantly affects the U.S. corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering the statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminating certain deductions, imposing a mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, and changing how foreign earnings are subject to U.S. tax. The Tax Act also enhanced and extended through 2026 the option to claim accelerated depreciation deductions on qualified property. We have not completed our determination of the accounting implications of the Tax Act on our tax accruals. However, we have reasonably estimated the effects of the Tax Act and recorded provisional amounts in our financial statements as of December 31, 2017. We recorded a provisional tax benefit for the impact of the Tax Act of approximately $10.6 million. This amount is primarily comprised of the re-measurement of our federal net deferred tax liabilities resulting from the permanent reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. As we complete our analysis of the Tax Act, collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret any additional guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and other standard-setting bodies, we may make adjustments to the provisional amounts. Those adjustments, if any, are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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We file consolidated federal income tax returns that include all of our subsidiaries. The components of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Current
Federal	$	14,149		$	13,648		$	13,641
State	2,511			2,379			2,352
	16,660			16,027			15,993
Deferred
Federal	(10,645		)	(983		)	73
State	110			(163		)	11
Foreign	(136		)	—			—
	(10,671		)	(1,146		)	84
Provision for income taxes	$	5,989		$	14,881		$	16,077

The differences between the amount of tax computed at the federal statutory rate of 35% and the provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Tax at statutory federal income tax rate	$	15,780		$	14,586		$	14,348
Increases (decreases) in tax resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit	1,732			1,599			1,683
Permanent differences, net	(643		)	(974		)	88
Impact of Tax Act	(10,556		)	—			—
Other, net	(324		)	(330		)	(42		)
Provision for income taxes	$	5,989		$	14,881		$	16,077

The tax effect of temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016
Gross deferred tax assets
Deferred compensation and accrued paid leave	$	5,594		$	7,602
Accrued expenses	1,013			1,933
Stock-based compensation	772			803
Reserve for contract disallowances	84			90
Capitalized inventory	916			1,104
State operating loss carryforward	263			283
Tax credit carryforward	178			155
Foreign country operating loss carryforward	136			—
Legal settlements	—			614
Other	—			65
Total gross deferred tax assets	8,956			12,649
Gross deferred tax liabilities
Interest rate swaps	(74		)	(28		)
Depreciation	(2,439		)	(3,522		)
Deferred revenues	(1,875		)	(2,291		)
Goodwill and intangible assets	(23,854		)	(36,680		)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(28,242		)	(42,521		)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(19,286	)	$	(29,872	)

Certain amounts from the prior year have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

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(11)  Commitments and Contingencies

(a)  Leases and Other Commitments

We have various non-cancelable operating leases for facilities, equipment, and software with terms between two and 15 years. The terms of the facilities leases typically provide for certain minimum payments as well as increases in lease payments based upon the operating cost of the facility and the consumer price index. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis for rent agreements having escalating rent terms. Lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Lease Expense		Sublease Income		Net Expense
2017	$	4,924	$	1,134	$	3,790
2016	$	5,100	$	888	$	4,212
2015	$	5,824	$	506	$	5,318

Future minimum annual non-cancelable commitments as of December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases
	Lease Commitments		Sublease Income		Net Commitments
2018	$	2,753	$	—	$	2,753
2019	1,214		—		1,214
2020	657		—		657
2021	427		—		427
2022	326		—		326
Thereafter	84		—		84
Total	$	5,461	$	—	$	5,461

We signed a lease in 2009 for a building to serve as our headquarters with a rent commencement date of May 1, 2012. Certain terms in the lease agreement resulted in the capitalization of construction costs due to specific accounting rules. We recorded a construction asset and corresponding long-term liability of approximately $27.3 million on May 1, 2012, which represents the construction costs incurred by the landlord as of that date. According to accounting rules, we have forms of continuing involvement that required us to account for this transaction as a financing lease upon commencement of the lease period. The building and building improvements are included on our consolidated balance sheets and are being depreciated over a 15-year period. The accumulated depreciation of the construction asset was $10.9 million and $9.0 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Payments made under the lease agreement are applied to service the financing obligation and interest expense based on an imputed interest rate amortizing the obligation over the life of the lease agreement. The long-term lease liability of $20.3 million and $21.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, is included in long-term lease obligations in our consolidated balance sheets. The current portion of our obligation, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, was $1.4 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Future minimum annual non-cancelable commitments under our headquarters lease as of December 31, 2017, which are not included in the table above, are as follows (in thousands):

	Lease Commitments		Sublease Income		Net Commitments
2018	$	4,337	$	892	$	3,445
2019	4,456		376		4,080
2020	4,579		—		4,579
2021	4,705		—		4,705
2022	4,827		—		4,827
Thereafter	22,336		—		22,336
Total	$	45,240	$	1,268	$	43,972

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(b)  Contingencies

In 2012, the estates of five deceased individuals and their relatives filed complaints in a state court in Hawaii against VSE and other entities and individuals for unspecified damages, alleging that the explosion of fireworks and diesel fuel that killed the five individuals in April 2011 was caused by negligence of VSE and the other defendants. The five deceased plaintiffs were employees of a vendor retained by VSE to dispose of fireworks and other explosives seized by the federal government. Together with our insurance carriers, we settled this matter with all plaintiffs in 2017, resulting in no material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

In November 2016, a lawsuit, Arrieta et al vs. Prime Turbines LLC et al, was filed in the District Court of Texas in Dallas County, by Edgar Arrieta, and four other plaintiffs against VSE's subsidiaries, Kansas Aviation of Independence, L.L.C. (“Kansas Aviation”) and Prime Turbines LLC (“Prime”) and three other unrelated defendants. The other named defendants are Pratt & Whitney of Canada Corporation, Cessna Aircraft Company and Woodward Inc. The Plaintiffs allege that on April 1, 2016, a plane crashed in Mexico, resulting in the death of three plaintiffs and serious injuries to six other plaintiffs and that VSE's subsidiaries were negligent in providing maintenance, service and inspection of the airplane engine prior to the crash. Plaintiffs are seeking monetary relief over $1.0 million from the defendants. The trial is scheduled for November 2018. VSE together with its insurance carrier, will aggressively defend the proceedings. While the results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated, we believe that the likelihood that this lawsuit will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition, or cash flows is remote.

In addition to the above-referenced legal proceedings, we may have certain claims in the normal course of business, including legal proceedings, against us and against other parties. In our opinion, the resolution of these other claims will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. However, because the results of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated. Further, from time-to-time, government agencies investigate whether our operations are being conducted in accordance with applicable contractual and regulatory requirements. Government investigations of us, whether relating to government contracts or conducted for other reasons, could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including repayments, fines or penalties being imposed upon us, or could lead to suspension or debarment from future government contracting. Government investigations often take years to complete and many result in no adverse action against us. We believe, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such government disputes and investigations will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

(12)  Business Segments and Customer Information

Segment Information

Beginning in 2017, we changed our structure and as a result our former IT, Energy and Management Consulting Group is now combined with our Federal Services Group. Consequently, our segment financial information for 2016 and 2015 has been restated to reflect such change. Management of our business operations is conducted under three reportable operating segments:

Supply Chain Management Group – Our Supply Chain Management Group supplies vehicle parts primarily through a Managed Inventory Program ("MIP") and direct sales to the United States Postal Service ("USPS") and to other customers.

Aviation Group – Our Aviation Group provides MRO services, parts supply and distribution, and supply chain solutions for general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories.

Federal Services Group – Our Federal Services Group provides engineering, industrial, logistics, foreign military sales, legacy equipment sustainment services, IT and technical and consulting services primarily to the United States Department of Defense ("DoD") and other government agencies.

These segments operate under separate management teams and financial information is produced for each segment. We evaluate segment performance based on consolidated revenues and operating income. Net sales of our business segments exclude intersegment sales as these activities are eliminated in consolidation.

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Our segment information is as follows (in thousands):

For the years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Revenues
Supply Chain Management Group	$	214,542		$	205,475		$	196,772
Aviation Group	134,809			133,466			119,729
Federal Services Group	410,762			352,849			217,481
Total revenues	$	760,113		$	691,790		$	533,982
Operating income:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	33,754		$	34,632		$	35,453
Aviation Group	9,695			12,823			10,635
Federal Services Group	13,419			7,796			6,802
Corporate expenses	(2,543		)	(3,722		)	(2,351		)
Operating income	$	54,325		$	51,529		$	50,539
Depreciation and amortization expense:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	6,536		$	6,445		$	7,074
Aviation Group	4,835			5,461			5,865
Federal Services Group	14,511			14,140			12,602
Total depreciation and amortization	$	25,882		$	26,046		$	25,541
Capital expenditures:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	1,376		$	4,195		$	7,544
Aviation Group	1,387			1,459			959
Federal Services Group	177			94			94
Corporate	373			1,624			1,965
Total capital expenditures	$	3,313		$	7,372		$	10,562

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Total assets:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	176,860	$	185,004
Aviation Group	282,738		291,500
Federal Services Group	102,372		107,549
Corporate	67,043		77,786
Total assets	$	629,013	$	661,839

Revenues are net of inter-segment eliminations. Corporate expenses are primarily selling, general and administrative expenses not allocated to segments. Included in our Corporate expenses for 2016 is a charge of approximately $3.3 million for the settlement of the Heritage Litigation offset by a gain of approximately $1.4 million resulting primarily from the Maritime Administration contract close-outs. Corporate assets are primarily cash, property and equipment and investments held in separate trust.

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Customer Information

Our revenues are derived from contract services performed for DoD agencies or federal civilian agencies and from the delivery of products to our clients. The USPS, U.S. Army and Army Reserve, and U.S. Navy are our largest customers. Our customers also include various other government agencies and commercial entities. Our revenue by customer is as follows for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):

	Revenues by Customer Years ended December 31,
Customer	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
U.S. Postal Service	$	180,205	23.7	$	181,215	26.2	$	184,876	34.6
U.S. Navy	206,644		27.2	190,155		27.5	98,887		18.5
U.S. Army	188,462		24.8	139,764		20.2	80,086		15.0
U.S. Air Force	7,123		0.9	3,482		0.5	3,558		0.7
Total - DoD	402,229		52.9	333,401		48.2	182,531		34.2
Commercial Aviation	126,960		16.7	131,067		19.0	119,729		22.4
Other Commercial	12,498		1.7	10,721		1.5	4,653		0.9
Total - Commercial	139,458		18.4	141,788		20.5	124,382		23.3
Other Government	38,221		5.0	35,386		5.1	42,193		7.9
Total	$	760,113	100.0	$	691,790	100.0	$	533,982	100.0

We do not measure revenue or profit by product or service lines, either for internal management or external financial reporting purposes, because it would be impractical to do so. Products offered and services performed are determined by contract requirements and the types of products and services provided for one contract bear no relation to similar products and services provided on another contract. Products and services provided vary when new contracts begin or current contracts expire. In many cases, more than one product or service is provided under a contract or contract task order. Accordingly, cost and revenue tracking is designed to best serve contract requirements and segregating costs and revenues by product or service lines in situations for which it is not required would be difficult and costly to both us and our customers.

Geographical Information

Revenue by geography is based on the billing address of the customer. Our revenue by geographic area is as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
United States	$	708,474	$	638,726	$	481,466
Other Countries (1)	51,639		53,064		52,516
Total revenue	$	760,113	$	691,790	$	533,982

(1) No individual country, other than disclosed above, exceeded 10% of our total revenue for any period presented.

(13)  Capital Stock

Common Stock

Our common stock has a par value of $0.05 per share. Proceeds from common stock issuances that are greater than $0.05 per share are credited to additional paid in capital. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per common share held on all matters voted on by our stockholders. Stockholders of record are entitled to the amount of dividends declared per common share held.

(14)  401(k) Plan

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We maintain a defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, that covers substantially all of our employees. Under the provisions of our 401(k) plan, employees' eligible contributions are matched at rates specified in the plan documents. Our expense associated with this plan was approximately $6.2 million, $6.3 million and $4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

(15)  Fair Value Measurements

The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value, and establishes a market-based framework or hierarchy for measuring fair value. The standard is applicable whenever assets and liabilities are measured at fair value.

The fair value hierarchy established in the standard prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels as follows:

Level 1 – Observable inputs – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities – includes quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, and amounts derived from valuation models where all significant inputs are observable in active markets; and

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs – includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require us to develop relevant assumptions.

