structuring and Other Charges

The Company's restructuring activities are undertaken as necessary to execute management's strategy and streamline operations, consolidate and take advantage of available capacity and resources, and ultimately achieve net cost reductions. Restructuring activities include efforts to integrate and rationalize the Company's businesses and to relocate operations to best cost locations.

The Company's restructuring charges consist primarily of employee costs (principally severance and/or termination benefits), and facility closure and other costs.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, restructuring charges, net and asset impairments by segment are as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Clean Air	$	5	$	1
Powertrain	1		—
Ride Performance	13		8
Motorparts	4		3
Corporate	1		—
	$	24	$	12

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company incurred charges for the following items:


•	The Company incurred $5 million in restructuring and related costs related to the accelerated move of the Beijing Ride Performance plant. The Company anticipates the move to be completed by the second quarter of 2019.

•

In October 2018, the Company announced a plan to close its Ride Performance plants in Owen Sound, Ontario and Hartwell, Georgia as part of an initiative to realign its manufacturing footprint, to enhance operational efficiency, and respond to changing market conditions and capacity requirements. The Company expects to complete the closure of the two facilities in the second quarter of 2020. The Company recorded charges of $6 million during the first quarter of 2019.

•

The Company incurred $6 million in restructuring and related costs related to a restructuring plan designed to achieve a portion of the synergies the Company anticipates achieving in connection with the Federal-Mogul Acquisition. Pursuant to the plan, the Company will reduce its headcount globally across all segments. The Company began implementing headcount reductions in January 2019 and these actions will continue throughout 2019. The Federal-Mogul Acquisition is discussed further in Note 3, Acquisitions and Divestitures.


•	The Company incurred $3 million restructuring and related costs related to the closing of its Clean Air plant in Rennes, France. The Company anticipates the closure to be completed by the end of 2019.


•	The Company incurred an additional $4 million in restructuring and related costs for cost improvement initiatives at various other operations around the world.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company incurred charges for the following items:


•	The Company incurred $7 million in restructuring and related costs related to the accelerated move of the Beijing Ride Performance plant.


•	The Company incurred an additional $5 million in restructuring and related costs for cost improvement initiatives at various other operations around the world.

Restructuring Reserve Rollforward

Amounts related to activities that were charges to restructuring reserves, including costs incurred to support future structural cost reductions, by reportable segments are as follows:



	Three months ended March 31, 2019
	Reportable Segments
	Clean Air			Powertrain			Ride Performance			Motorparts			Total Reportable Segments			Corporate			Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	17		$	15		$	25		$	43		$	100		$	3		$	103
Provisions	5			1			13			4			23			1			24
Payments	(6		)	(3		)	(13		)	(14		)	(36		)	(2		)	(38		)
Balance at end of period	$	16		$	13		$	25		$	33		$	87		$	2		$	89



	Three months ended March 31, 2018
	Reportable Segments
	Clean Air			Powertrain		Ride Performance			Motorparts			Total Reportable Segments			Corporate		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	14		$	—	$	7		$	4		$	25		$	—	$	25
Provisions	1			—		8			3			12			—		12
Payments	(5		)	—		(9		)	(2		)	(16		)	—		(16		)
Balance at end of period	$	10		$	—	$	6		$	5		$	21		$	—	$	21

The following table provides a summary of the Company's restructuring liabilities and related activity for each type of exit costs:



	Three months ended March 31, 2019									Three months ended March 31, 2018
	Employee Costs			Facility Closure and Other Costs			Total			Employee Costs			Facility Closure and Other Costs			Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	98		$	5		$	103		$	19		$	6		$	25
Provisions	11			13			24			10			2			12
Payments	(25		)	(13		)	(38		)	(13		)	(3		)	(16		)
Balance at end of period	$	84		$	5		$	89		$	16		$	5		$	21