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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Reporting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Summary of Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies

Recently Adopted Accounting Principles. In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment to eliminate a step in the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The new single quantitative step test requires companies to compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and record an impairment charge for the amount that the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, up to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The Company will continue to have the option of first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to complete the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company early adopted this guidance in the fourth quarter of 2017 by applying the single quantitative step test to our interim goodwill impairment analysis. See Note 7.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company maintains cash balances at four major financial institutions in the United States. Accounts are secured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000. The uninsured balances of the Company’s unrestricted cash and cash equivalents accounts aggregated $2.0 million as of December 31, 2017.

Accounts and Unbilled Receivables. Accounts receivable are uncollateralized customer obligations due under normal trade terms. Customer account balances that are not paid within contract terms are considered delinquent. Accounts receivable are stated at the amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances. The Company maintains an allowance for potential losses primarily based upon management's analysis of delinquent accounts, routine assessment of its customers' financial condition, and any other known factors impacting collectability, including disputed amounts. When management has exhausted all collection efforts, amounts deemed uncollectible are written off. Recoveries of previously written off accounts receivable are recognized in the period in which they are received. The ultimate amount of accounts receivable that becomes uncollectible could differ from management's estimate.

Marketable Securities – Available-for-Sale. Marketable securities are stated at fair value in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance. The Company determines the fair value of its marketable securities based on pricing from our third party service provider and market prices from industry-standard independent data providers. Such market prices may be quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1 inputs) or pricing determined using inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2 inputs), such as yield curve, volatility factors, credit spreads, default rates, loss severity, current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments or debt, broker and dealer quotes, as well as other relevant economic measures. To the extent observable inputs are not available, as is the case with the Company's mortgage securities – available-for-sale, the Company estimates fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs). The methods and processes used to estimate the fair value of the Company's mortgage securities are discussed further below.

Mortgage securities – available-for-sale represent beneficial interests the Company retains in securitization transactions which consist of residual interests (the “residual securities”) in certain components of the cash flows of the underlying mortgage loans to the securitization trusts. As payments are received on the residual securities, the payments are applied to the cost basis of the related mortgage securities. Each period, the accretable yield for each mortgage security is evaluated and, to the extent there has been a change in the estimated cash flows, it is adjusted and applied prospectively. The accretable yield is recorded as interest income with a corresponding increase to the carrying basis of the mortgage security. The Company estimates the fair value of its residual securities retained based on the present value of future expected cash flows to be received, except for those securities for which a portion was sold subsequent to year end as discussed in Note 10. Management’s best estimate of key assumptions, including credit losses, prepayment speeds, market discount rates and forward yield curves commensurate with the risks involved, are used in estimating future cash flows.

All of the Company's available-for-sale securities are reported at their estimated fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. To the extent the cost basis of these securities exceeds the estimated fair value and the unrealized loss is considered to be other than temporary, an impairment charge is recognized and the amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss is reclassified to earnings as a realized loss. The Company uses the specific identification method in computing realized gains or losses.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets. Goodwill and trademarks are assessed annually to determine whether their carrying value exceeds their fair value. In addition, they are tested on an interim basis if an event occurs or circumstances change between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce their fair value below carrying value. If we determine the fair value of goodwill or trademarks is less than their carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized. Impairment losses, if any, are reflected in operating income or loss in the period incurred. The Company performs its annual tests of goodwill and trademarks during the second quarter of each fiscal year.

Impairment of Long-Lived Intangible Assets with Finite Lives. Long-lived intangible assets held and used by us which have finite lives are assessed for impairment whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying value of the asset may not be fully recoverable. Recoverability is determined based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of an asset and its eventual disposition. An impairment loss is measured by comparing the fair value of the asset to its carrying value. If we determine the fair value of an asset is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is incurred. Impairment losses, if any, are reflected in operating income or loss in the period incurred.

Revenue and Cost Recognition - The Company recognizes revenue when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the service has been provided to the customer, fees for services are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. HCS's revenue is generated from time and material contracts where there is a signed agreement in place that specifies the fixed hourly rate and other reimbursable costs to be billed based on direct labor hours incurred. Revenue is recognized on these contracts based on direct labor hours and reimbursable costs incurred.

During 2017, 43% of Service Fee Income was generated from two customers and 98% was generated from 16 Community Service Board ("CSB") customers. As of December 31, 2017, 48% of accounts and unbilled receivables were due from three customers and 97% was due from the 16 CSB customers.

Income Taxes. The Company had a gross deferred tax asset of $164.7 million and $295.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In determining the amount of deferred tax assets to recognize in the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates the likelihood of realizing such benefits in future periods. The income tax guidance requires the recognition of a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Income tax guidance indicates the more likely than not threshold is a level of likelihood that is more than 50%.

Under the income tax guidance, companies are required to identify and consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Positive evidence includes, but is not limited to the following: cumulative earnings in recent years, earnings expected in future years, excess appreciated asset value over the tax basis and positive industry trends. Negative evidence includes, but is not limited to the following: cumulative losses in recent years, losses expected in future years, a history of operating losses or tax credit carryforwards expiring, and adverse industry trends.

The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exists, the more positive evidence is required to counter to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed for all or some of the deferred tax assets. Cumulative losses in recent years are significant negative evidence that is difficult to overcome when determining the need for a valuation allowance. Similarly, cumulative earnings in recent years represent significant positive objective evidence. If the weight of the positive evidence is sufficient to support a conclusion that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, a valuation allowance should not be recorded.

The Company examines and weighs all available evidence (both positive and negative and both historical and forecasted) in the process of determining whether it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized. The Company considers the relevance of historical and forecasted evidence when there has been a significant change in circumstances. Additionally, the Company evaluates the realization of its recorded deferred tax assets on an interim and annual basis. The Company does not record a full valuation allowance if the weight of the positive evidence exceeds the negative evidence and is sufficient to support a conclusion that it is more likely than not that its deferred tax asset will be realized.

If a valuation allowance is necessary, the Company considers all sources of taxable income in determining the amount of valuation allowance to be recorded. Sources of taxable income identified in the income tax guidance include the following: 1) taxable income in prior carryback year, 2) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, 3) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, and 4) tax planning strategies.

The Company currently evaluates estimates of uncertainty in income taxes based upon a framework established in the income tax accounting guidance. The guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement standard for the recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. In accordance with the guidance, the Company evaluates whether a tax position will more likely than not be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority. The Company measures the amount to recognize in its consolidated financial statements as the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The recognition and measurement of tax benefits is often judgmental, and determinations regarding the tax benefit can change as additional developments occur relative to the issue.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share (“EPS”). Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity. Diluted EPS is calculated assuming all options, nonvested shares and performance-based awards of the Company's common stock have been exercised, unless the exercise would be antidilutive. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on earnings per share calculation.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, which amended Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The core principle of the new guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to reflect the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount equal to the consideration the entity receives or expects to receive. With respect to public entities, this guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is not permitted. The Company has determined the adoption of this guidance will have no material impact on the way revenue is recognized. Additional disclosure will be required in the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This ASU requires lessees to recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on the balance sheet. A lessee should recognize in its balance sheet a liability to make lease payments and an asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The amendments should be applied at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.