The following table summarizes the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and the level they fall within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

Amounts Recorded at Fair Value	Financial Statement Classification	Fair Value Hierarchy	Fair Value December 31, 2017		Fair Value December 31, 2016
Non-COLI assets held in Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan	Other assets	1	$	389	$	299
Interest rate swaps	Other current assets	2	$	294	$	73

Non-COLI assets held in the deferred supplemental compensation plan consist of equity funds with fair value based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets in active markets and changes in its fair value are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses.

We account for our interest rate swap agreements under the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and have determined that our swap agreements qualify as cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the fair value of the swap agreements, which is an asset recorded in other current assets of approximately $294 thousand and approximately $73 thousand at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The offset, net of an income tax effect of approximately $113 thousand and $28 thousand is included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The amounts paid and received on the swap agreements are recorded in interest expense in the period during which the related floating-rate interest is incurred. We determine the fair value of the swap agreements based on a valuation model using market data inputs.

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(16)  Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited)

The following table shows selected quarterly data for 2017 and 2016, in thousands, except earnings per share.

	2017 Quarters
	1st		2nd		3rd		4th
Revenues	$	197,294	$	193,860	$	174,164	$	194,795
Costs and operating expenses	$	183,098	$	178,855	$	161,927	$	181,908
Operating income	$	14,196	$	15,005	$	12,237	$	12,887
Net income	$	7,293	$	7,807	$	6,639	$	17,357
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.67	$	0.72	$	0.61	$	1.60
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	10,823		10,838		10,838		10,838
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.67	$	0.72	$	0.61	$	1.59
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	10,849		10,862		10,857		10,903

	2016 Quarters
	1st		2nd		3rd		4th
Revenues	$	143,636	$	160,473	$	172,780	$	214,901
Costs and operating expenses	$	130,895	$	148,594	$	159,157	$	201,615
Operating income	$	12,741	$	11,879	$	13,623	$	13,286
Net income	$	6,552	$	5,969	$	7,088	$	7,184
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.61	$	0.55	$	0.66	$	0.67
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	10,778		10,799		10,799		10,799
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.61	$	0.55	$	0.65	$	0.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	10,806		10,826		10,826		10,853

ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on our assessment under the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017. Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an opinion on our internal control over financial reporting. This opinion appears in the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm set forth below.

Change in Internal Controls

During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected these controls, or are reasonably likely to materially affect these controls subsequent to the evaluation of these controls.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of VSE Corporation

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and our report dated March 7, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Tysons, Virginia

March 7, 2018

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ITEM 9B.Other Information

None.

PART III

Except as otherwise indicated below, the information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of Form 10-K has been omitted in reliance of General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after December 31, 2017 in respect of the Annual Meeting of VSE's stockholders scheduled to be held on April 30, 2018 (the "Proxy Statement").

ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

See Item 4 under the caption "Executive Officers of Registrant," and the remaining information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Except for the "Equity Compensation Plan Information" disclosed in Item 5(e) above, the information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement.

PART IV

ITEM 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

1.Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements are listed under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

2.Supplemental Financial Statement Schedules

All schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not required, or the information has been otherwise supplied in the financial statements or notes to the financial statements.

3.Exhibits

See "Exhibit Index" hereinafter contained and incorporated by reference.

-55-

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

			VSE CORPORATION
Date:	March 7, 2018	By:	/s/ M. A. Gauthier
			M. A. Gauthier
			Chief Executive Officer,
			President and Chief Operating
			Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name	Title	Date
/s/ Maurice A. Gauthier	Director, Chief Executive	March 7, 2018
Maurice A. Gauthier	Officer, President and
	Chief Operating Officer
/s/ Thomas R. Loftus	Executive Vice President	March 7, 2018
Thomas R. Loftus	and Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial and
	Accounting Officer)
/s/ Clifford M. Kendall	Chairman/Director	March 7, 2018
Clifford M. Kendall
/s/ Calvin S. Koonce	Director	March 7, 2018
Calvin S. Koonce
/s/ James F. Lafond	Director	March 7, 2018
James F. Lafond
/s/ Bonnie K. Wachtel	Director	March 7, 2018
Bonnie K. Wachtel
/s/ Ralph E. Eberhart	Director	March 7, 2018
Ralph E. Eberhart
/s/ Jack C. Stultz	Director	March 7, 2018
Jack C. Stultz
/s/ John E. Potter	Director	March 7, 2018
John E. Potter
/s/ Mark E. Ferguson III	Director	March 7, 2018
Mark E. Ferguson III

-56-

	EXHIBIT INDEX
Reference No. Per Item 601 of Regulation S-K	Description of Exhibit	Exhibit No. In this Form 10-K
3.1	Certificate of incorporation and by-laws   Restated Certificate of Incorporation of VSE   Corporation dated as of February 6, 1996 (Exhibit   3.2 to Form 10-K405 dated March 25, 1996)	*
3.2	By-Laws of VSE Corporation as amended through   December 17, 2008 (Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K dated   December 17, 2008)	*
4.1	Instruments defining the rights of security holders,   including indentures   Specimen Stock Certificate as of May 19, 1983   (Exhibit 4 to Registration Statement No. 2-83255   dated April 22, 1983 on Form S-2)	*    +
10.1	Material contracts
10.2	Employment Agreement dated as of July 1, 2004,   by and between VSE Corporation and Thomas R.   Loftus (Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q dated July 30,   2004)	*    +
10.3	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement  dated as of December 6, 2013 by and between VSE  Corporation and Maurice A. Gauthier (Exhibit 10.3  to Form 10-Q dated April 29, 2016); and Amendment  Agreement dated as of December 14, 2016 by and  between VSE Corporation and Maurice A. Gauthier  (Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K dated December  9, 2016)	*    +
10.4	Severance and Mutual Protection Agreement   dated as of November 7, 2008, by and between   VSE Corporation and Thomas M. Kiernan   (Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-K dated March 3,   2009)	*    +
10.5	Fourth Amended and Restated Business Loan and   Security Agreement dated January 28, 2015 among   VSE Corporation and its wholly owned   subsidiaries, Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania and   a syndicate of eight other banks (Exhibit 10.1 to   Form 8-K dated January 8, 2018)	*
10.6	Lease Agreement by and between Metropark 7 LLC and   VSE Corporation (Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K   dated November 4, 2009)	*
10.7	VSE Corporation Deferred Supplemental Compensation   Plan effective January 1, 1994 as amended by the   Board through March 9, 2004 (Exhibit 10.2 to   Form 10-Q dated April 28, 2004)	*    +
10.8	VSE Corporation 2004 Non-Employee Directors Stock   Plan (Appendix B to Registrant's definitive   proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of   Stockholders held on May 6, 2014)	*    +
21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant	Exhibit 21
23.1	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, independent   registered public accounting firm	Exhibit 23.1
31.1	Section 302 CEO Certification	Exhibit 31.1
31.2	Section 302 CFO and PAO Certification	Exhibit 31.2
32.1	Section 906 CEO Certification	Exhibit 32.1
32.2	Section 906 CFO and PAO Certification	Exhibit 32.2

-57-

99.1	Audit Committee Charter (as adopted by the Board   Of Directors of VSE Corporation on March 9,   2004)(Appendix A to Registrant's definitive   proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of   Stockholders held on May 3, 2004)	*
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*Document has been filed as indicated and is incorporated by reference herein.

+Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

-58-

EX-21

Exhibit 21

SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT

The following is a listing of the subsidiaries of the Registrant:

	Jurisdiction Organization
Energetics Incorporated	Maryland
Integrated Concepts and Research Corporation	District of Columbia
Akimeka, LLC	Hawaii
Wheeler Bros., Inc.	Pennsylvania
VSE Aviation, Inc.	Delaware
Air Parts & Supply Co.	Florida
Kansas Aviation of Independence, L.L.C.	Kansas
Prime Turbines LLC	Delaware
CT Aerospace LLC	Texas
Ultra Seating Company	Texas

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements of VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries:

• Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-195802) pertaining to the 2004 Non-employee Directors Stock Plan, as amended;

• Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-195803) pertaining to the 2006 Restricted Stock Plan, as amended; and

• Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-134285) pertaining to the 2006 Restricted Stock Plan, as amended

of our reports dated March 7, 2018, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of VSE Corporation and Subsidiaries included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2017.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Tysons, Virginia

March 7, 2018

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULE 13A-14 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, M. A. Gauthier, certify that:

1.     I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of VSE Corporation;

2.     Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.     Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.     The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f))for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.     The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated:	March 7, 2018	/s/ M. A. Gauthier
		M. A. Gauthier
		Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULE 13A-14 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, T. R. Loftus, certify that:

1.      I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of VSE Corporation;

2.     Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.     Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.     The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f))for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.     The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	March 7, 2018	/s/ T. R. Loftus
		T. R. Loftus
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 1350, CHAPTER 63 OF TITLE 18, UNITED STATES CODE,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned, as President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer of VSE Corporation (the "Company"), does hereby certify that to the best of the undersigned's knowledge:

1) our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2017 (the "Report"), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2) the information contained in our Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	March 7, 2018	/s/ M. A. Gauthier
		M. A. Gauthier
		Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 1350, CHAPTER 63 OF TITLE 18, UNITED STATES CODE,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned, as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of VSE Corporation (the "Company"), does hereby certify that to the best of the undersigned's knowledge:

1) our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2017 (the "Report"), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2) the information contained in our Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	March 7, 2018	/s/ T. R. Loftus
		T. R. Loftus
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Feb. 27, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	VSE Corporation
Entity Central Index Key	0000102752
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Public Float			$ 384
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		10,849,947
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2017
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Type	10-K
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2017

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 624	$ 428
Receivables, net	98,337	101,218
Inventories, net	132,591	136,340
Other current assets	16,988	20,477
Total current assets	248,540	258,463
Property and equipment, net	55,146	62,061
Intangible assets, net	110,909	126,926
Goodwill	198,622	198,622
Other assets	15,796	15,767
Total assets	629,013	661,839
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	6,960	21,023
Accounts payable	66,015	93,999
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	40,243	32,772
Dividends payable	759	648
Total current liabilities	113,977	148,442
Long-term debt, less current portion	165,614	193,621
Deferred compensation	16,323	12,751
Long-term lease obligations, less current portion	20,581	21,959
Deferred tax liabilities	19,423	29,872
Total liabilities	335,918	406,645
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, par value $0.05 per share, authorized 15,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 10,838,747 and 10,798,927 respectively	542	540
Additional paid-in capital	24,470	22,876
Retained earnings	267,902	231,733
Accumulated other comprehensive income	181	45
Total stockholders' equity	293,095	255,194
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 629,013	$ 661,839

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.05	$ 0.05
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	15,000,000	15,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	10,838,747	10,798,927
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	10,838,747	10,798,927

XML

Consolidated Statements of Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Revenues:
Products	$ 350,129	$ 341,776	$ 318,141
Services	409,984	350,014	215,841
Total revenues	760,113	691,790	533,982
Costs and operating expenses:
Products	291,769	279,629	258,009
Services	395,573	337,956	206,570
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,429	6,609	3,288
Amortization of intangible assets	16,017	16,067	15,576
Total costs and operating expenses	705,788	640,261	483,443
Operating income	54,325	51,529	50,539
Interest expense, net	9,240	9,855	9,544
Income before income taxes	45,085	41,674	40,995
Provision for income taxes	5,989	14,881	16,077
Net income	$ 39,096	$ 26,793	$ 24,918
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.61	$ 2.48	$ 2.32
Basic weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	10,834,562	10,793,723	10,747,226
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.60	$ 2.47	$ 2.31
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	10,867,834	10,828,152	10,787,270

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 39,096	$ 26,793	$ 24,918
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	136	120	(75)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	136	120	(75)
Comprehensive income	$ 39,232	$ 26,913	$ 24,843

XML

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2014		10,716,000
Balance, beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2014	$ 205,489	$ 536	$ 20,080	$ 184,873	$ 0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	24,918			24,918
Stock-based compensation (in shares)		35,000
Stock-based compensation	1,290	$ 2	1,288
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	(75)				(75)
Dividends declared	(2,313)			(2,313)
Balance, ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015		10,751,000
Balance, ending balance at Dec. 31, 2015	229,309	$ 538	21,368	207,478	(75)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	26,793			26,793
Stock-based compensation (in shares)		48,000
Stock-based compensation	1,510	$ 2	1,508
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	120				120
Dividends declared	$ (2,538)			(2,538)
Balance, ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016	10,798,927	10,799,000
Balance, ending balance at Dec. 31, 2016	$ 255,194	$ 540	22,876	231,733	45
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	39,096
Stock-based compensation (in shares)		40,000
Stock-based compensation	1,596	$ 2	1,594
Change in fair value of interest rate swap agreements, net of tax	136				136
Dividends declared	$ (2,927)			(2,927)
Balance, ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017	10,838,747	10,839,000
Balance, ending balance at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 293,095	$ 542	$ 24,470	$ 267,902	$ 181

