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Income Taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income before Income Taxes and Noncontrolling Interests
The domestic and foreign components of the Company's earnings (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests are as follows:
 Year Ended December 31
 202020192018
U.S. earnings (loss) before income taxes$(884)$(599)$(138)
Foreign earnings (loss) before income taxes(117)398 312 
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests$(1,001)$(201)$174 
Comparative Analysis of Components of Income Tax Expense
The following table is a comparative analysis of the components of income tax expense (benefit):
 Year Ended December 31
202020192018
Current —
U.S. federal$(11)$8 $8 
State and local1 1 1 
Foreign168 161 119 
158 170 128 
Deferred —
U.S. federal336 (101)(35)
State and local35 (13)(5)
Foreign(70)(37)(25)
301 (151)(65)
Income tax expense (benefit)$459 $19 $63 
Reconciliation of Income Taxes Computed at Statutory U.S. Federal Income Tax Rate to Income Tax Expense
The following table is a reconciliation of income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate (21% for 2020, 2019 and 2018) to the income tax expense (benefit) reflected in the consolidated statements of income (loss):
 Year Ended December 31
 202020192018
Income tax expense (benefit) computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate$(210)$(42)$37 
Increases (reductions) in income tax expense resulting from:
Foreign income taxed at different rates2 8 19 
Transition tax under Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA")— — 11 
State and local taxes on income, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit(26)(14)(6)
Changes in valuation allowance for tax loss carryforwards and credits605 36 — 
Investment and R&D tax credits(15)(19)(12)
Foreign earnings subject to U.S. federal income tax18 12 13 
Non-deductible expenses15 16 3 
Goodwill impairment and other non-deductible impairment65 22 — 
Tax contingencies2 (7)1 
Gains on transfers of subsidiaries— 21 — 
Nonconsolidated affiliates(10)(8)(4)
Other13 (6)1 
Income tax expense (benefit)$459 $19 $63 
Components of Our Net Deferred Tax Assets
The components of the Company's net deferred tax assets were as follows:
 December 31
 20202019
Deferred tax assets —
Tax loss carryforwards:
State$34 $18 
Foreign 630 559 
Tax credits276 179 
Postretirement benefits other than pensions19 20 
Pensions148 158 
Payroll accruals31 23 
Book over tax depreciation244 91 
Research expense capitalized for tax102 72 
Other accruals216 225 
Valuation allowance (1,428)(762)
Total deferred tax assets272 583 
Deferred tax liabilities —
Amortization of intangibles11 24 
Other liabilities65 58 
Total deferred tax liabilities76 82 
Net deferred tax assets$196 $501 
Reconciliation of Deferred Taxes to Deferred Taxes Shown In Balance Sheet
The following table is a reconciliation of deferred taxes to the deferred taxes included in the consolidated balance sheets:
 At December 31
 20202019
Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Non-current portion — deferred tax asset$285 $607 
Non-current portion — deferred tax liability(89)(106)
Net deferred tax assets$196 $501 
Reconciliation of Our Uncertain Tax Positions
A reconciliation of the Company's uncertain tax positions is as follows:
202020192018
Uncertain tax positions —
Balance at beginning of period$215 $224 $112 
Gross increases in tax positions due to acquisition— — 110 
Gross increases in tax positions in current period4 12 8 
Gross increases in tax positions in prior period14 4 7 
Gross decreases in tax positions in prior period(7)(5)(1)
Gross decreases — settlements— (12)(2)
Gross decreases — statute of limitations expired(18)(8)(10)
Balance at end of period$208 $215 $224 
Included in the balance of uncertain tax positions recognized were the following:
Year Ended December 31
202020192018
Tax benefits, that if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate$70 $141 $134 
Income tax expense for accrued interest$2 $1 $2 

The Company's liability for penalties and interest were as follows:
At December 31
20202019
Accrued liability for penalties on uncertain tax positions$4 $4 
Accrued liability for interest on uncertain tax positions$14 $12 
Tax Years Open to Examination in Primary Jurisdictions As of December 31, 2020, the Company's tax years open to examination in primary jurisdictions are as follows:
 Open To 
Tax Year
United States2003
Belgium2018
Brazil2014
China2011
France2015
Germany2010
India2001
Italy2016
Mexico2015
Poland2013
Spain2000
United Kingdom2016