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Fixed Assets and Asset Retirement Obligations
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Fixed Assets And Asset Retirement Obligations [Abstract]  
Fixed Assets and Asset Retirement Obligations Fixed Assets, Mineral Leaseholds and Asset Retirement Obligations
Fixed Assets
Fixed assets consisted of the following:
 December 31,
 20232022
Crude oil and natural gas pipelines and related assets$2,945,215 $2,844,288 
Alkali facilities, machinery, and equipment1,147,291 701,313 
Onshore facilities, machinery, and equipment271,271 269,949 
Transportation equipment24,913 22,340 
Marine vessels1,021,080 1,017,087 
Land, buildings and improvements293,733 231,651 
Office equipment, furniture and fixtures25,029 24,271 
Construction in progress(1)
731,197 712,971 
Other41,168 41,168 
Fixed assets, at cost6,500,897 5,865,038 
Less: Accumulated depreciation(1,972,596)(1,768,465)
Net fixed assets$4,528,301 $4,096,573 
(1)Construction in progress primarily relates to our ongoing offshore growth capital projects, which are expected to be completed in 2024 and 2025.
Mineral Leaseholds
Our Mineral Leaseholds, relating to our Alkali Business, consist of the following:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Mineral leaseholds$566,019 $566,019 
Less: Accumulated depletion(25,499)(20,897)
Mineral leaseholds, net$540,520 $545,122 
Depreciation expense was $263.5 million, $281.4 million and $295.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Depletion expense was $4.6 million, $3.9 million, and $3.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Asset Sales and Divestitures
On April 29, 2022, we entered into an agreement to sell the Independence Hub platform to a producer group in the Gulf of Mexico for gross proceeds of $40.0 million, of which $8.0 million, or 20%, was attributable and paid to our noncontrolling interest holder. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a gain of $40.0 million recorded in “Gain on sale of asset” on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, of which $8.0 million, or 20%, is included in “Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests” on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, as the platform asset sold had no book value at the time of the sale.
Asset Retirement Obligations
We record AROs in connection with legal requirements to perform specified retirement activities under contractual arrangements and/or governmental regulations. For any AROs acquired, we record AROs based on the fair value measurement assigned during the preliminary purchase price allocation.
    A reconciliation of our liability for asset retirement obligations is as follows:
December 31, 2020$176,852 
Accretion expense10,038 
Revisions in timing and estimated costs of AROs35,735 
Acquisitions3,008 
Settlements(4,727)
December 31, 2021$220,906 
Accretion expense13,092 
Revisions in timing and estimated costs of AROs11,216 
Settlements(16,641)
December 31, 2022$228,573 
Accretion expense12,040 
Revisions in timing and estimated costs of AROs3,185 
Settlements(90)
December 31, 2023$243,708 
At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $26.1 million and $26.6 million are included as current in “Accrued liabilities” on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. The remainder of the ARO liability at each period is included in “Other long-term liabilities” on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Revisions in timing and estimated costs during 2023, 2022 and 2021 are primarily attributable to the accelerated timing and updated costs associated with the abandonment of certain of our non-core offshore assets in the Gulf of Mexico. Such revisions take into account several factors, including changes to legal or regulatory requirements, changes in our estimated useful lives of the associated asset, and the timing and method of abandonment. As there are significant judgements involved in deriving our estimates, actual costs, including the scope of work once it is approved by the relative regulatory agency or contracted party, may differ from our estimates.