XML

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.270	$ 0.235	$ 0.215

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 39,096	$ 26,793	$ 24,918
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	25,882	26,046	25,541
Deferred taxes	(10,534)	(1,146)	84
Stock-based compensation	3,068	2,109	2,081
Earn-out obligation adjustment	0	(1,329)	426
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of impact of acquisitions:
Receivables, net	2,881	(22,747)	(8,139)
Inventories, net	3,749	(27,217)	(10,381)
Other current assets and noncurrent assets	3,681	(13,020)	6,031
Accounts payable and deferred compensation	(23,587)	54,743	(362)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	7,562	4,253	1,919
Long-term lease obligations	(1,378)	(1,292)	(1,275)
Earn-out obligations	0	0	(3,269)
Net cash provided by operating activities	50,420	47,193	37,574
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(3,743)	(6,546)	(10,562)
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment	732	143	507
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	0	(63)	(195,135)
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,011)	(6,466)	(205,190)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings on loan agreement	348,675	321,630	519,313
Repayments on loan agreement	(391,285)	(340,046)	(333,222)
Earn-out obligation payments	0	(18,515)	(11,713)
Payment of debt financing costs	0	0	(2,699)
Payments on financing lease obligations	(1,287)	(1,128)	(986)
Payment of taxes for equity transactions	(500)	(499)	(342)
Dividends paid	(2,816)	(2,481)	(2,258)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(47,213)	(41,039)	168,093
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	196	(312)	477
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	428	740	263
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	624	428	740
Cash paid for:
Interest	7,606	8,230	6,621
Income taxes	$ 16,346	$ 18,886	$ 15,949

XML

Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business

The term "VSE," the "Company," "us," "we," or "our" means VSE and its subsidiaries and divisions unless the context indicates operations of only VSE as the parent company.

Our operations include supply chain management solutions and parts supply for vehicle fleets; maintenance, repair, and overhaul ("MRO") services and parts supply for aviation clients; vehicle and equipment maintenance and refurbishment; logistics; engineering; energy and environmental services; IT and health care IT solutions; and consulting services. We provide logistics services for legacy systems and equipment and professional and technical services to the United States Government (the "government"), including the United States Postal Service ("USPS"), the United States Department of Defense ("DoD") and federal civilian agencies and to commercial customers, and to other customers.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements consist of the operations of our parent company, our wholly owned subsidiaries, Energetics Incorporated ("Energetics"), Akimeka, LLC ("Akimeka"), Wheeler Bros., Inc. ("WBI") and VSE Aviation, Inc. ("VSE Aviation"), and our unincorporated divisions. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates affecting the financial statements include accruals for contract disallowance reserves and recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets.

Stock Split Effected in Form of Stock Dividend

In May 2016, our Board of Directors approved a two-for-one stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend ("Stock Split"). The Stock Split had a record date of July 20, 2016 and the resulting stock distribution occurred on August 3, 2016. All references made to share or per share amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and applicable disclosures have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Stock Split.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which is intended to simplify the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, whichclarifies that, for inventories measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, net realizable value should be determined based on the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The adoption of ASU 2015-11 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates the requirement to determine the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure goodwill impairment. Under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, goodwill impairment testing will be performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The new standard is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and should be applied on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. We elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04 effective April 1, 2017 and applied the new standard to our 2017 annual goodwill impairment test, as well as any interim tests. The adoption did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for share-based awards in accordance with the applicable accounting rules that require the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards based on estimated fair values. The compensation expense, included in costs and operating expenses, is amortized over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Shares issued during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. Our calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effects for the assumed vesting of restricted stock awards.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2017	2016	2015
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	10,834,562	10,793,723	10,747,226
Effect of dilutive shares	33,272	34,429	40,044
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	10,867,834	10,828,152	10,787,270

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Due to the short maturity of these instruments, the carrying values on our consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation of computer equipment, furniture, other equipment is provided principally by the straight-line method over periods of 3 to 15 years. Depreciation of buildings and land improvements is provided by the straight-line method over periods of approximately 15 to 20 years. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided by the straight-line method over the lesser of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. 

Concentration of Credit Risk/Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables. Contracts with the government, either as a prime or subcontractor, accounted for approximately 82%, 80%, and 77% of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We believe that concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables are limited as they are primarily government receivables. We believe that the fair market value of all financial instruments, including debt, approximate book value.

Revenues

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable.

Substantially all of our Supply Chain Management Group revenues result from the sale of vehicle parts to clients. We recognize revenue from the sale of vehicle parts when the customer takes ownership of the parts. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

Our Aviation Group revenues are recognized upon the shipment or delivery of products to customers based on when title or risk of loss transfers to the customer. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

Substantially all of our Federal Services work is performed for our customers on a contract basis. The three primary types of contracts used are cost-type, fixed-price and time and materials. Revenues result from work performed on these contracts by our employees and our subcontractors and from costs for materials and other work related costs allowed under our contracts.

Revenues on cost-type contracts are recorded as contract allowable costs are incurred and fees are earned. Our FMS Program contract is a cost plus award fee contract. This contract has terms that specify award fee payments that are determined by performance and level of contract activity. Award fees are made during the year through a contract modification authorizing the award fee that is issued subsequent to the period in which the work is performed. We recognize award fee income on the FMS Program contract when the fees are fixed or determinable. Due to such timing, and to fluctuations in the level of revenues, profits as a percentage of revenues on this contract will fluctuate from period to period.

Revenue recognition methods on fixed-price contracts will vary depending on the nature of the work and the contract terms. Revenues on fixed-price service contracts are recorded as work is performed, typically ratably over the service period. Revenues on fixed-price contracts that require delivery of specific items are recorded based on a price per unit as units are delivered.

Revenues for time and materials contracts are recorded on the basis of contract allowable labor hours worked multiplied by the contract defined billing rates, plus the direct costs and indirect cost burdens associated with materials and subcontract work used in performance on the contract. Generally, profits on time and materials contracts result from the difference between the cost of services performed and the contract defined billing rates for these services.

Revenue related to work performed on government contracts at risk, which is work performed at the customer's request prior to the government formalizing funding, is not recognized until it can be reliably estimated and its realization is probable.

A substantial portion of contract and administrative costs are subject to audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency. Our indirect cost rates have been audited and approved for 2013 and prior years with no material adjustments to our results of operations or financial position. While we maintain reserves to cover the risk of potential future audit adjustments based primarily on the results of prior audits, we do not believe any future audits will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Receivables are recorded at amounts earned less an allowance for doubtful accounts. We review our receivables regularly to determine if there are any potentially uncollectible accounts. The majority of our receivables are from government agencies, where there is minimal credit risk. We record allowances for bad debt as a reduction to receivables and an increase to bad debt expense. We assess the adequacy of these reserves by considering general factors, such as the length of time individual receivables are past due and historical collection experience.

Inventories

Inventories for our Supply Chain Group are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. Included in inventory are related purchasing, storage, and handling costs. Our inventory primarily consists of vehicle replacement parts.

Inventories for our Aviation Group are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories for our Aviation Group primarily consist of general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories and parts. The cost for purchased engines and parts is determined by the specific identification method. Included in inventory are related purchasing, overhaul labor, storage, and handling costs. We also purchase aircraft engines for disassembly into individual parts and components.

Deferred Compensation Plans

We have a deferred compensation plan, the VSE Corporation Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan ("DSC Plan"), to provide incentive and reward for certain management employees based on overall corporate performance. We maintain the underlying assets of the DSC Plan in a Rabbi Trust and changes in asset values are included in costs and operating expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of income. We invest the assets held by the Rabbi Trust in both corporate owned life insurance ("COLI") products and in mutual funds. The COLI investments are recorded at cash surrender value and the mutual fund investments are recorded at fair value. The DSC Plan assets are included in other assets and the obligation to the participants is included in deferred compensation on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred compensation plan expense recorded as costs and operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 was approximately $1.9 million, $1.7 million, and $1.9 million, respectively.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets include intangible assets and property and equipment to be held and used. We review the carrying values of long-lived assets other than goodwill for impairment if events or changes in the facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. We assess impairment by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the related asset to its carrying value. If an asset is determined to be impaired, we recognize an impairment charge in the current period for the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value.

No impairment charges related to long-lived assets, other than goodwill, were recorded in the years ended December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. This method also requires the recognition of future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carryforwards, to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The carrying value of net deferred tax assets is based on assumptions regarding our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income to utilize these deferred tax assets.

Goodwill

We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. A qualitative assessment can be performed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value using a quantitative assessment. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is considered not impaired. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss.

For the quantitative assessment, we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of an income approach using a discounted cash flow ("DCF") analysis and a market-based valuation approach based on as comparable public company trading values. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the exercise of significant management judgments, including the amount and timing of projected future revenues, earnings and cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates, and comparable public company revenues and earnings multiples. The projected results used in our quantitative assessment are based on our best estimate as of the testing date of future revenues, earnings and cash flows after considering factors such as recent operating performance, general market and industry conditions, existing and expected future contracts, changes in working capital, and long-term business plans and growth initiatives. The carrying value of each reporting unit includes the assets and liabilities employed in its operations and goodwill. There are no significant allocations of amounts held at the Corporate level to the reporting units.

Based on our annual goodwill impairment analysis we performed in the fourth quarter of 2017, including an interim impairment analysis performed for the VSE Aviation reporting unit at year-end, the fair value of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of the value of contract-related intangible assets, trade names and acquired technologies acquired in acquisitions. We amortize on a straight-line basis intangible assets acquired as part of acquisitions over their estimated useful lives unless their useful lives are determined to be indefinite. The amounts we record related to acquired intangibles are determined by us considering the results of independent valuations. Our contract-related intangibles are amortized over their estimated useful lives of approximately seven to 16 years with a weighted-average life of approximately 12.6 years as of December 31, 2017. We have four trade names that are amortized over an estimated useful life of approximately nine years. We have an acquired technologies intangible asset that is amortized over an estimated useful life of 11 years. The weighted-average life for all amortizable intangible assets is approximately 12.2 years as of December 31, 2017.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on FinancialInstruments, which changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The ASU is based on the principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services. The standard is required to be applied either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying it recognized at the date of initial application. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill a contract.

We performed a detailed review of our contract portfolio representative of our different businesses and compared historical accounting policies and practices to the new standard. Based on the assessment, the primary impacts of adopting the new standard will be on (1) the timing of when we recognize revenue on our contracts with award fees, which is currently based on when we receive customer authorization, will change to recognition of the award fees as the performance obligation is satisfied resulting in revenue being recognized earlier in the contract period, (2) the timing of when we recognize revenues and costs on MRO services for aviation clients and certain fixed price delivery contracts will change from the date of delivery to recognition over time as progress is made to satisfy the performance obligation, and (3) the pattern in which we recognize revenue on certain fixed price services contracts may change from a straight-line basis over the contract period to measuring progress using input measures, such as costs incurred. While we have identified these areas of change under the new standard, we also implemented changes to our business processes, systems and controls to support adoption of the new standard in 2018. The new standard requires additional disclosures regarding the company’s contracts with customers, including disclosure of remaining unsatisfied performance obligations, in the first quarter 2018, which we are continuing to assess. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard is preliminarily estimated to be an increase to retained earnings of approximately $1.5 million.

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Receivables, net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Receivables [Abstract]

Receivables, net

Receivables, net

Total receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of approximately $83 thousand and $30 thousand as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were as follows (in thousands):

	2017		2016
Billed	$	55,760	$	55,669
Unbilled	42,577		45,549
Total receivables	$	98,337	$	101,218

The unbilled balance includes certain costs for work performed at risk but which we believe will be funded by the government totaling approximately $4.0 million and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We expect to invoice substantially all unbilled receivables during 2018.

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Other Current Assets and Other Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Other Current Assets and Other Assets

Other Current Assets and Other Assets

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, other current assets primarily consisted of vendor advances, prepaid rents and deposits, prepaid income taxes, software licenses, prepaid maintenance agreements and deferred contract costs. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, other assets primarily consisted of deferred compensation plan assets.

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Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

	2017			2016
Buildings and building improvements	$	53,049		$	52,972
Computer equipment	27,775			29,463
Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other	30,704			29,455
Leasehold improvements	545			545
Land and land improvements	4,462			4,214
	116,535			116,649
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(61,389		)	(54,588		)
Total property and equipment, net	$	55,146		$	62,061

Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $9.3 million, $9.4 million and $9.1 million, respectively.

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Acquisitions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

Ultra Seating

On December 31, 2015, we acquired Ultra Seating Company ("Ultra Seating") for approximately $3.6 million, which represents cash consideration of $3.8 million adjusted for the settlement of pre-existing liabilities and a final working capital adjustment. Ultra Seating provides specialized seating for commercial trucks and buses. Ultra Seating is included in our Supply Chain Management Group.

We have completed our purchase price allocation and recognized fair values of assets acquired (including intangible assets), liabilities assumed and the amortization period for the intangible assets. We recorded approximately $2.0 million of goodwill and approximately $1.5 million of intangible assets, primarily related to customer relationships and a trade name. During 2016, we recorded immaterial purchase accounting adjustments based on changes to management’s estimates and assumptions in regards to acquired intangible assets and assumed liabilities.

The pro forma effects, assuming our acquisition of Ultra Seating had occurred as of January 1, 2015, were not material to our total revenues, net income or earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2015.

VSE Aviation

On January 28, 2015, we acquired four related businesses that perform maintenance, repair and overhaul ("MRO") services and parts supply for general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories. The acquired businesses include Air Parts & Supply Co., Kansas Aviation of Independence, L.L.C., Prime Turbines LLC (including U.S. and German-based operations), and CT Aerospace LLC (collectively, "the Aviation Acquisition"). These four businesses are operating as a combined group managed by our subsidiary VSE Aviation, Inc.

The initial purchase consideration paid at closing for the Aviation Acquisition was approximately $189 million, which included an estimated net working capital adjustment of approximately $5 million. Additional cash consideration of $2.4 million was paid to the sellers during the third quarter of 2015 based on the final working capital adjustment.

We were required under a post-closing-earn-out obligation contained in the Aviation Acquisition agreement to make additional purchase price payments of up to $40 million if the acquired businesses satisfied certain financial targets during the first two post-closing years. Consideration of $5 million was paid to the sellers in September 2015 because certain of the acquired businesses surpassed agreed upon financial targets during a 12- consecutive month period in 2014 and 2015. In July 2016, VSE and the sellers of the four aviation businesses agreed upon an early termination of the earn-out obligation and a final payment amount. VSE paid the sellers approximately $8.0 million as an earn-out payment in May 2016 and the final earn-out payment of approximately $10.5 million in July 2016.

We incurred approximately $528 thousand of acquisition-related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2015 which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The following VSE unaudited consolidated pro forma results are prepared as if the Aviation Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2014. This information is for comparative purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the results that would have occurred or may occur in the future. The unaudited consolidated pro forma results of operations are as following (in thousands except per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015
Revenue	$	541,387
Income from continuing operations	$	25,267
Basic earnings per share	$	2.35
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.34

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands):

	Supply Chain Management		Federal Services		Aviation		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015	$	63,113	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,545
Increase from acquisitions	77		—		—		77
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	63,190	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,622
Increase from acquisitions	—		—		—		—
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	63,190	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,622

The results of our annual goodwill impairment testing in the fourth quarter of 2017 indicated that the fair value of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values.

Intangible assets consist of the value of contract-related assets, technologies and trade names. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $16.0 million, $16.1 million and $15.6 million, respectively.

Intangible assets were composed of the following (in thousands):

	Cost		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment Loss			Net Intangible Assets
December 31, 2017
Contract and customer-related	$	173,094	$	(72,937	)	$	(1,025	)	$	99,132
Acquired technologies	12,400		(7,406		)	—			4,994
Trade names	16,670		(9,887		)	—			6,783
Total	$	202,164	$	(90,230	)	$	(1,025	)	$	110,909
December 31, 2016
Contract and customer-related	$	173,094	$	(59,799	)	$	(1,025	)	$	112,270
Acquired technologies	12,400		(6,278		)	—			6,122
Trade names	16,670		(8,136		)	—			8,534
Total	$	202,164	$	(74,213	)	$	(1,025	)	$	126,926

Future expected amortization of intangible assets is as follows for the years ending December 31, (in thousands):

	Amortization
2018	$	16,017
2019	15,953
2020	15,362
2021	14,998
2022	13,252
Thereafter	35,327
Total	$	110,909

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Debt

We have a loan agreement with a group of banks to provide working capital support, letters of credit and finance acquisitions. The loan agreement, which expires in January 2020, is comprised of a term loan facility and a revolving loan facility. The revolving loan facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit.

The maximum amount of credit available to us under the loan agreement for revolving loans and letters of credit as of December 31, 2017 was $150 million. We may borrow and repay the revolving loan borrowings as our cash flows require or permit. We pay an unused commitment fee and fees on letters of credit that are issued. We had approximately $79.3 million in revolving loan amounts outstanding and no letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2017. We had approximately $100 million in revolving loan amounts outstanding and no of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2016.

Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or both facilities up to an aggregate additional amount of $75 million.

Total bank loan borrowed funds outstanding including term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings were approximately $173.7 million and $216.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts exclude unamortized deferred financing costs of approximately $1.1 million and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The fair value of outstanding debt under our bank loan facilities as of December 31, 2017 approximates its carrying value using Level 2 inputs based on market data on companies with a corporate rating similar to ours that have recently priced credit facilities.

We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. As of December 31, 2017, the LIBOR base margin was 2.00% and the base rate base margin was 0.75%. The base margins increase or decrease in increments as our Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio increases or decreases.

The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years of the agreement. We executed interest rate swap agreements in February 2015 that complied with these terms. The amount of swapped debt outstanding as of December 31, 2017 was $85 million.

After taking into account the impact of hedging instruments, as of December 31, 2017, interest rates on portions of our outstanding debt ranged from 3.25% to 5.25%, and the effective interest rate on our aggregate outstanding debt was 3.66%.

Interest expense incurred on bank loan borrowings and interest rate hedges was approximately $7.2 million, $7.8 million and $7.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The loan agreement contains collateral requirements to secure our loan agreement obligations, restrictive covenants, a limit on annual dividends, and other affirmative and negative covenants, conditions and limitations. Restrictive covenants include a maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio, which decreases over time, and a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio. We were in compliance with required ratios and other terms and conditions as of December 31, 2017.

Subsequent Event

In January 2018, we amended the loan agreement to extend our payment terms, increase the borrowing commitments available to us, and increase the bank group from six banks to nine banks. The termination date of the loan agreement after the amendment is January 2023 and the amount of our term loan borrowings outstanding after the January amendment is $100 million. After the amendment, our scheduled term loan payments are approximately $7.5 million in 2018, $10.0 million in 2019, $11.9 million in 2020, $14.4 million in 2021, $15.0 million in 2022 and $41.2 million in 2023. We classified our current portion of long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017, based on these amended terms.

The maximum amount of credit available to us for revolving loans and letters of credit after the amendment is $300 million. Under the loan agreement we may elect to increase the maximum availability of the term loan facility, the revolving loan facility, or a combination of both facilities. The aggregate limit of incremental increases is $100 million after the amendment.

We pay interest on the term loan borrowings and revolving loan borrowings at LIBOR plus a base margin or at a base rate (typically the prime rate) plus a base margin. After the amendment the LIBOR base margin is 1.75% and the base rate base margin is 0.50%.

The loan agreement requires us to have interest rate hedges on a portion of the outstanding term loan for the first three years of the agreement and for the first three years after the amendment. We executed an interest rate hedge in February 2018 that extended our compliance with this requirement for an additional three years.

After the amendment, the maximum Total Funded Debt/EBITDA Ratio was fixed at 3.0 to 1, with a provision to increase the maximum ratio in the event of a material acquisition.

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist primarily of accrued compensation and benefits of approximately $23.3 million and $20.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The accrued compensation and benefits amounts include bonus, salaries and related payroll taxes, vacation and deferred compensation.

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Share-based Compensation [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

In 2006, our stockholders approved the VSE Corporation 2006 Restricted Stock Plan for its directors, officers and other employees (the "2006 Plan"). In May 2014, the stockholders approved amendments to the 2006 Plan extending its term until May 6, 2021 and authorizing an additional 500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under the 2006 Plan. Under the 2006 Plan, we are authorized to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock and, as of December 31, 2017, 436,532 shares remained available for issuance under the 2006 Plan. The Compensation Committee is responsible for the administration of the 2006 Plan, and determines each recipient of an award under the 2006 Plan, the number of restricted shares of common stock subject to such award and the period of continued employment required for the vesting of such award. These terms are included in award agreements between VSE and the recipients of the award.

During 2017, 2016 and 2015, non-employee directors were awarded 16,100, 17,600 and 18,000 shares of restricted stock, respectively, under the 2006 Plan. The weighted average grant-date fair value of these restricted stock grants was $39.85 per share, $30.89 per share, and $34.29 per share for the shares awarded in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The shares issued vested immediately and, without the Compensation Committee's approval, cannot be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned before the second anniversary of the grant date. Compensation expense related to these grants was approximately $642 thousand, $544 thousand and $617 thousand during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

In January of every year since 2007, we have notified certain employees that they are eligible to receive awards of VSE stock under our 2006 Plan, based on our financial performance for the respective fiscal years. These restricted stock awards are expensed and a corresponding liability is recorded on an accelerated basis over the vesting period of approximately three years. Upon issuance of shares on each vesting date, the liability is reduced and additional paid-in capital is increased. The date of award determination is expected to be in March 2018 for the 2017 awards. The date of award determination for the 2016 awards and the 2015 awards was March 1, 2017 and 2016, respectively. On each vesting date, 100% of the vested award is paid in our shares. The number of shares issued is based on the fair market value of our common stock on the vesting date. The earned amount is expensed on an accelerated basis over the vesting period of approximately three years. On March 1, 2017, the employees eligible for the 2016 awards, 2015 awards and 2014 awards received a total of 23,508 shares of common stock. The grant-date fair value of these awards was $40.14 per share.

The total stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in thousands):

	2017		2016		2015
Employees	$	2,416	$	1,555	$	1,423
Non-employee Directors	642		544		617
Total	$	3,058	$	2,099	$	2,040

Employees are permitted to use a certain number of shares of restricted stock to cover their personal tax liability for restricted stock awards. We paid approximately $500 thousand, $499 thousand and $342 thousand, to cover this liability in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These payments are classified as financing cash flows on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The total compensation cost related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was approximately $2.3 million with a weighted average amortization period of 1.7 years and $1.1 million with a weighted average amortization period of 1.9 years as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Stock-based compensation consisting of restricted stock awards was included in costs and operating expenses and provision for income taxes on the accompanying statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Stock-based compensation included in costs and operating expenses	$	3,068		$	2,109		$	2,081
Income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation	(1,180		)	(811		)	(800		)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of income tax benefit	$	1,888		$	1,298		$	1,281

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple state and local jurisdictions. We have concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters as well as material state and local tax matters for years through 2013.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act significantly affects the U.S. corporate income tax by, among other things, lowering the statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, eliminating certain deductions, imposing a mandatory one-time tax on accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, and changing how foreign earnings are subject to U.S. tax. The Tax Act also enhanced and extended through 2026 the option to claim accelerated depreciation deductions on qualified property. We have not completed our determination of the accounting implications of the Tax Act on our tax accruals. However, we have reasonably estimated the effects of the Tax Act and recorded provisional amounts in our financial statements as of December 31, 2017. We recorded a provisional tax benefit for the impact of the Tax Act of approximately $10.6 million. This amount is primarily comprised of the re-measurement of our federal net deferred tax liabilities resulting from the permanent reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. As we complete our analysis of the Tax Act, collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret any additional guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service, and other standard-setting bodies, we may make adjustments to the provisional amounts. Those adjustments, if any, are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

We file consolidated federal income tax returns that include all of our subsidiaries. The components of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Current
Federal	$	14,149		$	13,648		$	13,641
State	2,511			2,379			2,352
	16,660			16,027			15,993
Deferred
Federal	(10,645		)	(983		)	73
State	110			(163		)	11
Foreign	(136		)	—			—
	(10,671		)	(1,146		)	84
Provision for income taxes	$	5,989		$	14,881		$	16,077

The differences between the amount of tax computed at the federal statutory rate of 35% and the provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Tax at statutory federal income tax rate	$	15,780		$	14,586		$	14,348
Increases (decreases) in tax resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit	1,732			1,599			1,683
Permanent differences, net	(643		)	(974		)	88
Impact of Tax Act	(10,556		)	—			—
Other, net	(324		)	(330		)	(42		)
Provision for income taxes	$	5,989		$	14,881		$	16,077

The tax effect of temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016
Gross deferred tax assets
Deferred compensation and accrued paid leave	$	5,594		$	7,602
Accrued expenses	1,013			1,933
Stock-based compensation	772			803
Reserve for contract disallowances	84			90
Capitalized inventory	916			1,104
State operating loss carryforward	263			283
Tax credit carryforward	178			155
Foreign country operating loss carryforward	136			—
Legal settlements	—			614
Other	—			65
Total gross deferred tax assets	8,956			12,649
Gross deferred tax liabilities
Interest rate swaps	(74		)	(28		)
Depreciation	(2,439		)	(3,522		)
Deferred revenues	(1,875		)	(2,291		)
Goodwill and intangible assets	(23,854		)	(36,680		)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(28,242		)	(42,521		)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(19,286	)	$	(29,872	)

Certain amounts from the prior year have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

(a)  Leases and Other Commitments

We have various non-cancelable operating leases for facilities, equipment, and software with terms between two and 15 years. The terms of the facilities leases typically provide for certain minimum payments as well as increases in lease payments based upon the operating cost of the facility and the consumer price index. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis for rent agreements having escalating rent terms. Lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Lease Expense		Sublease Income		Net Expense
2017	$	4,924	$	1,134	$	3,790
2016	$	5,100	$	888	$	4,212
2015	$	5,824	$	506	$	5,318

Future minimum annual non-cancelable commitments as of December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases
	Lease Commitments		Sublease Income		Net Commitments
2018	$	2,753	$	—	$	2,753
2019	1,214		—		1,214
2020	657		—		657
2021	427		—		427
2022	326		—		326
Thereafter	84		—		84
Total	$	5,461	$	—	$	5,461

We signed a lease in 2009 for a building to serve as our headquarters with a rent commencement date of May 1, 2012. Certain terms in the lease agreement resulted in the capitalization of construction costs due to specific accounting rules. We recorded a construction asset and corresponding long-term liability of approximately $27.3 million on May 1, 2012, which represents the construction costs incurred by the landlord as of that date. According to accounting rules, we have forms of continuing involvement that required us to account for this transaction as a financing lease upon commencement of the lease period. The building and building improvements are included on our consolidated balance sheets and are being depreciated over a 15-year period. The accumulated depreciation of the construction asset was $10.9 million and $9.0 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Payments made under the lease agreement are applied to service the financing obligation and interest expense based on an imputed interest rate amortizing the obligation over the life of the lease agreement. The long-term lease liability of $20.3 million and $21.7 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, is included in long-term lease obligations in our consolidated balance sheets. The current portion of our obligation, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, was $1.4 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Future minimum annual non-cancelable commitments under our headquarters lease as of December 31, 2017, which are not included in the table above, are as follows (in thousands):

	Lease Commitments		Sublease Income		Net Commitments
2018	$	4,337	$	892	$	3,445
2019	4,456		376		4,080
2020	4,579		—		4,579
2021	4,705		—		4,705
2022	4,827		—		4,827
Thereafter	22,336		—		22,336
Total	$	45,240	$	1,268	$	43,972

(b)  Contingencies

In 2012, the estates of five deceased individuals and their relatives filed complaints in a state court in Hawaii against VSE and other entities and individuals for unspecified damages, alleging that the explosion of fireworks and diesel fuel that killed the five individuals in April 2011 was caused by negligence of VSE and the other defendants. The five deceased plaintiffs were employees of a vendor retained by VSE to dispose of fireworks and other explosives seized by the federal government. Together with our insurance carriers, we settled this matter with all plaintiffs in 2017, resulting in no material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

In November 2016, a lawsuit, Arrieta et al vs. Prime Turbines LLC et al, was filed in the District Court of Texas in Dallas County, by Edgar Arrieta, and four other plaintiffs against VSE's subsidiaries, Kansas Aviation of Independence, L.L.C. (“Kansas Aviation”) and Prime Turbines LLC (“Prime”) and three other unrelated defendants. The other named defendants are Pratt & Whitney of Canada Corporation, Cessna Aircraft Company and Woodward Inc. The Plaintiffs allege that on April 1, 2016, a plane crashed in Mexico, resulting in the death of three plaintiffs and serious injuries to six other plaintiffs and that VSE's subsidiaries were negligent in providing maintenance, service and inspection of the airplane engine prior to the crash. Plaintiffs are seeking monetary relief over $1.0 million from the defendants. The trial is scheduled for November 2018. VSE together with its insurance carrier, will aggressively defend the proceedings. While the results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated, we believe that the likelihood that this lawsuit will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition, or cash flows is remote.

In addition to the above-referenced legal proceedings, we may have certain claims in the normal course of business, including legal proceedings, against us and against other parties. In our opinion, the resolution of these other claims will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. However, because the results of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the amount of loss, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated. Further, from time-to-time, government agencies investigate whether our operations are being conducted in accordance with applicable contractual and regulatory requirements. Government investigations of us, whether relating to government contracts or conducted for other reasons, could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including repayments, fines or penalties being imposed upon us, or could lead to suspension or debarment from future government contracting. Government investigations often take years to complete and many result in no adverse action against us. We believe, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such government disputes and investigations will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

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Business Segments and Customer Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Segment Reporting, Disclosure of Entity's Reportable Segments [Abstract]

Business Segments and Customer Information

Business Segments and Customer Information

Segment Information

Beginning in 2017, we changed our structure and as a result our former IT, Energy and Management Consulting Group is now combined with our Federal Services Group. Consequently, our segment financial information for 2016 and 2015 has been restated to reflect such change. Management of our business operations is conducted under three reportable operating segments:

Supply Chain Management Group – Our Supply Chain Management Group supplies vehicle parts primarily through a Managed Inventory Program ("MIP") and direct sales to the United States Postal Service ("USPS") and to other customers.

Aviation Group – Our Aviation Group provides MRO services, parts supply and distribution, and supply chain solutions for general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories.

Federal Services Group – Our Federal Services Group provides engineering, industrial, logistics, foreign military sales, legacy equipment sustainment services, IT and technical and consulting services primarily to the United States Department of Defense ("DoD") and other government agencies.

These segments operate under separate management teams and financial information is produced for each segment. We evaluate segment performance based on consolidated revenues and operating income. Net sales of our business segments exclude intersegment sales as these activities are eliminated in consolidation.

Our segment information is as follows (in thousands):

For the years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Revenues
Supply Chain Management Group	$	214,542		$	205,475		$	196,772
Aviation Group	134,809			133,466			119,729
Federal Services Group	410,762			352,849			217,481
Total revenues	$	760,113		$	691,790		$	533,982
Operating income:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	33,754		$	34,632		$	35,453
Aviation Group	9,695			12,823			10,635
Federal Services Group	13,419			7,796			6,802
Corporate expenses	(2,543		)	(3,722		)	(2,351		)
Operating income	$	54,325		$	51,529		$	50,539
Depreciation and amortization expense:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	6,536		$	6,445		$	7,074
Aviation Group	4,835			5,461			5,865
Federal Services Group	14,511			14,140			12,602
Total depreciation and amortization	$	25,882		$	26,046		$	25,541
Capital expenditures:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	1,376		$	4,195		$	7,544
Aviation Group	1,387			1,459			959
Federal Services Group	177			94			94
Corporate	373			1,624			1,965
Total capital expenditures	$	3,313		$	7,372		$	10,562

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Total assets:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	176,860	$	185,004
Aviation Group	282,738		291,500
Federal Services Group	102,372		107,549
Corporate	67,043		77,786
Total assets	$	629,013	$	661,839

Revenues are net of inter-segment eliminations. Corporate expenses are primarily selling, general and administrative expenses not allocated to segments. Included in our Corporate expenses for 2016 is a charge of approximately $3.3 million for the settlement of the Heritage Litigation offset by a gain of approximately $1.4 million resulting primarily from the Maritime Administration contract close-outs. Corporate assets are primarily cash, property and equipment and investments held in separate trust.

Customer Information

Our revenues are derived from contract services performed for DoD agencies or federal civilian agencies and from the delivery of products to our clients. The USPS, U.S. Army and Army Reserve, and U.S. Navy are our largest customers. Our customers also include various other government agencies and commercial entities. Our revenue by customer is as follows for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):

	Revenues by Customer Years ended December 31,
Customer	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
U.S. Postal Service	$	180,205	23.7	$	181,215	26.2	$	184,876	34.6
U.S. Navy	206,644		27.2	190,155		27.5	98,887		18.5
U.S. Army	188,462		24.8	139,764		20.2	80,086		15.0
U.S. Air Force	7,123		0.9	3,482		0.5	3,558		0.7
Total - DoD	402,229		52.9	333,401		48.2	182,531		34.2
Commercial Aviation	126,960		16.7	131,067		19.0	119,729		22.4
Other Commercial	12,498		1.7	10,721		1.5	4,653		0.9
Total - Commercial	139,458		18.4	141,788		20.5	124,382		23.3
Other Government	38,221		5.0	35,386		5.1	42,193		7.9
Total	$	760,113	100.0	$	691,790	100.0	$	533,982	100.0

We do not measure revenue or profit by product or service lines, either for internal management or external financial reporting purposes, because it would be impractical to do so. Products offered and services performed are determined by contract requirements and the types of products and services provided for one contract bear no relation to similar products and services provided on another contract. Products and services provided vary when new contracts begin or current contracts expire. In many cases, more than one product or service is provided under a contract or contract task order. Accordingly, cost and revenue tracking is designed to best serve contract requirements and segregating costs and revenues by product or service lines in situations for which it is not required would be difficult and costly to both us and our customers.

Geographical Information

Revenue by geography is based on the billing address of the customer. Our revenue by geographic area is as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
United States	$	708,474	$	638,726	$	481,466
Other Countries (1)	51,639		53,064		52,516
Total revenue	$	760,113	$	691,790	$	533,982

(1) No individual country, other than disclosed above, exceeded 10% of our total revenue for any period presented.

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Capital Stock

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Equity [Abstract]

Capital Stock

Capital Stock

Common Stock

Our common stock has a par value of $0.05 per share. Proceeds from common stock issuances that are greater than $0.05 per share are credited to additional paid in capital. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per common share held on all matters voted on by our stockholders. Stockholders of record are entitled to the amount of dividends declared per common share held.

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401(k) Plan

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Defined Contribution Plan [Abstract]

401(k) Plan

401(k) Plan

We maintain a defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, that covers substantially all of our employees. Under the provisions of our 401(k) plan, employees' eligible contributions are matched at rates specified in the plan documents. Our expense associated with this plan was approximately $6.2 million, $6.3 million and $4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

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Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value, and establishes a market-based framework or hierarchy for measuring fair value. The standard is applicable whenever assets and liabilities are measured at fair value.

The fair value hierarchy established in the standard prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels as follows:

Level 1 – Observable inputs – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities – includes quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, and amounts derived from valuation models where all significant inputs are observable in active markets; and

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs – includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require us to develop relevant assumptions.

The following table summarizes the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and the level they fall within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

Amounts Recorded at Fair Value	Financial Statement Classification	Fair Value Hierarchy	Fair Value December 31, 2017		Fair Value December 31, 2016
Non-COLI assets held in Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan	Other assets	1	$	389	$	299
Interest rate swaps	Other current assets	2	$	294	$	73

Non-COLI assets held in the deferred supplemental compensation plan consist of equity funds with fair value based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets in active markets and changes in its fair value are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses.

We account for our interest rate swap agreements under the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and have determined that our swap agreements qualify as cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the fair value of the swap agreements, which is an asset recorded in other current assets of approximately $294 thousand and approximately $73 thousand at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The offset, net of an income tax effect of approximately $113 thousand and $28 thousand is included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The amounts paid and received on the swap agreements are recorded in interest expense in the period during which the related floating-rate interest is incurred. We determine the fair value of the swap agreements based on a valuation model using market data inputs.

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Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Quarterly Financial Data [Abstract]

Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited)

Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited)

The following table shows selected quarterly data for 2017 and 2016, in thousands, except earnings per share.

	2017 Quarters
	1st		2nd		3rd		4th
Revenues	$	197,294	$	193,860	$	174,164	$	194,795
Costs and operating expenses	$	183,098	$	178,855	$	161,927	$	181,908
Operating income	$	14,196	$	15,005	$	12,237	$	12,887
Net income	$	7,293	$	7,807	$	6,639	$	17,357
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.67	$	0.72	$	0.61	$	1.60
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	10,823		10,838		10,838		10,838
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.67	$	0.72	$	0.61	$	1.59
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	10,849		10,862		10,857		10,903

	2016 Quarters
	1st		2nd		3rd		4th
Revenues	$	143,636	$	160,473	$	172,780	$	214,901
Costs and operating expenses	$	130,895	$	148,594	$	159,157	$	201,615
Operating income	$	12,741	$	11,879	$	13,623	$	13,286
Net income	$	6,552	$	5,969	$	7,088	$	7,184
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.61	$	0.55	$	0.66	$	0.67
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	10,778		10,799		10,799		10,799
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.61	$	0.55	$	0.65	$	0.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	10,806		10,826		10,826		10,853

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Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements consist of the operations of our parent company, our wholly owned subsidiaries, Energetics Incorporated ("Energetics"), Akimeka, LLC ("Akimeka"), Wheeler Bros., Inc. ("WBI") and VSE Aviation, Inc. ("VSE Aviation"), and our unincorporated divisions. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates affecting the financial statements include accruals for contract disallowance reserves and recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets.

Stock Split Effected in Form of Stock Dividend

Stock Split Effected in Form of Stock Dividend

In May 2016, our Board of Directors approved a two-for-one stock split effected in the form of a stock dividend ("Stock Split"). The Stock Split had a record date of July 20, 2016 and the resulting stock distribution occurred on August 3, 2016. All references made to share or per share amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and applicable disclosures have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Stock Split.

Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on FinancialInstruments, which changes the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. We currently are assessing the impact that this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The ASU is based on the principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services. The standard is required to be applied either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying it recognized at the date of initial application. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill a contract.

We performed a detailed review of our contract portfolio representative of our different businesses and compared historical accounting policies and practices to the new standard. Based on the assessment, the primary impacts of adopting the new standard will be on (1) the timing of when we recognize revenue on our contracts with award fees, which is currently based on when we receive customer authorization, will change to recognition of the award fees as the performance obligation is satisfied resulting in revenue being recognized earlier in the contract period, (2) the timing of when we recognize revenues and costs on MRO services for aviation clients and certain fixed price delivery contracts will change from the date of delivery to recognition over time as progress is made to satisfy the performance obligation, and (3) the pattern in which we recognize revenue on certain fixed price services contracts may change from a straight-line basis over the contract period to measuring progress using input measures, such as costs incurred. While we have identified these areas of change under the new standard, we also implemented changes to our business processes, systems and controls to support adoption of the new standard in 2018. The new standard requires additional disclosures regarding the company’s contracts with customers, including disclosure of remaining unsatisfied performance obligations, in the first quarter 2018, which we are continuing to assess. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard is preliminarily estimated to be an increase to retained earnings of approximately $1.5 million.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which is intended to simplify the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, whichclarifies that, for inventories measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, net realizable value should be determined based on the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The adoption of ASU 2015-11 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates the requirement to determine the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure goodwill impairment. Under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, goodwill impairment testing will be performed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The new standard is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and should be applied on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. We elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04 effective April 1, 2017 and applied the new standard to our 2017 annual goodwill impairment test, as well as any interim tests. The adoption did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for share-based awards in accordance with the applicable accounting rules that require the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards based on estimated fair values. The compensation expense, included in costs and operating expenses, is amortized over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Shares issued during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. Our calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effects for the assumed vesting of restricted stock awards.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Due to the short maturity of these instruments, the carrying values on our consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation of computer equipment, furniture, other equipment is provided principally by the straight-line method over periods of 3 to 15 years. Depreciation of buildings and land improvements is provided by the straight-line method over periods of approximately 15 to 20 years. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided by the straight-line method over the lesser of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. 

Concentration of Credit Risk, Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Concentration of Credit Risk/Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables. Contracts with the government, either as a prime or subcontractor, accounted for approximately 82%, 80%, and 77% of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We believe that concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables are limited as they are primarily government receivables. We believe that the fair market value of all financial instruments, including debt, approximate book value.

Revenues

Revenues

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable.

Substantially all of our Supply Chain Management Group revenues result from the sale of vehicle parts to clients. We recognize revenue from the sale of vehicle parts when the customer takes ownership of the parts. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

Our Aviation Group revenues are recognized upon the shipment or delivery of products to customers based on when title or risk of loss transfers to the customer. Sales returns and allowances are not significant.

Substantially all of our Federal Services work is performed for our customers on a contract basis. The three primary types of contracts used are cost-type, fixed-price and time and materials. Revenues result from work performed on these contracts by our employees and our subcontractors and from costs for materials and other work related costs allowed under our contracts.

Revenues on cost-type contracts are recorded as contract allowable costs are incurred and fees are earned. Our FMS Program contract is a cost plus award fee contract. This contract has terms that specify award fee payments that are determined by performance and level of contract activity. Award fees are made during the year through a contract modification authorizing the award fee that is issued subsequent to the period in which the work is performed. We recognize award fee income on the FMS Program contract when the fees are fixed or determinable. Due to such timing, and to fluctuations in the level of revenues, profits as a percentage of revenues on this contract will fluctuate from period to period.

Revenue recognition methods on fixed-price contracts will vary depending on the nature of the work and the contract terms. Revenues on fixed-price service contracts are recorded as work is performed, typically ratably over the service period. Revenues on fixed-price contracts that require delivery of specific items are recorded based on a price per unit as units are delivered.

Revenues for time and materials contracts are recorded on the basis of contract allowable labor hours worked multiplied by the contract defined billing rates, plus the direct costs and indirect cost burdens associated with materials and subcontract work used in performance on the contract. Generally, profits on time and materials contracts result from the difference between the cost of services performed and the contract defined billing rates for these services.

Revenue related to work performed on government contracts at risk, which is work performed at the customer's request prior to the government formalizing funding, is not recognized until it can be reliably estimated and its realization is probable.

A substantial portion of contract and administrative costs are subject to audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency. Our indirect cost rates have been audited and approved for 2013 and prior years with no material adjustments to our results of operations or financial position. While we maintain reserves to cover the risk of potential future audit adjustments based primarily on the results of prior audits, we do not believe any future audits will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Receivables are recorded at amounts earned less an allowance for doubtful accounts. We review our receivables regularly to determine if there are any potentially uncollectible accounts. The majority of our receivables are from government agencies, where there is minimal credit risk. We record allowances for bad debt as a reduction to receivables and an increase to bad debt expense. We assess the adequacy of these reserves by considering general factors, such as the length of time individual receivables are past due and historical collection experience.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories for our Supply Chain Group are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. Included in inventory are related purchasing, storage, and handling costs. Our inventory primarily consists of vehicle replacement parts.

Inventories for our Aviation Group are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories for our Aviation Group primarily consist of general aviation jet aircraft engines and engine accessories and parts. The cost for purchased engines and parts is determined by the specific identification method. Included in inventory are related purchasing, overhaul labor, storage, and handling costs. We also purchase aircraft engines for disassembly into individual parts and components.

Deferred Compensation Plans

Deferred Compensation Plans

We have a deferred compensation plan, the VSE Corporation Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan ("DSC Plan"), to provide incentive and reward for certain management employees based on overall corporate performance. We maintain the underlying assets of the DSC Plan in a Rabbi Trust and changes in asset values are included in costs and operating expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of income. We invest the assets held by the Rabbi Trust in both corporate owned life insurance ("COLI") products and in mutual funds. The COLI investments are recorded at cash surrender value and the mutual fund investments are recorded at fair value. The DSC Plan assets are included in other assets and the obligation to the participants is included in deferred compensation on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets include intangible assets and property and equipment to be held and used. We review the carrying values of long-lived assets other than goodwill for impairment if events or changes in the facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. We assess impairment by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the related asset to its carrying value. If an asset is determined to be impaired, we recognize an impairment charge in the current period for the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. This method also requires the recognition of future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carryforwards, to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The carrying value of net deferred tax assets is based on assumptions regarding our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income to utilize these deferred tax assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill

We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. A qualitative assessment can be performed to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value using a quantitative assessment. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is considered not impaired. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss.

For the quantitative assessment, we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of an income approach using a discounted cash flow ("DCF") analysis and a market-based valuation approach based on as comparable public company trading values. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the exercise of significant management judgments, including the amount and timing of projected future revenues, earnings and cash flows, discount rates, long-term growth rates, and comparable public company revenues and earnings multiples. The projected results used in our quantitative assessment are based on our best estimate as of the testing date of future revenues, earnings and cash flows after considering factors such as recent operating performance, general market and industry conditions, existing and expected future contracts, changes in working capital, and long-term business plans and growth initiatives. The carrying value of each reporting unit includes the assets and liabilities employed in its operations and goodwill. There are no significant allocations of amounts held at the Corporate level to the reporting units.

Based on our annual goodwill impairment analysis we performed in the fourth quarter of 2017, including an interim impairment analysis performed for the VSE Aviation reporting unit at year-end, the fair value of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values.

Intangibles Assets

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of the value of contract-related intangible assets, trade names and acquired technologies acquired in acquisitions. We amortize on a straight-line basis intangible assets acquired as part of acquisitions over their estimated useful lives unless their useful lives are determined to be indefinite. The amounts we record related to acquired intangibles are determined by us considering the results of independent valuations. Our contract-related intangibles are amortized over their estimated useful lives of approximately seven to 16 years with a weighted-average life of approximately 12.6 years as of December 31, 2017. We have four trade names that are amortized over an estimated useful life of approximately nine years. We have an acquired technologies intangible asset that is amortized over an estimated useful life of 11 years. The weighted-average life for all amortizable intangible assets is approximately 12.2 years as of December 31, 2017.

Fair Value Measurement

The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value, and establishes a market-based framework or hierarchy for measuring fair value. The standard is applicable whenever assets and liabilities are measured at fair value.

The fair value hierarchy established in the standard prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels as follows:

Level 1 – Observable inputs – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities – includes quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, and amounts derived from valuation models where all significant inputs are observable in active markets; and

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs – includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require us to develop relevant assumptions.

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Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Weighted Average Number of Shares

Our calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effects for the assumed vesting of restricted stock awards.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2017	2016	2015
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	10,834,562	10,793,723	10,747,226
Effect of dilutive shares	33,272	34,429	40,044
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	10,867,834	10,828,152	10,787,270

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Receivables, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Receivables [Abstract]

Components of Receivables

Total receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of approximately $83 thousand and $30 thousand as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were as follows (in thousands):

	2017		2016
Billed	$	55,760	$	55,669
Unbilled	42,577		45,549
Total receivables	$	98,337	$	101,218

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

	2017			2016
Buildings and building improvements	$	53,049		$	52,972
Computer equipment	27,775			29,463
Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other	30,704			29,455
Leasehold improvements	545			545
Land and land improvements	4,462			4,214
	116,535			116,649
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(61,389		)	(54,588		)
Total property and equipment, net	$	55,146		$	62,061

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Acquisitions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information

The unaudited consolidated pro forma results of operations are as following (in thousands except per share amounts):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015
Revenue	$	541,387
Income from continuing operations	$	25,267
Basic earnings per share	$	2.35
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.34

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill by Operating Segment

Changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands):

	Supply Chain Management		Federal Services		Aviation		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015	$	63,113	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,545
Increase from acquisitions	77		—		—		77
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	63,190	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,622
Increase from acquisitions	—		—		—		—
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	63,190	$	30,883	$	104,549	$	198,622

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets were composed of the following (in thousands):

	Cost		Accumulated Amortization			Accumulated Impairment Loss			Net Intangible Assets
December 31, 2017
Contract and customer-related	$	173,094	$	(72,937	)	$	(1,025	)	$	99,132
Acquired technologies	12,400		(7,406		)	—			4,994
Trade names	16,670		(9,887		)	—			6,783
Total	$	202,164	$	(90,230	)	$	(1,025	)	$	110,909
December 31, 2016
Contract and customer-related	$	173,094	$	(59,799	)	$	(1,025	)	$	112,270
Acquired technologies	12,400		(6,278		)	—			6,122
Trade names	16,670		(8,136		)	—			8,534
Total	$	202,164	$	(74,213	)	$	(1,025	)	$	126,926

Future Amortization of Intangible Assets

Future expected amortization of intangible assets is as follows for the years ending December 31, (in thousands):

	Amortization
2018	$	16,017
2019	15,953
2020	15,362
2021	14,998
2022	13,252
Thereafter	35,327
Total	$	110,909

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Share-based Compensation [Abstract]

Share-based Compensation Related to Restricted Stock Awards

The total stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, are as follows (in thousands):

	2017		2016		2015
Employees	$	2,416	$	1,555	$	1,423
Non-employee Directors	642		544		617
Total	$	3,058	$	2,099	$	2,040

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation consisting of restricted stock awards was included in costs and operating expenses and provision for income taxes on the accompanying statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Stock-based compensation included in costs and operating expenses	$	3,068		$	2,109		$	2,081
Income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation	(1,180		)	(811		)	(800		)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of income tax benefit	$	1,888		$	1,298		$	1,281

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of Provision for Income Taxes

The components of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Current
Federal	$	14,149		$	13,648		$	13,641
State	2,511			2,379			2,352
	16,660			16,027			15,993
Deferred
Federal	(10,645		)	(983		)	73
State	110			(163		)	11
Foreign	(136		)	—			—
	(10,671		)	(1,146		)	84
Provision for income taxes	$	5,989		$	14,881		$	16,077

Effective Income Tax Reconciliation

The differences between the amount of tax computed at the federal statutory rate of 35% and the provision for income taxes from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016			2015
Tax at statutory federal income tax rate	$	15,780		$	14,586		$	14,348
Increases (decreases) in tax resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit	1,732			1,599			1,683
Permanent differences, net	(643		)	(974		)	88
Impact of Tax Act	(10,556		)	—			—
Other, net	(324		)	(330		)	(42		)
Provision for income taxes	$	5,989		$	14,881		$	16,077

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The tax effect of temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are as follows (in thousands):

	2017			2016
Gross deferred tax assets
Deferred compensation and accrued paid leave	$	5,594		$	7,602
Accrued expenses	1,013			1,933
Stock-based compensation	772			803
Reserve for contract disallowances	84			90
Capitalized inventory	916			1,104
State operating loss carryforward	263			283
Tax credit carryforward	178			155
Foreign country operating loss carryforward	136			—
Legal settlements	—			614
Other	—			65
Total gross deferred tax assets	8,956			12,649
Gross deferred tax liabilities
Interest rate swaps	(74		)	(28		)
Depreciation	(2,439		)	(3,522		)
Deferred revenues	(1,875		)	(2,291		)
Goodwill and intangible assets	(23,854		)	(36,680		)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(28,242		)	(42,521		)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(19,286	)	$	(29,872	)

Certain amounts from the prior year have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Lease Expense

Lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Lease Expense		Sublease Income		Net Expense
2017	$	4,924	$	1,134	$	3,790
2016	$	5,100	$	888	$	4,212
2015	$	5,824	$	506	$	5,318

Future Minimum Annual Non-cancelable Commitments - Leases

Future minimum annual non-cancelable commitments under our headquarters lease as of December 31, 2017, which are not included in the table above, are as follows (in thousands):

	Lease Commitments		Sublease Income		Net Commitments
2018	$	4,337	$	892	$	3,445
2019	4,456		376		4,080
2020	4,579		—		4,579
2021	4,705		—		4,705
2022	4,827		—		4,827
Thereafter	22,336		—		22,336
Total	$	45,240	$	1,268	$	43,972

Future minimum annual non-cancelable commitments as of December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

	Operating Leases
	Lease Commitments		Sublease Income		Net Commitments
2018	$	2,753	$	—	$	2,753
2019	1,214		—		1,214
2020	657		—		657
2021	427		—		427
2022	326		—		326
Thereafter	84		—		84
Total	$	5,461	$	—	$	5,461

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Business Segments and Customer Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Segment Reporting, Disclosure of Entity's Reportable Segments [Abstract]

Segment Information

Our segment information is as follows (in thousands):

For the years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
Revenues
Supply Chain Management Group	$	214,542		$	205,475		$	196,772
Aviation Group	134,809			133,466			119,729
Federal Services Group	410,762			352,849			217,481
Total revenues	$	760,113		$	691,790		$	533,982
Operating income:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	33,754		$	34,632		$	35,453
Aviation Group	9,695			12,823			10,635
Federal Services Group	13,419			7,796			6,802
Corporate expenses	(2,543		)	(3,722		)	(2,351		)
Operating income	$	54,325		$	51,529		$	50,539
Depreciation and amortization expense:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	6,536		$	6,445		$	7,074
Aviation Group	4,835			5,461			5,865
Federal Services Group	14,511			14,140			12,602
Total depreciation and amortization	$	25,882		$	26,046		$	25,541
Capital expenditures:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	1,376		$	4,195		$	7,544
Aviation Group	1,387			1,459			959
Federal Services Group	177			94			94
Corporate	373			1,624			1,965
Total capital expenditures	$	3,313		$	7,372		$	10,562

	December 31,
	2017		2016
Total assets:
Supply Chain Management Group	$	176,860	$	185,004
Aviation Group	282,738		291,500
Federal Services Group	102,372		107,549
Corporate	67,043		77,786
Total assets	$	629,013	$	661,839

Revenue by Customer

Our revenue by customer is as follows for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):

	Revenues by Customer Years ended December 31,
Customer	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
U.S. Postal Service	$	180,205	23.7	$	181,215	26.2	$	184,876	34.6
U.S. Navy	206,644		27.2	190,155		27.5	98,887		18.5
U.S. Army	188,462		24.8	139,764		20.2	80,086		15.0
U.S. Air Force	7,123		0.9	3,482		0.5	3,558		0.7
Total - DoD	402,229		52.9	333,401		48.2	182,531		34.2
Commercial Aviation	126,960		16.7	131,067		19.0	119,729		22.4
Other Commercial	12,498		1.7	10,721		1.5	4,653		0.9
Total - Commercial	139,458		18.4	141,788		20.5	124,382		23.3
Other Government	38,221		5.0	35,386		5.1	42,193		7.9
Total	$	760,113	100.0	$	691,790	100.0	$	533,982	100.0

Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas

Revenue by geography is based on the billing address of the customer. Our revenue by geographic area is as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
United States	$	708,474	$	638,726	$	481,466
Other Countries (1)	51,639		53,064		52,516
Total revenue	$	760,113	$	691,790	$	533,982

(1) No individual country, other than disclosed above, exceeded 10% of our total revenue for any period presented.

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

The following table summarizes the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and the level they fall within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

Amounts Recorded at Fair Value	Financial Statement Classification	Fair Value Hierarchy	Fair Value December 31, 2017		Fair Value December 31, 2016
Non-COLI assets held in Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan	Other assets	1	$	389	$	299
Interest rate swaps	Other current assets	2	$	294	$	73

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Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Quarterly Financial Data [Abstract]

Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited)

The following table shows selected quarterly data for 2017 and 2016, in thousands, except earnings per share.

	2017 Quarters
	1st		2nd		3rd		4th
Revenues	$	197,294	$	193,860	$	174,164	$	194,795
Costs and operating expenses	$	183,098	$	178,855	$	161,927	$	181,908
Operating income	$	14,196	$	15,005	$	12,237	$	12,887
Net income	$	7,293	$	7,807	$	6,639	$	17,357
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.67	$	0.72	$	0.61	$	1.60
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	10,823		10,838		10,838		10,838
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.67	$	0.72	$	0.61	$	1.59
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	10,849		10,862		10,857		10,903

	2016 Quarters
	1st		2nd		3rd		4th
Revenues	$	143,636	$	160,473	$	172,780	$	214,901
Costs and operating expenses	$	130,895	$	148,594	$	159,157	$	201,615
Operating income	$	12,741	$	11,879	$	13,623	$	13,286
Net income	$	6,552	$	5,969	$	7,088	$	7,184
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.61	$	0.55	$	0.66	$	0.67
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	10,778		10,799		10,799		10,799
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income	$	0.61	$	0.55	$	0.65	$	0.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	10,806		10,826		10,826		10,853

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Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies - Earning Per Share (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding Reconciliation [Abstract]
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding (in shares)	10,838,000	10,838,000	10,838,000	10,823,000	10,799,000	10,799,000	10,799,000	10,778,000	10,834,562	10,793,723	10,747,226
Effect of dilutive shares (in shares)									33,272	34,429	40,044
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	10,903,000	10,857,000	10,862,000	10,849,000	10,853,000	10,826,000	10,826,000	10,806,000	10,867,834	10,828,152	10,787,270

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Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) TradeName contract	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Stock split, conversion ratio	2
Percentage of contracts with the government		82.00%	80.00%	77.00%
Number of contract types | contract		3
Deferred compensation plan expense		$ 1,900,000	$ 1,700,000	$ 1,900,000
Impairment of intangible assets		$ 0	0	$ 0
Acquired intangible assets, weighted average useful life		12 years 2 months 12 days
Retained earnings		$ 267,902,000	$ 231,733,000
Servicing Contracts
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Acquired intangible assets, weighted average useful life		12 years 7 months 6 days
Servicing Contracts | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible assets, useful life		7 years
Servicing Contracts | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible assets, useful life		16 years
Trade names
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible assets, useful life		9 years
Number of trade names | TradeName		4
Acquired technologies
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible assets, useful life		11 years
Other Capitalized Property Plant and Equipment | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life		3 years
Other Capitalized Property Plant and Equipment | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life		15 years
Land, Buildings and Improvements | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life		15 years
Land, Buildings and Improvements | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life		20 years
Difference between Revenue Guidance in Effect before and after Topic 606 | Accounting Standards Update 2014-09
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Retained earnings		$ 1,500,000

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Receivables, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Receivables [Abstract]
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 83	$ 30
Components of Receivables [Abstract]
Billed	55,760	55,669
Unbilled	42,577	45,549
Total receivables	98,337	101,218
Government contracts receivable	$ 4,000	$ 2,100

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Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 116,535	$ 116,649
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(61,389)	(54,588)
Total property and equipment, net	55,146	62,061
Depreciation and amortization	9,300	9,400	$ 9,100
Buildings and building improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	53,049	52,972
Computer equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	27,775	29,463
Furniture, fixtures, equipment and other
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	30,704	29,455
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	545	545
Land and land improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 4,462	$ 4,214

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Acquisitions (Details) $ in Thousands				1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Jan. 28, 2015 USD ($) business	May 31, 2016 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill		$ 198,545				$ 198,622	$ 198,622	$ 198,545
Earn-out obligation payments						$ 0	18,515	11,713
Ultra Seating
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Initial purchase consideration paid		3,600
Cash consideration		$ 3,800
Goodwill							2,000
Ultra Seating | Customer Relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Acquired intangible assets							$ 1,500
Aviation
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Initial purchase consideration paid			$ 189,000
Cash consideration					$ 2,400
Number of businesses acquired | business			4
Estimated net working capital adjustment			$ 5,000
Additional potential consideration payment - two year earn-out			$ 40,000
Additional potential consideration payment - one year earn-out					$ 5,000
Payments of contingent liabilities				$ 8,000
Earn-out obligation payments	$ 10,500
Acquisition-related expenses								$ 528

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Acquisitions (Pro Forma Information) (Details) - Aviation $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($) $ / shares
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenue | $	$ 541,387
Income from continuing operations | $	$ 25,267
Basic earning per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.35
Diluted earning per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.34

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Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning balance	$ 198,622	$ 198,545
Increase from acquisitions	0	77
Balance, ending balance	198,622	198,622	$ 198,545
Amortization of intangible assets	16,017	16,067	15,576
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	202,164	202,164
Accumulated Amortization	(90,230)	(74,213)
Accumulated Impairment Loss	(1,025)	(1,025)
Net Intangible Assets	110,909	126,926
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
2018	16,017
2019	15,953
2020	15,362
2021	14,998
2022	13,252
Thereafter	35,327
Total	110,909	126,926
Supply Chain Management
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning balance	63,190	63,113
Increase from acquisitions	0	77
Balance, ending balance	63,190	63,190	63,113
Federal Services Group
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning balance	30,883	30,883
Increase from acquisitions	0	0
Balance, ending balance	30,883	30,883	30,883
Aviation
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning balance	104,549	104,549
Increase from acquisitions	0	0
Balance, ending balance	104,549	104,549	$ 104,549
Contract and customer-related
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	173,094	173,094
Accumulated Amortization	(72,937)	(59,799)
Accumulated Impairment Loss	(1,025)	(1,025)
Net Intangible Assets	99,132	112,270
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Total	99,132	112,270
Acquired technologies
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	12,400	12,400
Accumulated Amortization	(7,406)	(6,278)
Accumulated Impairment Loss	0	0
Net Intangible Assets	4,994	6,122
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Total	4,994	6,122
Trade names
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Cost	16,670	16,670
Accumulated Amortization	(9,887)	(8,136)
Accumulated Impairment Loss	0	0
Net Intangible Assets	6,783	8,534
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net [Abstract]
Total	$ 6,783	$ 8,534

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Debt (Details)	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2018	Jan. 31, 2018 USD ($) bank	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) bank	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Deferred financing costs			$ 1,100,000	$ 1,700,000
Long-term Debt, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Number of banks | bank			6
Amended and Restated
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Revolving loans, potential increment in maximum borrowing capacity			$ 75,000,000
Duration of interest rate cash flow hedge			3 years
Derivative, notional amount			$ 85,000,000
Effective interest rate			3.66%
Interest expense, net			$ 7,200,000	7,800,000	$ 7,300,000
Long-term Debt, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Debt outstanding			$ 173,700,000	216,300,000
Amended and Restated | LIBOR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base margin			2.00%
Amended and Restated | Base Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base margin			0.75%
Revolving Loans
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Revolving loans maximum borrowing capacity			$ 150,000,000
Revolving loans amount outstanding			79,300,000	100,000,000
Letters of credit outstanding			$ 0	$ 0
Minimum | Amended and Restated
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate			3.25%
Maximum | Amended and Restated
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate			5.25%
Subsequent Event
Long-term Debt, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Number of banks | bank		9
Ratio of indebtedness to net capital		3.0
Subsequent Event | Amended and Restated
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Revolving loans, potential increment in maximum borrowing capacity		$ 100,000,000
Duration of interest rate cash flow hedge		3 years
Long-term Debt, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Extension on duration of interest rate cash flow hedge	3 years
Subsequent Event | Amended and Restated | LIBOR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base margin		1.75%
Subsequent Event | Amended and Restated | Base Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Base margin		0.50%
Subsequent Event | Term Loan
Long-term Debt, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2018		$ 7,500,000
2019		10,000,000
2020		11,900,000
2021		14,400,000
2022		15,000,000
2023		41,200,000
Debt outstanding		100,000,000
Subsequent Event | Revolving Loans
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Revolving loans maximum borrowing capacity		$ 300,000,000

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Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Employee-related Liabilities	$ 23.3	$ 20.7

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 01, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Mar. 01, 2016	May 31, 2014
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares available for issuance (in shares)		436,532
Stock-based compensation		$ 3,068	$ 2,109	$ 2,081
Tax withholding associated with awards issued		500	499	342
Compensation expense not yet recognized		$ 2,300	$ 1,100
Weighted average amortization period of compensation not yet recognized		1 year 8 months 24 days	1 year 10 months 24 days
Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation		$ 3,058	$ 2,099	2,040
Stock-based compensation included in costs and operating expenses		3,068	2,109	2,081
Income tax benefit recognized for stock-based compensation		(1,180)	(811)	(800)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of income tax benefit		1,888	1,298	1,281
Restricted Stock | Non-employee Directors
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation		642	544	617
Restricted Stock | Employee
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation		$ 2,416	$ 1,555	$ 1,423
Restricted Stock Plan 2006
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares authorized (in shares)			1,000,000			500,000
Restricted Stock Plan 2006 | Non-employee Directors
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock awarded (in shares)		16,100	17,600	18,000
Stock-based compensation		$ 642	$ 544	$ 617
Restricted Stock Plan 2006 | Employee
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock awarded (in shares)	23,508
Grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 40.14
Vested award is paid in our shares	100.00%				100.00%
Vesting period		3 years
Restricted Stock Plan 2006 | Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Grant date fair value (in dollars per share)		$ 39.85	$ 30.89	$ 34.29

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, incomplete accounting, provisional income tax benefit	$ 10,600
Current
Federal	14,149	$ 13,648	$ 13,641
State	2,511	2,379	2,352
Current Total	16,660	16,027	15,993
Deferred
Federal	(10,645)	(983)	73
State	110	(163)	11
Foreign	(136)	0	0
Deferred Total	(10,671)	(1,146)	84
Provision for income taxes	$ 5,989	$ 14,881	$ 16,077
Federal statutory rate	35.00%	35.00%	35.00%
Effective Income Tax Reconciliation [Abstract]
Tax at statutory federal income tax rate	$ 15,780	$ 14,586	$ 14,348
Increases (decreases) in tax resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit	1,732	1,599	1,683
Permanent differences, net	(643)	(974)	88
Impact of Tax Act	(10,556)	0	0
Other, net	(324)	(330)	(42)
Provision for income taxes	5,989	14,881	$ 16,077
Gross deferred tax assets
Deferred compensation and accrued paid leave	5,594	7,602
Accrued expenses	1,013	1,933
Stock-based compensation	772	803
Reserve for contract disallowances	84	90
Capitalized inventory	916	1,104
State operating loss carryforward	263	283
Tax credit carryforward	178	155
Foreign country operating loss carryforward	136	0
Legal settlements	0	614
Other	0	65
Total gross deferred tax assets	8,956	12,649
Gross deferred tax liabilities
Interest rate swaps	(74)	(28)
Depreciation	(2,439)	(3,522)
Deferred revenues	(1,875)	(2,291)
Goodwill and intangible assets	(23,854)	(36,680)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(28,242)	(42,521)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$ (19,286)	$ (29,872)

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Commitments and Contingencies (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions		1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 01, 2016 plaintiff	Nov. 30, 2016 USD ($) defendant plaintiff	Apr. 30, 2011 subcontractor	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	May 01, 2012 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Capitalization of construction costs						$ 27.3
Operating leases, accumulated depreciation				$ 10.9	$ 9.0
Lease liability included in long-term lease obligations				20.3	21.7
Current portion of lease liability				$ 1.4	$ 1.3
Number of deaths of subcontractor employees | subcontractor			5
Operating Leases | Minimum
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Lease term				2 years
Operating Leases | Maximum
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Lease term				15 years
Building Facilities
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Lease term				15 years
Aviation Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Number of plaintiffs | plaintiff		5
Number of defendants | defendant		5
Number of deaths | plaintiff	3
Number of injured | plaintiff	6
Damages sought		$ 1.0

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Operating Leases, Rent, Net [Abstract]
Operating Lease Expense	$ 4,924	$ 5,100	$ 5,824
Sublease Income	1,134	888	506
Net Expense	3,790	$ 4,212	$ 5,318
Lease Commitments
2018	2,753
2019	1,214
2020	657
2021	427
2022	326
Thereafter	84
Total	5,461
Sublease Income
2018	0
2019	0
2020	0
2021	0
2022	0
Thereafter	0
Total	0
Net Commitments
2018	2,753
2019	1,214
2020	657
2021	427
2022	326
Thereafter	84
Total	5,461
Lease Commitments Under Headquarters Lease
2018	4,337
2019	4,456
2020	4,579
2021	4,705
2022	4,827
Thereafter	22,336
Total	45,240
Sublease Income Under Headquarters Lease
2018	892
2019	376
2020	0
2021	0
2022	0
Thereafter	0
Total	1,268
Net Commitments Under Headquarters Lease
2018	3,445
2019	4,080
2020	4,579
2021	4,705
2022	4,827
Thereafter	22,336
Total	$ 43,972

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Business Segments and Customer Information (Narrative) (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 segment	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable operating segments | segment	3
Corporate
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Gain resulting from the combined effect of the Anchorage Lawsuit and Maritime Administration settlements		$ 1.4
Corporate | Heritage Litigation
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Settlement amount		$ 3.3

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Business Segments and Customer Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues									$ 760,113	$ 691,790	$ 533,982
Operating income	$ 12,887	$ 12,237	$ 15,005	$ 14,196	$ 13,286	$ 13,623	$ 11,879	$ 12,741	54,325	51,529	50,539
Total assets	629,013				661,839				629,013	661,839
Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues									760,113	691,790	533,982
Operating income									54,325	51,529	50,539
Depreciation and amortization									25,882	26,046	25,541
Capital expenditures									3,313	7,372	10,562
Total assets	629,013				661,839				629,013	661,839
Operating Segments | Supply Chain Management
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues									214,542	205,475	196,772
Operating income									33,754	34,632	35,453
Depreciation and amortization									6,536	6,445	7,074
Capital expenditures									1,376	4,195	7,544
Total assets	176,860				185,004				176,860	185,004
Operating Segments | Aviation
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues									134,809	133,466	119,729
Operating income									9,695	12,823	10,635
Depreciation and amortization									4,835	5,461	5,865
Capital expenditures									1,387	1,459	959
Total assets	282,738				291,500				282,738	291,500
Operating Segments | Federal Services Group
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues									410,762	352,849	217,481
Operating income									13,419	7,796	6,802
Depreciation and amortization									14,511	14,140	12,602
Capital expenditures									177	94	94
Total assets	102,372				107,549				102,372	107,549
Operating Segments | Corporate
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	$ 67,043				$ 77,786				67,043	77,786
Corporate expenses
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Operating income									(2,543)	(3,722)	(2,351)
Capital expenditures									$ 373	$ 1,624	$ 1,965

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Business Segments and Customer Information, Major Customers (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 760,113	$ 691,790	$ 533,982
Percentage of revenue by customer	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
U.S. Postal Service
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 180,205	$ 181,215	$ 184,876
Percentage of revenue by customer	23.70%	26.20%	34.60%
U.S. Navy
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 206,644	$ 190,155	$ 98,887
Percentage of revenue by customer	27.20%	27.50%	18.50%
U.S. Army
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 188,462	$ 139,764	$ 80,086
Percentage of revenue by customer	24.80%	20.20%	15.00%
U.S. Air Force
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 7,123	$ 3,482	$ 3,558
Percentage of revenue by customer	0.90%	0.50%	0.70%
Total - DoD
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 402,229	$ 333,401	$ 182,531
Percentage of revenue by customer	52.90%	48.20%	34.20%
Commercial Aviation
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 126,960	$ 131,067	$ 119,729
Percentage of revenue by customer	16.70%	19.00%	22.40%
Other Commercial
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 12,498	$ 10,721	$ 4,653
Percentage of revenue by customer	1.70%	1.50%	0.90%
Total - Commercial
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 139,458	$ 141,788	$ 124,382
Percentage of revenue by customer	18.40%	20.50%	23.30%
Other Government
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, by customer	$ 38,221	$ 35,386	$ 42,193
Percentage of revenue by customer	5.00%	5.10%	7.90%

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Business Segments and Customer Information, Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 760,113	$ 691,790	$ 533,982
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	708,474	638,726	481,466
Other Countries
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 51,639	$ 53,064	$ 52,516

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Capital Stock (Details)	Dec. 31, 2017 vote $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2016 $ / shares
Equity [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.05	$ 0.05
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.05
Number of votes stockholders are entitled to per common share | vote	1

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401(k) Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Defined Contribution Plan [Abstract]
Defined contribution plan expense	$ 6.2	$ 6.3	$ 4.8

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Fair Value Measurements - Liabilities and Assets Measured at Fair Value (Details) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Other assets | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Non-COLI assets held in Deferred Supplemental Compensation Plan	$ 389	$ 299
Other current assets | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Interest rate swaps	$ 294	$ 73

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Income tax expense benefit on interest rate swap	$ 113	$ 28
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Other current assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Interest rate swaps	$ 294	73
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Accrued expenses
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Interest rate swaps		$ 73

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Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Quarterly Financial Data [Abstract]
Revenues	$ 194,795	$ 174,164	$ 193,860	$ 197,294	$ 214,901	$ 172,780	$ 160,473	$ 143,636	$ 760,113	$ 691,790	$ 533,982
Costs and operating expenses	181,908	161,927	178,855	183,098	201,615	159,157	148,594	130,895
Operating income	12,887	12,237	15,005	14,196	13,286	13,623	11,879	12,741	54,325	51,529	50,539
Net income	$ 17,357	$ 6,639	$ 7,807	$ 7,293	$ 7,184	$ 7,088	$ 5,969	$ 6,552	$ 39,096	$ 26,793	$ 24,918
Basic earnings per share:
Net income (in dollars per share)	$ 1.60	$ 0.61	$ 0.72	$ 0.67	$ 0.67	$ 0.66	$ 0.55	$ 0.61	$ 3.61	$ 2.48	$ 2.32
Basic weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	10,838,000	10,838,000	10,838,000	10,823,000	10,799,000	10,799,000	10,799,000	10,778,000	10,834,562	10,793,723	10,747,226
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income (in dollars per share)	$ 1.59	$ 0.61	$ 0.72	$ 0.67	$ 0.66	$ 0.65	$ 0.55	$ 0.61	$ 3.60	$ 2.47	$ 2.31
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	10,903,000	10,857,000	10,862,000	10,849,000	10,853,000	10,826,000	10,826,000	10,806,000	10,867,834	10,828,152	10,787,270